What Is A Dinosaur And What Isn’t a Dinosaur? Was ist ein Dinosaurier und was ist kein Dinosaurier? ¿Qué es un dinosaurio y qué no lo es? Qu'est-ce qu'un dinosaure et qu'est-ce qui n'en est pas un ? Cos'è un dinosauro e cosa non lo è? 恐竜とは何か、恐竜ではないものとは? 공룡이란 무엇이며 공룡이 아닌 것은 무엇입니까? Wat is een dinosaurus en wat is geen dinosaurus? O que é um dinossauro e o que não é um dinossauro? Что такое динозавр, а что нет? Vad är en dinosaurie och vad är inte en dinosaurie? Dinozor Nedir ve Ne Değildir? 什么是恐龙，什么不是恐龙？ 什麼是恐龍，什麼不是恐龍？

Every time I make a video about an extinct fossil creature I'm reminded there's a Sempre que faço um vídeo sobre uma criatura fóssil extinta, lembro-me de que há uma Varje gång jag gör en video om en utdöd fossil varelse blir jag påmind om att det finns en

lot of confusion out there about what is and isn't a dinosaur. Há muita confusão por aí sobre o que é e o que não é um dinossauro.

And you'd be forgiven for being kinda confused. Y serías perdonado por estar un poco confundido. E é perdoável que estejamos um pouco confusos.

I mean, why is this a dinosaur, but this isn't. Quero dizer, porque é que isto é um dinossauro, mas isto não é.

And this is, but this isn't?

What about this? E que tal isto?

Dinosaur?

No.

But this is?

Maybe paleontologists are just messing with us. Vielleicht verarschen uns die Paläontologen nur. Tal vez los paleontólogos nos estén tomando el pelo. Talvez os paleontólogos estejam apenas a brincar connosco.

Or… maybe the question of what is and isn't a dinosaur goes deeper than we think? Ou... talvez a questão do que é e do que não é um dinossauro seja mais profunda do que pensamos?

Well, like an intrepid fossil hunter, I set out to dig up an answer, and what I found Nun, wie ein unerschrockener Fossilienjäger habe ich mich auf die Suche nach einer Antwort gemacht, und was ich gefunden habe Pues bien, como un intrépido cazador de fósiles, me dispuse a desenterrar una respuesta, y lo que encontré Bem, tal como um intrépido caçador de fósseis, fui à procura de uma resposta e o que encontrei

teaches us a lesson about how hard it is to build a picture of the past when you only lehrt uns eine Lektion darüber, wie schwierig es ist, sich ein Bild von der Vergangenheit zu machen, wenn man nur leert ons een les over hoe moeilijk het is om een beeld van het verleden op te bouwen als je alleen ensina-nos uma lição sobre como é difícil construir uma imagem do passado quando só se

have a few puzzle pieces, and a lot about why we classify things the way we do. temos algumas peças do puzzle e muito sobre a razão pela qual classificamos as coisas da forma como o fazemos.

Hey smart people, Joe here.

You might be surprised to learn just how many different types of -saurs there are Je zult er misschien versteld van staan hoeveel verschillende soorten -saurs er zijn Talvez fiques surpreendido com a quantidade de tipos diferentes de -sauros que existem

There are lots of different groups, mostly of reptiles, that have “saur” in their Er zijn veel verschillende groepen, meestal reptielen, die "saur" in hun . hebben Há muitos grupos diferentes, principalmente de répteis, que têm "saur" no seu nome.

name.

Oh yeah, that's paleontologist Steve Brusatte Oh sim, é o paleontólogo Steve Brusatte

I study dinosaurs and all sorts of other fossils, but mostly dinosaurs.

And I wrote the book “The Rise and Fall of Dinosaurs” a couple of years ago. E escrevi o livro "The Rise and Fall of Dinosaurs" (A Ascensão e Queda dos Dinossauros) há alguns anos.

