Como Putin virou líder que comanda a Rússia e intriga o mundo | 21 notícias que marcaram o século 21
how|Putin|he became|leader|that|commands|the|Russia|and|intrigues|the|world|news|that|marked|the|century
Cómo Putin se convirtió en un líder que manda en Rusia e intriga al mundo | 21 noticias que marcaron el siglo XXI
Як Путін став лідером, який керує Росією та інтригує світ | 21 новина, яка ознаменувала 21 століття
普京如何成为统帅俄罗斯、令世界为之着迷的领导人？标志着 21 世纪的 21 条新闻报道
普丁如何成為統帥俄羅斯、令世界矚目的領導人？標誌著 21 世紀的 21 條新聞報道
How Putin became the leader who commands Russia and intrigues the world | 21 news stories that marked the 21st century
Vladimir Putin poderá bater Stálin e se tornar o líder russo que mais ficou no poder.
Vladimir|Putin|he may|beat|Stalin|and|himself|to become|the|leader|Russian|that|most|he stayed|in|power
Vladimir Putin may surpass Stalin and become the Russian leader who has been in power the longest.
Poder conquistado, e mantido, por meio de uma prática política bastante questionada.
power|conquered|and|maintained|by|means|of|a|practice|political|quite|questioned
Power gained, and maintained, through a highly questioned political practice.
Putin lidera uma máquina de guerra e é constantemente acusado de aniquilar oponentes.
Putin|he leads|a|machine|of|war|and|he is|constantly|accused|of|annihilating|opponents
Putin leads a war machine and is constantly accused of annihilating opponents.
Por outro lado, garantiu à economia russa décadas de prosperidade, em níveis somente
on|other|side|he guaranteed|to the|economy|Russian|decades|of|prosperity|in|levels|only
On the other hand, it ensured decades of prosperity for the Russian economy, at levels only
comparáveis aos da China no mesmo período.
comparable|to the|of the|China|in the|same|period
comparable to those of China during the same period.
Mas quem é Vladimir Putin?
but|who|is|Vladimir|Putin
But who is Vladimir Putin?
Como o desconhecido ex-agente do serviço secreto russo chegou ao poder e se tornou
how|the|unknown|||of the|service|secret|Russian|he arrived|to the|power|and|himself|he became
How did the unknown former agent of the Russian secret service come to power and become
o mais poderoso líder do país em décadas.
the|most|powerful|leader|of the|country|in|decades
the most powerful leader of the country in decades.
Sou Camilla Veras Nota, da BBC News Brasil, e este é um capítulo da nossa série "21
I am|Camilla|Veras|Nota|from the|BBC|News|Brazil|and|this|is|a|chapter|of the|our|series
I am Camilla Veras Nota, from BBC News Brazil, and this is a chapter of our series "21
Notícias que Marcaram o Século 21".
News|that|marked|the|Century
News that Marked the 21st Century".
Vou contar a incrível história de ascensão de Putin.
I will|tell|the|incredible|story|of|rise|of|Putin
I will tell the incredible story of Putin's rise.
Também vou mostrar a polêmica relação do líder russo com a oposição.
also|I will|show|the|controversial|relationship|of the|leader|Russian|with|the|opposition
I will also show the controversial relationship of the Russian leader with the opposition.
Uma história que envolve envenenamentos, guerras sanguinárias e, por incrível que
a|story|that|involves|poisonings|wars|bloody|and|for|incredible|that
A story that involves poisonings, bloody wars, and, incredibly enough,
pareça, rock and roll.
|||rock and roll
rock and roll.
Primeiro, para entender a chegada de Putin ao poder, é preciso observar a Rússia nos
First, to understand Putin's rise to power, it is necessary to observe Russia in
Boris Yeltsin partiu da enorme popularidade para um alto nível de insatisfação – popular,
Boris|Yeltsin|he left|from the|enormous|popularity|to|a|high|level|of|dissatisfaction|popular
Boris Yeltsin went from enormous popularity to a high level of dissatisfaction - popular,
não apenas pessoal.
not|only|personal
not just personal.
Celebrado pelas potências ocidentais como emissário do capitalismo na combalida economia
celebrated|by the|powers|western|as|emissary|of the|capitalism|in the|battered|economy
|||||||||debilitada|
Celebrated by Western powers as an emissary of capitalism in the battered economy
da União Soviética, Boris Yeltsin fez um governo conturbado.
|||Boris|Yeltsin|he made|a|government|troubled
||||||||turbulento
of the Soviet Union, Boris Yeltsin had a troubled government.
Desmembrou a União Soviética.
he dismembered|the|Union|Soviet
Dismantled the Soviet Union.
Perdeu uma guerra, privatizou a preços considerados de banana por seus críticos e, diante da
he lost|a|war|he privatized|the|prices|considered|of|banana|by|his|critics|and|in the face of|the
Lost a war, privatized at prices considered ridiculous by his critics and, in the face of the
crescente oposição comunista, atacou o Parlamento.
growing communist opposition, attacked the Parliament.
Mas a crise de mil novecentos e noventa e oito submeteu os russos a algo que não esperavam
But the crisis of nineteen ninety-eight subjected the Russians to something they did not expect.
do capitalismo que se anunciava.
of|capitalism|that|reflexive pronoun|announced
of the capitalism that was being announced.
Algo pior do que a escassez nos anos finais do regime comunista: a fome.
something|worse|than|that|the|scarcity|in the|years|final|of|regime|communist|the|hunger
Something worse than the scarcity in the final years of the communist regime: hunger.
