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French History for English Children, 27. Charles V.

27. Charles V.

CHAPTER XXVII. Charles V.

(1364-1380)

The next king was Charles V., the eldest son of John. As this young man had been managing the business of governing the country for eight years already, his subjects thought they knew pretty well what sort of a king he would make, and they were not much pleased at the idea of having him to rule over them. He had run away from the battle of Poitiers when a boy, and since then he had never been seen with armour on, being weak and delicate, unfit for war, and for most of the amusements of the time.

He had not been able to do anything for his country all through the troubles of the time when John was a prisoner, and it was supposed that he was too foolish to govern; but his subjects soon changed their minds about him when he became king, and Charles V. is now known as Charles le Sage, or the Wise.

His people never loved him, for they never saw him, and knew scarcely anything about him; he used to live shut up in his own palace, seeing only his ministers and his generals, and making plans with them as to how the country was to be governed. One very important matter when France had such fierce enemies ready to attack her, especially when the king was not able to go to war himself, was to find a good general to lead the armies. The king was happy enough to find such a man, Bertrand Du Guesclin, a knight of Brittany, who fought his battles for him all through his reign, often with great success. Du Guesclin, when a child, had been fierce and wilful, and cared for nothing but fighting; his mother had often been in despair as to what would become of him, but as soon as he was a man, he grew famous for his strength and courage in tournaments, till at last he became a soldier in earnest, and fought all through many of the wars in the reign of King John.

One unusual thing about him was that he was kind to the poor, and defended them whenever it was possible. Wars such as those in which he had to fight could not go on without bringing much ill-treatment and distress to the poor of the country round about, but the difference be tween Du Guesclin and most other soldiers of his time was that he was sorry to see this distress, and did what he could to relieve it, while most men did not think about it at all, and went on their own way without caring in the least what happened to the peasants.

Charles V. found that one of the great troubles of France when he began to reign was what was called the Free Lance companies. They were more like bands of robbers than soldiers; they had no payment for fighting but what they could get for themselves, so that they were obliged to take food and whatever they wanted from the people of the country. The King of Navarre had called together a great number of these companies, and was pleased to see them lay waste the kingdom that belonged to his enemy. Du Guesclin defeated them in a great battle, which kept them quiet for a time. This happened just before the king was crowned, so that it was looked upon by his subjects as a sign of a happy and successful reign.

But new troubles soon arose; the war in Brittany was still going on, and Du Guesclin led an army to help Charles de Blois, the prince on whose side the kings of France had always been. This time the French leader was defeated; he was taken prisoner, and his men were put to flight. After this, John de Montfort, the friend of the English, was made Duke of Brittany, and there was peace in that country and in other parts of France for a short time.

But though the war stopped, the free companies still roamed about the land, burning and stealing wherever they went, and building themselves strong places to live in, so that they were in no danger of being driven away by the angry peasants. The king's soldiers, far from trying to defend the people, helped the robbers, and took a share of the spoil for themselves. Charles at last made up his mind that the free companies must in some way or other be made to leave France, and it was arranged that Du Guesclin should take them to fight in Spain, where a war was going on.

Unfortunately Du Guesclin and the companies fought too well. They conquered their enemies, and came back to France again, to the despair of the people. It was supposed that the English employed the companies to do harm to France, and this was one of the reasons for the quarrel which soon arose between France and England.

No one can have supposed that the French would ever be satisfied to live at peace while the English were masters of the greater part of one side of the country. When one country conquers another, and takes from it a large quantity of land, there is almost sure to be another war before long, and so it happened now. The people living in the part of France which had been given up to the English were displeased at the way in which they were governed by the Black Prince, who was their ruler. One difficulty, as usual, was that he wished them to pay more taxes than they liked. It is also said that the French disliked their English rulers chiefly on account of the rough, unfriendly manners of the English, who never seemed to think the French had anything to do with them, or ought to be treated like subjects of the same king, but behaved as if they were conquered enemies, almost servants. The people of one of these provinces sent to King Charles, saying that he had not the power to give away any of his subjects to another king, and asking him to let them come back and be his subjects once again. Charles was pleased at this, for he had long been making up his mind in secret to go to war with England, and now he seemed to have a good excuse.

