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TED Videos, The paradox that is Persia: Abbas Milani at TEDxStanford

The paradox that is Persia: Abbas Milani at TEDxStanford

Transcriber: Roozbeh Fakhr Reviewer: Leila Ataei

Iran that you see in the media, Iran that you see talked about

Iran that you see written about, most often in the last 30 years,

is a dour country, run by angry old men,

who shout death to America, death to Israel,

who promote a cult of martyrdom.

But it's also a society that produces Maz Jobrani.

And I am here to tell you

that there is a lot more happening inside Iran than what you see here.

A lot more things that are very very promising.

I'm not here to tell you that there's nothing to worry about Iran,

but I'm here to tell you that if you really understand

the paradox of Persia,

you will find a country that is worth being interested in.

And it is a country that does not deserve to be stereotyped

by the behavior of its current rude impolite and impolitic leaders.

Why do I call it the "paradox of Persia"?

For those of you who are older than 35,

you would know that before the Islamic Republic of Iran,

Iran was called Iran.

If you are a little older, at least 85 years older,

you would know that in the English languages,

essentially in all the Romance languages,

Iran used to be called Persia.

So when we talk about Persia, we're essentially talking about

what you today would understand as Islamic Republic of Iran.

And where does this paradox begin?

It begins essentially at the dawn of Western civilization.

And it begins at the dawn of the great Empire

that Iran was 2,500 years ago.

So I'm going to try to give you a little bit of its history

of these 2,500 years

and try to pick moments of that history that show you the Iran that is different

than the Iran that you generally hear about, or read about.

But it's 2,500 years of history, and I have 14 minutes.

If I'm very lucky, 17 minutes.

So how do you do this in 17 or 14 minutes?

I'll do it. I decided to take my cues from a Persian woman.

And this is not by accident.

Persian women are now in Iran at the forefront of the battle

for creating a democratic society.

They have been for the last 150 years. I'll tell you a little bit about them.

But Persia has also given us the greatest storyteller of all time.

Many of you don't know her as Persian.

Many of you know her maybe as the person that gave you

what you probably know as "Arabian Nights."

But Arabian Nights actually is called:

"A Thousand and One Nights."

And the person that created "A Thousand and One Nights"

is a woman called "Shahrazad."

Shahrazad gives us the paradox of Persia.

Shahrazad is the daughter of a Prince,

some say the daughter of the Prime Minister.

She is married to this murderously jealous King.

The dark side of the Iranian history

as well as the light side of the Iranian history.

And if you've read the story, you would know

the jealous King, in order to make sure that he's not cuckolded by his wife,

he's been cuckolded once, he doesn't want it happen again,

he kills his wives every night after he consummates marriage.

Shahrazad comes and decides the way to delay this is tell him a story,

and keep the punchline for the next day.

The punchline continues for a thousand and one nights.

That's why we get a 1001 nights.

She is saved, we have one of the greatest stories of all time.

We have basically one of the most remarkable story structures.

The episodic story structure

that every television series you love is based on

really comes from "A Thousand and One Nights."

It has a structural story, it has the overall narrative

and it has episodes that you can take in and out.

By the time the West got ahold of "A Thousand and One Nights,"

it became "Arabian Nights."

By the time Hollywood got hold of it,

it became "Ali Baba and the 40 thieves of Baghdad. (Laughter)

That's what often happens, unfortunately, when Hollywood gets its hands on Iran.

So, I'm going to give you 4 episodes of Iranian history.

The beginning, the advent of Islam, the 19th century, and today.

And in each case, I'm going to try to give you

a sense of this paradox that defines what it means to be Persian,

what it means to be Persia.

I can say with some certainty there is no country that I know of

that has been as central to Western consciousness

as Persia has.

That's a big claim to make, but I'm willing to back it up.

And I have 2 and a half minutes to do it,

and I am going to try to do it in 2.5 minutes.

We have two canonical texts

in the development of the Western consciousness of itself as the West.

One is the Bible.

The other one is Herodotus' "Histories."

These are the two canonical texts.

Herodotus is essentially about the war between the Greeks and the Persians.

And Herodotus is very clear.

He says the Greeks began to see themselves

as different than the East in opposition to Iran.

So Iran was essentially at the time the Other of the West.

It was the force that they defined themselves in opposition to.

Herodotus has wonderful things to say about Iran.

But he also has some very negative things to say.

Herodotus might well have been in fact Iranian himself.

He lived in the part of the Asian minor,

that at the time of his birth was dominated by Iran.

If you've read "Creation" by Gore [Vidal],

you would know the story of Herodotus's life.

Go to the Bible, the Old Testament.

Again, I suggest, there is no country that is as praised in the Old Testament,

other than Jews themselves,

who are the central characters of the Old Testament, as the Persians.

There is no mortal in the Old Testament that is as praised as Cyrus.

Cyrus is the person that freed Jews from the Babylonian captivity.

Cyrus is the one that rebuilt Jerusalem for Jews.

So it is at the result of the Babylonian captivity,

that we have the first mass migration of Jews into Iran.

Jews have been living in Iran for almost 3,000 years.

And I can tell you, again with some certainty,

except for the 20th century,

Jews lived more comfortably, more safely in Iran,

than they did in Europe.

You never had pogroms like you had in Europe, in Iran.

And Jews have lived there comfortably.

And today, as I speak in spite of the lunacies of Ahmadinejad,

in spite of the anti-Israeli rhetoric of the regime,

there are more Jews living in Iran today than in the entire Muslim world together.

There are close to 25,000 Jews living in Iran today.

Before the revolution there were about 125 to 150,000 of them.

So Iran has had this rather remarkable history with Jews.

The other remarkable history, again in the Bible,

I won't repeat it, this story of Esther.

2,500 years ago an Iranian king was married to a Jew,

and at the same time,

the dark side, the paradoxical side of Iranian history,

manifests itself in the efforts of the Prime Minister

who tried to commit the first act of genocide against Jews

and when he failed, you have the Feast of Purim,

you have the Savior, you have Esther,

who is incidentally buried in Iran.

The place of burial for Esther is in Iran today.

Some of the hoodlums in the Islamic republic

recently tried to demolish it; fortunately, they did not succeed.

Fast forward, 700-800 years, to the 7th century,

and you have the advent of Islam.

Islam comes to Iran in the 7th century.

Iran was by then Zoroastrian.

Zoroastrian faith again is very little known in the world.

But Zoroastrian faith has probably contributed more

to the theologies of Judeo-Christian and Islamic systems

than any other religion in the world.

Let me give you briefly some of the ideas

that have come from Zoroastrianism and found their way into Christianity

into Judaism, into Islam.

The idea of a Messiah, the idea of a millennium,

a thousand-year cycle of history, the idea of Hell, the idea of Heaven,

all come from Zoroastrianism.

The word you know and use for Heaven is in fact a Persian word.

Paradise is a Latinized version of Pardis, which is the name of a Persian garden,

which incidentally is also captured most beautifully

in some of the carpets you see.

There is no theme more repeated in Persian carpets

than an effort to recapture Paradise.

