El arte de la buena vida (5)
the|art|of|the|good|life
L'art de vivre (5)
良い生活の芸術 (5)
The art of good living (5)
amigos, familiares, vecinos, compañeros de trabajo e incluso completos desconocidos,
friends|family members|neighbors|colleagues|of|work|and|even|complete|strangers
friends, family, neighbors, coworkers, and even complete strangers,
piensen bien de nosotros. Por lo tanto, invertimos tiempo y energía intentando vestir la ropa
they think|well|about|us|For|it|therefore|we invest|time|and|energy|trying|to wear|the|clothing
think well of us. Therefore, we invest time and energy trying to wear the right clothes,
adecuada, conducir el coche correcto, vivir en la casa idónea en el barrio ideal, y así
adequate|to drive|the|car|correct|to live|in|the|house|suitable|in|the|neighborhood|ideal|and|so
drive the right car, live in the ideal house in the perfect neighborhood, and so
sucesivamente. Sin embargo, estos esfuerzos están acompañados por cierto grado de ansiedad,
successively|Without|however|these|efforts|they are|accompanied|by|certain|degree|of|anxiety
on. However, these efforts are accompanied by a certain degree of anxiety,
tememos tomar las decisiones equivocadas y que los demás piensen mal de nosotros, también
we fear|to make|the|decisions|wrong|and|that|the|others|they think|badly|of|us|also
we fear making the wrong decisions and that others will think poorly of us, too.
hay que tener presente que para permitirnos ropas, coches y casas socialmente deseables
there is|that|to have|in mind|that|to|to allow ourselves|clothes|cars|and|houses|socially|desirable
We must keep in mind that to afford socially desirable clothes, cars, and houses,
hemos de trabajar para ganar dinero y probablemente experimentaremos, ansiedad en relación con
we have|to|to work|to|to earn|money|and|probably|we will experience|anxiety|in|relation|with
we have to work to earn money and we will probably experience anxiety related to
nuestro trabajo. E incluso si, gracias a nuestro esfuerzo, conquistamos la admiración de los
our|work|And|even|if|thanks|to|our|effort|we conquer|the|admiration|of|the
our work. And even if, thanks to our effort, we gain the admiration of others,
demás, nuestra serenidad probablemente se verá perturbada por la envidia que los otros,
others|our|serenity|probably|itself|it will see|disturbed|by|the|envy|that|the|others
our serenity will likely be disturbed by the envy of others.
que no han tenido tanto éxito, nos manifiesten. Seneca lo expresó bien, para saber cuántos
that|not|they have|had|so much|success|to us|they manifest|Seneca|it|he expressed|well|to|to know|how many
that have not been so successful, let us know. Seneca expressed it well, to know how many
te envidian, cuenta tus admiradores, punto 1, además, tendremos que lidiar con la envidia
you|they envy|count|your|admirers|point|moreover|we will|to|deal|with|the|envy
envy you, count your admirers, point 1, furthermore, we will have to deal with the envy
que sentimos hacia quienes han disfrutado de un éxito aún mayor que el nuestro. Como
that|we feel|towards|those who|they have|enjoyed|of|a|success|even|greater|than|the|our|As
we feel towards those who have enjoyed an even greater success than ours. As
los estoicos valoraban la tranquilidad y tenían presente el poder de los demás para alterarla,
the|stoics|they valued|the|tranquility|and|they had|in mind|the|power|of|the|others|to|to alter it
the Stoics valued tranquility and were aware of the power of others to disrupt it,
podríamos esperar que hubieran vivido como eremitas y que nos aconsejaran hacer lo mismo,
we could|to expect|that|they had|lived|as|hermits|and|that|us|they advised|to do|it|the same
we could expect that they would have lived as hermits and advised us to do the same,
pero no hicieron tal cosa. Creían que un ser humano era, por naturaleza, un animal
but|not|they did|such|thing|they believed|that|a|being|human|it was|by|nature|an|animal
but they did not do such a thing. They believed that a human being was, by nature, a social animal
social y que tenemos el deber de formar y mantener relaciones con otras personas, a
social|and|that|we have|the|duty|to|to form|and|to maintain|relationships|with|other|people|to
and that we have the duty to form and maintain relationships with other people, despite
pesar de los problemas que puedan derivarse de ellas. En las meditaciones, Marco Aurelio
in spite of|of|the|problems|that|they may|to arise|from|them|In|the|meditations|Marcus|Aurelius
the problems that may arise from them. In the meditations, Marcus Aurelius
explica la naturaleza de este deber social. Los dioses, dice, nos crearon por una razón,
explain|the|nature|of|this|duty|social|The|gods|he says|us|they created|for|a|reason
explains the nature of this social duty. The gods, he says, created us for a reason,
nos hicieron, señala, para cierto deber. Así como la función de una higuera es cumplir
to us|they made|it points out|for|certain|duty|Thus|as|the|function|of|a|fig tree|it is|to fulfill
they made us, he points out, for a certain duty. Just as the function of a fig tree is to fulfill
con la tarea de la higuera, la función de un perro es cumplir con la tarea del perro
with|the|task|of|the|fig tree|the|function|of|a|dog|it is|to fulfill|with|the|task|of the|dog
with the task of the fig tree, the function of a dog is to fulfill the task of the dog
y la función de la abeja es cumplir con la tarea de la abeja, la función de un ser humano
and|the|function|of|the|bee|it is|to fulfill|with|the|task|of|the|bee|the|function|of|a|being|human
and the function of the bee is to fulfill the task of the bee, the function of a human being
es cumplir con la tarea del ser humano, esto es, realizar la función para la que los
it is|to fulfill|with|the|task|of the|being|human|this|it is|to carry out|the|function|for|the|which|the
is to fulfill the task of the human being, that is, to perform the function for which the
dioses nos han creado, 2. ¿Cuál es, pues, la función de un ser humano? Los estoicos
gods|us|they have|created|What|is|then|the|function|of|a|being|human|The|Stoics
gods have created us, 2. What, then, is the function of a human being? The Stoics
piensan que nuestra función primordial es ser racionales. Para descubrir nuestras funciones
they think|that|our|function|primary|it is|to be|rational|To|to discover|our|functions
believe that our primary function is to be rational. To discover our functions
secundarias, tan solo hemos de aplicar nuestra capacidad de razonamiento. Descubriremos que
secondary|so|only|we have|to|to apply|our|capacity|of|reasoning|We will discover|that
secondary, we just have to apply our reasoning ability. We will discover that
hemos sido diseñados para vivir entre otras personas de modo mutuamente ventajoso, descubriremos,
we have|been|designed|to|live|among|other|people|in|way|mutually|advantageous|we will discover
we have been designed to live among other people in a mutually beneficial way, we will discover,
dice Musonio, que, la naturaleza humana se asemeja a la de las abejas. Una abeja no puede
he says|Musonius|that|the|nature|human|itself|it resembles|to|the|of|the|bees|A|bee|not|it can
says Musonius, that human nature is similar to that of bees. A bee cannot
vivir sola, muere si se queda aislada, 3, descubriremos, como señala Marco Aurelio,
to live|alone|she dies|if|herself|she stays|isolated|we will discover|how|he points out|Marcus|Aurelius
live alone, it dies if it remains isolated, we will discover, as Marcus Aurelius points out,
que, el compañerismo es el propósito que se oculta detrás de nuestra creación. Así
that|the|camaraderie|it is|the|purpose|that|itself|it hides|behind|of|our|creation|Thus
that companionship is the purpose that lies behind our creation. So
pues, una persona que cumple con la función de ser humano será racional y social, 4.
because|a|person|that|it fulfills|with|the|function|of|to be|human|it will be|rational|and|social
Well, a person who fulfills the function of being human will be rational and social, 4.
Para cumplir con mi deber social, mi deber con los de mi especie, debo preocuparme por
to|fulfill|with|my|duty|social|my|duty|with|the|of|my|species|I must|to worry myself|about
To fulfill my social duty, my duty to my kind, I must care about
toda la humanidad. Debo recordar que los seres humanos hemos sido creados para los
all|the|humanity|I must|to remember|that|the|beings|human|we have|been|created|for|the
all of humanity. I must remember that human beings have been created for the
demás, hemos nacido, dice Marco, para trabajar juntos, como hacen nuestras manos o nuestras
others|we have|born|says|Marco|to|to work|together|as|they do|our|hands|or|
others, we have been born, says Marco, to work together, as our hands or our
pestañas. Por lo tanto, en todo lo que hago mi objetivo debe ser, el servicio y la armonía
tabs|For|it|therefore|in|everything|what|that|I do|my|objective|it must|to be|the|service|and|the|harmony
eyelashes do. Therefore, in everything I do, my goal must be service and harmony.
de todo. Más exactamente, estoy obligado a hacer el bien a mis hermanos humanos y a
of|everything|More|exactly|I am|obliged|to|to do|the|good|to|my|brothers|human|and|to
of everything. More precisely, I am obliged to do good to my human brothers and to
tolerarlos, punto, 5. Y cuando cumplo con mi deber social, afirma Marco Aurelio, debo
to tolerate them|point|And|when|I fulfill|with|my|duty|social|he affirms|Marco|Aurelius|I must
tolerate them, period, 5. And when I fulfill my social duty, Marcus Aurelius states, I must
hacerlo en silencio y con eficiencia. Idealmente, un estoico debe ser tan inconsciente de los
to do it|in|silence|and|with|efficiency|Ideally|a|stoic|he/she must|to be|so|unaware|of|the
do it quietly and efficiently. Ideally, a Stoic should be as unaware of the
servicios que presta a los demás como la vid cuando ofrece un racimo, de uvas al viticultor.
services|that|it provides|to|the|others|like|the|vine|when|it offers|a|bunch|of|grapes|to the|winemaker
services they provide to others as the vine when it offers a bunch of grapes to the vintner.
No se jactará del servicio que acaba de prestar, sino que realizará el siguiente servicio,
not|himself/herself|he/she will boast|of the|service|that|he/she just|of|to provide|but|that|he/she will carry out|the|next|
They will not boast about the service they have just rendered, but will perform the next service,
tal como la vid sigue produciendo uvas. Por lo tanto, Marco Aurelio nos aconseja cumplir
as|like|the|vine|it continues|producing|grapes|For|it|therefore|Marcus|Aurelius|us|he advises|to fulfill
just as the vine continues to produce grapes. Therefore, Marcus Aurelius advises us to fulfill
con resolución los deberes para los que los seres humanos hemos sido creados. Nada más,
with|resolution|the|duties|for|the|that|the|beings|human|we have|been|created|Nothing|more
our duties with determination for which human beings were created. Nothing else,
dice, debería distraernos. De hecho, al despertar por la mañana, en lugar de yacer
it says|it should|distract us|In|fact|upon|waking|in|the|morning|in|place|of|to lie
he says, should distract us. In fact, upon waking in the morning, instead of lying
perezosamente en la cama, hemos de levantarnos para cumplir con las tareas propias del ser
lazily|in|the|bed|we have|to|to get up|to|to fulfill|with|the|tasks|own|of the|being
lazily in bed, we must get up to fulfill the tasks proper to being
humano, aquellas para las que fuimos creados, 6. Debe quedar claro que Marco Aurelio rechaza
human|those|for|the|that|we were|created|It must|to remain|clear|that|Marco|Aurelius|he rejects
human, those for which we were created. 6. It should be clear that Marcus Aurelius rejects
cumplir con nuestro deber social de forma selectiva. En particular, no podemos simplemente
to fulfill|with|our|duty|social|of|way|selective|In|particular|not|we can|simply
fulfill our social duty selectively. In particular, we cannot simply
evitar tener tratos con personas enojosas, aunque eso haría que nuestra vida fuera
to avoid|having|dealings|with|people|annoying|although|that|it would make|that|our|life|it would be
avoid dealing with annoying people, even though that would make our lives
más fácil. Ni podemos capitular ante esas personas enojosas para evitar la discordia.
easier|easy|Nor|we can|to capitulate|before|those|people|annoying|to|to avoid|the|discord
easier. Nor can we capitulate to those annoying people to avoid discord.