Charles then sent a letter to the Black Prince, telling him of the complaints made against him by his French subjects, and calling upon him to come to Paris to be judged there by the king's court. This was treating the prince as if he were still a vassal of Charles's, and made him very angry. When the letter was brought to him, he thought for a little while, and then said, shaking his head — "We will certainly go to Paris, as the King of France sends for us, but we will go helmet on head, with sixty thousand men behind us." A few months later King Charles declared war.

Charles had resolved that this war should be carried on in a different way from those which had gone before. He saw that the nobles of France had become so unruly and rash, and that the common people were so ill-prepared for fighting, that he had no chance in a great battle against the English. He knew that if the French were defeated again, as they had been at Cressy and Poitiers, it would be a terrible misfortune for the country, and make more of the distress and poverty which he was trying to relieve. He therefore gave orders to his generals that no battle should ever be fought between his men and those of the King of England. If the English marched through the country, as they often did, they found no one to resist them; the villagers fled to the strong towns, taking with them all the food they could carry off, and the English marched from one province to another, laying waste the country, but wearing themselves out by degrees, and obliged to come back at last by loss of men and want of food. The peasants usually followed the army at a little distance, and attacked it whenever they had an opportunity, doing as much harm as they could.

Du Guesclin was a great help to the king, both in making these plans and in carrying them out for him. They answered so well that after the war had lasted for four years, the English were driven entirely out of the province of Poitou, and after this more and more of the country was taken from them. The Black Prince died in England while the war was still going on. His nature had seemed to change as he grew older, and he who had shown so much kindness and politeness to King John of France after the battle of Poitiers, became cruel to his enemies and severe to his subjects before the end of his life. His last victory was at Limoges, a French town, which he had taken after a siege of a month, where he treated the people with horrible cruelty, urging on the soldiers to kill them all. He was very ill at the time, and was carried through the streets in his litter, while men, women, and children threw themselves on their knees before him, crying for mercy, but he listened to none of them, and more than three thousand people are said to have been put to death on this day. The city was burned, plundered, and destroyed.

Charles V., who carried on this great war so well, and freed such a large part of his kingdom from the power of the English, had time to think about peaceful matters as well as about armies and fortresses. He read books of all kinds, and employed some of the wise men about him to write books upon questions which interested him, and to translate old Greek and Latin books, so that they might become well known. He was also fond of building, and during the one year of truce which came in the middle of the long war with England, he had many bridges, churches, and fine houses begun in Paris. He also began the Bastille, which was at first a fortress to defend Paris against enemies, and afterwards was used only as a prison.

Charles was very delicate; he had many illnesses, and did not live long. His death was quite sudden. The war between the French and English was going on; a body of English had been surrounded by different French armies in a place between two rivers, from which they could not make their way out. One morning, when the English came out of their camp, there was no enemy to be seen. The French generals had been called to Paris, where Charles V. was dying. His two younger brothers were with him, and the king made them promise to protect his eldest son, the Dauphin, a boy of twelve years old. Another brother, the Duke of Anjou, had also come to court, though without being invited, as he and Charles were not friends. No sooner was the king dead, than this brother seized all the jewels which had belonged to him, and kept them for his own, though they should by rights have passed on to the new king, the son of Charles V.

27. Charles V. 27. Karl V. 27. Carlos V. 27. Charles V. 27. Carlo V. 27.チャールズ5世 27. 찰스 5세 27. Carlos V. 27. Charles V. 27. Charles V. 27. Карл V. 27. 查尔斯五世 27. 查爾斯五世

CHAPTER XXVII. CHAPITRE XXVII. Charles V.

(1364-1380)

The next king was Charles V., the eldest son of John. O rei seguinte foi Carlos V, o filho mais velho de João. As this young man had been managing the business of governing the country for eight years already, his subjects thought they knew pretty well what sort of a king he would make, and they were not much pleased at the idea of having him to rule over them. Comme ce jeune homme gouvernait le pays depuis huit ans déjà, ses sujets pensaient savoir à peu près quel genre de roi il ferait, et ils n'étaient pas très heureux à l'idée de le voir régner sur eux. Uma vez que este jovem já estava a gerir o país há oito anos, os seus súbditos pensavam que sabiam muito bem que tipo de rei ele seria e não estavam muito satisfeitos com a ideia de o ter a governá-los. He had run away from the battle of Poitiers when a boy, and since then he had never been seen with armour on, being weak and delicate, unfit for war, and for most of the amusements of the time. Il s'était enfui de la bataille de Poitiers lorsqu'il était enfant, et depuis lors on ne l'avait jamais vu avec une armure, car il était faible et délicat, inapte à la guerre et à la plupart des divertissements de l'époque. Tinha fugido da batalha de Poitiers quando era um rapaz e, desde então, nunca mais foi visto com uma armadura, sendo fraco e delicado, impróprio para a guerra e para a maioria dos divertimentos da época.