Yeltsin renunciou no dia trinta e um de dezembro de mil novecentos e noventa e nove:
Yeltsin|he resigned|on the|day|thirty|and|one|of|December|of|thousand|nine hundred|and|ninety|and|nine
Yeltsin resigned on the thirty-first of December nineteen ninety-nine:
Para o futuro da Rússia, no entanto, a parte mais importante do discurso de renúncia de
for|the|future|of the|Russia|however|however|the|part|most|important|of the|speech|of|resignation|of
For the future of Russia, however, the most important part of the resignation speech of
Yeltsin viria no final.
Yeltsin|would come|at the|end
Yeltsin would come at the end.
Nascia, digamos assim, uma das mais controversas personalidades políticas do século 21.
was born|let's say|like this|one|of the|most|controversial|personalities|political|of the|century
One of the most controversial political personalities of the 21st century was born, so to speak.
Apenas quatro meses antes da renúncia, Putin havia sido escolhido por Yeltsin para o posto
just|four|months|before|the|resignation|Putin|had|been|chosen|by|Yeltsin|for|the|position
Just four months before the resignation, Putin had been chosen by Yeltsin for the position
de primeiro-ministro.
of||
of prime minister.
Era o quarto ao assumir o posto em apenas um ano, sinal de que também ele, provavelmente,
was|the|fourth|when|to assume|the|position|in|only|a|year|sign|of|that|also|he|probably
He was the fourth to take office in just one year, a sign that he too, probably,
não duraria muito.
not|would last|long
would not last long.
Errado.
Wrong
Wrong.
O novo premiê, que até então era o chefe do serviço de espionagem russo FSB, substituto
The|new|prime minister|who|until|then|was|the|head|of the|service|of|espionage|Russian|FSB|substitute
The new prime minister, who until then was the head of the Russian FSB intelligence service, replaced
da temida KGB, era desconhecido do grande público.
of the|feared|KGB|was|unknown|to the|great|public
of the feared KGB, was unknown to the general public.
Com imensa rapidez, porém, Putin alcançou alta popularidade e ganhou a confiança de
with|immense|speed|however|Putin|he reached|high|popularity|and|he gained|the|trust|of
With immense speed, however, Putin gained high popularity and earned the trust of
Yeltsin.
Yeltsin
Yeltsin.
Tal confiança estava diretamente ligada a um tema específico: a Chechênia.
such|trust|was|directly|linked|to|a|theme|specific|to|Chechnya
Such trust was directly linked to a specific issue: Chechnya.
A província russa, localizada na região do Cáucaso, travou uma sangrenta guerra com
the|province|Russian|located|in the|region|of the|Caucasus|waged|a|bloody|war|with
||||||||libró||||
The Russian province, located in the Caucasus region, waged a bloody war with
Moscou entre 94 e 96.
Moscow|between|and
Moscow between '94 and '96.
O conflito terminou com cinquenta mil mortos e um acordo de paz humilhante para o governo
the|conflict|ended|with|fifty|thousand|dead|and|a|agreement|of|peace|humiliating|for|the|government
The conflict ended with fifty thousand dead and a humiliating peace agreement for the government
de Boris Yeltsin.
of|Boris|Yeltsin
of Boris Yeltsin.
Na prática, a Chechênia havia conquistado sua sonhada independência.
in|practice|the|Chechnya|had|conquered|her|dreamed|independence
In practice, Chechnya had achieved its long-desired independence.
Putin mudaria essa realidade.
Putin|would change|this|reality
Putin would change this reality.
Um mês e meio depois de tomar posse como primeiro-ministro, forças russas invadiriam
a|month|and|half|after|of|taking|office|as|||forces|Russian|would invade
A month and a half after taking office as prime minister, Russian forces would invade
novamente a Chechênia.
again|the|Chechnya
Chechnya again.
Ele habilmente usou o conflito no Cáucaso para colher apoio popular.
he|skillfully|used|the|conflict|in the|Caucasus|to|gather|support|popular
He skillfully used the conflict in the Caucasus to gain popular support.
Com quarenta e sete anos de idade, e apenas três meses após assumir a Presidência interinamente,
with|forty|and|seven|years|of|age|and|only|three|months|after|taking|the|presidency|temporarily
At forty-seven years old, and just three months after taking office as interim President,
venceu as eleições presidenciais no primeiro turno, com 54,4% dos votos.
he won|the|elections|presidential|in the|first|round|with|of the|votes
he won the presidential elections in the first round, with 54.4% of the votes.
A receita de ir à guerra para levantar o orgulho nacional e o apoio político interno
the|recipe|of|going|to the|war|to|raise|the|pride|national|and|the|support|political|internal
The recipe of going to war to raise national pride and internal political support
foi muitas vezes usada por líderes globais.
was|many|times|used|by|leaders|global
has often been used by global leaders.
Com Putin, não foi diferente.
with|Putin|not|was|different
With Putin, it was no different.
O controle da Chechênia por Moscou foi garantido em maio de dois mil, mas o embate com grupos
the|control|of the|Chechnya|by|Moscow|was|guaranteed|in|May|of|two|thousand|but|the|clash|with|groups
|||||||||||||||enfrentamiento||
Moscow's control over Chechnya was secured in May 2000, but the clash with groups
islâmicos da província continuou por anos.
Islamic|of the|province|continued|for|years
Islamic groups in the province continued for years.
As imagens são fortes e correram o mundo, reforçando a fama de implacável que seria
the|images|are|strong|and|they ran|the|world|reinforcing|the|fame|of|relentless|that|would be
The images are powerful and spread around the world, reinforcing the reputation of being relentless that would be
associada a Putin.
associated|to|Putin
associated with Putin.
Em dois mil e dois, militantes chechenos tomaram um teatro em Moscou.
in|two|thousand|and|two|militants|Chechen|they took|a|theater|in|Moscow
In two thousand and two, Chechen militants took over a theater in Moscow.
Fizeram cerca de 900 reféns, entre funcionários, atores, músicos e espectadores.
they made|around|of|hostages|among|employees|actors|musicians|and|spectators
They took about 900 hostages, including staff, actors, musicians, and spectators.