There's pterosaurs (those are the pterodactlys), plesiosaurs, There are mosasaurs and pliosaurs, Er zijn pterosauriërs (dat zijn de pterodactlys), plesiosauriërs, er zijn mosasauriërs en pliosauriërs,

and ichthyosaurs there's even groups like lepidosaurs, these are still around today. y los ictiosaurios, incluso hay grupos como los lepidosaurios, que siguen existiendo hoy en día.

That's just a very common root-word, it basically means lizard. Es una palabra raíz muy común, básicamente significa lagarto. É apenas uma palavra de raiz muito comum, que basicamente significa lagarto.

(I think it's greek) (Creo que es griego) (acho que é grego)

It is Greek [look down], I checked. Es griego [mira hacia abajo], lo he comprobado.

And we can't forget everyone's favorite not-a-dinosaur, Dimetrodon, which actually En we mogen de favoriete niet-dinosaurus van iedereen, Dimetrodon, niet vergeten, die eigenlijk... E não podemos esquecer o não-dinossauro preferido de toda a gente, o Dimetrodon, que na verdade

predates the dinosaurs and is more closely related to us mammals than T. rex or any of é anterior aos dinossauros e está mais próximo de nós, mamíferos, do que o T. rex ou qualquer outro

the other “saurs”.

And Basilosaurus? En Basilosaurus?

That thing's an early whale! ¡Esa cosa es una ballena temprana! Essa coisa é uma baleia precoce!

Clearly, there's a tendency to call any extinct, scaly thing with teeth a dinosaur, Está claro que hay una tendencia a llamar dinosaurio a cualquier cosa extinta, escamosa y con dientes, É evidente que há uma tendência para chamar dinossauro a qualquer coisa extinta, escamosa e com dentes,

even when they're not. mesmo quando não o são.

But to figure out what dinosaurs are, we need to go back to when they were invented. Mas para percebermos o que são os dinossauros, temos de recuar até à altura em que foram inventados.

Ok, I mean the ancient reptiles we call “dinosaurs” evolved… more than 200 million years ago, Ok, quero dizer que os antigos répteis a que chamamos "dinossauros" evoluíram... há mais de 200 milhões de anos,

but the word “dinosaur”? mas a palavra "dinossauro"?

That arrived around 1841… Chegou por volta de 1841...

…thanks to Sir Richard Owen, who is giving me some strong Argus Filch vibes. ...gracias a Sir Richard Owen, que me transmite fuertes vibraciones de Argus Filch. ... dankzij Sir Richard Owen, die me een aantal sterke Argus Filch-vibes geeft. ...graças a Sir Richard Owen, que me está a dar umas fortes vibrações de Argus Filch.

Guys like Owen had made careers out of naming and organizing all the animals and bones the

very friendly and not at all problematic British Empire was bringing to their doorstep from muy amable y nada problemático que el Imperio Británico traía a sus puertas desde

across the globe.

One strange bone had been pulled from a quarry in England in the 17th century, which, thanks Ein seltsamer Knochen wurde im 17. Jahrhundert aus einem Steinbruch in England geborgen, der dank der Un extraño hueso había sido extraído de una cantera en Inglaterra en el siglo XVII, el cual, gracias Um estranho osso tinha sido retirado de uma pedreira em Inglaterra no século XVII, que, graças a

to its odd shape was originally misidentified as the thigh of a Roman War Elephant, and

later misidentified again as… oh… heh… oh my! mais tarde identificada erradamente como... oh... heh... oh meu!

Well, I'm not saying that. Bem, não estou a dizer isso.

Some very posh gentleman scientists of England eventually realized this and other bones came Unos señores científicos muy pijos de Inglaterra acabaron por darse cuenta de esto y llegaron otros huesos Alguns cavalheiros cientistas muito elegantes de Inglaterra acabaram por se aperceber disto e outros ossos surgiram

from an extinct reptile, and they named it Megalosaurus, meaning “great lizard”. van een uitgestorven reptiel, en ze noemden het Megalosaurus, wat "grote hagedis" betekent.