He had not been able to do anything for his country all through the troubles of the time when John was a prisoner, and it was supposed that he was too foolish to govern; but his subjects soon changed their minds about him when he became king, and Charles V. is now known as Charles le Sage, or the Wise. Il n'avait rien pu faire pour son pays pendant les troubles de l'époque où Jean était prisonnier, et l'on pensait qu'il était trop stupide pour gouverner ; mais ses sujets ont rapidement changé d'avis à son sujet lorsqu'il est devenu roi, et Charles V. est maintenant connu sous le nom de Charles le Sage, ou le Sage. Não tinha sido capaz de fazer nada pelo seu país durante os problemas do tempo em que João era prisioneiro, e pensava-se que era demasiado tolo para governar; mas os seus súbditos mudaram rapidamente de opinião sobre ele quando se tornou rei, e Carlos V. é agora conhecido como Charles le Sage, ou o Sábio.

His people never loved him, for they never saw him, and knew scarcely anything about him; he used to live shut up in his own palace, seeing only his ministers and his generals, and making plans with them as to how the country was to be governed. Son peuple ne l'a jamais aimé, car il ne l'a jamais vu et ne savait presque rien de lui ; il vivait enfermé dans son palais, ne voyant que ses ministres et ses généraux, et faisant avec eux des plans sur la manière de gouverner le pays. O seu povo nunca o amou, porque nunca o viu e quase não sabia nada sobre ele; vivia fechado no seu próprio palácio, vendo apenas os seus ministros e os seus generais e fazendo planos com eles sobre a forma como o país devia ser governado. One very important matter when France had such fierce enemies ready to attack her, especially when the king was not able to go to war himself, was to find a good general to lead the armies. Lorsque la France avait des ennemis aussi féroces prêts à l'attaquer, et surtout lorsque le roi n'était pas en mesure de faire la guerre lui-même, il était très important de trouver un bon général pour diriger les armées. The king was happy enough to find such a man, Bertrand Du Guesclin, a knight of Brittany, who fought his battles for him all through his reign, often with great success. Le roi fut assez heureux de trouver un tel homme, Bertrand Du Guesclin, un chevalier breton, qui mena ses batailles pour lui tout au long de son règne, souvent avec grand succès. Du Guesclin, when a child, had been fierce and wilful, and cared for nothing but fighting; his mother had often been in despair as to what would become of him, but as soon as he was a man, he grew famous for his strength and courage in tournaments, till at last he became a soldier in earnest, and fought all through many of the wars in the reign of King John. Du Guesclin, lorsqu'il était enfant, était féroce et volontaire, et ne s'intéressait qu'aux combats ; sa mère avait souvent désespéré de ce qu'il deviendrait, mais dès qu'il fut un homme, il devint célèbre pour sa force et son courage dans les tournois, jusqu'à ce qu'il devienne enfin un soldat sérieux, et combattit tout au long de nombreuses guerres sous le règne du roi Jean.

One unusual thing about him was that he was kind to the poor, and defended them whenever it was possible. Il avait la particularité d'être bienveillant à l'égard des pauvres et de les défendre chaque fois que c'était possible. Wars such as those in which he had to fight could not go on without bringing much ill-treatment and distress to the poor of the country round about, but the difference be tween Du Guesclin and most other soldiers of his time was that he was sorry to see this distress, and did what he could to relieve it, while most men did not think about it at all, and went on their own way without caring in the least what happened to the peasants. Des guerres comme celles qu'il a dû mener ne pouvaient se dérouler sans apporter beaucoup de mauvais traitements et de détresse aux pauvres du pays environnant, mais la différence entre Du Guesclin et la plupart des autres soldats de son époque, c'est qu'il était désolé de voir cette détresse, et qu'il faisait ce qu'il pouvait pour la soulager, alors que la plupart des hommes n'y pensaient pas du tout, et poursuivaient leur chemin sans se soucier le moins du monde de ce qui arrivait aux paysans.