So Islam comes to this country

that already had this very sophisticated Empire

and a very sophisticated theology. What happens to it?

Well, what happens to it, first of all,

Iranians fight for about a 150 to 200 years to resist this.

Iranians were the only country that were conquered by the Arabs

but did not take Arabic language.

The concept of "Arab," the strange concept of "Arab,"

as everyone who speaks Arabic, was developed in that early phase.

Iranians were the exception.

They kept the language, they did not take Arabic.

Persian remained their language.

And then something very remarkable has happened.

And historians, scholars, have been writing about this

increasingly fascinatingly detailed accounts.

And that is: that Iranians took some of the Islamic Ideas

and gave them an Iranian bent.

Shi'ism, which is the state religion in Iran today,

many scholars will tell you has more in common with Zoroastrianism

than it has with any other Muslim society.

And the dominant esthetic motif, after that Arab invasion,

something you see in many Persian carpets,

in many Persian fabrics,

probably the motif you've seen more than anything else from Iran,

is the paisley.

The paisley is said to be this paradoxical identity of Iran.

Partly Zoroastrian, pre-Islamic, partly Islamic.

The pine tree was the tree of Zarathustra.

It was bent by the Arab invasion, but it wasn't broken.

So Iran took a paradoxical character,

partly pre-Islamic, partly Islamic.

And its Islam that's different than anywhere else in the world.

The Islam that is dominant in Iran today, the Shi'ism,

has many characteristics of the Zoroastrian ideas we talked about.

Fast forward again to the 19th century.

In the 19th century, you have two, again, fascinating developments

both inside Iran,

and in the perception of Iran in the West.

Paradoxical development.

The 19th century is the age of increasing despotism in Iran.

But it's also an age of remarkable intellectual development,

of remarkable religious reformation.

Very little talked about in the West.

But it is the age where Shi'ism is undergoing a remarkable shift,

and you have the birth of a new religion.

You have the birth of the Bahá'í movement, out of the Babi movement.

Two years before Seneca Falls,

what is considered to be the first feminist convention in America,

an Iranian woman by the name of Qurratu'l-'Ayn

walked on stage, took off her veil, and gave a talk.

The sight was so stunning

that someone took a knife to his own throat

and another one went on the stage and tried to kill her.

That is 150 years ago.

That's the beginning of the women's movement in Iran.

And you can move forward in the last 150 years,

and see that, this remarkable turmoil, this remarkable change,

this remarkable assertiveness of Iranian women.

In the West, as Iranians are undergoing this change,

you have two different approaches to Iran.

You have a romantic adulation of Iran.

You have Emerson, the quintessential American intellectual,

falling in love with Iran, falling in love with Iranian poets.

He tries to learn Persian to read some of this poetry in Persian.

Goethe, the quintessential romantic in Europe,

tries to learn Persian because he says: Hafez and Saadi and Rumi,

the best selling poets in America today,

Khayyám, who is the subject of what is considered

maybe the best translation of poetry in history...

I am sure all of you have at one time

been told by your beloved, or have told your beloved

that a jug of wine, a loaf of bread, and thou, is all you need.

That is from a Persian poet called Khayyám.

That aspect, is part of the paradoxical approach of the West

to Iran or Persia in the 19th century.

But you also have the development of colonialism.

Colonialism has come to this region.

Iran is one of only 6 countries in the 3rd world that is not colonized.

When the West begins to colonize the world,

Iran is one of the 6 countries that survive,

maintains its independence.

But at the same time, colonizers, particularly British,

begin to develop a rather nasty language to talk about Iran.

Talking about Persians as shifty people.

Talking about Persians as eternally inclined toward despotism.

In need of a British hand to be civilized.

England!

Iran had a city that was 2 million people, it's estimated,

a thousand years ago.

Iran had a city that had 5000 professors in the 11th century.

England, at the time, was a cow pasture.

(Laughter)

At that time in the 20th century,

someone enlightened in England understood that's a dangerous game to get into!

The idea of civilizing Iran. Civilizing India.

The white man's burden. Women were not part of this.

Today's Iran is the last moment of this paradoxical history

I'm going to talk about.

You all know about the leadership, you know about the government.

You know it's one of the most despotic theocracies in the world.

You know that there's a disproportionate amount of power

in the hands of one unelected official.

You know that the government has come in order to create an Islamic society.

Ayatollah Khomeini, who founded the state, said: "Economics is for donkeys.

We made the revolution to change people into Islam."

And I can tell you with absolute certainty,

Iranian society today

is as far away from the model that Ayatollah Khomeini had in mind

as it is possibly to imagine.

What you have in Iran, beneath the surface,

is a vibrant society, that is in many ways bursting at the seams.

More than 60 percent of college graduates in Iran today are women.

Iran has 40 million people with access to the Internet.

Iran has 5 million Facebook subscribers.

And Facebook is banned in Iran.

(Laughter)

Music is banned in Iran from being officially shown on television.

Women are banned from singing on television,

as a solo vocalist.

But Iran is undergoing a remarkable musical revolution.

Iran is undergoing a remarkable sexual revolution.

One journalist says

instead of calling Iran the Islamic Republic of Iran,

we should call it the Erotic Republic of Iran.

(Laughter)

Truly what is happening with women, at the forefront of the struggle,

is one of the most fascinating heroic stories.

So my hope

is that by hearing some of these episodic aspects

of a very rich, complicated history,

every time you see an image of a Mullah on television,

you see that, that is the shadow of a history that is remarkably rich.

It has had its downfalls, but it has had its peaks,

and it is in my view impossible to understand what we call

our common human heritage

without understanding the very significant contributions

that Persia has made.

Thank you very much.

(Applause)

The paradox that is Persia: Abbas Milani at TEDxStanford Das paradoxe Persien: Abbas Milani bei TEDxStanford La paradoja de Persia: Abbas Milani en TEDxStanford Le paradoxe de la Perse : Abbas Milani à TEDxStanford Il paradosso della Persia: Abbas Milani al TEDxStanford ペルシャというパラドックス: Abbas Milani at TEDxStanford 페르시아의 역설: 압바스 밀라니의 TEDx스탠포드 강연 Persijos paradoksas: Abbasas Milani TEDxStanforde Paradoks, jakim jest Persja: Abbas Milani na TEDxStanford O paradoxo que é a Pérsia: Abbas Milani no TEDxStanford Парадокс, которым является Персия: Аббас Милани на TEDxStanford Paradoxen som är Persien: Abbas Milani på TEDxStanford İran'ın paradoksu: Abbas Milani TEDxStanford'da Парадокс Персії: Аббас Мілані на TEDxStanford 波斯的悖论:阿巴斯-米拉尼在 TEDx 斯坦福演讲 波斯的悖論:Abbas Milani 在 TEDxStanford

Transcriber: Roozbeh Fakhr Reviewer: Leila Ataei

Iran that you see in the media, Iran that you see talked about El Irán que ven en los medios, el Irán del que Uds. hablan,