Por el contrario, declara Marco Aurelio, hemos de tratar con ellas y trabajar para el bien
for|the|contrary|declares|Marco|Aurelius|we have|to|to deal|with|them|and|to work|for|the|good
On the contrary, declares Marcus Aurelius, we must deal with them and work for the common
común. De hecho, deberíamos mostrar un verdadero amor hacia las personas que el destino ha
common|in|fact|we should|to show|a|true|love|towards|the|people|that|the|destiny|it has
good. In fact, we should show a true love towards the people that fate has
puesto en nuestro camino. 7. Es sorprendente que Marco Aurelio ofrezca
placed|in|our|path|It is|surprising|that|Marcus|Aurelius|he offers
placed in our path. 7. It is surprising that Marcus Aurelius offers
este consejo. Los estoicos difieren en qué aspecto de la práctica del estoicismo resulta
this|advice|The|Stoics|they differ|in|what|aspect|of|the|practice|of the|Stoicism|it results
this advice. The Stoics differ on which aspect of Stoic practice poses
un desafío mayor. Por ejemplo, a algunos les parece más difícil dejar de vivir en
a|challenge|greater|For|example|to|some|to them|it seems|more|difficult|to stop|from|living|in
the greatest challenge. For example, some find it more difficult to stop living in
el pasado, a otros, superar su deseo de fama y fortuna. Sin embargo, el mayor obstáculo
the|past|to|others|to overcome|their|desire|of|fame|and|fortune|Without|however|the|greatest|obstacle
the past, while others struggle to overcome their desire for fame and fortune. However, the greatest obstacle
a la práctica del estoicismo de Marco Aurelio parece haber sido su intensa aversión a la
to|the|practice|of|stoicism|of|Marcus|Aurelius|it seems|to have|been|his|intense|aversion|to|
to Marcus Aurelius's practice of Stoicism seems to have been his intense aversion to the
humanidad, de hecho, a lo largo de las meditaciones, Marco Aurelio abunda en lo poco que piensa
humanity|of|fact|to|the|length|of|the|meditations|Marcus|Aurelius|he/she/it abounds|in|the|little|that|he/she thinks
humanity, in fact, throughout the meditations, Marcus Aurelius elaborates on how little he thinks
en sus conciudadanos. Antes he citado su consejo de empezar cada día recordándonos lo molestas
in|their|fellow citizens|Before|I|cited|its|advice|to|to begin|each|day|reminding us|how|annoying
of his fellow citizens. I have previously quoted his advice to start each day by reminding ourselves how annoying
que iban a ser las personas con las que, nos vamos a encontrar, recordándonos su interferencia,
that|they were|to|to be|the|people|with|the|that|us|we are going|to|to meet|reminding us|their|interference
the people we are going to meet will be, reminding us of their interference,
ingratitud, insolencia, deslealtad, mala voluntad y egoísmo. Si este juicio sobre la humanidad
ingratitude|insolence|disloyalty|bad|will|and|selfishness|If|this|judgment|about|the|humanity
ingratitude, insolence, disloyalty, ill will, and selfishness. If this judgment about humanity
nos parece duro, no tendremos que buscar muy lejos para encontrar otros aún más duros.
it seems to us|it seems|hard|not|we will have|to|to search|very|far|to|to find|others|even|more|harder
seems harsh to us, we won't have to look far to find others that are even harsher.
Marco Aurelio dice que es difícil tratar incluso con el más agradable de nuestros
Marcus|Aurelius|he says|that|it is|difficult|to deal|even|with|the|most|pleasant|of|our
Marcus Aurelius says that it is difficult to deal even with the most pleasant of our
compañeros. Observa que cuando alguien pretenda ser totalmente franco con nosotros, deberíamos
companions|Observe|that|when|someone|pretends|to be|totally|frank|with|us|we should
companions. He notes that when someone pretends to be completely frank with us, we should
estar atentos a una daga oculta, 8. En otro lugar, el emperador sugiere que cuando nuestra
to be|alert|to|a|dagger|hidden|In|another|place|the|emperor|he suggests|that|when|our
be on the lookout for a hidden dagger.
muerte se acerque, podemos apaciguar nuestra angustia al dejar este mundo tomándonos un
death|itself|approaches|we can|to calm|our|anguish|by|leaving|this|world|by taking ourselves|a
Elsewhere, the emperor suggests that when our
momento para reflexionar sobre todas las, personas irritantes con las que no tendremos
moment|to|reflect|on|all|the|people|irritating|with|the|that|not|we will have
death approaches, we can ease our distress at leaving this world by taking a moment to reflect on all the irritating people we will no longer have to deal with.
que tratar cuando nos hayamos marchado. Dice que también deberíamos pensar en que muchos
that|to deal|when|ourselves|we have|left|He/She says|that|also|we should|to think|about|that|many
to deal with when we have left. He says we should also think about how many
de los compañeros con los que hemos trabajado tan duro se alegrarán, de nuestra desaparición.
of|the|colleagues|with|the|that|we have|worked|so|hard|themselves|they will rejoice|at|our|disappearance
of the colleagues we have worked so hard with will be glad about our disappearance.
Su disgusto hacia el resto de los seres humanos se resume sumariamente en el siguiente pasaje.
his/her|disgust|towards|the|rest|of|the|beings|human|itself|it summarizes|summarily|in|the|following|passage
His disgust towards the rest of humanity is summed up in the following passage.
Comer, dormir, copular, excretar y demás, menuda pandilla.
to eat|to sleep|to copulate|to excrete|and|others|what a|gang
Eat, sleep, copulate, excrete, and so on, what a bunch.
9. Lo significativo es que, a pesar de esta sensación de disgusto, Marco Aurelio no dio
the|significant|it is|that|to|in spite|of|this|feeling|of|disgust|Marco|Aurelius|not|he gave
9. The significant thing is that, despite this feeling of disgust, Marcus Aurelius did not give
la espalda a sus conciudadanos. Por ejemplo, podría haber tenido una vida mucho más fácil
the|back|to|his/her|fellow citizens|For|example|it could|to have|had|a|life|much|more|easy
turning his back on his fellow citizens. For example, he could have had a much easier life
de haber delegado sus responsabilidades imperiales en subordinados, o de haberse limitado a que
of|having|delegated|his/her|responsibilities|imperial|in|subordinates|or|of|having|limited|to|that
if he had delegated his imperial responsibilities to subordinates, or if he had limited himself to not caring about anything,
nada le importara, pero prevaleció su sentido del deber, de hecho, se ganó una reputación
nothing|to him/her|it will matter|but|it prevailed|his/her|sense|of the|duty|of|fact|himself/herself|he/she earned|a|reputation
but his sense of duty prevailed; in fact, he earned a reputation
por el, celo incansable con el que ejercía los deberes de su gran posición.10. Y mientras
for|the|zeal|tireless|with|the|that|he/she exercised|the|duties|of|his/her|great|position|And|while
for the tireless zeal with which he carried out the duties of his great position. 10. And meanwhile,
tanto, trabajó duro no solo para formar y mantener las relaciones con los demás, sino
so much|he/she worked|hard|not|only|to|to form|and|to maintain|the|relationships|with|the|others|but
he worked hard not only to form and maintain relationships with others, but
para amarlos. Naturalmente, los lectores modernos se preguntarán cómo Marco Aurelio fue capaz
to|love them|Naturally|the|readers|modern|themselves|they will ask|how|Marcus|Aurelius|he was|capable
to love them. Naturally, modern readers will wonder how Marcus Aurelius was able
de realizar esta hazaña, cómo fue capaz de superar su disgusto hacia los otros seres
to|accomplish|this|feat|how|he/she was|able|to|to overcome|his/her|displeasure|towards|the|other|beings
to accomplish this feat, how he was able to overcome his disgust towards other beings
humanos y trabajar en su beneficio. Parte de la razón por la que nos maravillamos ante
humans|and|to work|in|their|benefit|Part|of|the|reason|for|the|that|us|we marvel|at
and work for their benefit. Part of the reason we marvel at
los logros de Marco Aurelio se explica porque nosotros tenemos, una noción diferente del
the|achievements|of|Marcus|Aurelius|himself|it explains|because|we|we have|a|notion|different|of the
the achievements of Marcus Aurelius is explained because we have a different notion of
deber. Lo que a la mayoría nos motiva a cumplir con nuestro deber es el temor a ser castigados,
duty|what|that|to|the|majority|us|it motivates|to|to fulfill|with|our|duty|it is|the|fear|to|to be|punished
duty. What motivates most of us to fulfill our duty is the fear of being punished,
tal vez por Dios, por nuestro gobierno o por nuestro jefe, si no lo hacemos así. Sin embargo,
maybe|for|for|God|for|our|government|or|for|our|boss|if|not|it|we do|this way|Without|however
perhaps for God, for our government, or for our boss, if we do not do it this way. However,
lo que motivaba a Marco Aurelio no era el miedo al castigo, sino la perspectiva de una
what|that|motivated|to|Marcus|Aurelius|not|it was|the|fear|of the|punishment|but|the|perspective|of|a
what motivated Marcus Aurelius was not the fear of punishment, but the prospect of a
La recompensa en cuestión no es el agradecimiento de aquellos a quienes ayudamos. Marco Aurelio
the|reward|in|question|not|it is|the|gratitude|of|those|to|whom|we help|Marcus|Aurelius
The reward in question is not the gratitude of those we help. Marcus Aurelius
asegura no esperar las gracias por los servicios prestados, así como un caballo no espera
he/she ensures|not|to expect|the|thanks|for|the|services|rendered|as|as|a|horse|not|it expects
claims not to expect thanks for the services rendered, just as a horse does not expect
agradecimiento por las carreras en las que participa. Tampoco busca la admiración de los
gratitude|for|the|races|in|the|which|he/she participates|Neither|he/she seeks|the|admiration|of|the
gratitude for the races in which it participates. Nor does it seek the admiration of the
demás, ni siquiera su simpatía, 11, por el contrario, la recompensa por cumplir con nuestro
others|not|even|his/her|sympathy|for|the|on the contrary|the|reward|for|to fulfill|with|our
others, not even their sympathy, 11, on the contrary, the reward for fulfilling our
deber social, afirma Marco Aurelio, es algo muy superior al agradecimiento, la admiración o la
duty|social|affirms|Marcus|Aurelius|it is|something|very|superior|to the|gratitude|the|admiration|or|
social duty, says Marcus Aurelius, is something far superior to gratitude, admiration, or
simpatía, como hemos visto, el emperador estoico creía que los dioses nos crearon con una cierta
sympathy|as|we have|seen|the|emperor|stoic|he believed|that|the|gods|us|they created|with|a|certain
sympathy, as we have seen, the Stoic emperor believed that the gods created us with a certain
función social en mente. También pensaba que cuando nos crearon, se aseguraron de que si
function|social|in|mind|Also|I thought|that|when|us|they created|itself|they ensured|that|that|if
social function in mind. He also thought that when they created us, they ensured that if
cumplíamos con esta función experimentaríamos una gran serenidad y disfrutaríamos de, todas las
we fulfilled|with|this|function|we would experience|a|great|serenity|and|we would enjoy|of|all|the
we fulfilled this function we would experience great serenity and enjoy, all the
cosas de nuestro agrado. De hecho, si hacemos todo aquello para lo que estamos diseñados,
things|of|our|liking|In|fact|if|we do|everything|that|for|it|that|we are|designed
things that please us. In fact, if we do everything we are designed for,
asegura Marco Aurelio, gozaremos de la, verdadera satisfacción del hombre, punto, 12, pero una parte
Marco Aurelio|||we will enjoy|of|the|true|satisfaction|of the|man|point|but|a|part
Marcus Aurelius assures, we will enjoy the true satisfaction of man, point, 12, but an important part
importante de esa función, como hemos visto, consiste en trabajar con y para nuestros conciudadanos.
important|of|that|function|as|we have|seen|it consists|in|to work|with|and|for|our|fellow citizens
of that function, as we have seen, consists of working with and for our fellow citizens.