Charles V. found that one of the great troubles of France when he began to reign was what was called the Free Lance companies. Charles V. a constaté que l'un des grands problèmes de la France au début de son règne était ce que l'on appelait les compagnies de francs-tireurs. They were more like bands of robbers than soldiers; they had no payment for fighting but what they could get for themselves, so that they were obliged to take food and whatever they wanted from the people of the country. Ils ressemblaient plus à des bandes de brigands qu'à des soldats ; ils n'étaient payés pour combattre que ce qu'ils pouvaient obtenir pour eux-mêmes, de sorte qu'ils étaient obligés de prendre de la nourriture et tout ce qu'ils voulaient aux habitants du pays. The King of Navarre had called together a great number of these companies, and was pleased to see them lay waste the kingdom that belonged to his enemy. Le roi de Navarre avait convoqué un grand nombre de ces compagnies, et il se réjouissait de les voir dévaster le royaume qui appartenait à son ennemi. Du Guesclin defeated them in a great battle, which kept them quiet for a time. Du Guesclin les a vaincus lors d'une grande bataille, ce qui les a fait taire pendant un certain temps. This happened just before the king was crowned, so that it was looked upon by his subjects as a sign of a happy and successful reign. Cela se passait juste avant le couronnement du roi, de sorte que ses sujets y voyaient le signe d'un règne heureux et fructueux.

But new troubles soon arose; the war in Brittany was still going on, and Du Guesclin led an army to help Charles de Blois, the prince on whose side the kings of France had always been. Mais de nouveaux problèmes surgissent bientôt ; la guerre de Bretagne se poursuit et Du Guesclin mène une armée pour aider Charles de Blois, le prince aux côtés duquel les rois de France se sont toujours rangés. This time the French leader was defeated; he was taken prisoner, and his men were put to flight. Cette fois, le chef français est vaincu, il est fait prisonnier et ses hommes sont mis en fuite. After this, John de Montfort, the friend of the English, was made Duke of Brittany, and there was peace in that country and in other parts of France for a short time.

But though the war stopped, the free companies still roamed about the land, burning and stealing wherever they went, and building themselves strong places to live in, so that they were in no danger of being driven away by the angry peasants. Bien que la guerre ait cessé, les compagnies libres ont continué à parcourir le pays, brûlant et volant partout où elles allaient, et se construisant des lieux de vie solides afin de ne pas risquer d'être chassées par les paysans en colère. The king's soldiers, far from trying to defend the people, helped the robbers, and took a share of the spoil for themselves. Les soldats du roi, loin d'essayer de défendre le peuple, aidèrent les voleurs et prirent une part du butin pour eux-mêmes. Charles at last made up his mind that the free companies must in some way or other be made to leave France, and it was arranged that Du Guesclin should take them to fight in Spain, where a war was going on. Charles décida enfin que les compagnies libres devaient, d'une manière ou d'une autre, quitter la France, et il fut convenu que Du Guesclin les emmènerait se battre en Espagne, où une guerre était en cours.

Unfortunately Du Guesclin and the companies fought too well. Malheureusement, Du Guesclin et les entreprises se sont trop bien battus. They conquered their enemies, and came back to France again, to the despair of the people. Ils ont vaincu leurs ennemis et sont revenus en France, au désespoir du peuple. It was supposed that the English employed the companies to do harm to France, and this was one of the reasons for the quarrel which soon arose between France and England. On supposait que les Anglais employaient les compagnies pour nuire à la France, et ce fut l'une des raisons de la querelle qui s'éleva bientôt entre la France et l'Angleterre.