Após três dias de impasse, forças de segurança invadiram o lugar depois de lançar no interior
after|three|days|of|deadlock|forces|of|security|they invaded|the|place|after|of|to launch|in the|interior
After three days of deadlock, security forces invaded the place after launching an unknown chemical weapon inside.
do prédio uma desconhecida arma química.
of the|building|a|unknown|weapon|chemical
of the building.
Rebeldes foram mortos a tiros, e pelo menos cento e trinta reféns sucumbiram ao gás
rebels|they were|killed|by|gunfire|and|at least|less|hundred|and|thirty|hostages|they succumbed|to the|gas
Rebels were shot dead, and at least one hundred and thirty hostages succumbed to the gas.
letal.
lethal
lethal.
Em dois mil e quatro, outro episódio chocou o mundo.
in|two|thousand|and|four|another|episode|shocked|the|world
In two thousand and four, another episode shocked the world.
Militantes separatistas tomaram uma escola na região russa da Ossétia do Norte.
militants|separatists|took|a|school|in the|region|Russian|of the|Ossetia|of the|North
Separatist militants took over a school in the Russian region of North Ossetia.
O cerco de três dias terminou com a morte de trezentas e trinta e quatro pessoas, incluindo
the|siege|of|three|days|ended|with|the|death|of|three hundred|and|thirty|and|four|people|including
The three-day siege ended with the death of three hundred and thirty-four people, including
cento e cinquenta e seis crianças.
hundred|and|fifty|and|six|children
one hundred and fifty-six children.
Apesar de outros ataques a civis na Rússia, Putin se consolidou como um líder forte na
despite|of|other|attacks|to|civilians|in|Russia|Putin|himself|consolidated|as|a|leader|strong|in
Despite other attacks on civilians in Russia, Putin has consolidated himself as a strong leader in
área da segurança.
area|of|security
the area of security.
O presidente foi implacável com grupos armados, sempre chamados por Moscou de terroristas,
the|president|was|relentless|with|groups|armed|always|called|by|Moscow|as|terrorists
The president has been relentless with armed groups, always referred to by Moscow as terrorists,
e manteve a integridade territorial da Rússia.
and|maintained|the|integrity|territorial|of|Russia
and has maintained the territorial integrity of Russia.
Ao acabar com a situação de quase independência da Chechênia e colocar um regime de confiança
upon|ending|with|the|situation|of|almost|independence|of the|Chechnya|and|putting|a|regime|of|trust
By ending the situation of near independence in Chechnya and establishing a trusted regime
na região, Putin recuperou a honra nacional, abalada pela guerra anterior, perdida por
in the|region|Putin|he recovered|the|honor|national|shaken|by the|war|previous|lost|by
in the region, Putin restored national honor, shaken by the previous war, lost by
Yeltsin.
Yeltsin
Yeltsin.
Reeleito em dois mil e quatro, Putin surfava em oitenta por cento de aprovação.
reelected|in|two|thousand|and|four|Putin|he was surfing|in|eighty|percent|percent|of|approval
Reelected in two thousand and four, Putin was riding an eighty percent approval rating.
Observadores internacionais, em especial no Ocidente, começaram a apontar para sinais
observers|international|in|especial|in the|West|they began|to|point|to|signs
International observers, especially in the West, began to point to signs
que consideravam dignos de regimes autoritários.
that|they considered|worthy|of|regimes|authoritarian
that they considered indicative of authoritarian regimes.
Na época, vinte e cinco porcento dos principais quadros do governo eram ocupados por ex-integrantes
at the|time|twenty|and|five|percent|of the|main|positions|of the|government|they were|occupied|by||
At the time, twenty-five percent of the top government positions were held by former members
do serviço secreto.
of the|service|secret
of the secret service.
Por outro lado, Putin cortou impostos, aumentou salários nas áreas de Saúde e Educação,
on|other|side|Putin|cut|taxes|increased|salaries|in the|areas|of|Health|and|Education
On the other hand, Putin cut taxes, increased salaries in the Health and Education sectors,
estendeu benefícios sociais e reduziu consideravelmente a pobreza.
extended|benefits|social|and|reduced|considerably|the|poverty
extended social benefits, and significantly reduced poverty.
Segundo o Banco Mundial, o produtor interno bruto da Rússia, a soma de todas as riquezas
according to|the|Bank|World|the|producer|internal|gross|of the|Russia|the|sum|of|all|the|wealth
According to the World Bank, Russia's gross domestic product, the sum of all wealth
geradas no país, avançou 6,4% em 1999 e 10% em 2000.
generated|in the|country|advanced|in|and|in
generated in the country, grew by 6.4% in 1999 and 10% in 2000.
E cresceu em média 6,6% por ano entre 2001 e 2008.
and|grew|in|average|per|year|between|and
And it grew on average 6.6% per year between 2001 and 2008.
Assim, em sua primeira década no cargo, Vladimir Putin manteve relações diplomáticas positivas
thus|in|his|first|decade|in the|position|Vladimir|Putin|maintained|relations|diplomatic|positive
Thus, in his first decade in office, Vladimir Putin maintained positive diplomatic relations
com líderes ocidentais, embora fosse crítico da política externa destes países.
with|leaders|western|although|he was|critical|of the|policy|foreign|these|countries
with Western leaders, although he was critical of the foreign policy of these countries.
Mas logo as políticas intervencionistas e o cerceamento da democracia seriam vistos
but|soon|the|policies|interventionist|and|the|curtailment|of the|democracy|would be|seen
|||||||restricción||||
But soon the interventionist policies and the curtailment of democracy would be seen
como marcas de seu governo.
as|marks|of|his|government
as marks of his government.
