Discurso direto, indireto ou indireto livre speech|direct|indirect|or|indirect|free Direkte, indirekte oder freie indirekte Rede Expresión directa, indirecta o indirecta libre Discours direct, indirect ou indirect libre Bezpośrednie, pośrednie lub swobodne wypowiedzi pośrednie Direct speech, indirect speech, or free indirect speech

RKA12MC – Olá! ||hello RKA12MC – Hello!

Vamos começar esta aula apresentando três trechos let's|start|this|class|presenting|three|excerpts Let's start this lesson by presenting three excerpts

de uma matéria jornalística publicada no canal TAB da UOL. of|a|article|journalistic|published|on|channel|TAB|of the|UOL from a news article published on the TAB channel of UOL.

O primeiro trecho diz assim: the|first|passage|says|like this The first excerpt says:

O futurologista holandês Christian Kromme the|futurologist|Dutch|Christian|Kromme The Dutch futurologist Christian Kromme

pesquisava sobre uma doença genética da filha, em 2011, was researching|about|a|disease|genetic|of the|daughter|in was researching a genetic disease of his daughter in 2011,

quando identificou um padrão no ponto de desenvolvimento das células e organismos vivos. when|he identified|a|pattern|in the|point|of|development|of the|cells|and|organisms|living when he identified a pattern in the development point of cells and living organisms.

Foi o ponto de partida para descobrir que o desenvolvimento tecnológico segue o mesmo padrão [...] it was|the|point|of|departure|to|discover|that|the|development|technological|follows|the|same|pattern It was the starting point to discover that technological development follows the same pattern [...]

O segundo trecho que queremos destacar dessa reportagem é este: the|second|excerpt|that|we want|to highlight|this|report|is|this The second excerpt we want to highlight from this report is this:

Em passagem pelo Rio de Janeiro, em 2019, in|passing|through the|Rio|of|Janeiro|in During a visit to Rio de Janeiro in 2019,

o futurologista disse a uma plateia de empresários [...] the|futurologist|said|to|an|audience|of|entrepreneurs the futurologist told an audience of businessmen [...]

que a próxima onda tecnológica vai priorizar o coletivo that|the|next|wave|technological|will|prioritize|the|collective that the next technological wave will prioritize the collective

e valorizar qualidades intrinsecamente humanas [...]. and|value|qualities|intrinsically|human and value intrinsically human qualities [...].

E nosso terceiro excerto da reportagem é este aqui: and|our|third|excerpt|from the|report|is|this|here And our third excerpt from the report is this one:

Kromme afirma que algumas empresas já começaram a trabalhar com essa mentalidade Kromme|states|that|some|companies|already|started|to|work|with|this|mindset Kromme states that some companies have already started to work with this mindset

e que a virada se dará em pouco tempo [...]. and|that|the|turnaround|reflexive pronoun|will give|in|little|time and that the turnaround will happen in a short time [...]

"O lucro será um efeito secundário nas empresas do futuro", profetiza o autor. the|profit|will be|a|effect|secondary|in the|companies|of the|future|prophesies|the|author "Profit will be a secondary effect in the companies of the future," prophesies the author.

No primeiro trecho, sabemos que foi a partir de uma pesquisa relacionada à genética In the|first|excerpt|we know|that|it was|from a|starting|from|a|research|related|to|genetics In the first excerpt, we know that it was based on research related to genetics

que o futurologista holandês Christian Kromme desenvolveu that|the|futurologist|Dutch|Christian|Kromme|developed that the Dutch futurologist Christian Kromme developed

uma nova teoria a respeito das transformações tecnológicas que ainda poderão impactar o mundo. a|new|theory|about|respect|of the|transformations|technological|that|still|will be able to|to impact|the|world a new theory regarding the technological transformations that may still impact the world.

No segundo trecho, sabemos que Kromme esteve no Rio de Janeiro em 2019 In the|second|excerpt|we know|that|Kromme|was|in the|Rio|of|Janeiro|in In the second excerpt, we know that Kromme was in Rio de Janeiro in 2019

e em uma palestra disse que essa nova onda tecnológica and|in|a|lecture|said|that|this|new|wave|technological and in a lecture said that this new technological wave

vai priorizar o coletivo, valorizando as qualidades humanas. will|to prioritize|the|collective|valuing|the|qualities|human will prioritize the collective, valuing human qualities.

Finalmente, no terceiro trecho, vemos que o futurologista acredita que, no futuro, finally|in the|third|excerpt|we see|that|the|futurologist|believes|that|in the|future Finally, in the third excerpt, we see that the futurologist believes that, in the future,

o lucro será um efeito secundário para as empresas. the|profit|will be|a|effect|secondary|for|the|companies profit will be a secondary effect for companies.