Iran that you see written about, most often in the last 30 years, el Irán sobre el que han leído --sobre todo en los últimos 30 años--

is a dour country, run by angry old men, es un país intransigente, dirigido por hombres mayores, y enojados, 这是一个沉闷的国家,由愤怒的老人统治、

who shout death to America, death to Israel, que gritan muerte a EE.UU., muerte a Israel, 他们高喊美国去死,以色列去死、

who promote a cult of martyrdom. الذين يروجون لعبادة الاستشهاد. que promueven un culto del martirio. 他们宣扬殉教崇拜。

But it's also a society that produces Maz Jobrani. لكنه أيضًا مجتمع ينتج ماز جبراني. También, es una sociedad que produce a un Maz Jobrani, 但这也是一个产生马兹-乔布拉尼的社会。

And I am here to tell you y estoy aquí para decirles

that there is a lot more happening inside Iran than what you see here. que hay muchas otras cosas en Irán aparte de las que ven aquí. 伊朗国内发生的事情远不止你们在这里看到的这些。

A lot more things that are very very promising. Existen muchas más cosas muy, muy prometedoras. 还有很多非常非常有前景的事情。

I'm not here to tell you that there's nothing to worry about Iran, No vine a decirles que no hay nada de que preocuparse respecto a Irán, 我不是来告诉你伊朗没什么可担心的、

but I'm here to tell you that if you really understand pero vine a decirles que si entienden

the paradox of Persia, la paradoja de Persia, 波斯的悖论

you will find a country that is worth being interested in. ستجد بلدًا يستحق الاهتمام به. vale la pena interesarse en un país como este. 你会发现一个值得感兴趣的国家。

And it is a country that does not deserve to be stereotyped Es un país que no merece ser estereotipado 它是一个不应该被定型的国家

by the behavior of its current rude impolite and impolitic leaders. من خلال سلوك قادتها الحاليين الوقحين وغير المهذبين وغير المؤدبين. por el comportamiento irrespetuoso e imprudente de sus líderes. şu anki kaba ve politik olmayan liderlerinin davranışlarıyla. 现任领导人粗鲁无礼、不讲政治的行为。

Why do I call it the "paradox of Persia"? ¿Por qué hablo de la paradoja de Persia?

For those of you who are older than 35, Los mayores de 35 años Yaşı 35'ten büyük olanlar için, 对于 35 岁以上的人来说、

you would know that before the Islamic Republic of Iran, saben que antes de llamarse República Islámica de Irán, 在伊朗伊斯兰共和国之前,你就会知道这一点、

Iran was called Iran. Irán se conocía como Irán.

If you are a little older, at least 85 years older, Si son un poco mayores, y tienen por lo menos 85 años,

you would know that in the English languages, sabrán que en inglés,

essentially in all the Romance languages, y especialmente en las lenguas romances,

Iran used to be called Persia. Irán se conocía como Persia.

So when we talk about Persia, we're essentially talking about Entonces, cuando hablamos de Persia, estamos hablando principalmente, 因此,当我们谈论波斯时,我们基本上是在谈论

what you today would understand as Islamic Republic of Iran. de lo que conocen hoy en día como la República Islámica de Irán. 也就是你们今天所理解的伊朗伊斯兰共和国。

And where does this paradox begin? ¿En dónde empieza la paradoja?

It begins essentially at the dawn of Western civilization. يبدأ الأمر بشكل أساسي مع فجر الحضارة الغربية. Principalmente, en el origen de la civilización occidental. 它基本上始于西方文明的黎明。

And it begins at the dawn of the great Empire Con el origen del gran imperio

that Iran was 2,500 years ago. que era Irán, hace 2500 años.

So I'm going to try to give you a little bit of its history Trataré de explicar un poco la historia

of these 2,500 years de estos 2500 años,

and try to pick moments of that history that show you the Iran that is different y recopilar los momentos de esa historia para que conozcan un Irán diferente 并试着从这段历史中挑选一些时刻,向你展示与众不同的伊朗

than the Iran that you generally hear about, or read about. del Irán que generalmente escuchan o leen.

But it's 2,500 years of history, and I have 14 minutes. Pero, son 2500 años de historia, y solo tengo 14 minutos.

If I'm very lucky, 17 minutes. 17 minutos, si estoy de buenas.

So how do you do this in 17 or 14 minutes? Entonces, ¿cómo se hace esto en 17 o 14 minutos?

I'll do it. I decided to take my cues from a Persian woman. I'll do it. I decided to take my cues from a Persian woman. Lo haré. He decidido tomar la idea de una mujer persa.

And this is not by accident. Y no es por casualidad.

Persian women are now in Iran at the forefront of the battle المرأة الفارسية الآن في إيران في طليعة المعركة En Irán, las mujeres persas, están a la vanguardia de la batalla 波斯妇女现在在伊朗站在战斗的最前沿

for creating a democratic society. por crear una sociedad democrática. 为了创建一个民主社会。

They have been for the last 150 years. I'll tell you a little bit about them. لقد كانوا على مدى السنوات ال 150 الماضية. سأخبرك قليلا عنهم. Lo han hecho en los últimos 150 años. Les hablaré un poco de ellas.

But Persia has also given us the greatest storyteller of all time. Persia ha dado la mejor narradora de todos los tiempos.

Many of you don't know her as Persian. Muchos de Uds. no la conocen como persa.

Many of you know her maybe as the person that gave you Muchos de Uds. de pronto la conocen como la persona que les dio 你们中的许多人都认识她,也许是她给了你们

what you probably know as "Arabian Nights." lo que Uds. llaman "Las noches árabes". 你可能知道的 "天方夜谭"

But Arabian Nights actually is called: Pero las noches árabes se llama:

"A Thousand and One Nights." "Las mil y unas noches".

And the person that created "A Thousand and One Nights" Y la persona que creó "Las mil y unas noches",

is a woman called "Shahrazad." es una mujer llamada "Scheherazade".

Shahrazad gives us the paradox of Persia. Scheherazade, nos da a conocer la paradoja de Persia.

Shahrazad is the daughter of a Prince, Scheherazade, es la hija de un príncipe. 沙赫拉扎德是王子的女儿,

some say the daughter of the Prime Minister. Algunos dicen que es la hija del primer ministro. 有人说是首相的女儿。

She is married to this murderously jealous King. وهي متزوجة من هذا الملك الغيور القاتل. Está casada con un rey terriblemente celoso. 她嫁给了这个嫉妒心极强的国王。

The dark side of the Iranian history El lado oscuro de la historia iraní,

as well as the light side of the Iranian history. وكذلك الجانب المضيء من التاريخ الإيراني. así como el lado claro de la historia iraní.

And if you've read the story, you would know Y, si han leído la historia, saben

the jealous King, in order to make sure that he's not cuckolded by his wife, الملك الغيور، لكي يتأكد من أن زوجته لن تداعبه، que para asegurarse de no ser engañado por su esposa, el rey celoso ревнивый король, чтобы убедиться, что его жена не наставила ему рога,

he's been cuckolded once, he doesn't want it happen again, لقد تم الديوث مرة واحدة، ولا يريد أن يحدث ذلك مرة أخرى، que ha sido engañado una vez, para asegurarse de que esto no vuelva a suceder,

he kills his wives every night after he consummates marriage. mata a sus esposas cada noche después de consumado el matrimonio. 他在圆房后每天晚上都会杀死他的妻子。

Shahrazad comes and decides the way to delay this is tell him a story, Scheherazade, decide postergar esto contándole una historia, Приходит Шахразад и решает, что способ отсрочить это - рассказать ему историю,

and keep the punchline for the next day. واحتفظ بالخط العريض لليوم التالي. y guardar el final de la historia para el día siguiente.