E evidenciariam a grande ambiguidade nas relações entre Putin e as chamadas democracias ocidentais.
and|they would show|the|great|ambiguity|in the|relations|between|Putin|and|the|so-called|democracies|western
And they would highlight the great ambiguity in the relations between Putin and the so-called Western democracies.
Por exemplo: ao mesmo tempo em que assinava um acordo com a Alemanha para fornecimento
for|example|to the|same|time|in|that|I was signing|an|agreement|with|the|Germany|for|supply
For example: at the same time he signed an agreement with Germany for the supply
de gás, Putin retomava o controle estatal da gigante de petróleo Gazprom e acabava
of|gas|Putin|he was regaining|the|control|state|of the|giant|of|oil|Gazprom|and|he was ending
of gas, Putin resumed state control of the oil giant Gazprom and ended
com eleições diretas para governadores, sem maiores sinais de protesto de seus parceiros
with|elections|direct|for|governors|without|greater|signs|of|protest|from|his|partners
with direct elections for governors, without major signs of protest from their partners
comerciais na Europa.
commercials|in the|Europe
commercial in Europe.
No fim do segundo mandato de Putin, o partido governista ganhou de goleada a eleição de 2008
at the|end|of the|second|term|of|Putin|the|party|ruling|won|by|landslide|the|election|of
At the end of Putin's second term, the ruling party won the 2008 election by a landslide
O novo presidente, Dmitry Medvedev, escolheu Putin como primeiro-ministro.
the|new|president|Dmitry|Medvedev|chose|Putin|as||
The new president, Dmitry Medvedev, chose Putin as prime minister.
As regras do jogo começariam a mudar seis meses depois.
the|rules|of the|game|they would start|to|change|six|months|later
The rules of the game would start to change six months later.
Medvedev enviou proposta de emenda constitucional ao Parlamento russo, aumentando o mandato
Medvedev|he sent|proposal|of|amendment|constitutional|to the|Parliament|Russian|increasing|the|term
Medvedev sent a proposal for a constitutional amendment to the Russian Parliament, increasing the term
do presidente de quatro para seis anos.
of the|president|from|four|to|six|years
of the president from four to six years.
O texto aprovado também garantia a Putin que, ao final dos quatro anos de Medvedev
the|text|approved|also|it guaranteed|to|Putin|that|at the|end|of the|four|years|of|Medvedev
The approved text also guaranteed Putin that, at the end of Medvedev's four years
na Presidência, poderia voltar ao cargo por mais dois mandatos, tendo cumprido a restrição
in the|presidency|he could|return|to the|position|for|more|two|terms|having|fulfilled|the|restriction
in the Presidency, he could return to the position for two more terms, having fulfilled the restriction
constitucional de que um presidente só podia governar por dois períodos consecutivos.
constitutional|that|which|a|president|only|could|govern|for|two|terms|consecutive
that a president could only govern for two consecutive terms.
A diferença: em vez dos oito anos que Putin passou na Presidência até dois mil e oito,
the|difference|in|instead|of the|eight|years|that|Putin|he spent|in the|presidency|until|two|thousand|and|eight
The difference: instead of the eight years that Putin spent in the Presidency until two thousand and eight,
dessa vez ele poderia ficar mais doze, se reeleito.
this|time|he|could|stay|more|twelve|if|reelected
this time he could stay for another twelve, if re-elected.
Em 2020, Putin deu mais um passo no ajuste das regras da democracia russa.
in|Putin|he gave|more|a|step|in the|adjustment|of the|rules|of the|democracy|Russian
In 2020, Putin took another step in adjusting the rules of Russian democracy.
Reformas na Constituição, aprovadas por quase oitenta por cento da população, deram
reforms|in the|Constitution|approved|by|almost|eighty|by|percent|of the|population|they gave
Reforms to the Constitution, approved by almost eighty percent of the population, gave
a ele a chance de ser reeleito até dois mil e trinta.
to|him|the|chance|to|be|reelected|until|two|thousand|and|thirty
him the chance to be re-elected until two thousand and thirty.
Isso significa que Putin poderá ocupar o poder até dois mil e trinta e seis.
that|means|that|Putin|he will be able to|to occupy|the|power|until|two|thousand|and|thirty|and|six
This means that Putin could hold power until two thousand and thirty-six.
Incluindo seus quatro anos como premiê, Putin colecionaria 36 anos no comando,
including|his|four|years|as|prime minister|Putin|would collect|years|in the|command
Including his four years as prime minister, Putin would accumulate 36 years in power,
sete a mais que o ditador comunista Josef Stalin.
seven|more|than|that|the|dictator|communist|Josef|Stalin
seven more than the communist dictator Josef Stalin.
Tamanho poder veio, claro, da aceitação popular.
such|power|came|of course|from the|acceptance|popular
Such power came, of course, from popular acceptance.
Mas, também de um arriscado – e violento – jogo militar no tabuleiro das potências
but|also|from a||risky|and|violent|game|military|in the|board|of the|powers
But it also came from a risky – and violent – military game on the board of powers.
globais.
global
global.
E, ainda, da repressão a opositores, muitas vezes vistos como traidores.
and|still|from the|repression|to|opponents|many|times|seen|as|traitors
And, still, the repression of opponents, often seen as traitors.
Com fatos dignos de filmes de James Bond e avanços militares que fazem lembrar justamente
with|facts|worthy|of|movies|of|James|Bond|and|advances|military|that|make|remember|precisely
With events worthy of James Bond movies and military advances that recall precisely
o período soviético, Putin passou a ser visto com enorme desconfiança.
the|period|Soviet|Putin|he started|to|be|seen|with|enormous|distrust
the Soviet period, Putin has come to be viewed with enormous suspicion.