Por lo tanto, Marco Aurelio concluye que cumplir con este deber social le aportará las mejores
for|it|therefore|Marcus|Aurelius|he concludes|that|to fulfill|with|this|duty|social|to him|it will bring|the|best
Therefore, Marcus Aurelius concludes that fulfilling this social duty will provide the best
posibilidades para disfrutar de, una buena vida. Para el emperador, esta es la recompensa por
possibilities|to|enjoy|of|a|good|life|For|the|emperor|this|it is|the|reward|for
opportunities to enjoy a good life. For the emperor, this is the reward for
cumplir con el propio deber, una buena vida, entiendo que para muchos lectores esta forma
to fulfill|with|the|one's own|duty|a|good|life|I understand|that|for|many|readers|this|way
fulfilling one's duty, a good life, I understand that for many readers this way
de razonar es insostenible. Insistirán en que el deber es enemigo de la felicidad y que, en
of|reasoning|it is|unsustainable|They will insist|that|that|the|duty|it is|enemy|of|the|happiness|and|that|in
of reasoning is unsustainable. They will insist that duty is the enemy of happiness and that, in
consecuencia, la mejor manera de disfrutar de una buena vida es escapar a toda forma de deber. En
consequence|the|best|way|to|to enjoy|of|a|good|life|it is|to escape|to|all|form|of|duty|In
consequence, the best way to enjoy a good life is to escape all forms of duty. Instead of
lugar de pasarnos el tiempo haciendo lo que tenemos que hacer, deberíamos invertirlo haciendo lo que
instead|of|spending|the|time|doing|what|that|we have|to|to do|we should|invest it|doing|what|
spending our time doing what we have to do, we should invest it doing what we
queremos hacer. En el capítulo 20 volveré sobre esta cuestión. Por ahora, me limito a decir esto,
we want|to do|In|the|chapter|I will return|on|this|issue|For|now|I|I limit|to|to say|this
want to do. In chapter 20 I will return to this issue. For now, I limit myself to saying this,
a lo largo de los milenios y en diversas culturas, quienes han pensado minuciosamente en el deseo han
along|the|length|of|the|millennia|and|in|various|cultures|those who|they have|thought|meticulously|about|the|desire|they have
throughout the millennia and in various cultures, those who have thought carefully about desire have
llegado a la conclusión de que invertir nuestro tiempo, trabajando para conseguir lo que deseamos
having arrived|at|the|conclusion|that|to|to invest|our|time|working|to|to achieve|what|that|we desire
come to the conclusion that investing our time, working to achieve what we desire
probablemente no nos aportará ni felicidad ni serenidad. 10. Relaciones sociales. Tratar con
probably|not|to us|it will bring|nor|happiness|nor|serenity|Relationships|social|To deal|with
will probably not bring us either happiness or serenity. 10. Social relationships. Dealing with
otras personas. Los estoicos, he de ser claro al respecto, se enfrentan a un dilema. Si se asocian
other|people|The|Stoics|I|to|to be|clear|about|it|themselves|they face|a|a|dilemma|If|themselves|they associate
other people. The Stoics, I must be clear about this, face a dilemma. If they associate
con otras personas, corren el riesgo de que su serenidad se vea perturbada, si preservan su
with|other|people|they run|the|risk|of|that|their|serenity|itself|it sees|disturbed|if|they preserve|their
with other people, they run the risk of their serenity being disturbed, if they preserve their
tranquilidad rehuyendo a otras personas, no cumplirán con su deber social de formar y mantener
tranquility|avoiding|to|other|people|not|they will fulfill|with|their|duty|social|to|to form|and|to maintain
tranquility avoiding other people, they will not fulfill their social duty to form and maintain
relaciones. Por lo tanto, la pregunta es la siguiente, ¿cómo preservar la serenidad a la
relationships|For|it|therefore|the|question|it is|the|following|how|to preserve|the|serenity|to|the
relationships. Therefore, the question is the following: how to preserve serenity while
vez que se interactúa con los demás? Los estoicos pensaron mucho en esta cuestión. En el proceso de
time|that|oneself|one interacts|with|the|others|The|Stoics|they thought|a lot|about|this|question|In|the|process|of
interacting with others? The Stoics thought a lot about this issue. In the process of
elaboración de una respuesta, desarrollaron todo un cuerpo de consejos para relacionarnos con los
elaboration|of|a|response|they developed|all|a|body|of|advice|to|to relate|with|the
developing an answer, they developed a whole body of advice for relating to others.
demás. Para empezar, los estoicos recomendaban preparar nuestra interacción con los demás antes
others|To|begin|the|Stoics|they recommended|to prepare|our|interaction|with|the|others|before
To begin with, the Stoics recommended preparing our interaction with others beforehand.
de que esta se produjera. Así, Epicteto nos aconseja formar un cierto carácter y patrón,
of|that||itself|it produced|Thus|Epictetus|to us|he advises|to form|a|certain|character|and|pattern
that it would occur. Thus, Epictetus advises us to form a certain character and pattern,
para nosotros cuando estamos solos. Luego, cuando nos asociemos con otras personas,
for|us|when|we are|alone|Then|when|ourselves|we associate|with|other|people
for ourselves when we are alone. Then, when we associate with other people,
hemos de ser fieles a lo que somos, 1. Como hemos visto, los estoicos piensan que no podemos ser
we have|to|to be|faithful|to|what|that|we are|As|we have|seen|the|Stoics|they think|that|not|we can|to be
we must be true to who we are. 1. As we have seen, the Stoics believe that we cannot be
selectivos al cumplir nuestro deber social, a veces tendremos que asociarnos con personas
selective|when|fulfilling|our|duty|social|to|sometimes|we will have|to|to associate ourselves|with|people
selective in fulfilling our social duty; sometimes we will have to associate with irritating,
irritantes, equivocadas o maliciosas a fin de trabajar para el interés común. Sin embargo,
irritating|mistaken|or|malicious|in|order|to|to work|for|the|interest|common|Without|however
wrong, or malicious people in order to work for the common good. However,
sí podemos ser selectivos en las relaciones de amistad. Por lo tanto, los estoicos recomiendan
yes|we can|to be|selective|in|the|relationships|of|friendship|For|it|therefore|the|Stoics|they recommend
yes, we can be selective in friendships. Therefore, the Stoics recommend
evitar trabar amistad con personas cuyos valores han sido corrompidos, por temor a que sus valores
to avoid|to form|friendship|with|people|whose|values|they have|been|corrupted|for|fear|to|that|their|
avoiding friendship with people whose values have been corrupted, for fear that their values
nos contaminen. Al contrario, hemos de buscar como amigos a aquellos que comparten nuestros valores,
us|they contaminate|On|the contrary|we have|to|to seek|as|friends|to|those|that|they share|our|values
might contaminate us. On the contrary, we should seek as friends those who share our values,
correctos y estoicos, y, en particular, a aquellos que realizan una mejor tarea que nosotros a la
correct|and|stoic||in|particular|to|those|that|they perform|a|better|task|than|we|at|the
correct and Stoic, and, in particular, those who do a better job than we do at
hora de vivir de acuerdo con esos valores. Y mientras disfrutamos de la compañía de estos
time|to|to live|according||with|those|values|And|while|we enjoy|of|the|company|of|these
living according to those values. And while we enjoy the company of these
individuos, debemos trabajar duro para aprender todo lo que podamos de ellos. Los vicios,
individuals|we must|to work|hard|to|to learn|everything|it|that|we can|about|them|The|vices
Individuals, we must work hard to learn everything we can from them. Vices,
advierte Seneca, son contagiosos, se extienden, rápida e inadvertidamente, desde aquellos que
he warns|Seneca|they are|contagious|themselves|they spread|quickly|and|inadvertently|from|those|who
Seneca warns, are contagious, spreading quickly and unnoticed from those who
los poseen a aquellos con los que entran en contacto, 2, Epicteto repite este consejo.
those|they possess|to|those|with|the|that|they enter|into|contact|Epictetus|he repeats|this|advice
possess them to those with whom they come into contact, 2, Epictetus repeats this advice.
Si pasas tiempo con una persona inmunda, tú también llegarás a ser inmundo, 3, en concreto,
if|you spend|time|with|a|person|filthy|you|also|you will become|to|to be|filthy|in|specifically
If you spend time with a filthy person, you too will become filthy, 3, specifically,
si nos asociamos con individuos con deseos malsanos, existe el peligro real de que pronto
if|we|we associate|with|individuals|with|desires|unhealthy|there exists|the|danger|real|of|that|soon
if we associate with individuals with unhealthy desires, there is a real danger that soon
descubramos deseos similares en nosotros mismos, y en consecuencia, nuestra serenidad se verá
let us discover|desires|similar|in|ourselves|ourselves|and|in|consequence|our|serenity|itself|it will see
let's discover similar desires within ourselves, and consequently, our serenity will be
perturbada. Por lo tanto, siempre que sea posible, deberíamos evitar asociarnos con
disturbed|for|it|therefore|always|that|it is|possible|we should|to avoid|associating ourselves|with
disturbed. Therefore, whenever possible, we should avoid associating with
personas cuyos valores han sido corrompidos, así como deberíamos evitar, por ejemplo,
people|whose|values|they have|been|corrupted|as|as|we should|to avoid|for|example
people whose values have been corrupted, just as we should avoid, for example,
besar a quien tiene gripe. Además de aconsejarnos evitar a las personas con vicios, Seneca añade
to kiss|to|whom|he/she has|flu|In addition|to|to advise us|to avoid|to|the|people|with|vices|Seneca|he adds
kissing someone who has the flu. In addition to advising us to avoid people with vices, Seneca adds
sortear a la gente quejumbrosa, siempre melancólica y que se lamenta de todo, que encuentra placer en
to dodge|the|the|people|complaining|always|melancholic|and|that|itself|it laments|about|everything|that|it finds|pleasure|in
to steer clear of whiny people, always melancholic and lamenting everything, who find pleasure in
cada oportunidad para quejarse. Se justifica observando que un compañero, siempre molesto
every|opportunity|to|complain|It|justifies|observing|that|a|colleague|always|annoying
every opportunity to complain. It is justified by observing that a colleague, always annoyed
y que se lamenta por todo es un enemigo de la serenidad, 4, por su parte, en su famoso diccionario,
and|that|himself/herself|he/she laments|for|everything|he/she is|an|enemy|of|the|serenity|for|his/her|part|in|his/her|famous|dictionary
and lamenting about everything is an enemy of serenity, 4, for his part, in his famous dictionary,
Samuel Johnson incluye un maravilloso término para estos individuos, un buscapenas es,
Samuel|Johnson|he includes|a|wonderful|term|for|these|individuals|a|stone seeker|it is
Samuel Johnson includes a wonderful term for these individuals, a "buscapenas" is,
según explica, aquel que se esfuerza por encontrar disgustos, punto, 5. Además de ser selectivos con
according to|he/she explains|he who|that|himself/herself|he/she strives|to|to find|displeasures|point|In addition|to|to be|selective|with
as he explains, one who strives to find displeasures, period, 5. In addition to being selective with
las personas a las que concedemos nuestra amistad, los estoicos también dicen que deberíamos ser
the|people|to|the|that|we grant|our|friendship|the|stoics|also|they say|that|we should|to be
the people to whom we grant our friendship, the Stoics also say that we should be
selectivos respecto a las funciones sociales que atendemos, a menos que el deber social nos
selective|regarding|to|the|functions|social|that|we attend|to|unless|that|the|duty|social|us
selective regarding the social functions we attend, unless social duty requires us to attend them.
exija atenderlas. Por ejemplo, Epicteto recomienda evitar banquetes organizados por no filósofos.
to demand|to attend to them|for|example|Epictetus|he recommends|to avoid|banquets|organized|by|non|philosophers
For example, Epictetus recommends avoiding banquets organized by non-philosophers.
También nos aconseja ser prudentes en nuestra conversación a la hora de socializar. La gente
also|us|it advises|to be|prudent|in|our|conversation|at|the|time|of|to socialize|The|people
He also advises us to be prudent in our conversation when socializing. People
tiende a hablar de ciertas cosas, en la época de Epicteto, nos dice, hablaban de gladiadores,
it tends|to|to talk|about|certain|things|in|the|era|of|Epictetus|to us|it says|they talked|about|gladiators
tend to talk about certain things; in the time of Epictetus, he tells us, they talked about gladiators,
carreras de caballos, atletas, comida y bebida, y sobre todo, de otras personas. Cuando participamos
horse races|of|horses|athletes|food|and|drink||about|everything|of|other|people|When|we participate
horse races, athletes, food and drink, and above all, about other people. When we participate
de un grupo que conversa sobre estos temas, Epicteto recomienda guardar silencio o expresarse
of|a|group|that|converses|about|these|topics|Epictetus|he recommends|to keep|silence|or|to express oneself
of a group that discusses these topics, Epictetus recommends keeping silent or expressing oneself
con pocas palabras, opcionalmente, podemos intentar desviar sutilmente la conversación
with|few|words|optionally|we can|to try|to divert|subtly|the|conversation
in few words, optionally, we can try to subtly steer the conversation
hacia un tema apropiado, punto, 6. No cabe duda de que este último consejo está un poco desfasado,
towards|a|topic|appropriate|point|No|there is|doubt|that|that|this|last|advice|it is|a|a little|outdated
towards an appropriate topic, point 6. There is no doubt that this last piece of advice is somewhat outdated,
la gente ya no habla de gladiadores, aunque, significativamente, sigue hablando de carreras
the|people|no|not|they talk|about|gladiators|although|significantly|they continue|talking|about|races
people no longer talk about gladiators, although, significantly, they still talk about horse racing
de caballos, atletas, comida y bebida, y por supuesto, de otras personas. Pero los individuos
of|horses|athletes|food|and|drink||for|sure|of|other|people|But|the|individuals
athletes, food and drink, and of course, other people. But individuals
modernos sí pueden aplicar el núcleo de los consejos que ofrece Epicteto. Es permisible,
modern|yes|they can|to apply|the|core|of|the|advice|that|it offers|Epictetus|It is|permissible
modern individuals can indeed apply the core of the advice offered by Epictetus. It is permissible,
de hecho, a veces es necesario, que socialicemos con, no filósofos, es decir, con individuos que
in|fact|to|sometimes|it is|necessary|that|we socialize|with|not|philosophers|it is|to say|with|individuals|that
in fact, sometimes it is necessary, that we socialize with, not philosophers, that is, with individuals who
no comparten nuestros valores estoicos. Sin embargo, hemos de tener cuidado, después de todo,
not|they share|our|values|stoic|Without|however|we have|to|to have|care|after|of|everything
do not share our stoic values. However, we must be careful, after all,
existe el peligro de que sus valores contaminen los nuestros y por lo tanto entorpezcan nuestra
there exists|the|danger|that|that|their|values|they contaminate|our|ours|and|for|it|therefore|they hinder|our
there is the danger that their values may contaminate ours and therefore hinder our
práctica del estoicismo. ¿Qué ocurre con esas ocasiones en las que, para cumplir nuestro deber
practice|of|stoicism|What|happens|with|those|occasions|in|the|that|to|to fulfill|our|duty
practice of stoicism. What happens in those occasions when, to fulfill our duty
social, hemos de tratar con personajes enojosos? ¿Cómo evitar que perturben nuestra tranquilidad?
social|we have|to|to deal|with|characters|annoying|How|to avoid|that|they disturb|our|tranquility
social, do we have to deal with annoying characters? How can we avoid them disturbing our peace?