O primeiro trecho foi importante para nos situarmos, the|first|excerpt|was|important|for|us|to situate The first excerpt was important for us to get oriented,

mas eu quero detalhar com você o texto apresentado nos trechos dois e três but|I|want|to detail|with|you|the|text|presented|in the|excerpts|two|and|three but I want to detail with you the text presented in excerpts two and three.

porque eles exemplificam claramente o tema da nossa aula de hoje: discurso. because|they|exemplify|clearly|the|theme|of the|our|class|of|today|speech because they clearly exemplify the theme of our lesson today: discourse.

Veja estas duas frases tiradas dos trechos dois e três: see|these|two|sentences|taken|from the|excerpts|two|and|three Look at these two sentences taken from excerpts two and three:

O futurologista disse a uma plateia de empresários the|futurologist|said|to a|a|audience|of|entrepreneurs The futurologist told an audience of businessmen

que a próxima onda de tecnologia vai priorizar o coletivo. that|the|next|wave|of|technology|will|prioritize|the|collective that the next wave of technology will prioritize the collective.

"O lucro será um efeito secundário nas empresas do futuro", profetiza o autor. the|profit|will be|a|effect|secondary|in the|companies|of the|future|prophesizes|the|author "Profit will be a secondary effect in the companies of the future," prophesies the author.

Percebe que, nos dois casos, quem fala é o futurologista? do you realize|that|in the|two|cases|who|speaks|is|the|futurologist Do you notice that, in both cases, the speaker is the futurologist?

Na primeira frase, o texto informa indiretamente o que ele disse, in the|first|sentence|the|text|informs|indirectly|what|that|he|said In the first sentence, the text indirectly informs what he said,

na segunda, escreve de forma direta o que ele falou. in the|second|writes|in|way|direct|what|that|he|spoke in the second, it directly writes what he spoke.

Aí, a gente para um pouquinho com a reportagem then|the|we|stop|a|little|with|the|report So, we pause a little with the report

e vem para as características do discurso. and|comes|to|the|characteristics|of the|speech and come to the characteristics of the discourse.

Falei que um texto informa indiretamente o que o futurólogo diz I said|that|a|text|informs|indirectly|what|||futurist|says I said that a text indirectly informs what the futurist says

e que o outro escreve a fala dele de forma direta, certo? and|that|the|other|writes|the|speech|his|in|way|direct|right and that the other writes his speech directly, right?

Pois, então, o discurso indireto so|then|the|discourse|indirect Well, then, indirect speech

é uma forma de expressar o pensamento de outra pessoa is|a|way|to|express|the|thought|of|another|person is a way to express another person's thoughts

por meio de nossas próprias palavras. by|means|of|our|own|words through our own words.

No exemplo da reportagem, a jornalista Ana Paula Grabois in the|example|of the|report|the|journalist|Ana|Paula|Grabois In the example from the report, journalist Ana Paula Grabois

informa o que aconteceu, o que foi dito, e de que jeito informs|what|that|happened|what|that|was|said|and|in|that|way informs what happened, what was said, and how it was done

por meio da apresentação indireta da frase usada pelo futurologista na palestra aos empresários. by|means|of the|presentation|indirect|of the|sentence|used|by the|futurologist|in the|lecture|to the|businessmen through the indirect presentation of the phrase used by the futurist in the lecture to the businessmen.

Na segunda frase, a jornalista repete exatamente as mesmas palavras usadas pelo futurologista, in the|second|sentence|the|journalist|repeats|exactly|the|same|words|used|by the|futurologist In the second sentence, the journalist repeats exactly the same words used by the futurist,

sem tentar explicar o que aconteceu, mas mostrando como aconteceu. without|trying|to explain|what|that|happened|but|showing|how|happened without trying to explain what happened, but showing how it happened.

Ela se vale das aspas para reproduzir diretamente a fala do Christian Kromme she|herself|uses|the|quotes|to|reproduce|directly|the|speech|of the|Christian|Kromme She uses quotes to directly reproduce Christian Kromme's speech.

e completa a ideia com “profetiza o autor”. and|completes|the|idea|with|prophesies|the|author and completes the idea with "the author prophesies."

O uso de um tipo de discurso ou de outro é o que confere expressividade ao texto. the|use|of|a|type|of|discourse|or|of|another|is|the|that|gives|expressiveness|to the|text The use of one type of discourse or another is what gives expressiveness to the text.