A situação começou a azedar quando o líder da oposição russa, Alexander Litvinenko,
the|situation|started|to|sour|when|the|leader|of the|opposition|Russian|Alexander|Litvinenko
||||agriar||||||||
The situation began to sour when the Russian opposition leader, Alexander Litvinenko,
morreu envenenado por polônio no Reino Unido em dois mil e seis.
he died|poisoned|by|polonium|in the|Kingdom|United|in|two|thousand|and|six
was poisoned with polonium in the United Kingdom in two thousand and six.
Litvinenko tinha se mudado para Londres seis anos antes, após denunciar corrupção e
Litvinenko|he had|himself|moved|to|London|six|years|before|after|denouncing|corruption|and
Litvinenko had moved to London six years earlier, after exposing corruption and
crimes no regime em Moscou.
crimes|in the|regime|in|Moscow
crimes in the regime in Moscow.
Detalhe: polônio é um elemento radioativo com enormes restrições de comercialização,
detail|polonium|is|a|element|radioactive|with|huge|restrictions|of|commercialization
Detail: polonium is a radioactive element with huge marketing restrictions,
o que eleva a suspeita de ação do serviço secreto russo.
that|which|raises|the|suspicion|of|action|of the|service|secret|Russian
which raises suspicion of action by the Russian secret service.
A partir daí uma série de casos parecidos desembocaria numa mudança clara de tratamento
from|starting|there|a|series|of|cases|similar|would lead|to a|change|clear|of|treatment
From there, a series of similar cases would lead to a clear change in the political treatment
político das potências ocidentais em relação ao líder russo.
political|of the|powers|Western|in|relation|to the|leader|Russian
of the Western powers towards the Russian leader.
Em março de 2018, outro ex-agente, Sergei Skripal e sua filha, Yulia, foram vítimas
in|March|of|another|||Sergei|Skripal|and|his|daughter|Yulia|they were|victims
In March 2018, another former agent, Sergei Skripal and his daughter, Yulia, were victims
de envenenamento na cidade de Salisbury e quase morreram.
of|poisoning|in the|city|of|Salisbury|and|almost|they died
of poisoning in the city of Salisbury and nearly died.
Dessa vez, foi usado o agente nervoso Novichok.
this|time|it was|used|the|agent|nerve|Novichok
This time, the nerve agent Novichok was used.
O caso causou um novo abalo nas relações já difíceis entre Reino Unido e Rússia.
the|case|it caused|a|new|shock|in the|relations|already|difficult|between|Kingdom|United|and|Russia
|||||temblor|||||||||
The case caused a new strain in the already difficult relations between the United Kingdom and Russia.
O governo Putin negou qualquer envolvimento.
the|government|Putin|denied|any|involvement
The Putin government denied any involvement.
Os britânicos, porém, acusaram dois agentes russos.
the|British|however|accused|two|agents|Russian
The British, however, accused two Russian agents.
O caso levou o governo dos Estados Unidos a também adotar sanções econômicas contra
the|case|led|the|government|of the|States|United|to|also|adopt|sanctions|economic|against
The case led the United States government to also impose economic sanctions against
a Rússia.
the|Russia
Russia.
Em agosto de dois mil e vinte, o oposicionista Alexei Navalny passou mal durante um voo.
in|August|of|two|thousand|and|twenty|the|oppositionist|Alexei|Navalny|passed|bad|during|a|flight
In August two thousand and twenty, opposition leader Alexei Navalny fell ill during a flight.
Internado às pressas, ele foi autorizado pelas autoridades a ser transportado para
hospitalized|at|hurry|he|was|authorized|by the|authorities|to|be|transported|to
Rushed to the hospital, he was allowed by the authorities to be transported to
Berlim, na Alemanha.
Berlin|in the|Germany
Berlin, Germany.
Lá foi comprovado o envenenamento por Novichok, a mesma substância usada contra Skripal.
there|was|proven|the|poisoning|by|Novichok|the|same|substance|used|against|Skripal
There, poisoning by Novichok was confirmed, the same substance used against Skripal.
A equipe de Navalny acusou Putin de tentativa de assassinato, o que foi rebatido pelo presidente.
the|team|of|Navalny|accused|Putin|of|attempt|of|murder|the|which|was|rebutted|by the|president
Navalny's team accused Putin of attempted murder, which was rebutted by the president.
Navalny havia duras acusações a Putin.
Navalny|had|harsh|accusations|against|Putin
Navalny had harsh accusations against Putin.
Acabou banido de Moscou e quase morreu.
ended up|banned|from|Moscow|and|almost|died
He ended up banned from Moscow and nearly died.
Ao voltar das Alemanha, Navalny foi preso novamente, acusado de descumprir condições
upon|returning|from the|Germany|Navalny|was|arrested|again|accused|of|violating|conditions
Upon returning from Germany, Navalny was arrested again, accused of violating conditions.
de sua liberdade condicional.
of|your|freedom|conditional
of his parole.
Outros assassinatos de opositores e jornalistas foram atribuídos a Putin.
other|murders|of|opponents|and|journalists|were|attributed|to|Putin
Other murders of opponents and journalists have been attributed to Putin.
Mas, por envolverem figuras que se movimentavam majoritariamente nos bastidores, provar o
but|for|involving|figures|that|themselves|moved|mostly|in the|backstage|to prove|the
But, because they involve figures who mostly operated behind the scenes, proving the
envolvimento do presidente é muito mais difícil do que acusar.
involvement|of the|president|is|very|more|difficult|than|that|to accuse
involvement of the president is much more difficult than accusing.
Mais evidente é a repressão a quem atua diante do público.
more|evident|is|the|repression|to|whom|acts|in front of|the|public
More evident is the repression against those who act in front of the public.
