A origem da divisão entre China e Taiwan e o status atual da 'ilha rebelde' the|origin|of the|division|between|China|and|Taiwan|and|the|status|current|of the|island|rebel Der Ursprung der Spaltung zwischen China und Taiwan und der aktuelle Status der "Rebelleninsel El origen de la división entre China y Taiwán y la situación actual de la "isla rebelde The origin of the division between China and Taiwan and the current status of the 'rebel island'.

Taiwan é, há 70 anos, o que muitos  descreveriam como um autêntico quebra- Taiwan|is|for|years|the|that|many|they would describe|as|a|authentic|break Taiwan has been, for 70 years, what many would describe as an authentic puzzle.

cabeças internacional. There is no consensus even on the name of the island, which is also called the Republic of China.

Não existe consenso nem sobre o nome da  ilha, que também se chama República da China.

O fato é que, até hoje, a  situação está indefinida. the|fact|is|that|until|today|the|situation|is|undefined The fact is that, to this day, the situation is undefined.

Eu sou Malu Cursino, da BBC News Brasil, I|am|Malu|Cursino|from the|BBC|News|Brazil I am Malu Cursino, from BBC News Brazil,

e neste vídeo vou explicar por que Taiwan é um assunto tão polêmico, and|in this|video|I will|explain|for|that|Taiwan|is|a|subject|so|controversial and in this video, I will explain why Taiwan is such a controversial subject,

alvo de tantas saias-justas internacionais. Mas antes, dá uma olhada neste mapa: target|of|so many|||international|but|before|give|a|look|at this|map das Ziel so vieler internationaler Scharmützel. Aber werfen Sie zunächst einen Blick auf diese Karte: the target of so many international awkward situations. But first, take a look at this map:

A ilha de Taiwan tem 36 mil quilômetros  quadrados de extensão, um terço do the|island|of|Taiwan|has|thousand|kilometers|square|of|area|a|third|of the The island of Taiwan has an area of 36 thousand square kilometers, one third of

tamanho de Cuba. E fica aproximadamente size|of|Cuba|And|is located|approximately the size of Cuba. And it is approximately

200 quilômetros distante da maior ameaça à sua existência, segundos próprios taiwaneses: kilometers|distant|from the|greatest|threat|to the|its|existence|seconds|own|Taiwanese 200 Kilometer von der größten Bedrohung für ihre Existenz entfernt, wie die Taiwanesen selbst sagen: 200 kilometers away from the greatest threat to its existence, according to the Taiwanese themselves:

A República Popular da China. Tanto Taiwan quanto a República Popular da China the|Republic|Popular|of the|China|Both|Taiwan|and|the|Republic|Popular|of the|China The People's Republic of China. Both Taiwan and the People's Republic of China

se consideram a verdadeira China, e as divergências entre ambas as themselves|they consider|the|true|China|and|the|divergences|between|both|the consider themselves the true China, and the divergences between both sides end up generating instability not only in the region but also in the rest of the world.

partes acabam gerando instabilidade não só na região, mas também no resto do mundo. parties|they end up|generating|instability|not|only|in the|region|but|also|in the|rest|of the|world But why do the two territories declare themselves as the authentic China?

Mas por que os dois territórios se  declaram como a China autêntica? but|for|what|the|two|territories|themselves|they declare|as|the|China|authentic And why is this relationship so problematic?

E por que essa relação é tão problemática? and|for|what|this|relationship|is|so|problematic

Para entender as atuais divergências  entre China e Taiwan, precisamos voltar ao to|understand|the|current|divergences|between|China|and|Taiwan|we need|to go back|to the To understand the current divergences between China and Taiwan, we need to go back to

ano de 1945. Naquela altura, a ilha estava sob controle year|of|at that|time|the|island|was|under|control the year 1945. At that time, the island was under the control

do Japão, que havia derrotado a dinastia chinesa Qing 50 anos antes. of the|Japan|which|had|defeated|the|dynasty|Chinese|Qing|years|before of Japan, which had defeated the Qing Chinese dynasty 50 years earlier.