Very original, guys.

When Argus…

I mean Richard Owen studied these and the bones of another reptile named Iguanodon,

he decided they had enough traits in common to be their own group, and…

…it was Richard Owen, who came up with that name, “Dinosauria,” the terrible lizards. ...fue Richard Owen, a quien se le ocurrió ese nombre, "Dinosauria", los terribles lagartos. ... het was Richard Owen, die de naam "Dinosauria" bedacht, de verschrikkelijke hagedissen.

…And then from that point on people found more and more of these giant, ancient things

in rocks all over the world. em rochas de todo o mundo.

And people started to name new species, and they started to classify things as “dinosaurs”.

People from indigenous and other cultures around the world had been uncovering evidence

of these weird extinct creatures for a long time. destas estranhas criaturas extintas durante muito tempo.

Like this Native American art in Utah inspired by footprints in the surrounding rock. Como esta arte nativo-americana no Utah inspirada em pegadas na rocha circundante.

Posh gentleman scientists didn't “discover” these creatures, but they gave them “official” Chique gentleman-wetenschappers hebben deze wezens niet "ontdekt", maar ze gaven ze "officieel"

scientific names and began building a system to organize them.

And one of those posh gentleman scientists influenced the way we think about and organize E um desses cavalheiros cientistas influenciou a forma como pensamos e organizamos

living things more than any other: The Smeagol of the HMS Beagle, the acorn that planted seres vivos más que ningún otro: El Smeagol del HMS Beagle, la bellota que plantó levende wezens meer dan alle andere: de Smeagol van de HMS Beagle, de eikel die plantte

the tree of life… my boy Chuck Darwin. a árvore da vida... o meu rapaz Chuck Darwin.

Before Darwin, there were ways of putting living things into categories. Antes de Darwin, havia formas de classificar os seres vivos em categorias.

Remember this?

But Darwin's world-changing idea was that things that are closely related also share

ancestry, and if you follow the trail of common ancestors back far enough, everything comes voorouders, en als je het spoor van gemeenschappelijke voorouders ver genoeg terug volgt, komt alles

down to one great common ancestor of life.

After Darwin, people didn't just sort things into different buckets based on certain traits Después de Darwin, la gente no se limitaba a clasificar las cosas en diferentes categorías en función de ciertos rasgos... Depois de Darwin, as pessoas não se limitavam a classificar as coisas em diferentes grupos com base em determinadas características

or features, they organized them based on a system of shared ancestry, and how those of kenmerken, ze organiseerden ze op basis van een systeem van gedeelde voorouders, en hoe die

traits or features change over time.

It was kind of a big deal.

So when we take Richard Owen's original definition of “dinosaur”, and apply Darwin's

new way of looking at how things are related, we get something close to our modern definition nova forma de ver como as coisas estão relacionadas, obtemos algo próximo da nossa definição moderna

of dinosaurs:

Iguanodon, megalosaurus… so you take them, you go down to their common ancestor, and Iguanodonte, megalossauro... Então pegamos neles, descemos até ao seu antepassado comum, e

anything that falls within that part of the tree is a dinosaur… tudo o que cai nessa parte da árvore é um dinossauro...

Now the shape of this tree has changed and will continue to change over time as scientists Agora, a forma desta árvore mudou e continuará a mudar ao longo do tempo, à medida que os cientistas

find new dinosaurs with new traits that are related in new ways. encontrar novos dinossauros com novos traços que estão relacionados de novas formas.

But the tree always stays rooted in that common ancestor. Pero el árbol siempre permanece enraizado en ese ancestro común.

So how do we decide if something goes on the tree? Então, como é que decidimos se algo vai para a árvore?

There are a few general rules. Existem algumas regras gerais.