O discurso direto mostra claramente quem está falando, the|discourse|direct|shows|clearly|who|is|speaking Direct speech clearly shows who is speaking,

o indireto faz referência a quem falou. the|indirect|makes|reference|to|who|spoke the indirect refers to who spoke.

Se a jornalista quisesse trocar o discurso direto pelo indireto e o indireto pelo direto em sua matéria, if|the|journalist|wanted|to swap|the|speech|direct|for the|indirect|and|the|indirect|for the|direct|in|her|article If the journalist wanted to swap the direct speech for the indirect and the indirect for the direct in her article,

talvez as frases ficassem assim. maybe|the|sentences|would remain|like this perhaps the sentences would look like this.

Percebeu um detalhe simples nessa alteração que fizemos nas frases? did you notice|a|detail|simple|in this|change|that|we made|in the|sentences Did you notice a simple detail in this change we made to the sentences?

Na primeira, desapareceu a subordinação entre as ideias, in the|first|disappeared|the|subordination|between|the|ideas In the first, the subordination between the ideas disappeared,

e, na segunda, a subordinação apareceu. Por quê? and|in the|second|the|subordination|appeared|for|what and, in the second, the subordination appeared. Why?

Porque, no discurso direto, as frases e as vozes são independentes. because|in the|speech|direct|the|sentences|and|the|voices|are|independent Because, in direct speech, the sentences and voices are independent.

No indireto, é uma única voz que anuncia as duas ações. in the|indirect|it is|a|single|voice|that|announces|the|two|actions In indirect speech, it is a single voice that announces the two actions.

Você usa discurso direto e indireto o dia todo e talvez nem tenha percebido. you|use|speech|direct|and|indirect|the|day|all|and|maybe|not even|have|noticed You use direct and indirect speech all day long and may not have even noticed.

Sabe quando você conta para um amigo o que o outro amigo disse a você do you know|when|you|tell|to|a|friend|what|that|the|other|friend|said|to|you You know when you tell a friend what another friend said to you

sobre determinado assunto? about|certain|topic about a certain topic?

Ó, o João Pedro me contou que desde que a pandemia começou oh|the|João|Pedro|to me|told|that|since|that|the|pandemic|started Oh, João Pedro told me that since the pandemic started

só sai de casa para passear com o cachorro. only|leaves|from|house|to|walk|with|the|dog only goes out of the house to walk the dog.

Ah, a Eduarda disse que aprendeu a fazer pão de cereais assistindo à receita na internet. ah|the|Eduarda|said|that|learned|to|make|bread|of|cereals|watching|the|recipe|on the|internet Ah, Eduarda said she learned how to make cereal bread by watching the recipe online.

A voz do João Pedro e a voz da Eduarda estão refletidas no discurso que você está fazendo. the|voice|of the|João|Pedro|and|the|voice|of the|Eduarda|are|reflected|in the|speech|that|you|are|making João Pedro's voice and Eduarda's voice are reflected in the speech you are making.

Quem sabe usar bem a língua, trabalha o discurso de forma exemplar. who|knows|to use|well|the|language|works|the|speech|in|way|exemplary Those who know how to use the language well work the speech in an exemplary way.

No jornalismo, noticiar os fatos e transmitir a informação in the|journalism|to report|the|facts|and|to transmit|the|information In journalism, reporting the facts and conveying information

da maneira mais neutra e mais objetiva possível in the|way|most|neutral|and|most|objective|possible in the most neutral and objective way possible

é um ponto extremamente positivo. is|a|point|extremely|positive is an extremely positive point.

Mas nem sempre conseguimos ser neutros em relação ao assunto, but|not|always|we manage|to be|neutral|in|relation|to the|subject But we do not always manage to be neutral regarding the subject,

às vezes, enveredamos para a opinião. to the|times|we veer|to|the|opinion sometimes, we veer into opinion.

Nada contra uma opinião, mas é importante deixar isso claro. nothing|against|an|opinion|but|it is|important|to leave|that|clear Nothing against an opinion, but it's important to make that clear.

Daí essa preocupação com fake news, por exemplo. hence|this|concern|with|fake|news|for|example Hence this concern with fake news, for example.

A gente precisa ficar atento ao modo como o texto usa o discurso the|people|needs|to stay|attentive|to the|way|how|the|text|uses|the|discourse We need to pay attention to how the text uses discourse.

para não se deixar enganar por uma opinião. in order to|not|oneself|to let|to deceive|by|an|opinion to avoid being misled by an opinion.