Depois da rendição do Japão na Segunda  Guerra Mundial, a então República da China, after|the|surrender|of the|Japan|in the|Second|War|World|the|then|Republic|of the|China Nach der Kapitulation Japans im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde die damalige Republik China.., After Japan's surrender in World War II, the then Republic of China,

uma das vencedoras do conflito,  retomou o controle sobre Taiwan. one|of the|winners|of the|conflict|regained|the|control|over|Taiwan one of the winners of the conflict, regained control over Taiwan.

Mas a China continental já vinha  enfrentando desde 1927 uma guerra civil. but|the|China|mainland|already|was|facing|since|a|war|civil Aber das chinesische Festland befand sich bereits seit 1927 in einem Bürgerkrieg. But mainland China had already been facing a civil war since 1927.

De um lado estavam os republicanos  nacionalistas do Kuomintang, liderados por from|one|side|were|the|republicans|nationalists|of the|Kuomintang|led|by On one side were the nationalist republican Kuomintang, led by

Chiang Kai Shek, que governava o país. E, do outro, os comunistas chineses, Chiang|Kai|Shek|who|governed|the|country|and|from the|other|the|communists|Chinese Chiang Kai Shek, who governed the country. And on the other, the Chinese communists,

conduzidos por Mao Tsé-tung. No final, o Partido Comunista Chinês led|by|Mao|||In|end|the|Party|Communist|Chinese led by Mao Zedong. In the end, the Chinese Communist Party

saiu vitorioso e, em primeiro de outubro de 1949, Mao Tsé-tung proclamou o nascimento da came out|victorious|and|on|first|of|October|of|Mao|||proclaimed|the|birth|of the emerged victorious and, on October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the birth of the

República Popular da China. Republic|Popular|of the|China People's Republic of China.

Dois meses depois, Chiang Kai-shek,  que havia perdido a guerra na China Two|months|later|Chiang|||who|had|lost|the|war|in the|China Two months later, Chiang Kai-shek, who had lost the war in China

continental, implantou seu governo  nacionalista em Taiwan e declarou Taipei como continental|he implanted|his|government|nationalist|in|Taiwan|and|he declared|Taipei|as continental, established its nationalist government in Taiwan and declared Taipei as

a capital provisória da República da China. Pelo menos um milhão e meio de pessoas, the|capital|provisional|of the|Republic|of the|China|for the|least|one|million|and|half|of|people the provisional capital of the Republic of China. At least one and a half million people,

principalmente soldados, políticos do Kuomintang e elites intelectuais e mainly|soldiers|politicians|of the|Kuomintang|and|elites|intellectuals|and mainly soldiers, Kuomintang politicians, and Chinese intellectual and

empresariais chinesas, seguiram o líder nacionalista e se estabeleceram em Taiwan. Chinesische Geschäftsleute folgten dem nationalistischen Führer und ließen sich in Taiwan nieder. business elites, followed the nationalist leader and settled in Taiwan.

Chiang Kai-shek continuou declarando  seu governo como a única autoridade Chiang|||he continued|declaring|his|government|as|the|only|authority Chiang Kai-shek continued to declare his government as the only legitimate authority

legítima da China e implantou em Taiwan  uma Lei Marcial que duraria até 1987. legitimate|of the|China|and|he imposed|in|Taiwan|a|Law|Martial|that|would last|until of China and imposed Martial Law in Taiwan that would last until 1987.

Desde então, Pequim passou a tentar a recuperar  o controle sobre a ilha, inclusive since|then|Beijing|it began|to|to try|to|to regain|the|control|over|the|island|including Since then, Beijing has attempted to regain control over the island, including

por meio da força, se necessário.  Após o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial, through|means|of the|force|if|necessary|after|the|end|of the|Second|War|World notfalls mit Gewalt. Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs, through force, if necessary. After the end of World War II,

o governo do Kuomintang se manteve na Organização das Nações Unidas e conseguiu the|government|of the|Kuomintang|itself|maintained|in the|Organization|of the|Nations|United|and|managed the Kuomintang government remained in the United Nations and managed

um lugar permanente no Conselho de Segurança da instituição. a|place|permanent|in the|Council|of|Security|of the|institution a permanent seat on the Security Council of the institution.