Marco Aurelio recomienda que, al interactuar con una persona irritante, tengamos presente
Marcus|Aurelius|he recommends|that|when|interacting|with|an|person|irritating|we have|in mind
Marcus Aurelius recommends that, when interacting with an irritating person, we keep in mind
que sin duda nosotros somos irritantes para otros. En líneas generales, cuando nos irriten los
that|without|doubt|we|we are|irritating|for|others|In|lines|general|when|us|they irritate|the
that we are undoubtedly irritating to others. Generally speaking, when we are irritated by the
defectos de otra persona, deberíamos detenernos a reflexionar sobre nuestros propios defectos.
defects|of|another|person|we should|to stop ourselves|to|to reflect|about|our|own|defects
flaws of another person, we should pause to reflect on our own flaws.
Así seremos más empáticos con los fallos del individuo en cuestión y seremos más tolerantes
this way|we will be|more|empathetic|with|the|failures|of the|individual|in|question|and|we will be|more|tolerant
This way we will be more empathetic towards the shortcomings of the individual in question and we will be more tolerant.
con él. Al tratar con una persona enojosa, también es útil tener presente que casi
with|him|when|dealing|with|a|person|annoying|also|it is|useful|to have|in mind|that|almost
with him. When dealing with an annoying person, it is also helpful to keep in mind that almost
invariablemente nuestro disgusto nos resultará más perjudicial que los actos del individuo en
invariably|our|displeasure|to us|it will result|more|harmful|than|the|acts|of the|individual|in
invariably our displeasure will be more harmful to us than the actions of the individual in
cuestión, siete, en otras palabras, si nos abandonamos al disgusto, no haremos más que
question|seven|in|other|words|if|ourselves|we abandon|to the|displeasure|not|we will do|more|than
question, seven, in other words, if we give in to displeasure, we will only
empeorar las cosas. Marco Aurelio también sugiere que podemos reducir el impacto negativo de otras
to worsen|the|things|Marcus|Aurelius|also|he suggests|that|we can|to reduce|the|impact|negative|of|others
make things worse. Marcus Aurelius also suggests that we can reduce the negative impact of others
personas en nuestra vida, controlando nuestros pensamientos sobre ellas. Por ejemplo, aconseja
people|in|our|life|controlling|our|thoughts|about|them|For|example|it advises
on our lives by controlling our thoughts about them. For example, he advises
no perder el tiempo especulando sobre qué hacen, dicen, piensan o traman nuestros vecinos. Tampoco
not|to waste|the|time|speculating|about|what|they do|they say|they think|or|they plot|our|neighbors|Neither
not to waste time speculating about what our neighbors do, say, think, or plot. Neither should
deberíamos permitir que nuestra mente se genere imaginaciones sensuales, celos, envidia, sospechas
we should|to allow|that|our|mind|itself|it generates|imaginations|sensual|jealousy|envy|suspicions
we allow our minds to generate sensual imaginations, jealousy, envy, suspicions
o cualquier otro sentimiento, respecto a ellos que nos ruborizaría admitir. Un buen estoico,
or|any|other|feeling|regarding|to|them|that|us|it would embarrass|to admit|A|good|stoic
or any other feeling regarding them that would make us blush to admit. A good Stoic,
afirma Marco Aurelio, no pensará en lo que piensan los demás salvo cuando debe hacerlo a fin de
he affirms|Marcus|Aurelius|not|he will think|about|it|that|they think|the|others|except|when|he must|to do it|in|order|to
Marcus Aurelius asserts, will not think about what others think unless it is necessary to
servir al interés público, ocho. Y lo más importante, Marco Aurelio cree que nos resultará
to serve|the|interest|public|eight|And|it|more|important|Marco|Aurelius|he believes|that|to us|it will result
serve the public interest, eight. And most importantly, Marcus Aurelius believes that it will be
más fácil tratar con personas insolentes si tenemos presente que el mundo no, puede existir
easier|easy|to deal|with|people|insolent|if|we have|in mind|that|the|world|not|it can|to exist
it is easier to deal with insolent people if we keep in mind that the world cannot exist
sin estos individuos. El emperador nos recuerda que la gente no elige sus defectos. En consecuencia,
without|these|individuals|The|emperor|us|he reminds|that|the|people|not|they choose|their|defects|In|consequence
without these individuals. The emperor reminds us that people do not choose their flaws. Consequently,
en cierto sentido, aquellos que nos irritan no pueden evitar hacerlo. Por lo tanto, es inevitable
in|a certain|sense|those|who|us|they irritate|not|they can|to avoid|doing it|For|it|therefore|it is|inevitable
in a certain sense, those who irritate us cannot help it. Therefore, it is inevitable
que algunas personas nos resulten irritantes, esperar otra cosa, continúa Marco Aurelio, es
that|some|people|us|they turn out to be|irritating|to expect|another|thing|he continues|Marcus|Aurelius|it is
that some people will annoy us; to expect otherwise, continues Marcus Aurelius, is
como esperar que una higuera no espela su jugo. Así, si nos sorprende o perturba que un necio se
as|to expect|that|a|fig tree|not|it exudes|its|juice|Thus|if|us|it surprises|or|it disturbs|that|a|fool|himself/herself
like expecting a fig tree not to exude its sap. Thus, if we are surprised or disturbed that a fool
comporte neciamente, deberíamos culparnos únicamente a nosotros mismos, tendríamos que
I behave|foolishly|we should|to blame ourselves|only|to|ourselves|ourselves|we would have|to
if we behave foolishly, we should only blame ourselves, we should
haber estado avisados, nueve. Como hemos visto, Marco Aurelio defiende el fatalismo, como otros
to have|been|warned|nine|As|we have|seen|Marcus|Aurelius|he defends|the|fatalism|like|others
have been warned, nine. As we have seen, Marcus Aurelius defends fatalism, like other
estoicos. Lo que el emperador parece defender en los pasajes que acabamos de citar es un tipo
Stoics|what|that|the|emperor|he seems|to defend|in|the|passages|that|we have|of|to cite|it is|a|type
stoics. What the emperor seems to defend in the passages we have just quoted is a type
especial de fatalismo que, podríamos llamar fatalismo social, en nuestro trato con los demás,
special|of|fatalism|that|we could|to call|fatalism|social|in|our|dealing|with|the|others
of special fatalism that we could call social fatalism, in our dealings with others,
deberíamos conducirnos desde el supuesto de que están condenados a comportarse de
we should|conduct ourselves|from|the|assumption|that|they|they are|condemned|to|to behave|in
we should conduct ourselves from the assumption that they are doomed to behave in a
determinada manera. Por lo tanto, es inútil desear que sean menos irritantes. Dicho esto,
determined|way|For|it|therefore|it is|useless|to wish|that|they are|less|irritating|That|this
a certain way. Therefore, it is useless to wish that they were less irritating. That said,
debo añadir que en otro lugar Marco Aurelio sugiere no solo que la gente puede cambiar,
I must|to add|that|in|another|place|Marcus|Aurelius|he suggests|not|only|that|the|people|they can|to change
I must add that elsewhere Marcus Aurelius suggests not only that people can change,
sino también que hemos de trabajar para propiciar ese cambio, 10, tal vez Marco Aurelio apunta que,
but|also|that|we have|to|to work|to|to foster|that|change|such|time|Marcus|Aurelius|he points|that
but also that we must work to promote that change, 10, perhaps Marcus Aurelius points out that,
aunque es posible cambiar a los demás, podemos evitarnos parte del malestar que nos produce el
although|it is|possible|to change|to|the|others|we can|to avoid ourselves|part|of the|discomfort|that|us|it produces|the
although it is possible to change others, we can spare ourselves some of the discomfort they cause us by
trato con ellos repitiéndonos que están condenados a comportarse como lo hacen. Supongamos que,
I deal|with|them|repeating to ourselves|that|they are|condemned|to|to behave|as|it|they do|Let's suppose|that
reminding ourselves that they are doomed to behave as they do. Let us suppose that,
a pesar de seguir el consejo, alguien sigue irritándonos. En estos casos, dice Marco Aurelio,
in|spite|of|following|the|advice|someone|continues|irritating us|In|these|cases|says|Marcus|Aurelius
despite following the advice, someone continues to irritate us. In these cases, Marcus Aurelius says,
deberíamos recordarnos a nosotros mismos que, esta vida mortal dura un momento, lo que quiere decir
we should|to remind ourselves|to|ourselves|each other|that|this|life|mortal|it lasts|a|moment|it|that|it wants|to mean
we should remind ourselves that this mortal life lasts a moment, which means
que pronto desapareceremos, 11, cree que situar los incidentes en un contexto cósmico hará evidente
that|soon|we will disappear|he/she believes|that|to place|the|incidents|in|a|context|cosmic|it will make|evident
that we will soon disappear, 11, he believes that placing incidents in a cosmic context will make evident
su trivialidad y por lo tanto aliviará, nuestra irritación. Según Marco Aurelio, el mayor riesgo
its|triviality|and|for|it|therefore|it will alleviate|our|irritation|According to|Marcus|Aurelius|the|greatest|risk
their triviality and therefore alleviate our irritation. According to Marcus Aurelius, the greatest risk
en nuestro trato con gente enojosa es que nos harán odiarlos, y el odio nos resultará perjudicial.
in|our|dealing|with|people|annoying|it is|that|us|they will make||and|the|hatred|us|it will result|harmful
in our dealings with annoying people is that they will make us hate them, and hatred will be harmful to us.
Por lo tanto, tenemos que trabajar para asegurarnos de que los hombres no logran
for|the|therefore|we have|to|to work|to|to ensure ourselves|that|that|the|men|not|they achieve
Therefore, we must work to ensure that men do not succeed
destruir nuestros sentimientos caritativos hacia ellos, de hecho, si un hombre es bueno,
to destroy|our|feelings|charitable|towards|them|of|fact|if|a|man|he is|good
in destroying our charitable feelings towards them; in fact, if a man is good,
asegura el emperador, los dioses nunca lo verán experimentando resentimiento hacia nadie. Así
assures|the|emperor|the|gods|never|him|they will see|experiencing|resentment|towards|anyone|Thus
the emperor assures, the gods will never see him experiencing resentment towards anyone. Thus
pues, cuando los hombres se comportan de forma inhumana, no hemos de albergar hacia ellos los
then|when|the|men|themselves|they behave|in|way|inhuman|not|we have|to|to harbor|towards|them|
when men behave inhumanely, we should not harbor towards them the
mismos sentimientos que ellos albergan hacia otros. Añade que si detectamos ira y odio en
same|feelings|that|they|they harbor|towards|others|Add|that|if|we detect|anger|and|hatred|in
same feelings that they harbor towards others. He adds that if we detect anger and hatred in
nuestro interior y deseamos venganza, una de las mejores formas de la venganza hacia otra persona
our|inner|and|we desire|revenge|one|of|the|best|ways|to|the|revenge|towards|another|person
our inner self and we desire revenge, one of the best forms of revenge towards another person
es negarnos a ser como ella, 12. Algunas de nuestras relaciones más importantes son con
it is|to deny ourselves|to|to be|like|her|Some|of|our|relationships|more|important|they are|with
is to refuse to be like her, 12. Some of our most important relationships are with
miembros del sexo opuesto, y los estoicos tenían mucho que decir al respecto. Un hombre sabio,
members|of|sex|opposite|and|the|Stoics|they had|a lot|to|to say|about|respect|A|man|wise
members of the opposite sex, and the Stoics had a lot to say about it. A wise man,
afirma Musonio, no practicará el sexo fuera del matrimonio, y en el seno del matrimonio
he affirms|Musonius|not|he will practice|the|sex|outside|of the|marriage|and|in|the|bosom|of the|marriage
Musonius claims, will not practice sex outside of marriage, and within marriage
solo para engendrar hijos. Practicar sexo en otras circunstancias sugiere falta de autocontrol,
only|to|to conceive|children|Practicing|sex|in|other|circumstances|it suggests|lack|of|self-control
only to beget children. Practicing sex under other circumstances suggests a lack of self-control,
13. Epicteto está de acuerdo en que deberíamos evitar el sexo antes del matrimonio, pero añade
Epictetus|he is|in|agreement|that|that|we should|to avoid|the|sex|before|of|marriage|but|he adds
13. Epictetus agrees that we should avoid sex before marriage, but adds
que, si logramos hacerlo, no debemos jactarnos de nuestra castidad ni menospreciar a los que
that|if|we manage|to do it|not|we must|to boast|of|our|chastity|nor|to belittle|to|the|those
that if we manage to do so, we should not boast of our chastity nor belittle those who
no son como nosotros. 14. Marco Aurelio tiene aún más recelos respecto al sexo que Musonio y
not|they are|like|us|Marco|Aurelius|he has|even|more|suspicions|regarding|to the|sex|than|Musonius|
are not like us. 14. Marcus Aurelius has even more reservations about sex than Musonius and
Epicteto. En las meditaciones nos ofrece una técnica para descubrir el verdadero valor de
Epictetus|in|the|meditations|to us|he offers|a|technique|to|to discover|the|true|value|of
Epictetus. In the Meditations, he offers us a technique to discover the true value of
las cosas, si analizamos algo y lo dividimos en los elementos que lo componen, veremos que es en
the|things|if|we analyze|something|and|it|we divide|into|the|elements|that|it|they compose|we will see|that|it is|in
things; if we analyze something and break it down into the elements that compose it, we will see that it is in
realidad y lo valoraremos apropiadamente. Un buen vino, así analizado, resulta no ser más que zumo
reality|and|it|we will value|appropriately|A|good|wine|thus|analyzed|it turns out|not|to be|more|than|juice
reality and we will value it appropriately. A good wine, when analyzed this way, turns out to be nothing more than juice
fermentado de uva, y la túnica púrpura que los romanos tienen en tan alta estima no es más que
fermented|of|grape|and|the|tunic|purple|that|the|Romans|they have|in|such|high|esteem|not|it is|more|than
fermented from grapes, and the purple robe that the Romans hold in such high esteem is nothing more than
lana de oveja teñida con sangre de crustáceo. Cuando Marco Aurelio aplica esta técnica analítica
wool|of|sheep|dyed|with|blood|of|crustacean|When|Marcus|Aurelius|he applies|this|technique|analytical
sheep wool dyed with crustacean blood. When Marcus Aurelius applies this analytical technique
al sexo, descubre que no es más que, una aflicción de los miembros y una descarga eyaculatoria.