Um texto jornalístico de verdade cita as fontes, mostra mais de uma opinião, dá voz a mais pessoas. a|text|journalistic|of|true|cites|the|sources|shows|more|than|one|opinion|gives|voice|to|more|people A true journalistic text cites sources, shows more than one opinion, and gives voice to more people.

O jornalista até pode inserir sua opinião na matéria, the|journalist|even|can|to insert|his|opinion|in the|article The journalist can even insert their opinion into the piece,

mas de forma que deixe isso claro para o leitor. but|in|way|that|he leaves|this|clear|for|the|reader but in a way that makes it clear to the reader.

Já o leitor precisa saber ler um texto e identificar os fatos already|the|reader|needs|to know|to read|a|text|and|to identify|the|facts The reader needs to know how to read a text and identify the facts.

separar os fatos das opiniões, entender o discurso e fazer suas próprias reflexões. to separate|the|facts|from the|opinions|to understand|the|discourse|and|to make|your|own|reflections Separate the facts from opinions, understand the discourse, and make their own reflections.

Bom, então, vamos entender: a modalidade do discurso expressa as vozes do texto. good|then|let's go|to understand|the|modality|of the|discourse|expresses|the|voices|of the|text Well, then, let's understand: the modality of the discourse expresses the voices of the text.

No discurso direto, quem fala é a pessoa. in the|discourse|direct|who|speaks|is|the|person In direct discourse, the speaker is the person.

O verbo estará normalmente em primeira ou segunda pessoa. the|verb|will be|normally|in|first|or|second|person The verb will normally be in the first or second person.

No discurso indireto, fala-se sobre a pessoa. in the|speech|indirect|||about|the|person In indirect speech, one speaks about the person.

O verbo estará invariavelmente na terceira pessoa. the|verb|will be|invariably|in the|third|person The verb will invariably be in the third person.

No discurso direto, os tempos verbais têm a ver com a ação da pessoa: in the|speech|direct|the|tenses|verbal|have|to|to do|with|the|action|of the|person In direct speech, the verb tenses relate to the person's action:

eu faço, eu fiz, eu farei, não faça isso. I|do||did||will do|not|do|that I do, I did, I will do, don't do that.

No indireto, estará relacionado ao contexto dessa ação: In|indirect|will be|related|to the|context|of this|action In the indirect, it will be related to the context of this action:

ele fazia, ele tinha feito, ele faria, ele pediu para que não fizesse. he|was doing|he|had|done|he|would do|he|asked|to|that|not|do he was doing, he had done, he would do, he asked not to do.

Os pronomes do discurso direto são os de primeira e de segunda pessoa (isto, este, esse, essa), The|pronouns|of the|speech|direct|are|the|of|first|and|of|second|person|this|this|that|that The pronouns of direct speech are the first and second person (this, this, that, that),

os do discurso indireto são os de terceira pessoa (aquele, aquela, aquilo). the|of the|discourse|indirect|are|the|of|third|person|that|that|that the ones in indirect speech are the third person (that, those, it).

E os advérbios de lugar também: and|the|adverbs|of|place|also And the adverbs of place too:

no discurso direto, eu digo que estou aqui; in the|discourse|direct|I|say|that|I am|here in direct speech, I say that I am here;

no discurso indireto, você diz que eu disse que estava ali. in the|discourse|indirect|you|say|that|I|I said|that|I was|there in indirect speech, you say that I said that I was there.

Por exemplo, “Lúcia, traga este vazo e o coloque aqui perto da janela”, discurso direto. for|example|Lúcia|bring|this|vase|and|it|put|here|near|of the|window|speech|direct For example, 'Lúcia, bring this vase and put it here near the window,' direct speech.

Como ficaria no indireto? how|would it be|in the|indirect How would it be in indirect speech?

Ele pediu a Lúcia que trouxesse aquele vaso e o colocasse ali perto da janela. he|asked|to|Lúcia|that|she would bring|that|vase|and|it|she would put|there|near|of the|window He asked Lúcia to bring that vase and put it there near the window.

Mudam a pessoa, os verbos, os pronomes, advérbios de lugar. they change|the|person|the|verbs|the|pronouns|adverbs|of|place They change the person, the verbs, the pronouns, and the adverbs of place.

Então, vimos tudo? Ainda não! so|we saw|everything|still|not So, have we seen everything? Not yet!

Sabe que existe uma terceira modalidade de discurso que mistura o direto e o indireto? you know|that|there exists|a|third|modality|of|discourse|that|mixes|the|direct|and|the|indirect Do you know that there is a third type of speech that mixes direct and indirect?