Na época, muitos países ocidentais  reconheceram os nacionalistas como único at the|time|many|countries|western|recognized|the|nationalists|as|only At the time, many Western countries recognized the nationalists as the sole

governo chinês, ao passo que o  regime comunista de Mao era government|Chinese|while|step|that|the|regime|communist|of|Mao|was chinesischen Regierung, während das kommunistische Regime Maos Chinese government, while Mao's communist regime was

considerado ilegítimo. Tudo isso, vale lembrar, considered|illegitimate|all|this|worth|remembering als unrechtmäßig. All das sollte man nicht vergessen, considered illegitimate. It is worth remembering,

em meio ao contexto de mundial de enfrentamento ideológico da Guerra Fria. in|midst|to the|context|of|global|of|confrontation|ideological|of the|War|Cold in the context of the global ideological confrontation of the Cold War.

Taiwan tinha o apoio dos Estados Unidos,  que temiam que a ilha caísse em mãos Taiwan|had|the|support|of the|States|United|that|feared|that|the|island|fell|into|hands Taiwan had the support of the United States, which feared that the island would fall into the hands

comunistas, como já havia acontecido com  a Coreia do Norte no início dos anos 50, communist|as|already|had|happened|with|the|Korea|of the|North|in the|early|of the|years of communists, as had already happened with North Korea in the early 1950s,

e depois com o Vietnã. Só que a situação mudou radicalmente and|later|with|the|Vietnam|only|that|the|situation|changed|radically and then with Vietnam. Only the situation changed radically

a partir de 1971. from|starting|from from 1971.

Nesse ano, os Estados Unidos e a China  tinham o mesmo adversário: a União Soviética that|year|the|States|United|and|the|China|had|the|same|adversary|the|Union|Soviet In that year, the United States and China had the same adversary: the Soviet Union

Isso facilitou a aproximação diplomática this|facilitated|the|approach|diplomatic This facilitated diplomatic rapprochement

dos dois países, que eram rivais de longa data. of|two|countries|that|they were|rivals|of|long|time der beiden Länder, die lange Zeit Rivalen waren. of the two countries, which were long-time rivals.

Nesse contexto, em outubro de 1971, a  ONU reconheceu a República Popular da China, in this|context|in|October|of|the|UN|recognized|the|Republic|Popular|of the|China In this context, in October 1971, the UN recognized the People's Republic of China,

ou seja, o governo comunista de  Mao Tsé-tung, como o “único representante or|that is|the|government|communist|of|Mao|||as|the|only|representative that is, the communist government of Mao Zedong, as the "sole representative

legítimo da China” perante à organização. legitimate|of the|China|before|to the|organization Chinas Legitimität" vor der Organisation. legitimate of China" before the organization.

Oito anos depois, em 79, os Estados  Unidos fizeram o mesmo, apesar de, ainda eight|years|later|in|the|States|United|they did|the|same|despite|of|still Acht Jahre später, im Jahr 79, taten die Vereinigten Staaten dasselbe, obwohl sie noch Eight years later, in '79, the United States did the same, although they still

assim, continuarem sendo o  aliado mais importante de Taiwan. thus|they continue|being|the|ally|most|important|of|Taiwan und bleibt damit Taiwans wichtigster Verbündeter. continued to be Taiwan's most important ally.

Os americanos garantiram o fornecimento  de armas ao governo da ilha e fizeram the|Americans|they guaranteed|the|supply|of|weapons|to the|government|of the|island|and|they made The Americans ensured the supply of weapons to the island's government and made

um alerta a Pequim, dizendo que qualquer  ataque a Taiwan constituiria uma “grave preocupação”. a|warning|to|Beijing|saying|that|any|attack|to|Taiwan|it would constitute|a|serious|concern eine Warnung an Peking, dass jeder Angriff auf Taiwan ein "ernsthaftes Problem" darstellen würde. a warning to Beijing, stating that any attack on Taiwan would constitute a "serious concern."