Neste caso, o regime mandou recados claros a oponentes entre poderosos oligarcas e artistas,
in this|case|the|regime|sent|messages|clear|to|opponents|among|powerful|oligarchs|and|artists
In this case, the regime sent clear messages to opponents among powerful oligarchs and artists,
respectivamente os mais fortes e os mais fracos grupos dissonantes.
respectively|the|most|strong|and|the|most|weak|groups|dissenting
respectively the strongest and the weakest dissenting groups.
Desde dois mil, Putin criou atritos com empresários conhecidos como oligarcas - milionários que
since|two|thousand|Putin|created|frictions|with|businessmen|known|as|oligarchs|millionaires|who
|||||fricciones|||||||
Since 2000, Putin has created friction with businessmen known as oligarchs - millionaires who
fizeram fortuna nas privatizações de estatais russas, promovidas por Boris Yeltsin e criticadas
they made|fortune|in the|privatizations|of|state-owned|Russian|promoted|by|Boris|Yeltsin|and|criticized
they made a fortune from the privatizations of Russian state-owned companies, promoted by Boris Yeltsin and criticized
pelo grupo político de Putin pelo preço de venda das empresas, considerado extremamente baixo.
by the|group|political|of|Putin|for the|price|of|sale|of the|companies|considered|extremely|low
by Putin's political group for the selling price of the companies, considered extremely low.
O empresário de mídia Vladimir Gusinsky e o magnata Boris Berezovsky deixaram a Rússia
The|businessman|of|media|Vladimir|Gusinsky|and|the|magnate|Boris|Berezovsky|they left|to the|Russia
Media businessman Vladimir Gusinsky and magnate Boris Berezovsky left Russia
em 2000, depois de serem alvos de processos e suposta intimidação do governo.
in|after|of|being|targets|of|lawsuits|and|alleged|intimidation|from the|government
in 2000, after being targets of lawsuits and alleged intimidation from the government.
O caso mais notório, porém, foi o de Mikhail Khodorkovski, o principal oligarca do país
the|case|most|notorious|however|was|the|of|Mikhail|Khodorkovski|the|main|oligarch|of the|country
The most notorious case, however, was that of Mikhail Khodorkovsky, the country's main oligarch.
e então um dos homens mais ricos do mundo, discordou do projeto de Putin.
and|then|one|of the|men|most|rich|of the|world|he disagreed|with the|project|of|Putin
And then one of the richest men in the world, he disagreed with Putin's project.
Ele financiou oposicionistas e acabou vendo grande parte de seu poder econômico se evaporar
he|he financed|oppositionists|and|he ended up|seeing|large|part|of|his|power|economic|reflexive pronoun|to evaporate
He financed opposition figures and ended up seeing a large part of his economic power evaporate.
do dia para a noite.
from the|day|to|the|night
Overnight.
Foi acusado pelo governo de evasão fiscal e fraude.
was|accused|by the|government|of|evasion|tax|and|fraud
He was accused by the government of tax evasion and fraud.
Em 2013, porém, Khodorkovsky foi perdoado por Putin – e se mudou imediatamente para o exterior.
in|however|Khodorkovsky|was|forgiven|by|Putin|and|himself|moved|immediately|to|the|abroad
In 2013, however, Khodorkovsky was pardoned by Putin – and immediately moved abroad.
Mais visível ainda foi a repressão a três jovens mulheres de cerca de vinte anos de
more|visible|still|was|the|repression|against|three|young|women|of|about|of|twenty|years|of
Even more visible was the repression against three young women around twenty years old.
idade.
age
age.
O grupo punk feminista Pussy Riot foi fundado em dois mil e onze.
the|group|punk|feminist|Pussy|Riot|was|founded|in|two|thousand|and|eleven
The feminist punk group Pussy Riot was founded in two thousand and eleven.
A banda tem onze integrantes.
the|band|has|eleven|members
The band has eleven members.
Três delas foram presas e condenadas a dois anos de prisão, em dois mil e doze, por terem
three|of them|were|arrested|and|sentenced|to|two|years|of|prison|in|two|thousand|and|twelve|for|having
Three of them were arrested and sentenced to two years in prison in two thousand and twelve for having
apresentado uma música crítica a Vladimir Putin dentro de uma catedral ortodoxa em Moscou
presented|a|song|critical|to|Vladimir|Putin|inside|of|a|cathedral|orthodox|in|Moscow
performed a song critical of Vladimir Putin inside an Orthodox cathedral in Moscow.
– território sagrado para Putin, que se aproximou da Igreja Ortodoxa Russa.
territory|sacred|for|Putin|who|himself|approached|from the|Church|Orthodox|Russian
- sacred territory for Putin, who has drawn closer to the Russian Orthodox Church.
As ativistas foram presas e, após idas e vindas jurídicas, foram vistas em outras
the|activists|they were|arrested|and|after|trips|and|returns|legal|they were|seen|in|other
The activists were arrested and, after legal back and forth, were seen in other
situações sendo reprimidas por agentes fiéis ao governo.
situations|being|repressed|by|agents|loyal|to the|government
situations being repressed by agents loyal to the government.
O Pussy Riot fez diversas canções críticas a Putin e atraiu imensa atenção na Europa
the|Pussy|Riot|it made|several|songs|critical|to|Putin|and|it attracted|immense|attention|in the|Europe
Pussy Riot has made several songs critical of Putin and attracted immense attention in Europe.
e nos Estados Unidos.
and|in the|States|United
and in the United States.
Mas, o que parece de fato exaltar os ânimos dos líderes políticos do Ocidente quando
but|the|that|seems|to|fact|to exalt|the|spirits|of the|leaders|political|of the|West|when
But what seems to truly inflame the spirits of Western political leaders when
se trata de Putin não são as questões de direitos humanos e as perseguições individuais.
reflexive pronoun|it comes|to|Putin|not|are|the|issues|of|rights|human|and|the|persecutions|individual
it comes to Putin are not the issues of human rights and individual persecutions.