The punchline continues for a thousand and one nights. وتستمر النكتة لألف ليلة وليلة. El final de la historia continúa mil y una noches. Кульминация продолжается тысячу и одну ночь.

That's why we get a 1001 nights. Por esto tenemos 1001 noches.

She is saved, we have one of the greatest stories of all time. Se salva, y es una de las historias más extraordinarias de todos los tiempos.

We have basically one of the most remarkable story structures. Básicamente, tenemos la estructura más notable de una historia.

The episodic story structure هيكل القصة العرضية La estructura de las historias por capítulos,

that every television series you love is based on base de las series de TV que a Uds. les gustan

really comes from "A Thousand and One Nights." viene de "Las mil y una noches".

It has a structural story, it has the overall narrative لديها قصة هيكلية، لديها السرد الشامل Tiene estructura, narración general,

and it has episodes that you can take in and out. ولها حلقات يمكنك مشاهدتها وإخراجها. y episodios que uno puede dejar o sacar. и у него есть эпизоды, которые вы можете взять и выключить. 并且它有您可以带入和带出的剧集。

By the time the West got ahold of "A Thousand and One Nights," Cuando Occidente conoció "Las mil y una noches", К тому времени, как на Запад попала «Тысяча и одна ночь», 当西方人接触到《一千零一夜》时,

it became "Arabian Nights." la convirtió en "Noches árabes".

By the time Hollywood got hold of it, Y cuando llegó a Hollywood

it became "Ali Baba and the 40 thieves of Baghdad. (Laughter) se convirtió en "Ali Babá y los 40 ladrones de Bagdad. (Risas) 变成了 "阿里巴巴和巴格达的 40 个小偷"。(笑声)

That's what often happens, unfortunately, when Hollywood gets its hands on Iran. وهذا ما يحدث غالباً، لسوء الحظ، عندما تضع هوليوود يديها على إيران. Por desgracia, eso sucede a menudo cuando Hollywood le pone las manos a Irán. 不幸的是,当好莱坞染指伊朗时,这种情况经常发生。

So, I'm going to give you 4 episodes of Iranian history. Entonces, daré 4 episodios de la historia de Irán. 因此,我将为大家介绍四集伊朗历史。

The beginning, the advent of Islam, the 19th century, and today. El principio, advenimiento del Islam, siglo XIX, y el presente.

And in each case, I'm going to try to give you En cada caso, les daré

a sense of this paradox that defines what it means to be Persian, إحساس بهذه المفارقة التي تحدد ما يعنيه أن تكون فارسيًا، la lógica de esta paradoja que define el ser persa, 这种悖论定义了波斯人的含义、

what it means to be Persia. qué significa ser persa.

I can say with some certainty there is no country that I know of Puedo decir con certeza, que no conozco ningún país 我可以肯定地说,据我所知,没有一个国家

that has been as central to Western consciousness لقد كان ذلك محوريًا في الوعي الغربي tan fundamental para la consciencia occidental 西方意识的核心

as Persia has. كما فعلت بلاد فارس. como ha sido Persia. 就像波斯一样。

That's a big claim to make, but I'm willing to back it up. هذا ادعاء كبير، لكنني على استعداد لدعمه. Es una declaración fuerte, pero estoy dispuesto a defenderla. Это громкое заявление, но я готов подтвердить его. 这个要求很高,但我愿意支持它。

And I have 2 and a half minutes to do it, Tengo dos minutos y medio para hacerlo,

and I am going to try to do it in 2.5 minutes. y trataré de hacerlo en dos minutos y medio.

We have two canonical texts لدينا نصان قانونيان Tenemos dos textos canónicos 我们有两个经典文本

in the development of the Western consciousness of itself as the West. في تطور الوعي الغربي لذاته باعتباره الغرب. en el desarrollo de la consciencia occidental en sí. 在西方人将自己视为西方的意识发展过程中。

One is the Bible. Uno es la Biblia. 一是《圣经》。

The other one is Herodotus' "Histories." والآخر هو "تاريخ هيرودوت". El otro es "Las Historias" de Heródoto. 另一本是希罗多德的 "历史"。

These are the two canonical texts. Estos son los dos textos canónicos.

Herodotus is essentially about the war between the Greeks and the Persians. Heródoto habla de la guerra entre griegos y persas. 希罗多德主要讲述希腊人和波斯人之间的战争。

And Herodotus is very clear. Heródoto es muy claro.

He says the Greeks began to see themselves El dice que los griegos empezaron 他说,希腊人开始看到自己

as different than the East in opposition to Iran. مختلفة عن الشرق في معارضة إيران. a diferenciarse de Oriente para oponerse a Irán. 与反对伊朗的东方国家不同。

So Iran was essentially at the time the Other of the West. Irán en ese tiempo era "el otro" para Occidente. 因此,伊朗当时基本上是西方的 "他者"。

It was the force that they defined themselves in opposition to. لقد كانت القوة التي عرّفوا أنفسهم بمعارضتها. Occidente definía su poder por oposición a Irán. Это была сила, против которой они определили себя. 这是他们将自己定义为对立面的力量。

Herodotus has wonderful things to say about Iran. Heródoto, tiene muchas cosas maravillosas que decir de Irán.

But he also has some very negative things to say. Pero también tiene algunas cosas negativas que decir.

Herodotus might well have been in fact Iranian himself. ربما كان هيرودوت في الواقع إيرانيًا نفسه. De por sí, Heródoto, pudo ser iraní. Геродот вполне мог быть иранцем. 希罗多德本人很可能就是伊朗人。

He lived in the part of the Asian minor, عاش في الجزء الآسيوي الصغير، Vivió en la parte de Asia Menor 他生活在亚洲少数民族地区、

that at the time of his birth was dominated by Iran. أنه في وقت ولادته كانت إيران تهيمن عليها. dominada por Irán cuando él nació. 在他出生时,该地区由伊朗控制。

If you've read "Creation" by Gore [Vidal], Si han leído "La creación" de Gore [Vidal], 如果你读过戈尔[维达尔]的《创造》、

you would know the story of Herodotus's life. sabrán la historia de la vida de Heródoto.

Go to the Bible, the Old Testament. Busquen en la Biblia el Antiguo Testamento. 翻开《圣经》,《旧约全书》。

Again, I suggest, there is no country that is as praised in the Old Testament, مرة أخرى، أقترح أنه لا يوجد بلد تم مدحه في العهد القديم، Otra vez, sugiero, no hay otro país más elogiado en el Antiguo Testamento, 我再次建议,没有一个国家能像《旧约》中所赞美的那样、

other than Jews themselves, بخلاف اليهود أنفسهم، aparte de los propios judíos, 而不是犹太人自己、

who are the central characters of the Old Testament, as the Persians. وهم الشخصيات المركزية في العهد القديم كالفرس. que son los personajes principales del Antiguo Testamento, como los persas.