É o discurso indireto livre, que é mais comum na literatura. it is|the|discourse|indirect|free|that|is|more|common|in the|literature It is free indirect speech, which is more common in literature.

Dificilmente você encontrará um exemplo de discurso indireto livre em uma matéria jornalística. hardly|you|will find|an|example|of|discourse|indirect|free|in|a|article|journalistic You will hardly find an example of free indirect speech in a news article.

Por quê? Porque no discurso indireto livre as falas de uma personagem em primeira pessoa for|what|because|in the|discourse|indirect|free|the|speeches|of|a|character|in|first|person Why? Because in free indirect speech, the words of a character in the first person

surgem espontaneamente dentro do discurso do narrador feito em terceira pessoa. they emerge|spontaneously|inside|of the|discourse|of the|narrator|made|in|third|person spontaneously appear within the discourse of the narrator written in the third person.

Não há travessão, não há aspas, não tem pontuação nenhuma indicando que a voz do texto mudou, not|there is|dash|not|there is|quotes|not|there is|punctuation|none|indicating|that|the|voice|of the|text|changed There are no dashes, no quotation marks, there is no punctuation indicating that the voice of the text has changed,

o que muda é o pensamento, e essa é uma forma muito elaborada de se expressar. the|that|changes|is|the|thought|and|this|is|a|way|very|elaborate|to|oneself|to express what changes is the thought, and this is a very elaborate way of expressing oneself.

No discurso indireto livre, o narrador fala sobre a personagem in the|discourse|indirect|free|the|narrator|speaks|about|the|character In free indirect speech, the narrator speaks about the character

e assume o pensamento da personagem, falando por ela. and|assumes|the|thought|of the|character|speaking|for|her and assumes the character's thoughts, speaking for her.

É um narrador onisciente. E, por meio dessa onisciência, it is|a|narrator|omniscient|and|through|means|of this|omniscience It is an omniscient narrator. And, through this omniscience,

transmite o sentido do discurso da personagem dentro do seu próprio discurso, transmits|the|meaning|of the|discourse|of the|character|within|of the|own|discourse| it conveys the meaning of the character's speech within its own speech,

como em Vidas Secas, de Graciliano Ramos. as|in|Lives|Dry|by|Graciliano|Ramos as in Vidas Secas, by Graciliano Ramos.

Veja este trecho. See|this|excerpt See this excerpt.

O narrador conta que sinhá Vitória falou, The|narrator|tells|that|Mrs|Vitória|spoke The narrator tells that sinhá Vitória said,

Fabiano resmungou, franziu a testa, achou a frase extravagante. Fabiano|grumbled|frowned|the|forehead|found|the|sentence|extravagant Fabiano grumbled, frowned, found the phrase extravagant.

Então, sem qualquer indicação, o pensamento de Fabiano aparece no meio da narrativa: then|without|any|indication|the|thought|of|Fabiano|appears|in the|middle|of the|narrative So, without any indication, Fabiano's thoughts appear in the middle of the narrative:

Aves matarem bois e cabras, que lembrança! birds|killing|cattle|and|goats|what|memory Birds killing oxen and goats, what a memory!

Para, em seguida, voltar à terceira pessoa: to|in|following|to return|to the|third|person Then, it returns to the third person:

ele olhou a mulher, desconfiado, julgou que estivesse tresvariando. he|looked|at|woman|suspicious|judged|that|was|straying he looked at the woman, suspicious, thought she was going crazy.

O livro Vidas Secas é riquíssimo em exemplos de discurso indireto livre. the|book|Vidas|Secas|is|very rich|in|examples|of|discourse|indirect|free The book Vidas Secas is rich in examples of free indirect discourse.

A história é triste, dura, mas muito realista e muito verdadeira. the|story|is|sad|hard|but|very|realistic|and|very|true The story is sad, harsh, but very realistic and very true.

É uma obra que merece ser lida e fica aqui mais essa dica para você. it is|a|work|that|deserves|to be|read|and|stays|here|more|this|tip|for|you It is a work that deserves to be read, and here is another tip for you.

Bom, bom, bom, nossa aula está se encerrando por aqui. good|good|good|our|class|is|reflexive pronoun|ending|for|here Well, well, well, our class is coming to an end here.

Eu espero que você tenha gostado I|hope|that|you|have|liked I hope you liked it

e que saiba a partir de agora entender melhor tudo o que lê. and|that|know|from|starting|from|now|to understand|better|everything|that|that|read and that you now know how to better understand everything you read.

Até mais e a gente se vê por aí! until|later|and|we|people|ourselves|see|around|there See you later and we'll see each other around!

Tchau! bye Bye!