Mas, sim, o temor dos movimentos russos no xadrez geopolítico.
but|yes|the|fear|of the|movements|Russian|in the|chess|geopolitical
But rather, the fear of Russian movements in the geopolitical chess.
O primeiro exemplo foi a invasão à Georgia.
the|first|example|was|the|invasion|to the|Georgia
The first example was the invasion of Georgia.
Em 2008, a breve guerra da Rússia contra a Geórgia acendeu a luz amarela no
in|the|brief|war|of the|Russia|against|the|Georgia|lit|the|light|yellow|in the
In 2008, the brief war of Russia against Georgia raised a yellow flag in the
Ocidente.
West.
O conflito começou quando forças georgianas bombardearam a região separatista da Ossétia
The conflict began when Georgian forces bombarded the separatist region of South Ossetia.
do Sul para tentar retomar o controle da província rebelde.
from|South|to|try|regain|the|control|of the|province|rebel
from the South to try to regain control of the rebel province.
Em resposta, os russos, com os quais parte da população da província se identificava,
In|response|the|Russians|with|whom|which|part|of the|population|of the|province|reflexive pronoun|identified
In response, the Russians, with whom part of the province's population identified,
repeliram o ataque e avançaram em território georgiano até chegar à capital, Tbilisi.
they repelled|the|attack|and|they advanced|in|territory|Georgian|until|to arrive|at the|capital|Tbilisi
repelled the attack and advanced into Georgian territory until they reached the capital, Tbilisi.
No entanto, foi a movimentação russa no leste da Ucrânia, em 2014, que azedou as
In|however|it was|the|movement|Russian|in the|east|of the|Ukraine|in|that|soured|the
However, it was the Russian movement in eastern Ukraine in 2014 that soured the
relações diplomáticas de Putin com as principais potências ocidentais.
relations|diplomatic|of|Putin|with|the|main|powers|western
Putin's diplomatic relations with the major Western powers.
A invasão e a anexação da Crimeia gerou sanções da União Europeia e dos Estados
The|invasion|and|the|annexation|of the|Crimea|generated|sanctions|from the|Union|European|and|from the|States
The invasion and annexation of Crimea generated sanctions from the European Union and the United States against Russia, also leading to a suspension of the country's membership in the G8, a group of the eight largest economies.
Unidos contra a Rússia, levando também uma suspensão da filiação do país ao G8, grupo
||||||||||||to the|G8|group
of the country.
das oito maiores economias do país.
of the|eight|largest|economies|of the|country
Mas a anexação da Crimeia, até hoje controlada pelos russos, em 2014 levou Putin a atingir
but|the|annexation|of the|Crimea|until|today|controlled|by the|Russians|in|led|Putin|to|reach
But the annexation of Crimea, still controlled by the Russians, in 2014 led Putin to reach
pico de popularidade nas pesquisas de opinião.
peak|of|popularity|in the|surveys|of|opinion
a peak of popularity in opinion polls.
Outro momento-chave nas relações entre Putin e as potências ocidentais foi a guerra civil
another|||in the|relations|between|Putin|and|the|powers|Western||||
Another key moment in the relations between Putin and the Western powers was the civil war
na Síria.
in the|Syria
in Syria.
O regime da família Assad era próximo à Rússia desde o tempo da União Soviética.
the|regime|of the|family|Assad|was|close|to the|Russia|since|the|time|of the|Union|Soviet
The Assad family's regime was close to Russia since the time of the Soviet Union.
Assim, a Síria ainda era um dos principais aliados de Moscou quando a guerra civil começou.
thus|the|Syria|still|was|one|of the|main|allies|of|Moscow|when|the|war|civil|started
Thus, Syria was still one of Moscow's main allies when the civil war began.
A forte suspeita de uso de armas químicas por Assad contra rebeldes e a população
the|strong|suspicion|of|use|of|weapons|chemical|by|Assad|against|rebels|and|the|population
The strong suspicion of chemical weapons use by Assad against rebels and the population
civil levou os Estados Unidos a ameaçarem entrar na guerra contra o regime, mas faltou
civilian|led|the|States|United|to|threaten|to enter|in the|war|against|the|regime|but|lacked
led the United States to threaten to enter the war against the regime, but there was a lack of
apoio de aliados europeus.
support|from|allies|European
support from European allies.
A participação russa, especialmente por meio de bombardeios aéreos, se mostrou decisiva
the|participation|Russian|especially|through|means|of|bombings|air|reflexive pronoun|showed|decisive
Russian participation, especially through airstrikes, proved decisive
para garantir a Assad a retomada de regiões nas mãos de rebeldes e do Estado Islâmico.
to|guarantee|to|Assad|the|recovery|of|regions|in the|hands|of|rebels|and|of the|State|Islamic
in ensuring Assad's recapture of regions held by rebels and the Islamic State.
Mais estável, a Síria reforça um eixo de oposição à influência ocidental no Oriente Médio.
more|stable|the|Syria|reinforces|an|axis|of|opposition|to the|influence|Western|in the|East|Middle
More stable, Syria strengthens an axis of opposition to Western influence in the Middle East.
Em contraponto aos Estados Unidos e aos países árabes sunitas, especialmente a Arábia Saudita,
in|contrast|to the|States|United|and|to the|countries|Arab|Sunni|especially|the|Arabia|Saudi
In contrast to the United States and Sunni Arab countries, especially Saudi Arabia,
os regimes xiitas de Síria e Irã têm declarada ajuda da Rússia na disputa regional.
the|regimes|Shiite|of|Syria|and|Iran|have|declared|help|from the|Russia|in the|dispute|regional
the Shiite regimes of Syria and Iran have declared support from Russia in the regional dispute.