There is no mortal in the Old Testament that is as praised as Cyrus. لا يوجد إنسان في العهد القديم يُمجَّد مثل كورش. No hay un mortal en el Antiguo Testamento tan elogiado como Ciro.

Cyrus is the person that freed Jews from the Babylonian captivity. كورش هو الشخص الذي حرر اليهود من السبي البابلي. Ciro, es la persona que liberó a los judíos del cautiverio de Babilonia. 居鲁士使犹太人摆脱了巴比伦的囚禁。

Cyrus is the one that rebuilt Jerusalem for Jews. كورش هو الذي أعاد بناء أورشليم لليهود. Ciro, reconstruyó Jerusalén a los judíos. 居鲁士为犹太人重建了耶路撒冷。

So it is at the result of the Babylonian captivity, وهكذا كان الحال في نتيجة السبي البابلي، Como resultado del cautiverio de Babilonia, 巴比伦被掳的结果也是如此、

that we have the first mass migration of Jews into Iran. أن لدينا أول هجرة جماعية لليهود إلى إيران. tenemos el primer grupo de emigración de judíos en Irán.

Jews have been living in Iran for almost 3,000 years. Los judíos han vivido en Irán casi 3000 años.

And I can tell you, again with some certainty, Vuelvo a decir con certeza

except for the 20th century, que, a excepción del siglo XX, 除了20世纪,

Jews lived more comfortably, more safely in Iran, los judíos, han estado más cómodos, y más seguros en Irán

than they did in Europe. que en Europa.

You never had pogroms like you had in Europe, in Iran. لم يكن لديك مذابح كما حدث في أوروبا، في إيران. En Irán, no existían matanzas como las que existían en Europa. 你们从未像欧洲和伊朗那样发生过大屠杀。

And Jews have lived there comfortably. Los judíos vivieron allá cómodamente.

And today, as I speak in spite of the lunacies of Ahmadinejad, واليوم، وأنا أتكلم على الرغم من جنون أحمدي نجاد، Hoy en día, a pesar de las locuras de Ahmadinejad, 今天,正如我所说,尽管艾哈迈迪内贾德有疯狂的行为,

in spite of the anti-Israeli rhetoric of the regime, a pesar de la retórica anti-Israel del régimen, apesar da retórica anti-israelita do regime, 尽管该政权发表了反以色列的言论、

there are more Jews living in Iran today than in the entire Muslim world together. hay más judíos viviendo en Irán, que en todo el mundo árabe. 今天生活在伊朗的犹太人比整个穆斯林世界加起来还要多。

There are close to 25,000 Jews living in Iran today. Hoy en día, hay cerca de 25 000 judíos viviendo en Irán. 目前有近 25000 名犹太人生活在伊朗。

Before the revolution there were about 125 to 150,000 of them. Antes de la Revolución había entre 125 000 y 150 000 judíos. 革命前,他们大约有 125 至 150 000 人。

So Iran has had this rather remarkable history with Jews. لذا، كان لإيران هذا التاريخ الرائع مع اليهود. Irán, ha tenido una historia increíble con los judíos.

The other remarkable history, again in the Bible, La otra historia increíble, en la Biblia, A outra história notável, mais uma vez na Bíblia,

I won't repeat it, this story of Esther. no la repetiré, la historia de Ester. Não a vou repetir, esta história de Ester. 以斯帖的故事我就不再重复了。

2,500 years ago an Iranian king was married to a Jew, Hace 2500 años, un rey iraní se casó con una judía Há 2.500 anos, um rei iraniano casou-se com uma judia,

and at the same time, y, a la vez, e ao mesmo tempo,

the dark side, the paradoxical side of Iranian history, el lado oscuro, el lado paradójico de la historia iraní, o lado negro, o lado paradoxal da história iraniana, 伊朗历史的阴暗面,矛盾的一面、

manifests itself in the efforts of the Prime Minister يتجلى في جهود رئيس الوزراء se manifiesta en los esfuerzos del primer ministro, manifesta-se nos esforços do Primeiro-Ministro 体现在总理的努力中

who tried to commit the first act of genocide against Jews الذي حاول ارتكاب أول عمل إبادة جماعية ضد اليهود que intenta cometer el primer acto de genocidio contra los judíos, que tentou cometer o primeiro acto de genocídio contra os judeus 试图对犹太人实施第一次种族灭绝的人

and when he failed, you have the Feast of Purim, وعندما فشل، لديك عيد المساخر، y, al fracasar, surge la fiesta de Purim, e quando ele falhou, temos a Festa de Purim, 如果他失败了,就会有普珥节、

you have the Savior, you have Esther, لديك المخلص، لديك أستير، tienen la salvadora, Ester, tens o Salvador, tens a Esther, 你有救主,你有以斯帖,

who is incidentally buried in Iran. الذي دفن بالصدفة في إيران. que, casualmente, está enterrada en Irán. que, por acaso, está enterrado no Irão. 顺便提一句,他也葬在伊朗。

The place of burial for Esther is in Iran today. Hoy en día, el lugar del sepulcro de Ester, está en Irán. 以斯帖的埋葬地如今在伊朗。

Some of the hoodlums in the Islamic republic بعض السفاحين في الجمهورية الإسلامية Algunos agresores de la República Islámica,

recently tried to demolish it; fortunately, they did not succeed. حاولت مؤخرا هدمه؛ ولحسن الحظ، لم ينجحوا. recientemente trataron de destruirla, afortunadamente no lo lograron. недавно пытался его снести; к счастью, им это не удалось.

Fast forward, 700-800 years, to the 7th century, سريعًا للأمام، 700-800 سنة، إلى القرن السابع، Avanzamos 700 u 800 años, hasta el siglo VII,

and you have the advent of Islam. y tenemos el advenimiento del Islam.

Islam comes to Iran in the 7th century. El Islam, llega a Irán en el siglo VII.

Iran was by then Zoroastrian. Irán, era de la religión zoroastriana.

Zoroastrian faith again is very little known in the world. La religión zoroastriana es poco conocida en el mundo. 拜火教信仰在世界上也鲜为人知。

But Zoroastrian faith has probably contributed more Pero, la religión zoroastriana probablemente ha contribuido más 但拜火教信仰的贡献可能更大

to the theologies of Judeo-Christian and Islamic systems لاهوتيات الأنظمة اليهودية والمسيحية والإسلامية a la teología judeocristiana y al régimen islámico, 犹太教和伊斯兰教体系的神学

than any other religion in the world. que cualquier otra religión del mundo.

Let me give you briefly some of the ideas Daré brevemente algunas ideas

that have come from Zoroastrianism and found their way into Christianity que vienen del zoroastrismo, y que pasaron al cristianismo,

into Judaism, into Islam. al judaísmo y al islamismo.