No one can have supposed that the French would ever be satisfied to live at peace while the English were masters of the greater part of one side of the country. Personne ne peut supposer que les Français se contenteraient jamais de vivre en paix tant que les Anglais seraient maîtres de la plus grande partie d'un côté du pays. When one country conquers another, and takes from it a large quantity of land, there is almost sure to be another war before long, and so it happened now. Lorsqu'un pays en conquiert un autre et lui prend une grande partie de son territoire, il est presque certain qu'il y aura une autre guerre avant longtemps, et c'est ce qui s'est passé aujourd'hui. The people living in the part of France which had been given up to the English were displeased at the way in which they were governed by the Black Prince, who was their ruler. One difficulty, as usual, was that he wished them to pay more taxes than they liked. L'une des difficultés, comme d'habitude, était qu'il souhaitait qu'ils paient plus d'impôts qu'ils ne le souhaitaient. It is also said that the French disliked their English rulers chiefly on account of the rough, unfriendly manners of the English, who never seemed to think the French had anything to do with them, or ought to be treated like subjects of the same king, but behaved as if they were conquered enemies, almost servants. On dit aussi que les Français n'aimaient pas leurs souverains anglais principalement à cause des manières rudes et inamicales des Anglais, qui ne semblaient jamais penser que les Français avaient quelque chose à voir avec eux, ou qu'ils devaient être traités comme des sujets du même roi, mais se comportaient comme s'ils étaient des ennemis conquis, presque des serviteurs. The people of one of these provinces sent to King Charles, saying that he had not the power to give away any of his subjects to another king, and asking him to let them come back and be his subjects once again. Les habitants d'une de ces provinces envoyèrent dire au roi Charles qu'il n'avait pas le pouvoir de céder ses sujets à un autre roi et lui demandèrent de les laisser revenir et redevenir ses sujets. Charles was pleased at this, for he had long been making up his mind in secret to go to war with England, and now he seemed to have a good excuse. Charles s'en réjouit, car il avait depuis longtemps décidé en secret d'entrer en guerre contre l'Angleterre, et il semblait maintenant avoir une bonne excuse.

Charles then sent a letter to the Black Prince, telling him of the complaints made against him by his French subjects, and calling upon him to come to Paris to be judged there by the king's court. Charles envoie alors une lettre au Prince Noir, lui faisant part des plaintes formulées à son encontre par ses sujets français, et l'invitant à venir à Paris pour y être jugé par la cour du roi. This was treating the prince as if he were still a vassal of Charles's, and made him very angry. Cela revenait à traiter le prince comme s'il était encore un vassal de Charles, ce qui le mettait très en colère. When the letter was brought to him, he thought for a little while, and then said, shaking his head — "We will certainly go to Paris, as the King of France sends for us, but we will go helmet on head, with sixty thousand men behind us." A few months later King Charles declared war.

Charles had resolved that this war should be carried on in a different way from those which had gone before. Charles avait décidé que cette guerre serait menée d'une manière différente de celles qui l'avaient précédée. He saw that the nobles of France had become so unruly and rash, and that the common people were so ill-prepared for fighting, that he had no chance in a great battle against the English. Il constate que les nobles de France sont devenus si indisciplinés et irréfléchis, et que les gens du peuple sont si mal préparés au combat, qu'il n'a aucune chance de remporter une grande bataille contre les Anglais. He knew that if the French were defeated again, as they had been at Cressy and Poitiers, it would be a terrible misfortune for the country, and make more of the distress and poverty which he was trying to relieve. Il savait que si les Français étaient à nouveau battus, comme ils l'avaient été à Cressy et à Poitiers, ce serait un terrible malheur pour le pays et aggraverait la détresse et la pauvreté qu'il s'efforçait de soulager. He therefore gave orders to his generals that no battle should ever be fought between his men and those of the King of England. Il donne donc l'ordre à ses généraux de ne jamais livrer bataille entre ses hommes et ceux du roi d'Angleterre. If the English marched through the country, as they often did, they found no one to resist them; the villagers fled to the strong towns, taking with them all the food they could carry off, and the English marched from one province to another, laying waste the country, but wearing themselves out by degrees, and obliged to come back at last by loss of men and want of food. Si les Anglais marchaient à travers le pays, comme ils le faisaient souvent, ils ne trouvaient personne pour leur résister ; les villageois fuyaient vers les villes fortes, emportant avec eux toute la nourriture qu'ils pouvaient emporter, et les Anglais marchaient d'une province à l'autre, dévastant le pays, mais s'épuisant peu à peu, et obligés de revenir finalement à cause de la perte d'hommes et du manque de nourriture. The peasants usually followed the army at a little distance, and attacked it whenever they had an opportunity, doing as much harm as they could. Les paysans suivaient généralement l'armée à une certaine distance et l'attaquaient chaque fois qu'ils en avaient l'occasion, en lui faisant le plus de mal possible.