to|sex|he/she discovers|that|not|it is|more|than|a|affliction|of|the|limbs|and|a|discharge|ejaculatory
to sex, he discovers that it is nothing more than a discomfort of the limbs and an ejaculatory discharge.
15. Por lo tanto, sería ridículo otorgar un gran valor a las relaciones sexuales y más ridículo
for|it|therefore|it would be|ridiculous|to grant|a|great|value|to|the|relationships|sexual|and|more|
15. Therefore, it would be ridiculous to assign great value to sexual relationships and even more ridiculous
aún perturbar nuestra vida para entregarse a ellas. Casualmente, los budistas recomiendan
still|to disturb|our|life|to|to devote oneself|to|them|Coincidentally|the|Buddhists|they recommend
still disturb our life to surrender to them. Coincidentally, Buddhists recommend
el uso de esta misma técnica analítica. Cuando, por ejemplo, un hombre desea otra mujer,
the|use|of|this|same|technique|analytical|When|for|example|a|man|he desires|another|woman
the use of this same analytical technique. When, for example, a man desires another woman,
los budistas le aconsejan que piense en ella no como en un todo, sino en las partes que la componen,
the|Buddhists|to her|they advise|that|she thinks|about|her|not|as|in|a|whole|but|in|the|parts|that|it|they compose
Buddhists advise him to think of her not as a whole, but in the parts that make her up,
incluyendo pulmones, excremento, flema, pus y saliva. Los budistas aseguran que esto ayudará
including|lungs|excrement|phlegm|pus|and|saliva|The|Buddhists|they assure|that|this|it will help
including lungs, excrement, phlegm, pus, and saliva. Buddhists assure that this will help
al hombre a extinguir su lujuria. Si esto no funciona, le sugieren imaginar su cuerpo en
to|the man|to|extinguish|his|lust|If|this|not|it works|to him|they suggest|to imagine|his|body|in
the man extinguish his lust. If this does not work, they suggest imagining her body in
diversas fases de descomposición. 16. La defensa de la contención sexual por
various|phases|of|decomposition|The|defense|of|the|containment|sexual|for
various stages of decomposition. 16. The defense of sexual restraint by
parte de los estoicos puede parecer mojigata a los lectores modernos, pero tenían razón.
part|of|the|Stoics|it can|to seem|prudish|to|the|readers|modern|but|they had|reason
the Stoics may seem prudish to modern readers, but they were right.
Vivimos en una época de permisividad sexual, y para muchas personas las consecuencias de
we live|in|a|era|of|permissiveness|sexual|and|for|many|people|the|consequences|of
We live in an era of sexual permissiveness, and for many people the consequences of
esta situación han sido catastróficas en términos de paz interior. Pensemos, por ejemplo,
this|situation|they have|been|catastrophic|in|terms|of|peace|inner|Let's think|for|example
this situation have been catastrophic in terms of inner peace. Let us think, for example,
en la joven que, por no poder resistirse a la tentación sexual, ahora se enfrenta a una dura
in|the|young|who|for|not|to be able|to resist|to|the|temptation|sexual|now|herself|she faces|a|a|harsh
of the young woman who, unable to resist sexual temptation, now faces a harsh
situación como madre soltera, o al joven que, por la misma razón, ahora carga con la responsabilidad,
situation|as|mother|single|or|to the|young man|who|for|the|same|reason|now|he carries|with|the|responsibility
situation as a single mother, or the young man who, for the same reason, now bears the responsibility,
o al menos con el pago de la manutención infantil, que le impide perseguir sus sueños.
or|at|least|with|the|payment|of|the|child support|child|that|to him/her|it prevents|to pursue|his/her|dreams
or at least the payment of child support, which prevents him from pursuing his dreams.
Es fácil encontrar personas que estarán de acuerdo en que su vida habría sido mejor de
it is|easy|to find|people|that|they will be|in|agreement|in|that|their|life|it would|been|better|than
It is easy to find people who will agree that their life would have been better if
haber sido capaces de contenerse sexualmente, es difícil encontrar a personas que piensen que su
to have|been|capable|of|to restrain oneself|sexually|it is|difficult|to find|to|people|that|they think|that|their
they had been able to control themselves sexually, it is difficult to find people who think that their
vida habría sido mejor de haberse reservado menos. Hemos de añadir que los estoicos no eran los
life|it would|have been|better|to|to have|reserved|less|We have|to|to add|that|the|Stoics|not|they were|the
life would have been better if they had reserved themselves less. We must add that the Stoics were not the
únicos entre los antiguos en señalar el poder destructivo del sexo. Epicuro puede haber sido
unique|among|the|ancients|in|to point out|the|power|destructive|of the|sex|Epicurus|it may|to have|been
unique among the ancients in pointing out the destructive power of sex. Epicurus may have been
el rival filosófico de los estoicos, pero compartía su desconfianza hacia el sexo.
the|rival|philosophical|of|the|Stoics|but|he/she shared|their|distrust|towards|the|sex
the philosophical rival of the Stoics, but he shared their distrust of sex.
Las relaciones sexuales nunca han hecho bueno a un hombre, y tiene suerte si no lo han perjudicado.
the|relationships|sexual|never|they have|done|good|to|a|man|and|he has|luck|if|not|it|they have|harmed
Sexual relationships have never done a man good, and he is lucky if they have not harmed him.
17. Dicho esto, debo añadir que, a pesar de sus prevenciones respecto al sexo,
this|this|I must|to add|that|to|in spite|of|their|reservations|regarding|to the|sex
17. That said, I must add that, despite their warnings about sex,
los estoicos eran grandes defensores del matrimonio. Un hombre sabio, dice Musonio,
the|Stoics|they were|great|defenders|of the|marriage|A|man|wise|says|Musonius
the Stoics were great advocates of marriage. A wise man, says Musonius,
se casará, y una vez casado, él y su mujer se esforzarán por hacerse mutuamente felices. De
themselves|||||||||||they will strive|to|to make themselves|mutually|happy|Of
he will marry, and once married, he and his wife will strive to make each other happy. From
hecho, en un buen matrimonio, dos personas se vincularán en una unión amorosa e intentarán
in fact|in|a|good|marriage|two|people|themselves|they will bond|in|a|union|loving|and|they will try
the fact, in a good marriage, two people will bond in a loving union and will try to
superarse uno al otro en su cuidado mutuo. 18, Tal matrimonio, imaginamos, será muy feliz,
to surpass|one|each|other|in|their|care|mutual|Such|marriage|we imagine|it will be|very|happy
outdo each other in their mutual care. 18, Such a marriage, we imagine, will be very happy,
y después de casarse, un hombre sabio traerá hijos al mundo. Ninguna procesión religiosa,
and|after|of|getting married|a|man|wise|he will bring|children|to the|world|No|procession|religious
and after getting married, a wise man will bring children into the world. No religious procession,
asegura Musonio, es tan hermosa como un grupo de niños guiados por sus padres a través de la ciudad,
he/she assures|Musonius|it is|as|beautiful|as|a|group|of|children|guided|by|their|parents|to|through|of|the|city
Musonius assures, is as beautiful as a group of children guided by their parents through the city,
llevándolos de la mano y cuidando de ellos, 19, Musonio nos asegura que pocas personas son tan
taking them|by|the|hand|and|taking care|of|them|Musonius|us|assures|that|few|people|they are|so
taking them by the hand and caring for them, 19, Musonius assures us that few people are as
felices como quien tiene a un cónduge amoroso e hijos devotos, 11. Insultos. Superar las
happy|as|who|he/she has|a||spouse|loving|and|children|devoted|Insults|To overcome|the
happy as those who have a loving spouse and devoted children, 11. Insults. Overcoming the
humillaciones. A algunos les parecerá extraño que los estoicos romanos perdieran su tiempo
humiliations|to|some|to them|it will seem|strange|that|the|stoics|Roman|they wasted|their|time
humiliations. Some may find it strange that the Roman Stoics wasted their time
hablando de los insultos y de la, mejor manera de afrontarlos. ¿Es esta una labor adecuada para un
talking|about|the|insults|and|of|the|best|way|to|to face them|Is it|this|a|task|suitable|for|a
talking about insults and the best way to face them. Is this a suitable task for a
filósofo?, se preguntarán. Lo es si pensamos, como hacían los estoicos, que el papel correcto
philosopher|themselves|they will ask|it|it is|if|we think|as|they did|the|Stoics|that|the|role|correct
philosopher?, they might ask. It is if we think, as the Stoics did, that the correct role
de la filosofía es desarrollar una filosofía de vida. Como hemos visto, los estoicos nos
of|the|philosophy|it is|to develop|a|philosophy|of|life|As|we have|seen|the|Stoics|to us
The philosophy is to develop a philosophy of life. As we have seen, the Stoics advise us
aconsejan perseguir la serenidad. Descubren, sin embargo, que una cosa que impide a la gente alcanzar
they advise|to pursue|the|serenity|They discover|without|however|that|one|thing|that|it prevents|to|the|people|to reach
to pursue serenity. They discover, however, that one thing that prevents people from achieving
y mantener la serenidad son los insultos de los demás. Como parte de las estrategias de su filosofía
and|to maintain|the|serenity|they are|the|insults|of|the|others|As|part|of|the|strategies|of|their|philosophy
and maintaining serenity is the insults of others. As part of the strategies of their philosophy
de vida, los estoicos desarrollan técnicas que las personas podrán utilizar para evitar que
of|life|the|Stoics|they develop|techniques|that|the|people|they will be able|to use|to|to avoid|that
of life, the Stoics develop techniques that people can use to prevent the
los insultos de los demás les perturben. En este capítulo examinaré algunas de esas técnicas. Voy
the|insults|of|the|others|them|disturb|In|this|chapter|I will examine|some|of|those|techniques|I am going
insults of others from disturbing them. In this chapter, I will examine some of those techniques. I am going to
a utilizar la palabra insulto en un sentido muy amplio, para incluir no solo el abuso verbal,
to|use|the|word|insult|in|a|sense|very|broad|to|to include|not|only|the|abuse|verbal
to use the word insult in a very broad sense, to include not only verbal abuse,
como poner motes a los demás, sino también los insultos por omisión, como despreciar u ofender
how|to put|nicknames|to|the|others|but|also|the|insults|by|omission|as|to despise|or|to offend
such as calling others names, but also insults by omission, such as disregarding or offending
a alguien, y los insultos físicos, como pegar una bofetada. La gente tiende a ser muy sensible a
to|someone|and|the|insults|physical|like|to slap|a|slap|The|people|it tends|to|to be|very|sensitive|to
someone, and physical insults, such as slapping. People tend to be very sensitive to
los insultos. Como señala Musonio, bajo determinadas circunstancias una simple mirada puede interpretarse
the|insults|As|Musonius points out|Musonius|under|certain|circumstances|a|simple|glance|it can|to be interpreted
insults. As Musonius points out, under certain circumstances a simple glance can be interpreted
como un insulto. Uno, además, aunque no sean físicos, los insultos pueden ser muy dolorosos.
as|an|insult|One|moreover|although|not|they are|physical|the|insults|they can|to be|very|painful
as an insult. Moreover, even if they are not physical, insults can be very painful.