The idea of a Messiah, the idea of a millennium, La idea de un mesías, la idea de un milenio, 弥赛亚的概念,千年的概念、

a thousand-year cycle of history, the idea of Hell, the idea of Heaven, دورة ألف عام من التاريخ، فكرة الجحيم، فكرة الجنة، un ciclo de historia de 1000 años, el concepto de cielo e infierno,

all come from Zoroastrianism. todo viene del zoroastrismo.

The word you know and use for Heaven is in fact a Persian word. La palabra que conocen como cielo, de hecho, es una palabra persa. 你们所熟悉和使用的 "天堂 "一词其实是波斯语。

Paradise is a Latinized version of Pardis, which is the name of a Persian garden, El paraíso es una versión latina de pardis, que es el nombre de un jardín persa,

which incidentally is also captured most beautifully والتي بالمناسبة تم التقاطها أيضًا بشكل جميل que por cierto se refleja hermosamente 顺便说一句,这也是最美丽的捕捉

in some of the carpets you see. en algunas de las alfombras que ven. 在你看到的一些地毯中。

There is no theme more repeated in Persian carpets No existe ningún tema que se repita en las alfombras persas, 波斯地毯中重复出现的主题莫过于

than an effort to recapture Paradise. من محاولة استعادة الجنة. como el intento de volver otra vez el paraíso. 而不是努力夺回天堂。

So Islam comes to this country Entonces, viene el Islam a este país

that already had this very sophisticated Empire que ya tiene un Imperio sofisticado,

and a very sophisticated theology. What happens to it? y una teología sofisticada; y ¿qué sucede con esto?

Well, what happens to it, first of all, Ante todo,

Iranians fight for about a 150 to 200 years to resist this. los iraníes pelean de 150 a 200 años para resistir esto.

Iranians were the only country that were conquered by the Arabs Irán fue el único país conquistado por los árabes

but did not take Arabic language. que no adoptó el idioma árabe.

The concept of "Arab," the strange concept of "Arab," El concepto de "árabe", el concepto extraño de "árabe",

as everyone who speaks Arabic, was developed in that early phase. حيث أن كل من يتحدث العربية، قد تطور في تلك المرحلة المبكرة. todos los que hablan árabe, se desarrollaron en esta etapa temprana. 正如每个会说阿拉伯语的人一样,阿拉伯语就是在那个早期阶段发展起来的。

Iranians were the exception. Los iraníes fueron la excepción. 伊朗人是个例外。

They kept the language, they did not take Arabic. Se quedaron con su idioma, no tomaron el idioma árabe.

Persian remained their language. وبقيت اللغة الفارسية هي لغتهم. El idioma persa permaneció.

And then something very remarkable has happened. Y, después sucedió algo increíble.

And historians, scholars, have been writing about this وقد كتب المؤرخون والعلماء عن هذا Los historiadores y eruditos han escrito sobre esto

increasingly fascinatingly detailed accounts. حسابات مفصلة بشكل رائع على نحو متزايد. relatos detallados fascinantes. 越来越引人入胜的详细叙述。

And that is: that Iranians took some of the Islamic Ideas وهو: أن الإيرانيين أخذوا بعض الأفكار الإسلامية Y dice así: los iraníes tomaron algunas ideas islámicas 这就是:伊朗人汲取了一些伊斯兰思想

and gave them an Iranian bent. وأعطاهم ميلا إيرانيا. con una inclinación iraní. e deu-lhes um toque iraniano. 并使其具有伊朗风格。

Shi'ism, which is the state religion in Iran today, المذهب الشيعي هو دين الدولة في إيران اليوم. Hoy en día, la religión del Estado de Irán se llama chií,

many scholars will tell you has more in common with Zoroastrianism سيخبرك العديد من العلماء أن لديك الكثير من القواسم المشتركة مع الزرادشتية Muchos de los eruditos dicen que tiene mucho más en común con el zoroastrismo, многие ученые скажут вам, что имеет больше общего с зороастризмом 许多学者会告诉你,它与拜火教有更多的共同之处

than it has with any other Muslim society. مما حدث مع أي مجتمع مسلم آخر. que con alguna otra sociedad musulmana. чем с любым другим мусульманским обществом. 比与任何其他穆斯林社会的关系都要密切。

And the dominant esthetic motif, after that Arab invasion, والشكل الجمالي السائد بعد ذلك الغزو العربي، Y, ese diseño estético predominante, E o motivo estético dominante, depois dessa invasão árabe, 在阿拉伯人入侵之后,这种美学主题占据了主导地位、

something you see in many Persian carpets, شيء تراه في العديد من السجاد الفارسي، algo que pueden ver en muchas alfombras persas, algo que se vê em muitos tapetes persas,

in many Persian fabrics, y muchas telas persas, em muitos tecidos persas,

probably the motif you've seen more than anything else from Iran, ربما الفكرة التي رأيتها أكثر من أي شيء آخر من إيران، probablemente, el diseño que más se ve en Irán, 可能是你从伊朗看到的最多的图案、

is the paisley. هو بيزلي. es el estampado de cachemir.

The paisley is said to be this paradoxical identity of Iran. ويقال إن بيزلي هو هذه الهوية المتناقضة لإيران. Se dice que el estampado de cachemir, es la identidad paradójica de Irán. 据说,佩斯利花纹是伊朗自相矛盾的特征。

Partly Zoroastrian, pre-Islamic, partly Islamic. زرادشتية جزئيًا، ما قبل الإسلام، وجزئيًا إسلامية. En parte zoroástrico y preislámico, en parte islámico. 部分为琐罗亚斯德教,前伊斯兰教,部分为伊斯兰教。

The pine tree was the tree of Zarathustra. وكانت شجرة الصنوبر شجرة زرادشت. El pino era el árbol de Zaratustra. 松树是查拉图斯特拉之树。

It was bent by the Arab invasion, but it wasn't broken. لقد ثنيها الغزو العربي، لكنها لم تنكسر. Debido a la invasión árabe se dobló, pero no se quebró. A invasão árabe dobrou-a, mas não a quebrou.

So Iran took a paradoxical character, Entonces, Irán tomó un carácter paradójico.

partly pre-Islamic, partly Islamic. جزء ما قبل الإسلام، وجزء إسلامي. en parte pre-Islámico, en parte islámico.

And its Islam that's different than anywhere else in the world. Y su Islam es diferente del de otras partes del mundo. 伊斯兰教与世界其他地方不同。

The Islam that is dominant in Iran today, the Shi'ism, El Islam que predomina hoy en día en Irán, es el chiismo, 今天在伊朗占主导地位的伊斯兰教,即什叶派、

has many characteristics of the Zoroastrian ideas we talked about. tiene muchas características de las ideas que hemos hablado del zoroastrismo. 琐罗亚斯德教的思想有很多特点。

Fast forward again to the 19th century. Avancemos otra vez al siglo XIX.

In the 19th century, you have two, again, fascinating developments En el siglo XIX, se presentaron dos acontecimientos fascinantes,

both inside Iran, ambos en Irán,

and in the perception of Iran in the West. y, en la percepción de Irán, en Occidente. 以及西方对伊朗的看法。

Paradoxical development. تطور متناقض. El desarrollo paradójico.