Du Guesclin was a great help to the king, both in making these plans and in carrying them out for him. Du Guesclin a été d'une grande aide pour le roi, à la fois en élaborant ces plans et en les exécutant pour lui. They answered so well that after the war had lasted for four years, the English were driven entirely out of the province of Poitou, and after this more and more of the country was taken from them. Ils y répondirent si bien qu'après quatre ans de guerre, les Anglais furent entièrement chassés de la province du Poitou, et par la suite, une partie de plus en plus grande du pays leur fut enlevée. The Black Prince died in England while the war was still going on. Le Prince Noir meurt en Angleterre alors que la guerre se poursuit. His nature had seemed to change as he grew older, and he who had shown so much kindness and politeness to King John of France after the battle of Poitiers, became cruel to his enemies and severe to his subjects before the end of his life. Sa nature avait semblé changer avec l'âge, et lui qui avait fait preuve de tant de gentillesse et de politesse à l'égard du roi Jean de France après la bataille de Poitiers, devint cruel envers ses ennemis et sévère à l'égard de ses sujets avant la fin de sa vie. His last victory was at Limoges, a French town, which he had taken after a siege of a month, where he treated the people with horrible cruelty, urging on the soldiers to kill them all. Sa dernière victoire a été remportée à Limoges, une ville française, qu'il a prise après un mois de siège, où il a traité les habitants avec une horrible cruauté, incitant les soldats à les tuer tous. He was very ill at the time, and was carried through the streets in his litter, while men, women, and children threw themselves on their knees before him, crying for mercy, but he listened to none of them, and more than three thousand people are said to have been put to death on this day. Très malade à l'époque, il fut porté dans les rues sur sa litière, tandis que des hommes, des femmes et des enfants se jetaient à genoux devant lui en implorant sa pitié, mais il ne les écouta pas et plus de trois mille personnes auraient été mises à mort ce jour-là. The city was burned, plundered, and destroyed.

Charles V., who carried on this great war so well, and freed such a large part of his kingdom from the power of the English, had time to think about peaceful matters as well as about armies and fortresses. Charles Quint, qui a si bien mené cette grande guerre et libéré une si grande partie de son royaume du pouvoir des Anglais, a eu le temps de penser à des questions pacifiques aussi bien qu'à des armées et des forteresses. He read books of all kinds, and employed some of the wise men about him to write books upon questions which interested him, and to translate old Greek and Latin books, so that they might become well known. Il lisait des livres de toutes sortes et employait certains des sages qui l'entouraient à écrire des livres sur des questions qui l'intéressaient et à traduire d'anciens livres grecs et latins, afin qu'ils deviennent célèbres. He was also fond of building, and during the one year of truce which came in the middle of the long war with England, he had many bridges, churches, and fine houses begun in Paris. He also began the Bastille, which was at first a fortress to defend Paris against enemies, and afterwards was used only as a prison.

Charles was very delicate; he had many illnesses, and did not live long. His death was quite sudden. Sa mort a été assez soudaine. The war between the French and English was going on; a body of English had been surrounded by different French armies in a place between two rivers, from which they could not make their way out. La guerre entre les Français et les Anglais était en cours ; un groupe d'Anglais avait été encerclé par différentes armées françaises dans un endroit situé entre deux rivières, d'où ils ne pouvaient pas sortir. One morning, when the English came out of their camp, there was no enemy to be seen. Un matin, lorsque les Anglais sortent de leur camp, ils ne voient aucun ennemi. The French generals had been called to Paris, where Charles V. was dying. Les généraux français ont été appelés à Paris, où Charles Quint est mourant. His two younger brothers were with him, and the king made them promise to protect his eldest son, the Dauphin, a boy of twelve years old. Another brother, the Duke of Anjou, had also come to court, though without being invited, as he and Charles were not friends. Un autre frère, le duc d'Anjou, était également venu à la cour, mais sans y être invité, car Charles et lui n'étaient pas amis. No sooner was the king dead, than this brother seized all the jewels which had belonged to him, and kept them for his own, though they should by rights have passed on to the new king, the son of Charles V. À peine le roi était-il mort que ce frère s'empara de tous les bijoux qui lui avaient appartenu et les garda pour lui, bien qu'ils eussent dû passer de droit au nouveau roi, le fils de Charles Quint.