Si alguien en una posición de autoridad, como por ejemplo un jefe o un profesor, te reprende en
if|someone|in|a|position|of|authority|as|for|example|a|boss|or|a|teacher|you|reprimands|in
If someone in a position of authority, such as a boss or a teacher, reprimands you in
público, tus sentimientos de ira y humillación probablemente serán muy intensos. Y no solo eso,
public|your|feelings|of|anger|and|humiliation|probably|they will be|very|intense|And|not|only|that
public, your feelings of anger and humiliation will likely be very intense. And not only that,
los insultos pueden causarte dolor mucho tiempo después de haber ocurrido. Una década después
the|insults|they can|to cause you|pain|a lot|time|after|of|having|occurred|A|decade|later
the insults can cause you pain long after they have occurred. A decade later
de los reproches que acabamos de describir, en un momento ocioso, puede asaltarnos el recuerdo del
of|the|reproaches|that|we just|of|to describe|in|a|moment|idle|it can|to assault us|the|memory|of the
after the reproaches we just described, in a moment of idleness, the memory of the
incidente, y a pesar del paso del tiempo, nos sentiremos desolados por la ira. Para valorar
incident|and|to|despite|of the|passage|of the|time|ourselves|we will feel|desolate|for|the|anger|To|value
incident may assault us, and despite the passage of time, we will feel desolate with anger. To value
el poder de los insultos a la hora de perturbar nuestra serenidad, solo tenemos que descubrir
the|power|of|the|insults|at|the|time|of|to disturb|our|serenity|only|we have|to|to discover
the power of insults in disturbing our serenity, we just have to discover
las situaciones que nos irritan en la vida cotidiana. En la parte superior de la lista
the|situations|that|us|irritate|in|the|life|everyday|In|the|part|top|of|the|list
the situations that irritate us in everyday life. At the top of the list
encontramos la conducta insultante de otras personas, entre ellas, notablemente, nuestros
we find|the|behavior|insulting|of|other|people|among|them|notably|our
we find the insulting behavior of other people, notably our
amigos, familiares y compañeros de trabajo. A veces estos individuos nos insultan abierta
friends|family members|and|colleagues|of|work|At|times|these|individuals|us|they insult|openly
friends, family, and coworkers. Sometimes these individuals insult us openly
y directamente, eres idiota. Sin embargo, es más habitual que sus insultos sean sutiles o indirectos.
and|directly|you are|idiot|Without|however|it is|more|common|that|their|insults|they are|subtle|or|indirect
and directly, you are an idiot. However, it is more common for their insults to be subtle or indirect.
Pueden convertirnos en objeto de una broma, ¿podrías ponerte un sombrero? La luz del sol
they can|to turn us|into|object|of|a|joke|could you|to put on|a|hat|The|light|of the|sun
They can turn us into the object of a joke, could you put on a hat? The sunlight
reflejada en tu calva me deslumbra. O, después de felicitarnos por determinado éxito, pueden
reflected|in|your|bald head|me|dazzles|Or|after|of|congratulating ourselves|for|certain|success|they can
reflected on your bald head dazzles me. Or, after congratulating us on a certain success, they may
sentirse obligados a recordarnos, por enésima vez, nuestros fracasos pasados. O pueden brindarnos
to feel|obliged|to|to remind us|for|nth|time|our|failures|past|Or|they can|to provide us
feel obliged to remind us, for the umpteenth time, of our past failures. Or they can give us
cumplidos insidiosos, ese vestido disimula tu tripa. O pueden despreciarnos olvidándonos
compliments|insidious|that|dress|it hides|your|belly|Or|they can|to despise us|forgetting us
insidious compliments, that dress hides your belly. Or they can despise us by forgetting
o no demostrándonos el respeto que creemos merecer. O tal vez transmitan a otro una observación
or|not|demonstrating to us|the|respect|that|we believe|to deserve|Or|perhaps|time|they transmit|to|another|an|observation
or not showing us the respect we believe we deserve. Or maybe they pass on an observation to another.
denigrante sobre nuestra persona, que luego este otro nos cuenta a nosotros. Cada una
degrading|about|our|person|that|then|this|other|us|he tells|to|us|Each|one
denigrating about our person, which then this other one tells us. Each one
de estas situaciones tiene el poder, si se lo permitimos, de arruinarnos el día. Los
of|these|situations|it has|the|power|if|itself|it|we allow|to|to ruin us|the|day|The
of these situations has the power, if we allow it, to ruin our day. Humans
seres humanos no solo son sensibles a los insultos en los tiempos modernos. A modo de
humans|humans|not|only|they are|sensitive|to|the|insults|in|the|times|modern|In|way|of
are not only sensitive to insults in modern times. By way of
ilustración, consideremos los tipos de cosas que, según Séneca, contaban como insultos
illustration|let us consider|the|types|of|things|that|according to|Seneca|they counted|as|insults
illustration, let us consider the types of things that, according to Seneca, counted as insults
en la antigua Roma, así que no me ha concedido audiencia hoy, pero si a otros, me ha rechazado
in|the|ancient|Rome|so|that|not|me|he/she has|granted|audience|today|but|if|to|others|me|he/she has|rejected
in ancient Rome, so he has not granted me an audience today, but has to others, he has rejected me.
altivamente o se ha reído de mis palabras, no me ha ofrecido el asiento de honor, sino
arrogantly|or|himself/herself|he/she has|laughed|at|my|words|not|me|he/she has|offered|the|seat|of|honor|but
alternatively or has laughed at my words, has not offered me the seat of honor, but
uno en la otra punta de la mesa, punto, dos, si cualquiera de estas situaciones tuviera
one|on|the|other|end|of|the|table|point|two|if|any|of|these|situations|it had
one at the other end of the table, point one, two, if any of these situations were to
lugar hoy, sin duda serían percibidas como insultos, cuando es insultada, la gente suele
place|today|without|doubt|they would be|perceived|as|insults|when|it is|insulted|the|people|it usually
happen today, they would undoubtedly be perceived as insults, when insulted, people tend to
reaccionar enfadándose. Como la ira es una emoción negativa que puede perturbar nuestra
to react|by getting angry|As|the|anger|it is|a|emotion|negative|that|it can|to disturb|our
react by getting angry. Since anger is a negative emotion that can disturb our
serenidad, los estoicos consideraron valioso idear estrategias para evitar que los insultos
serenity|the|Stoics|they considered|valuable|to devise|strategies|to|to avoid|that|the|insults
serenity, the Stoics considered it valuable to devise strategies to prevent insults.
despierten nuestro enfado, estrategias para eliminar, por así decirlo, el aguijón del
they awaken|our|anger|strategies|to|to eliminate|for|so|to say it|the|sting|of the
awaken our anger, strategies to eliminate, so to speak, the sting of the
insulto. Una de estas estrategias consiste en examinar si lo que ha dicho quien insulta
insult|one|of|these|strategies|it consists|in|to examine|if|what|that|it has|said|who|insults
insult. One of these strategies consists of examining whether what the insulter has said
es cierto. Si lo es, hay pocas razones para sentirse molesto. Supongamos, por ejemplo,
it is|true|If|it|it is|there are|few|reasons|to|to feel|upset|Let's suppose|for|example
is true. If it is, there are few reasons to feel upset. Let's suppose, for example,
que alguien se burla de mi calvicie cuando, en efecto, estoy calvo. ¿Por qué es un insulto?,
that|someone|himself/herself|mocks|of|my|baldness|when|in|fact|I am|bald|Why||it is|an|insult
that someone mocks my baldness when, in fact, I am bald. Why is it an insult?,
se pregunta Séneca, que nos digan lo que resulta evidente.
himself/herself|he/she asks|Seneca|that|to us|they say|what|that|it turns out|evident
Seneca asks, that we are told what is evident.
3. Otra estrategia para eliminar el aguijón, sugerida por Epicteto, es pararse a evaluar
another|strategy|to|eliminate|the|sting|suggested|by|Epictetus|it is|to stop|to|to evaluate
3. Another strategy to remove the sting, suggested by Epictetus, is to stop and evaluate
hasta qué punto quien insulta está bien informado. Puede haber dicho algo malo de
to|what|extent|whoever|insults|he/she is|well|informed|It can|to have|said|something|bad|about
to what extent the person insulting is well-informed. They may have said something bad about
nosotros no porque pretenda herir nuestros sentimientos sino porque sinceramente, cree
we|not|because|it intends|to hurt|our|feelings|but|because|sincerely|it believes
us not because they intend to hurt our feelings but because they sincerely believe
en lo que está diciendo o, en todo caso, transmite su visión de la situación.
in|what|that|he/she is|saying|or|in|all|case|he/she transmits|his/her|vision|of|the|situation
in what they are saying or, in any case, they are conveying their view of the situation.
4. En lugar de enfadarnos con esta persona por su honestidad, tendríamos que corregirle con
in|place|of|to get angry|with|this|person|for|his/her|honesty|we would have|to|to correct him/her|with
4. Instead of getting angry with this person for their honesty, we should correct them with
serenidad. Una poderosa estrategia de eliminación de aguijones consiste en considerar la fuente de
serenity|a|powerful|strategy|of|elimination|of|stings|it consists|in|to consider|the|source|of
serenity. A powerful strategy for eliminating stings consists of considering the source of
un insulto. Si respeto la fuente, si valoro sus opiniones, entonces sus observaciones críticas
an|insult|If|I respect|the|source|if|I value|its|opinions|then|its|observations|critical
an insult. If I respect the source, if I value their opinions, then their critical observations
no deberían molestarme. Imaginemos, por ejemplo, que estoy aprendiendo a tocar el banjo y que la
not|they should|to bother me|Let's imagine|for|example|that|I am|learning|to|to play|the|banjo|and|that|
should not bother me. Let's imagine, for example, that I am learning to play the banjo and that the
persona que critica mi forma de tocar es el profesor que he contratado, en este caso,
person|who|criticizes|my|way|of|playing|it is|the|teacher|that|I|hired|in|this|case
person criticizing my playing is the teacher I have hired; in this case,
pago a la persona para que me critique. En estas circunstancias, sería muy ridículo responder a
I pay|to|the|person|to|that|me|criticize|In|these|circumstances|it would be|very|ridiculous|to respond|to
I am paying the person to critique me. Under these circumstances, it would be very ridiculous to respond to
sus críticas sintiéndome herido. Al contrario, si estoy aprendiendo en serio a tocar el banjo,
your|criticisms|feeling|hurt|In|contrary|if|I am|learning|in|earnest|to|to play|the|banjo
his criticisms feeling hurt. On the contrary, if I am seriously learning to play the banjo,
debo darle las gracias por criticarme. Sin embargo, supongamos que no respeto la fuente
I must|to give him/her|the|thanks|for|criticizing me|Without|however|let's suppose|that|not|I respect|the|source
I must thank him for criticizing me. However, let's suppose that I do not respect the source
del insulto, de hecho, supongamos que lo considero un individuo despreciable. En estas circunstancias,
of|the insult|of|fact|let's suppose|that|it|I consider|a|individual|despicable|In|these|circumstances
of the insult, in fact, let's suppose that I consider him a despicable individual. Under these circumstances,
en lugar de sentirme ultrajado por sus insultos, debería sentirme aliviado. Si él desaprueba lo
in|place|of|to feel myself|outraged|for|his|insults|I should|to feel myself|relieved|If|he|disapproves|it
instead of feeling outraged by his insults, I should feel relieved. If he disapproves of what
que estoy haciendo, entonces sin duda lo que hago es lo correcto. Lo que tendría que preocuparme es
that|I am|doing|then|without|doubt|it|that|I do|it is|it|correct|What|that|I would|that|to worry|it is
I am doing, then undoubtedly what I am doing is the right thing. What I should be concerned about is
que este individuo despreciable aprobara lo que estoy haciendo. Si he de responder algo a sus
that|this|individual|despicable|he/she approves|what|that|I am|doing|If|I|to|to respond|something|to|his/her
that this despicable individual approved of what I am doing. If I have to respond to his
insultos, el comentario más apropiado sería, me alivia que pienses eso de mí. Al considerar la
insults|the|comment|most|appropriate|it would be|to me|it relieves|that|you think|that|about|me|Upon|considering|the
insults, the most appropriate comment would be, I am relieved that you think that of me. When considering the
fuente de los insultos, dice Seneca, a menudo descubriremos que quien nos insulta es un niño
source|of|the|insults|says|Seneca|often|frequently|we will discover|that|who|us|insults|he/she is|a|child
source of the insults, Seneca says, we often discover that those who insult us are just big children,
grande, 5, así como sería estúpido que una madre se enfadara por los insultos, pronunciados por su
big|as|as|it would be|stupid|that|a|mother|herself|she got angry|for|the|insults|pronounced|by|her
just as it would be foolish for a mother to get angry over insults uttered by her
pequeño, sería ridículo permitir que los insultos de estos adultos infantilizados nos irriten. En
small|it would be|ridiculous|to allow|that|the|insults|of|these|adults|infantilized|us|to irritate|In
little one, it would be ridiculous to allow the insults of these infantilized adults to irritate us. In
otros casos descubriremos que quienes nos insultan tienen mal carácter. Estas personas, dice Marco
other|cases|we will discover|that|those who|us|they insult|they have|bad|character|These|people|says|Marco
In other cases, we will discover that those who insult us have a bad character. These people, says Marco
Aurelio, merecen más nuestra compasión que nuestra ira, 6. A medida que progresemos en la práctica
Aurelio|they deserve|more|our|compassion|than|our|anger|As|measure|that|we progress|in|the|practice
, deserve more of our compassion than our anger. 6. As we progress in the practice
del estoicismo, seremos cada vez más indiferentes a las opiniones que los demás tengan de nosotros.
of|stoicism|we will be|each|time|more|indifferent|to|the|opinions|that|the|others|they have|of|us
of stoicism, we will become increasingly indifferent to the opinions that others have of us.