Esse posicionamento se mantém até hoje. this|positioning|reflexive pronoun|maintains|until|today This position remains to this day.

E, como eu disse no começo do vídeo,  Taiwan tem uma situação indefinida, um and|as|I|said|in the|beginning|of the|video|Taiwan|has|a|situation|undefined|a And, as I said at the beginning of the video, Taiwan has an undefined situation, a

reconhecimento internacional limitado. recognition|international|limited limited international recognition.

A partir dos anos 70, o número de países  que reconheciam o governo de Taiwan from the|starting|from the|years|the|number|of|countries|that|recognized|the|government|of|Taiwan Starting from the 1970s, the number of countries that recognized the government of Taiwan

como o legítimo na China foi  caindo de forma constante. as|the|legitimate|in the|China|was|falling|in a|way|constant da die Legitimationsrate in China stetig sank. how the legitimate in China has been declining steadily.

Hoje em dia, só 15 Estados consideram a  República da China, ou seja, Taiwan, um today|in|day|only|states|consider|the|Republic|of the|China|or|that is|Taiwan|a Nowadays, only 15 states consider the Republic of China, that is, Taiwan, a

Estado soberano. O Brasil deixou de  reconhecer o governo da ilha em 1974. ||the|Brazil|left|to|recognize|the|government|of the|island|in sovereign state. Brazil stopped recognizing the island's government in 1974.

A República Popular da China se nega a ter relações diplomáticas formais com os países que reconhecem o governo taiwanês, the|Republic|People's|of the|China|itself|refuses|to|have|relations|diplomatic|formal|with|the|countries|that|recognize|the|government|Taiwanese The People's Republic of China refuses to have formal diplomatic relations with countries that recognize the Taiwanese government,

como Guatemala, Nicarágua, Honduras e Paraguai. like|Guatemala|Nicaragua|Honduras|and|Paraguay such as Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Paraguay.

Isso porque o país considera Taiwan  uma ilha rebelde que faz parte de seu território. this|because|the|country|considers|Taiwan|an|island|rebel|that|makes|part|of|its|territory Der Grund dafür ist, dass das Land Taiwan als eine rebellische Insel betrachtet, die Teil seines Territoriums ist. This is because the country considers Taiwan a rebel island that is part of its territory.

Os governantes taiwaneses, the|rulers|Taiwanese The Taiwanese rulers,

por sua vez, defendem que a ilha é um Estado soberano, com Constituição e governo próprios. for|their|turn|they defend|that|the|island|is|a|state|sovereign|with|constitution|and|government|own in turn, argue that the island is a sovereign state, with its own Constitution and government.

E um exército com mais de 300 mil militares. and|a|army|with|more|than|thousand|soldiers It is an army with more than 300 thousand military personnel.

Taiwan já não faz parte de praticamente  nenhuma organização internacional, como Taiwan|already|not|does|part|of|practically|no|organization|international|such as Taiwan is no longer part of practically any international organization, such as

o Comitê Olímpico Internacional  e a Organização Mundial da Saúde. the|Committee|Olympic|International|and|the|Organization|World|of|Health the International Olympic Committee and the World Health Organization.

Após anos de hostilidades e tensões,  Pequim propôs nos anos 80 uma solução que after|years|of|hostilities|and|tensions|Beijing|proposed|us|years|a|solution|that After years of hostilities and tensions, Beijing proposed a solution in the 1980s that

pode ser resumida na frase:  “um país, dois sistemas”, can|be|summarized|in the|phrase|a|country|two|systems can be summarized in the phrase: 'one country, two systems',

parecida com o que já existe em Hong Kong. similar|to|what|that|already|exists|in|Hong|Kong similar to what already exists in Hong Kong.

Em troca da promessa de uma autonomia  significativa, a ilha deveria aceitar a In|exchange|of the|promise|of|a|autonomy|significant|the|island|should|accept|the Im Gegenzug für das Versprechen einer weitgehenden Autonomie musste die Insel die In exchange for the promise of significant autonomy, the island would have to accept the

unificação com a China. Mas Taiwan recusou o acordo. unification|with|the|China|but|Taiwan|refused|the|agreement unification with China. But Taiwan rejected the agreement.