The 19th century is the age of increasing despotism in Iran. القرن التاسع عشر هو عصر الاستبداد المتزايد في إيران. El siglo XIX, es la era del despotismo en Irán.

But it's also an age of remarkable intellectual development, ولكنه أيضًا عصر التطور الفكري الرائع، Pero también, es una era de un gran desarrollo intelectual,

of remarkable religious reformation. من الإصلاح الديني الملحوظ. de una gran reforma religiosa.

Very little talked about in the West. En Occidente se habla poco de esto. Muito pouco falado no Ocidente.

But it is the age where Shi'ism is undergoing a remarkable shift, ولكن هذا هو العصر الذي تشهد فيه المذهب الشيعي تحولا ملحوظا، Pero es la era de un cambio increíble en el chiismo,

and you have the birth of a new religion. de ahí surge el origen de una nueva religión.

You have the birth of the Bahá'í movement, out of the Babi movement. لقد ولدت الحركة البهائية، من رحم الحركة البابية. Surge el principio del movimiento baha'i, que salió del movimiento babi. 巴哈伊运动诞生于巴比运动。

Two years before Seneca Falls, قبل عامين من شلالات سينيكا، Dos años antes de la Convención de Seneca Falls, 塞内卡瀑布事件两年前

what is considered to be the first feminist convention in America, ما يعتبر أول مؤتمر نسوي في أمريكا، que se considera la primera convención feminista de EE.UU. 这被认为是美国第一个女权大会、

an Iranian woman by the name of Qurratu'l-'Ayn una mujer iraní llamada Qurratu'l Ayn, 一位名叫 Qurratu'l-'Ayn 的伊朗妇女

walked on stage, took off her veil, and gave a talk. صعدت على المسرح، وخلعت حجابها، وألقت كلمة. se presentó en el escenario, se quitó el velo, y dio su conferencia. 走上舞台,摘下面纱,发表了演讲。

The sight was so stunning كان المشهد مذهلاً للغاية El espectáculo fue tan impresionante 此情此景令人震撼

that someone took a knife to his own throat أن أحدهم أخذ سكينًا إلى حلقه que alguien se cortó la garganta con un cuchillo, 有人拿刀自刎

and another one went on the stage and tried to kill her. y otra persona se subió al escenario, e intentó matarla. 还有一个人跑到舞台上想杀了她。

That is 150 years ago. Eso fue hace 150 años.

That's the beginning of the women's movement in Iran. Ese fue el comienzo del movimiento de la mujer en Irán.

And you can move forward in the last 150 years, ويمكنك المضي قدمًا في الـ 150 عامًا الماضية، Y, avanzando a los últimos 150 años,

and see that, this remarkable turmoil, this remarkable change, ونرى أن هذا الاضطراب الملحوظ، هذا التغيير الملحوظ، pueden ver esta gran confusión, este cambio extraordinario,

this remarkable assertiveness of Iranian women. هذا الحزم الرائع للمرأة الإيرانية. esta autoafirmación extraordinaria de la mujer iraní.

In the West, as Iranians are undergoing this change, وفي الغرب، بينما يمر الإيرانيون بهذا التغيير، En Occidente, mientras los iraníes se someten a este cambio, 在西方,伊朗人正在经历这种变化、

you have two different approaches to Iran. existen dos estrategias diferentes hacia Irán.

You have a romantic adulation of Iran. لديك تملق رومانسي لإيران. Hay una adulación romántica de Irán. 你对伊朗有着浪漫的崇拜。

You have Emerson, the quintessential American intellectual, لديك إيمرسون، المثقف الأمريكي المثالي، Existe Emerson, el intelectual de EE.UU. por excelencia,

falling in love with Iran, falling in love with Iranian poets. que se enamoró de Irán, se enamoró de los poetas iraníes.

He tries to learn Persian to read some of this poetry in Persian. Trató de aprender persa para leer algunas de sus poesías, en persa.

Goethe, the quintessential romantic in Europe, غوته، الرومانسي المثالي في أوروبا، Goethe, el romántico por excelencia de Europa,

tries to learn Persian because he says: Hafez and Saadi and Rumi, trató de aprender persa, porque dijo: Hafez, Saadi y Rumi 试图学习波斯语,因为他说:哈菲兹、萨迪和鲁米、

the best selling poets in America today, los mejores poetas de venta hoy en día, en EE.UU.,

Khayyám, who is the subject of what is considered الخيام، وهو موضوع ما يعتبر Khayyám, el tema que se considera 卡雅姆,他被认为是

maybe the best translation of poetry in history... la mejor traducción de poesía en la historia... 也许是史上最好的诗歌译本

I am sure all of you have at one time estoy seguro de que en algún momento, 我相信你们每个人都曾经

been told by your beloved, or have told your beloved أخبرك بها حبيبك، أو أخبرت حبيبك su enamorado le ha dicho, o Ud. le ha dicho a su enamorado, 您的爱人告诉您,或者您已经告诉您的爱人

that a jug of wine, a loaf of bread, and thou, is all you need. أن إبريق النبيذ، ورغيف الخبز، وأنت، هو كل ما تحتاجه. que una jarra de vino, una hogaza de pan, y a ti, es todo lo que uno necesita. что кувшин вина, буханка хлеба и ты — это все, что тебе нужно.

That is from a Persian poet called Khayyám. Eso viene de un poeta persa, llamado Khayyám.

That aspect, is part of the paradoxical approach of the West وهذا الجانب هو جزء من النهج المتناقض للغرب Ese aspecto corresponde a la parte paradójica de la estrategia occidental 这也是西方自相矛盾做法的一部分

to Iran or Persia in the 19th century. hacia Irán, o Persia, en el siglo XIX.

But you also have the development of colonialism. ولكن هناك أيضًا تطور الاستعمار. También, existe el desarrollo del colonialismo.

Colonialism has come to this region. El colonialismo ha llegado a esta región.

Iran is one of only 6 countries in the 3rd world that is not colonized. إيران هي واحدة من 6 دول فقط في العالم الثالث لم يتم استعمارها. Irán es uno de los 6 países del Tercer Mundo que no ha sido colonizado. 伊朗是第三世界仅有的 6 个未被殖民的国家之一。

When the West begins to colonize the world, Cuando Occidente empieza a colonizar el mundo,

Iran is one of the 6 countries that survive, Irán es uno de los 6 países que sobrevive

maintains its independence. تحافظ على استقلالها. y mantiene su independencia.

But at the same time, colonizers, particularly British, Pero a la vez, los colonizadores, especialmente los británicos,

begin to develop a rather nasty language to talk about Iran. البدء في تطوير لغة سيئة إلى حد ما للحديث عن إيران. empiezan a desarrollar un lenguaje bastante desagradable sobre Irán. 开始用一种相当下流的语言来谈论伊朗。

Talking about Persians as shifty people. الحديث عن الفرس كشعب ماكر. Hablaron de los persas como personas sospechables.