O envolvimento russo na Síria também enviou uma mensagem a Europa e Estados Unidos: Moscou
the|involvement|Russian|in the|Syria|also|sent|a|message|to|Europe|and|States|United|Moscow
Russia's involvement in Syria also sent a message to Europe and the United States: Moscow
iria agir no cenário internacional para defender seus interesses.
would|act|in the|scenario|international|to|defend|its|interests
would act on the international stage to defend its interests.
Afinal, assim como na Ucrânia, bases militares russas estariam en perigo.
after all|just|like|in the|Ukraine|bases|military|Russian|they would be|in|
After all, just like in Ukraine, Russian military bases would be in danger.
Mais recentemente, foi a política interna de potências ocidentais que fez o nome de
more|recently|it was|the|policy|internal|of|powers|Western|that|it made|the|name|of
More recently, it was the internal politics of Western powers that brought the name of
Putin voltar à boca do povo.
Putin|to return|to the|mouth|of the|people
|||boca||
Putin back into the public discourse.
Basta lembrar as acusações de interferência no plebiscito de saída do Reino Unido da
just|to remember|the|accusations|of|interference|in the|plebiscite|of|exit|from the|Kingdom|United|
Just remember the accusations of interference in the United Kingdom's exit referendum from
União Europeia, o Brexit.
union|European|the|Brexit
European Union, Brexit.
Ou, ainda, um relatório da inteligência americana que acusava, sem provas contundentes,
or|still|a|report|of the|intelligence|American|that|accused|without|evidence|strong
Or, still, a report from American intelligence that accused, without compelling evidence,
o líder russo de tentar manipular a eleição em favor de Trump.
the|leader|Russian|of|trying|to manipulate|the|election|in|favor|of|Trump
the Russian leader of trying to manipulate the election in favor of Trump.
Quando, já em 2020, Trump perdeu a reeleição, o eleito Joe Biden imediatamente
when|already|in|Trump|lost|the|reelection|the|elected|Joe|Biden|immediately
When, already in 2020, Trump lost the reelection, the elected Joe Biden immediately
repetiu acusações de tentativa de interferência nas eleições e afirmou que Putin pagaria o preço.
he repeated|accusations|of|attempt|to|interference|in the|elections|and|he stated|that|Putin|he would pay|the|price
repeated accusations of attempting to interfere in the elections and stated that Putin would pay the price.
Biden também chamou Putin de assassino.
Biden|also|he called|Putin|a|murderer
Biden also called Putin a murderer.
O bate-boca reacendeu temores de uma nova Guerra Fria e de agravamento de tensões militares.
the|||it reignited|fears|of|a|new|War|Cold|and|of|worsening|of|tensions|military
|boca||||||||||||||
The spat reignited fears of a new Cold War and escalating military tensions.
No entanto, como muitas vezes ocorre na política, ao ameaçar rivais, líderes podem estar mais
however|nevertheless|as|many|times|it happens|in the|politics|when|threatening|rivals|leaders|they can|to be|more
However, as often happens in politics, by threatening rivals, leaders may be more
preocupados em falar a seus próprios eleitores do que a se mover para um confronto de fato.
worried|in|to talk|to|their|own|voters|of|that|to|oneself|to move|to|a|confrontation|of|fact
worried about speaking to their own voters than about moving towards an actual confrontation.
Assim, não é difícil imaginar que a troca de farpas faz parte do repertório de dois
thus|not|is|difficult|to imagine|that|the|exchange|of|barbs|makes|part|of|repertoire|of|two
|||||||||dardos||||||
Thus, it is not hard to imagine that the exchange of barbs is part of the repertoire of two
políticos experientes.
politicians|experienced
|experimentados
experienced politicians.
Por falar em experiência política, não se pode falar de Putin sem mencionar suas,
for|to talk|in|experience|political|not|oneself|can|to talk|of|Putin|without|to mention|his
Speaking of political experience, one cannot talk about Putin without mentioning his,
por que não dizer, exóticas aparições públicas, muitas vezes descritas pela mídia
why|that|not|to say|exotic|appearances|public|many|times|described|by the|media
why not say, exotic public appearances, often described by the media
internacional como uma forma de conexão com o povo russo – ou, ao menos, com uma ideia
international|as|a|form|of|connection|with|the|people|Russian|or|to the|least|with|an|idea
internationally as a way to connect with the Russian people – or, at least, with an idea
de Rússia aos olhos desta mesma mídia.
of|Russia|to the|eyes|this|same|media
of Russia in the eyes of this same media.
Putin está no poder há mais de 20 anos, seja como presidente, seja como primeiro-ministro.
Putin|is|in the|power|for|more|than|years|whether|as|president|whether|as||
Putin has been in power for over 20 years, either as president or as prime minister.
Sob o comando dele, críticos dizem que a Rússia se tornou um estado mais autoritário,
under|the|command|his|critics|they say|that|the|Russia|itself|it became|a|state|more|authoritarian
Under his command, critics say that Russia has become a more authoritarian state,
com menos direitos e liberdades democráticas.
with|fewer|rights|and|freedoms|democratic
with fewer rights and democratic freedoms.
Defensores podem dizer que, sob sua direção, o país está forte como nunca no cenário internacional.
defenders|they can|to say|that|under|his|leadership|the|country|it is|strong|as|never|in the|scene|international
Supporters might say that, under his leadership, the country is stronger than ever on the international stage.
Espero ter ajudado vocês a entender um pouco melhor a força de Putin na Rússia e no mundo.
I hope|to have|helped|you|to|to understand|a|little|better|the|power|of|Putin|in the|Russia|and|in the|world
I hope I have helped you understand a little better Putin's power in Russia and in the world.
Muito obrigada, e até a próxima!
very|thank you|and|until|the|next
Thank you very much, and see you next time!
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