Em 1991, a ilha desistiu oficialmente da  intenção de retomar o controle sobre a in|the|island|gave up|officially|of the|intention|to|regain|the|control|over|the In 1991, the island officially gave up its intention to regain control over the

China continental. Até lá, foram feitas várias China|mainland|until|then|were|made|several mainland China. Until then, several

tentativas de diálogo, mas todas fracassaram. Em 2005, a China aprovou uma lei attempts|to|dialogue|but|all|failed|||||| attempts at dialogue had been made, but all failed. In 2005, China passed an “anti-secession” law,

“antissecessão”, ou antisseparação, que estabeleceu o direito do país de recorrer antesecession|or|antiseparation|that|established|the|right|of the|country|to|resort which established the country's right to resort to

a “medidas não pacíficas” contra Taiwan, em caso de tentativas de separação. the|measures|not|peaceful|against|Taiwan|in|case|of|attempts|to|separation the "non-peaceful measures" against Taiwan, in case of attempts at separation.

O atual governo de Xi Jinping inclusive  já alertou várias vezes que se Taiwan the|current|government|of|Xi|Jinping|even|already|warned|several|times|that|if|Taiwan The current government of Xi Jinping has even warned several times that if Taiwan

declarasse independência, ele  poderia recorrer ao uso da força. declared|independence|he|could|resort|to the|use|of the|force die Unabhängigkeit erklärt, könnte er auf Gewalt zurückgreifen. declares independence, he could resort to the use of force.

Ainda não  falamos de um ponto importante,  que é a economia de Taiwan. still|not|we talked|about|an|point|important|that|is|the|economy|of|Taiwan We still haven't talked about an important point, which is Taiwan's economy.

Na década de 70, a economia taiwanesa  era a segunda que mais crescia em toda a Ásia in the|decade|of|the|economy|Taiwanese|was|the|second|that|most|grew|in|all|the|Asia In the 1970s, the Taiwanese economy was the second fastest growing in all of Asia.

apenas atrás do Japão. only|behind|of the|Japan Only behind Japan.

A ilha inclusive faz parte do grupo chamado  de “tigres asiáticos”, junto com Hong Kong, The|island|including|makes|part|of the|group|called|of|tigers|Asian|together|with|Hong|Kong The island is also part of the group known as the 'Asian Tigers', along with Hong Kong,

Coreia do Sul e Singapura, e  tem até hoje uma economia pujante. Korea|of the|South|and|Singapore|and|has|even|today|a|economy|thriving South Korea, and Singapore, and still has a thriving economy today.

Apesar das divergências diplomáticas  entre Taipei e Pequim, as relações despite|the|divergences|diplomatic|between|Taipei|and|Beijing|the|relations Despite the diplomatic divergences between Taipei and Beijing, the relations

econômicas entre as duas partes  têm crescido consideravelmente. economic|between|the|two|parties|have|grown|considerably between the two sides have grown considerably.

Empresas taiwanesas já investiram companies|Taiwanese|already|invested Taiwanese companies have already invested

dezenas de bilhões de dólares na China e pelo menos um milhão de taiwaneses dozens|of|billions|of|dollars|in|China|and|at least|less|one|million|of|Taiwanese Dutzende von Milliarden Dollar in China und mindestens eine Million Taiwanesen tens of billions of dollars in China and at least one million Taiwanese

vivem na China continental. Atualmente, Pequim tem relações they live|in the|China|mainland|Currently|Beijing|has|relations they live in mainland China. Currently, Beijing has very close trade relations

comerciais muito próximas com Taiwan, o que é visto por alguns analistas como uma renúncia de commercial|very|close|with|Taiwan|that|which|is|seen|by|some|analysts|as|a|renunciation|of with Taiwan, which is seen by some analysts as a de facto renunciation of

fato à autonomia por parte da ilha. Outros especialistas, no entanto, fact|to the|autonomy|by|part|of the|island|Other|experts|in the|however autonomy on the part of the island. Other experts, however,

consideram esses laços econômicos um possível freio a uma intervenção militar da China they consider|these|ties|economic|a|possible|brake|to|a|intervention|military|of the|China halten diese wirtschaftlichen Beziehungen für eine mögliche Bremse für ein militärisches Eingreifen Chinas consider these economic ties a possible brake on a military intervention by China.