No nos pasaremos la vida con el objetivo de granjearnos su aprobación o de evitar su desaprobación,
not|ourselves|we will spend|the|life|with|the|goal|to|to earn|their|approval|or|to|to avoid|their|disapproval
We will not spend our lives aiming to win their approval or to avoid their disapproval,
y como sus opiniones nos resultan indiferentes, no sentiremos aguijón alguno cuando nos insulten.
and|as|their|opinions|to us|they turn out|indifferent|not|we will feel|sting|any|when|us|they insult
and since their opinions are indifferent to us, we will not feel any sting when they insult us.
De hecho, un sabio estoico, si existe uno, probablemente se tomaría los insultos de sus
in|fact|a|wise|stoic|if|there exists|one|probably|himself/herself|he/she would take|the|insults|of|his/her
In fact, a wise Stoic, if one exists, would probably take the insults from his
conciudadanos como los ladridos de un perro. Cuando un perro ladra, podemos tomar nota mental
fellow citizens|like|the|barks|of|a|dog|When|a|dog|it barks|we can|to take|note|mental
fellow citizens as the barking of a dog. When a dog barks, we can take mental note
de que al perro en cuestión no le caemos bien, pero seríamos unos tontos rematados si este hecho
of|that|the|dog|in|question|not|to him|we fall|well|but|we would be|some|fools|complete|if|this|fact
that the dog in question does not like us, but we would be complete fools if this fact
nos molestara hasta el punto de pasarnos el resto del día pensando, caray. No le caigo bien a ese
to us|it will bother|until|the|point|of|spending|the|rest|of the|day|thinking|wow|Not|to him|I fall|well|to|that one
bothered us to the point of spending the rest of the day thinking, wow. I don't get along with that
perro. Otra importante estrategia para la eliminación de aguijones, dicen los estoicos,
dog|Another|important|strategy|for|the|elimination|of|stings|they say|the|Stoics
dog. Another important strategy for the removal of stings, the Stoics say,
es tener presente, cuando nos insultan, que nosotros somos la fuente del aguijón que acompaña al
it is|to have|present|when|us|they insult|that|we|we are|the|source|of the|sting|that|accompanies|to the
is to keep in mind, when we are insulted, that we are the source of the sting that accompanies the
insulto. Recuerda, dice Epicteto, que lo insultante no es la persona que te ofende o te
insult|remember|says|Epictetus|that|the|insulting|not|it is|the|person|that|you|offends|or|you
insult. Remember, says Epictetus, that what is insulting is not the person who offends or hits you,
golpea, sino el juicio de que te está insultando. Como resultado, dice, otra persona no te hará
hit|but|the|judgment|of|that|you|it is|insulting|As|a result|it says|another|person|not|you|it will do
but the judgment that they are insulting you. As a result, he says, another person will not harm you
daño a menos que tú lo desees. Resultarás perjudicado en el momento en el que aceptes
damage|to|unless|that|you|it|you wish|You will result|harmed|in|the|moment|in|the|that|you accept
unless you wish it. You will be harmed the moment you accept
sentirte perjudicado, 7, de esto se deduce que si nos convencemos de que esa persona no nos ha
to feel|harmed|of|this|itself|it deduces|that|if|ourselves|we convince|of|that|that|person|not|us|it has
feeling harmed, 7, from this it follows that if we convince ourselves that this person has not harmed us.
hecho daño al insultarnos, entonces el insulto carece de aguijón. Este último consejo en realidad
done|harm|when|insulting us|then|the|insult|it lacks|of|sting|This|last|advice|in|reality
causing harm by insulting us, then the insult lacks sting. This last piece of advice is actually
es una aplicación de la creencia estoica generalizada de que, como apunta Epicteto,
it is|an|application|of|the|belief|stoic|generalized|that|that|as|points|Epictetus
an application of the widespread Stoic belief that, as Epictetus points out,
lo que molesta a la gente no es la cuestión en sí misma, sino sus juicios sobre la cuestión,
what|that|bothers|to|the|people|not|it is|the|issue|in|itself|itself|but|their|judgments|about|the|issue
what bothers people is not the issue itself, but their judgments about the issue,
punto 8, para comprender mejor estas palabras, supongamos que alguien me arrebata algo de mi
point|to|to understand|better|these|words|let's suppose|that|someone|from me|snatches|something|from|my
point 8, to better understand these words, let's suppose that someone takes something from my
propiedad. Esto solo me hará daño si en mi opinión esta propiedad tiene un valor real. Supongamos,
property|this|only|me|it will|harm|if|in|my|opinion|this|property|it has|a|value|real|Let's suppose
property. This will only harm me if in my opinion this property has real value. Let's suppose,
como ejemplo, que alguien roba un bebedero para pájaros de mi patio. Si para mí es valioso,
as|an example|that|someone|steals|a|birdbath|for|birds|from|my|yard|If|for|me|it is|valuable
as an example, if someone steals a bird feeder from my yard. If it is valuable to me,
el robo me molestará mucho, y mis vecinos, al verme tan irritado, se preguntarán,
the|robbery|to me|it will bother|a lot|and|my|neighbors|upon|seeing me|so|irritated|themselves|they will ask
the theft will bother me a lot, and my neighbors, seeing me so irritated, will wonder,
¿por qué se ha puesto tan nervioso por un estúpido bebedero para pájaros? Si el bebedero me resulta
over||||||||a|stupid|birdbath|for|birds|If|the|birdbath|to me|it seems
why has he gotten so upset over a stupid bird feeder? If the bird feeder is indifferent to me,
indiferente, su pérdida no me inquietará en absoluto. Al contrario, el incidente despertará
indifferent|its|loss|not|me|it will disturb|in|absolute|On|contrary|the|incident|it will awaken
its loss will not worry me at all. On the contrary, the incident will awaken
mi vena filosófica, o más exactamente, estoica. No tiene sentido molestarse por un estúpido bebedero
my|vein|philosophical|or|more|exactly|stoic|Not|it has|sense|to bother|over|a|stupid|drinking fountain
my philosophical side, or more precisely, my stoic side. It makes no sense to get upset over a stupid bird feeder.
para pájaros, me diré a mí mismo. Mi serenidad no se verá perturbada. Por último, supongamos
for|birds|myself|I will say|to|myself|same|My|serenity|not|itself|it will see|disturbed|For|finally|let us suppose
for birds, I will tell myself. My serenity will not be disturbed. Finally, let's assume
que detesto el bebedero para pájaros, lo conservo solo porque fue un regalo de un familiar que se
that|I detest|the|birdbath|for|birds|it|I keep|only|because|it was|a|gift|from|a|relative|that|itself
that I detest the bird feeder, I keep it only because it was a gift from a relative who will
sentirá mal si no lo coloco en el patio. En estas circunstancias, su desaparición me complacerá.
he/she will feel|bad|if|not|it|I place|in|the|yard|In|these|circumstances|its|disappearance|me|it will please me
feel bad if I don't place it in the yard. Under these circumstances, its disappearance will please me.
Las cosas que me suceden, me ayudan o me perjudican. Todo depende, dicen los estoicos,
the|things|that|to me|happen|to me|they help|or|to me|they harm|Everything|it depends|they say|the|stoics
The things that happen to me, help me or harm me. It all depends, the Stoics say,
de mis valores. Y a continuación me recuerdan que tengo un control absoluto sobre mis valores.
of|my|values|And|to|next|me|they remind|that|I have|an|control|absolute|over||
on my values. And then they remind me that I have absolute control over my values.
Por lo tanto, si algo exterior me hace daño, es mi responsabilidad, debería haber adoptado unos
for|it|therefore|if|something|external|to me|it does|harm|it is|my|responsibility|I should|to have|adopted|some
Therefore, if something external hurts me, it is my responsibility; I should have adopted different
valores diferentes. Aunque logremos eliminar el aguijón de un insulto, queda pendiente la
values|different|Although|we manage|to eliminate|the|sting|of|an|insult|it remains|pending|the
values. Even if we manage to remove the sting of an insult, the question remains of what is the best way
cuestión de cuál es la mejor manera de responder a este. La mayoría de la gente piensa que la mejor
question|of|which|it is|the|best|way|to|to respond|to|this|The|majority|of|the|people|it thinks|that|the|best
to respond to it. Most people think that the best response is another insult, preferably a smarter one.