Talking about Persians as eternally inclined toward despotism. الحديث عن الفرس بأنهم يميلون إلى الاستبداد دائمًا. Hablaron de los persas como personas siempre inclinadas al despotismo. 说波斯人永远倾向于专制。

In need of a British hand to be civilized. في حاجة إلى يد بريطانية لتكون متحضرة. Necesitando la mano dura de los británicos para civilizarse.

England! ¡Inglaterra!

Iran had a city that was 2 million people, it's estimated, كان لدى إيران مدينة يبلغ عدد سكانها 2 مليون نسمة، حسب التقديرات، Había una ciudad en Irán con unos 2 millones de personas,

a thousand years ago. hace 1000 años.

Iran had a city that had 5000 professors in the 11th century. Había una ciudad en Irán, que tenia 5000 profesores, en el siglo XI. 11 世纪时,伊朗有一座拥有 5000 名教授的城市。

England, at the time, was a cow pasture. وكانت إنجلترا في ذلك الوقت بمثابة مرعى للأبقار. En ese tiempo, Inglaterra era un pastizal de vacas.

(Laughter) (Risas)

At that time in the 20th century, Y, en ese tiempo, en el siglo XIX,

someone enlightened in England understood that's a dangerous game to get into! لقد فهم شخص مستنير في إنجلترا أن الدخول في لعبة خطيرة! una persona informada en Inglaterra, 英国的开明人士明白,这是个危险的游戏!

The idea of civilizing Iran. Civilizing India. La idea de civilizar a Irán. Civilizar a India.

The white man's burden. Women were not part of this. عبء الرجل الأبيض. ولم تكن النساء جزءًا من هذا. La carga del hombre blanco. Las mujeres no forman parte de esto. 白人的负担妇女与此无关。

Today's Iran is the last moment of this paradoxical history إن إيران اليوم هي اللحظة الأخيرة في هذا التاريخ المتناقض El Irán actual es la última parte de esta historia paradójica, 今天的伊朗是这段矛盾历史的最后时刻

I'm going to talk about. de la que hablaré.

You all know about the leadership, you know about the government. Conocen el liderato, conocen el gobierno.

You know it's one of the most despotic theocracies in the world. أنت تعلم أنها واحدة من أكثر الأنظمة الثيوقراطية استبدادًا في العالم. Saben que es una de las teocracias más tiránicas del mundo.

You know that there's a disproportionate amount of power أنت تعلم أن هناك قدرًا غير متناسب من القوة Saben que existe una cantidad de poder desmesurado 你知道,有不成比例的权力

in the hands of one unelected official. في يد مسؤول غير منتخب. en manos de un oficial no elegido. 掌握在一个非民选官员手中。

You know that the government has come in order to create an Islamic society. Saben que el gobierno ha venido a crear una sociedad islámica.

Ayatollah Khomeini, who founded the state, said: "Economics is for donkeys. وقال آية الله الخميني مؤسس الدولة: "الاقتصاد للحمير. El Ayatollah Khomenini, considerado el fundador del Estado dijo: 阿亚图拉-霍梅尼,国家的缔造者,曾说过:"经济是驴子的事。

We made the revolution to change people into Islam." لقد قمنا بالثورة لتحويل الناس إلى الإسلام". Creamos la Revolución para convertir a las personas al Islam".

And I can tell you with absolute certainty, Y les puedo decir con seguridad

Iranian society today que la sociedad iraní de hoy en día

is as far away from the model that Ayatollah Khomeini had in mind está muy lejos del modelo que el Ayatollah Khomeini tenía en mente, 与阿亚图拉-霍梅尼心目中的模式相去甚远

as it is possibly to imagine. más de lo que se pueden imaginar.

What you have in Iran, beneath the surface, ما لديك في إيران، تحت السطح، Lo que existe en Irán, bajo la superficie,

is a vibrant society, that is in many ways bursting at the seams. إنه مجتمع نابض بالحياة، وهو من نواحٍ عديدة متفجر في طبقاته. es una sociedad dinámica, que rebosa de entusiasmo. это живое общество, которое во многом трещит по швам. 这是一个充满活力的社会,在许多方面都处于迸发状态。

More than 60 percent of college graduates in Iran today are women. Hoy, más del 60 % de los graduados universitarios son mujeres.

Iran has 40 million people with access to the Internet. Irán tiene 40 millones de personas con acceso a Internet.

Iran has 5 million Facebook subscribers. Irán tiene 5 millones de suscriptores de Facebook.

And Facebook is banned in Iran. Y, en Irán, se prohíbe Facebook.

(Laughter) (Risas)

Music is banned in Iran from being officially shown on television. يُحظر عرض الموسيقى رسميًا في إيران على شاشات التلفزيون. En Irán, se prohíbe que la música se pase oficialmente en la TV.

Women are banned from singing on television, Se prohíbe que las mujeres canten en la TV,

as a solo vocalist. como cantantes solistas.

But Iran is undergoing a remarkable musical revolution. لكن إيران تشهد ثورة موسيقية ملحوظة. Pero Irán, está experimentando una gran revolución musical.

Iran is undergoing a remarkable sexual revolution. Irán está experimentando una gran revolución sexual. 伊朗正在经历一场引人注目的性革命。

One journalist says Un periodista dijo:

instead of calling Iran the Islamic Republic of Iran, En vez de llamar a Irán República Islámica de Irán, 而不是称伊朗为伊朗伊斯兰共和国、

we should call it the Erotic Republic of Iran. يجب أن نسميها جمهورية إيران المثيرة. debemos llamarla República Erótica de Irán.

(Laughter) (Risas)

Truly what is happening with women, at the forefront of the struggle, حقا ما يحدث مع النساء، في طليعة النضال، Realmente, las mujeres están a la vanguardia de la lucha,

is one of the most fascinating heroic stories. هي واحدة من القصص البطولية الرائعة. es una de las historias heroicas más fascinantes.

So my hope Entonces, mi esperanza,

is that by hearing some of these episodic aspects هو أنه من خلال سماع بعض هذه الجوانب العرضية es que al escuchar algunos de estos aspectos episódicos, 是,通过聆听其中一些情节性的方面

of a very rich, complicated history, de una historia profunda, y muy complicada, 丰富而复杂的历史、

every time you see an image of a Mullah on television, في كل مرة ترى صورة الملا على شاشة التلفزيون، cada vez que Uds. vea una imagen de Mullah en la televisión,

you see that, that is the shadow of a history that is remarkably rich. puedan ver, que es la sombra de una historia increíblemente valiosa. 你看,这就是一段极其丰富的历史的影子。

It has had its downfalls, but it has had its peaks, لقد كان له سقوطه، ولكن كان له قممه، Ha tenido sus desgracias, pero también ha tenido picos. 它有过低谷,但也有过高峰、

and it is in my view impossible to understand what we call Creo que es imposible entender lo que llamamos

our common human heritage تراثنا الإنساني المشترك nuestro origen humano común, 我们共同的人类遗产

without understanding the very significant contributions sin entender las contribuciones importantes 而不了解他们的重大贡献

that Persia has made. que ha hecho Persia al mismo.

Thank you very much. Muchas gracias.

(Applause) (Aplausos)