continental na ilha, já que um conflito poderia trazer prejuízo à economia do país. continental|in the|island|already|that|a|conflict|could|bring|harm|to the|economy|of the|country continental on the island, as a conflict could harm the country's economy.

Mas a verdade é que as relações entre  China e Taiwan são um assunto complexo e but|the|truth|is|that|the|relations|between|China|and|Taiwan|are|a|subject|complex|and But the truth is that the relations between China and Taiwan are a complex and

cheio de detalhes curiosos. Vou contar um deles: Nos anos 70, o líder Mao Tsé-tung estava full|of|details|curious|I will|tell|a|one of them|in the|years|the|leader|Mao|||was voller kurioser Details. Ich werde Ihnen eine davon erzählen: In den 1970er Jahren war der Führer Mao Zedong full of curious details. I'll tell you one of them: In the 1970s, leader Mao Zedong was

buscando o reconhecimento diplomático da China comunista. seeking|the|recognition|diplomatic|of the|China|communist seeking diplomatic recognition for communist China.

Como parte desse esforço, ele decidiu convidar  um time de tênis de mesa americano para as|part|this|effort|he|decided|to invite|a|team|of|tennis|of|table|American|to As part of this effort, he decided to invite an American table tennis team to

jogar partidas de exibição no país em 1971. Os jogadores e os jornalistas que vieram to play|matches|of|exhibition|in the|country|in|the|players|and|the|journalists|that|came play exhibition matches in the country in 1971. The players and journalists who came

na viagem seriam os primeiros americanos a pisar na China continental em mais de 20 anos. on the|trip|would be|the|first|Americans|to|step|in the|China|mainland|in|more|than|years wären die ersten Amerikaner, die seit mehr als 20 Jahren das chinesische Festland betreten würden. on the trip would be the first Americans to set foot in mainland China in over 20 years.

As partidas foram um sucesso e marcaram  o início da “quebra de gelo” nas relações the|matches|were|a|success|and|marked|the|beginning|of the|break|of|ice|in the|relations Die Spiele waren ein Erfolg und markierten den Beginn des "Eisbrechens" in den Beziehungen The matches were a success and marked the beginning of the "ice-breaking" in relations

entre Estados Unidos e China. Menos de um ano depois, o presidente between|States|United|and|China|less|than|a|year|later|the|president between the United States and China. Less than a year later, President

americano Richard Nixon realizou a sua histórica visita oficial ao país asiático. American|Richard|Nixon|he made|the|his|historic|visit|official|to the|country|Asian American Richard Nixon made his historic official visit to the Asian country.

A visita do chefe de Estado ratificou a  aproximação diplomática entre os dois países, the|visit|of the|head|of|State|it ratified|the|approach|diplomatic|between|the|two|countries The visit of the head of state ratified the diplomatic rapprochement between the two countries,

que culminaria no reconhecimento oficial  por parte dos Estados Unidos à República that|it would culminate|in the|recognition|official|by|part|of the|States|United|to the|Republic which would culminate in the official recognition by the United States of the Republic

Popular da China, em 1979. A estratégia de usar o tênis de popular|from|China|in|the|strategy|of|using|the|tennis|of Popular in China, in 1979. The strategy of using table tennis to ease tensions in relations was dubbed "ping-pong diplomacy."

mesa para diminuir a tensão nas relações foi batizada como “diplomacia do ping-pong”. |||the|||||||||| That's it! I'll stop here. And if you liked this video,

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tiver um vídeo novo. Até a próxima! I have|a|video|new|until|the|next there will be a new video. Until next time!