Swimming things, not dinosuars. Coisas nadadoras, não dinossauros.

Flying things, also not. Coisas voadoras, também não.

And if the thing runs around like this, chances are it's not a dino either. Y si la cosa corre así, lo más probable es que tampoco sea un dino.

But to really map out those branches, scientists use long lists of traits and characteristics,

enough to fill textbooks, that they can measure and plug into computer algorithms and figure suficientes para llenar libros de texto, que pueden medir e introducir en algoritmos informáticos y calcular suficientes para encher livros de texto, que podem medir e ligar a algoritmos informáticos e calcular

out not only if a new fossil belongs in the dinosaur group, even what sub-branch and sub-SUB-branch

they belong to on the tangled tree that grew from that common ancestor. a que pertencem na árvore emaranhada que cresceu a partir desse antepassado comum.

We don't even know for sure what that common ancestor was, and it wouldn't have been Nem sequer sabemos ao certo qual era esse antepassado comum, e não teria sido

too different from its closest relatives that aren't dinosaurs. demasiado diferente dos seus parentes mais próximos que não são dinossauros.

But everything that descended from that thing is a dinosaur, because that's what we say

a dinosaur is.

And this is where it gets kind of weird. E é aqui que as coisas ficam um pouco estranhas.

Because there's nothing in nature that says a dinosaur has to be this. Porque não há nada na natureza que diga que um dinossauro tem de ser assim.

It's just a convention. É apenas uma convenção.

An agreement. Um acordo.

The same way a baseball game only works because everyone agrees to play by the same rules. Da mesma forma que um jogo de basebol só funciona porque todos concordam em jogar com as mesmas regras.

I mean, think of borders on a map: The boundary separating northern Illinois from Indiana

is a made up thing. é uma coisa inventada.

It's only a line with cornfields on both sides.

Nothing in nature that says the boundary has to be here. Não há nada na natureza que diga que o limite tem de estar aqui.

It could be here, or here. Pode ser aqui ou aqui.

But because a group of people agreed to put it here, and everyone agrees that the boundary

is here, it's a useful made up thing. está aquí, es una cosa útil inventada.

It lets us group things together, it lets us separate things, and it lets us organize

things inside those boundaries.

And just like a state or national boundary, the definition of a dinosaur is something

we made up.

Definitions for pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, and all the other saurs and not-a-saurs?

We made those up too.

But even though they're made up, they're useful. Pero aunque sean inventados, son útiles.

And even though the details of the definitions can change over time, everyone agrees to change

with them.

And that is what lets science happen. Y eso es lo que permite que se produzca la ciencia.

So a dinosaur is a pigeon, and a triceratops, and all the descendants of their most common Así que un dinosaurio es una paloma, y un triceratops, y todos los descendientes de su más común

ancestor, thanks to a guy named Richard Owen, a dude named Charles Darwin, and that thing.

But…

You can easily imagine a world, where in the victorian times in England, some other well-connected,

wealthy posh high-society person discovered a beautiful skeleton of say a pterodactyl, persona adinerada de la alta sociedad descubrió un hermoso esqueleto de, digamos, un pterodáctilo, rijke chique high-society persoon ontdekte een prachtig skelet van bijvoorbeeld een pterodactylus,

you could see how Richard Owen, when he made his definition of a dinosaur, he might have

included the pterodactyls in that definition.

Then the convention would have been different, and eventually, the definition we would have

put on the family tree would have included pterodactyls.

It's easy to see how little changes in the history of how we discover and study things,

have big effects on how we later classify and define things.

So maybe somewhere in the multiverse, there's a world where pterodactyls are dinosaurs.

And even if the science they do there is a little different from ours, as long as everyone

agrees, it's just as valid as the science we do here in this universe.

Except for this guy [Dimetrodon].

I don't care what universe you're in, still not a dinosaur.

That's just wrong Eso está mal.

Stay Curious