respuesta es otro insulto, preferiblemente más inteligente. Sin embargo, los estoicos rechazan
response|it is|another|insult|preferably|more|intelligent|Without|however|the|stoics|they reject
However, the Stoics reject this advice. And how should we reply if not with another insult? According to the Stoics,
este consejo. ¿Y cómo hemos de replicar si no es con otro insulto? Según los estoicos,
this|advice|And|how|we have|to|to reply|if|not|it is|with|another|insult|According to|the|stoics
una forma maravillosa es el humor. Así pues, Seneca aprueba el uso que Catón hace del humor
a|form|wonderful|it is|the|humor|Thus|therefore|Seneca|he approves|the|use|that|Cato|he makes|of the|humor
a wonderful way is humor. Thus, Seneca approves of the use that Cato makes of humor
para desviar un insulto especialmente doloroso. Catón defendía un argumento cuando un adversario,
to|deflect|an|insult|especially|painful|Cato|he defended|an|argument|when|an|opponent
to deflect a particularly painful insult. Cato was defending an argument when an opponent,
llamado Léntulo, le escupió en la cara. En lugar de enfadarse o devolver el insulto,
called|Léntulo|to him|he spat|in|the|face|In|instead|of|to get angry|or|to return|the|insult
named Lentulus, spat in his face. Instead of getting angry or returning the insult,
Catón se limpió serenamente el escupitajo y dijo, Juro ante todos, Léntulo, que la gente
Cato|himself|he cleaned|serenely|the|spit|and|he said|I swear|before|everyone|Lentulus|that|the|people
Cato calmly wiped the spit and said, I swear before everyone, Lentulus, that people
se equivoca cuando dicen que no sabes usar la boca. 9, Seneca también aprueba la respuesta
himself/herself|he/she is mistaken|when|they say|that|not|you know|to use|the|mouth|Seneca|also|he/she approves|the|response
are mistaken when they say that you don't know how to use your mouth. 9, Seneca also approves of the response
de Sócrates a un insulto aún más insolente. Un tipo se acercó a él y, sin avisarle,
from|Socrates|to|an|insult|an even|more|insolent|A|guy|himself|approached|to|him|and|without|warning him
from Socrates to an even more insolent insult. A guy approached him and, without warning,
le propinó un golpe en ambas orejas. En lugar de enfadarse, Sócrates bromeó respecto a lo
to him|he dealt|a|blow|on|both|ears|In|place|of|to get angry|Socrates|he joked|regarding|to|it
struck him on both ears. Instead of getting angry, Socrates joked about how
molesto que era, al salir a la calle, no estar seguro de si había que llevar o no un casco,
annoying|that|it was|upon|leaving|to|the|street|not|to be|sure|of|if|there was|that|to wear|or|not|a|helmet
annoying it was, when going out on the street, not being sure whether or not to wear a helmet,
10. De los tipos de humor que podemos utilizar en respuesta a un insulto, el humor que se burla de
of|the|types|of|humor|that|we can|to use|in|response|to|an|insult|the|humor|that|itself|mocks|of
10. Of the types of humor we can use in response to an insult, humor that mocks
la propia persona puede ser especialmente efectivo. En este sentido, Seneca describe a un hombre,
the|own|person|it can|to be|especially|effective|In|this|sense|Seneca|he describes|a||man
the person themselves can be especially effective. In this sense, Seneca describes a man,
Bacinio, cuyo cuello estaba cubierto de quistes y cuyos pies eran deformes, que se burlaba tanto
Bacinio|whose|neck|it was|covered|with|cysts|and|whose|feet|they were|deformed|that|himself/herself|he/she mocked|so much
Bacinio, whose neck was covered in cysts and whose feet were deformed, mocked himself so much
de sus propias deformidades que los demás no tenían nada que añadir, 11. Epicteto también
of|their|own|deformities|that|the|others|not|they had|anything|that|to add|Epictetus|also
about his own deformities that others had nothing to add, 11. Epictetus also
defiende el uso del humor centrado en uno mismo. Supongamos, por ejemplo, que descubrimos que
he/she defends|the|use|of|humor|centered|on|oneself|itself|Let's suppose|for|example|that|we discover|that
defends the use of self-deprecating humor. Let's suppose, for example, that we discover that
alguien ha estado hablando mal de nosotros. Epicteto nos aconseja no responder a la defensiva,
someone|has|been|talking|badly|about|us|Epictetus|us|advises|not|to respond|to|the|defensive
someone has been speaking ill of us. Epictetus advises us not to respond defensively,
sino cuestionando la competencia de quien nos insulta, por ejemplo, comentando que,
but|questioning|the|competence|of|who|us|insults|for|example|commenting|that
but to question the competence of the one who insults us, for example, by commenting that,
si esta persona nos conociera lo suficientemente bien como para criticarnos competentemente,
if|this|person|us|he/she knew|it|sufficiently|well|as|to|to criticize us|competently
if this person knew us well enough to criticize us competently,
no señalaría los defectos específicos que ha señalado, sino otros mucho peores, 12. Al reírnos
not|I would point out|the|defects|specific|that|he/she has|pointed out|but|others|much|worse|Upon|laughing
they would not point out the specific flaws they have mentioned, but much worse ones. 12. By laughing
de un insulto, damos a entender que no nos tomamos ni el insulto ni a quien insulta en serio. Actuar
of|an|insult|we give|to|to understand|that|not|ourselves|we take|neither|the|insult|nor|to|who|insults|in|seriously|To act
at an insult, we imply that we do not take either the insult or the insulter seriously. Acting
así, evidentemente, es insultar a quien insulta sin hacerlo directamente. Por lo tanto, es una
thus|evidently|it is|to insult|to|whoever|insults|without|doing it|directly|For|it|therefore|it is|a
this way, evidently, is to insult the insulter without doing it directly. Therefore, it is a
respuesta que puede frustrar profundamente a quien insulta. Por esta razón, una respuesta
response|that|it can|to frustrate|deeply|to|whoever|insults|for|this|reason|a|response
response that can deeply frustrate the insulter. For this reason, a response
humorística a un insulto puede ser más eficaz que otro insulto. El problema de replicar a los
humorous|to|an|insult|it can|to be|more|effective|than|another|insult|The|problem|of|to replicate|to|the
A humorous response to an insult can be more effective than another insult. The problem with responding to insults with humor is that it requires intelligence and a mental predisposition. Many
insultos con humor es que hacerlo requiere inteligencia y predisposición mental. Muchos
insults|with|humor|it is|that|to do it|it requires|intelligence|and|predisposition|mental|Many
of us lack these traits. When we are insulted, we are left perplexed; we know we have been insulted, but we don't know what to do next. If a clever response comes to mind,
de nosotros carecemos de estos rasgos. Cuando nos insultan, nos quedamos perplejos, sabemos que nos
of|us|we lack|of|these|traits|When|us|they insult|us|we remain|perplexed|we know|that|us
it arrives hours later, when it is no longer useful to us. After all, nothing is more pathetic
han insultado, pero no qué hacer a continuación. Si se nos ocurre una respuesta inteligente,
they have|insulted|but|not|what|to do|to|next|If|to ourselves|to us|it occurs|an|response|intelligent
nos llega horas después, cuando ya no nos es de utilidad. Después de todo, nada es más patético
to us|it arrives|hours|later|when|no|not|to us|it is|of|usefulness|After|of|everything|nothing|it is|more|pathetic
que una persona que, un día después de ser insultada, se presenta ante quien lo insultó,
that|a|person|that|a|day|after|of|being|insulted|himself/herself|he/she presents|before|whom|him|he/she insulted
that a person who, one day after being insulted, presents themselves before the one who insulted them,
se lo recuerda y le responde. Los estoicos eran conscientes de ello y por esa razón defendieron
himself/herself|it|he/she remembers|and|to him/her|he/she responds|The|Stoics|they were|aware|of|it|and|for|that|reason|they defended
reminds them of it and responds. The Stoics were aware of this and for that reason defended
una segunda forma de responder a los insultos, ninguna respuesta en absoluto. En lugar de
a|second|way|to|to respond|to|the|insults|no|response|in|absolute|In|place|of
a second way of responding to insults, no response at all. Instead of
responder a un insulto, dice Musonio, deberíamos, asumir serena y tranquilamente lo que ha sucedido.
to respond|to|an|insult|says|Musonius|we should|to assume|calmly|and|peacefully|what|that|it has|happened
responding to an insult, Musonius says, we should calmly and serenely accept what has happened.
Esto, nos recuerda, es una conducta apropiada para quien pretende ser magnánimo.13,
this|to us|it reminds|it is|an|behavior|appropriate|for|who|he/she intends|to be|magnanimous
This, he reminds us, is appropriate behavior for someone who aims to be magnanimous.13,
la ventaja de no responder, de hacer como si quien insulta no hubiera hablado, es que no
the|advantage|of|not|to respond|to|to do|as|if|whoever|insults|not|he/she had|spoken|it is|that|not
the advantage of not responding, of acting as if the one who insults has not spoken, is that it
requiere de ningún pensamiento por nuestra parte. De hecho, incluso la persona mentalmente más lenta
it requires|of|no|thought|for|our|part|In|fact|even|the|person|mentally|more|slow
does not require any thought on our part. In fact, even the mentally slowest person
del planeta puede responder así a un insulto. En este sentido, Seneca señala con aprobación
of|planet|it can|to respond|like this|to|an|insult|In|this|sense|Seneca|he points|with|approval
on the planet can respond this way to an insult. In this sense, Seneca points out with approval
la respuesta de Catón cuando alguien a quien no conocía lo empujó en los baños públicos.
the|response|of|Cato|when|someone|to|whom|not|I knew|him|he pushed|in|the|bathrooms|public
the response of Cato when someone he did not know pushed him in the public baths.
Cuando la persona se dio cuenta de quién era Catón y se disculpó, este, en lugar de enfadarse
when|the|person|himself/herself|he/she gave|account|of|who|he/she was|Caton|and|himself/herself|he/she apologized|this one|in|instead|of|to get angry
When the person realized who Cato was and apologized, he, instead of getting angry
o castigarlo, se limitó a responder, no recuerdo haber sido empujado.14, según Seneca, Catón
or|to punish him|himself|he limited|to|to respond|not|I remember|to have|been|pushed|according to|Seneca|Cato
or to punish him, he limited himself to responding, I do not remember being pushed.14, according to Seneca, Cato
demostró un espíritu más elegante al no reconocer el empujón que al perdonarlo.15.
he/she demonstrated|a|spirit|more|elegant|by|not|to acknowledge|the|shove|than|by|forgiving it
demonstrated a more elegant spirit by not acknowledging the push than by forgiving it.15.
Negarse a responder a un insulto es, paradójicamente, una de las posibles
to refuse|to|to respond|to|an|insult|it is|paradoxically|one|of|the|possible
Refusing to respond to an insult is, paradoxically, one of the possible
respuestas más eficaces. Para empezar, como señala Seneca, nuestra falta de respuesta
answers|more|effective|To|begin|as|it points out|Seneca|our|lack|of|response
most effective responses. To begin with, as Seneca points out, our lack of response
puede resultar muy desconcertante para quien nos insulta, que se preguntará si hemos entendido o
it can|to turn out|very|disconcerting|for|whoever|us|insults|that|himself/herself|he/she will ask|if|we have|understood|or
can be very disconcerting for the one who insults us, who will wonder if we understood or
no su insulto. Por lo demás, le hurtamos el placer de habernos molestado y como resultado quizás sea
not|his|insult|For|it|else|him|we rob|the|pleasure|of|having|bothered|and|as|a result|perhaps|it is
not his insult. Otherwise, we deprive him of the pleasure of having bothered us and as a result, he might be
el quien se moleste.16. También hemos de advertir que al no responder a quien nos insulta, le
the|who|himself/herself|gets upset|Also|we have|to|to warn|that|upon|not|to respond|to|who|us|insults|him/her
the one who gets upset. 16. We should also note that by not responding to someone who insults us, we
demostramos, a él y a quien esté observando, que no tenemos tiempo para el comportamiento infantil
we demonstrate|to|him|and|to|whoever|is|observing|that|not|we have|time|for|the|behavior|childish
demonstrate to him and to anyone who is watching that we do not have time for this person's childish
de esta persona. Si una respuesta humorística a un insulto demuestra que no nos tomamos en
of|this|person|If|a|response|humorous|to|an|insult|it demonstrates|that|not|ourselves|we take|in
behavior. If a humorous response to an insult shows that we do not take the insulter seriously,
serio a quien insulta, una ausencia de respuesta da la impresión de que somos indiferentes a su
serious|to|whom|he/she insults|an|absence|of|response|it gives|the|impression|that|we|we are|indifferent|to|his/her
a lack of response gives the impression that we are indifferent to his.
existencia, no solo no nos lo tomamos en serio, sino que no le hacemos ningún caso. Sin embargo,
existence|not|only|not|ourselves|it|we take|in|seriously|but|that|not|it|we do|any|attention|Without|however
existence, not only do we not take it seriously, but we also pay no attention to it. However,
a nadie le gusta ser ignorado, y probablemente quien insulta se sentirá humillado si no le
to|nobody|him/her|likes|to be|ignored|and|probably|whoever|insults|himself/herself|he/she will feel|humiliated|if|not|him/her
nobody likes to be ignored, and probably the one who insults will feel humiliated if we do not
respondemos, no ya con otro insulto, sino ni siquiera con humor. Todo lo dicho puede dar
we respond|not|anymore|with|another|insult|but|nor|even|with|humor|Everything|it|said|it can|give
respond, not with another insult, but not even with humor. All that has been said may give
la impresión de que los estoicos son pacifistas respecto a los insultos, como si jamás respondieran
the|impression|that|that|the|Stoics|they are|pacifists|regarding|to|the|insults|as|if|ever|they responded
the impression that the Stoics are pacifists regarding insults, as if they never respond
con otro insulto ni castigaran a quien lo ha proferido. Sin embargo, no es así. Según Séneca,
with|another|insult|nor|they will punish|to|whoever|it|has|uttered|Without|however|not|it is|so|According to|Seneca
with another insult nor punish the one who has uttered it. However, this is not the case. According to Seneca,
en algunas ocasiones es apropiado responder vigorosamente a un insulto. El peligro de
in|some|occasions|it is|appropriate|to respond|vigorously|to|an|insult|The|danger|of
In some cases, it is appropriate to respond vigorously to an insult. The danger of
responder a los insultos con humor o no responder en absoluto es que algunas personas de las que
to respond|to|the|insults|with|humor|or|not|to respond|in|absolute|it is|that|some|people|of|the|that
responding to insults with humor or not responding at all is that some people who
nos insultan son lentas y no advierten que al negarse a responder con otro insulto estamos
they|insult|they are|slow|and|not|they realize|that|upon|refusing|to|to respond|with|another|insult|we are
insult us are slow and do not realize that by refusing to respond with another insult, we are
manifestando desde enacia, lo que piensan de nosotros. En lugar de sentirse humilladas por
manifesting|from|above|what|that|they think|about|us|In|place|of|to feel|humiliated|by
manifesting from above, what they think of us. Instead of feeling humiliated by
nuestra respuesta, nuestro silencio o nuestras bromas, pueden incentivarlos hasta el punto de
our|response|our|silence|or|our|jokes|they can|to incentivize them|up to|the|point|of
our response, our silence, or our jokes, it may encourage them to the point of
que empiecen a bombardearnos con una interminable cascada de insultos. Esto puede resultar especialmente
that|they begin|to|to bombard us|with|an|endless|cascade|of|insults|This|it can|to result|especially
that they start bombarding us with an endless cascade of insults. This can be especially
engorroso si quien insulta era nuestro esclavo, en el mundo antiguo, o si es nuestro empleado,
cumbersome|if|who|insults|he was|our|slave|in|the|world|ancient|or|if|it is|our|employee
burdensome if the one insulting was our slave, in the ancient world, or if they are our employee,
alumno o hijo, en el mundo moderno. Los estoicos eran conscientes de esta cuestión y brindaron
student|or|son|in|the|world|modern|The|Stoics|they were|aware|of|this|issue|and|they provided
student, or child, in the modern world. The Stoics were aware of this issue and provided
consejos para tratar con estas personas. Del mismo modo que una madre reprende al niño que se despeina,
advice|to|to deal|with|these|people|Of|same|way|that|a|mother|she scolds|the|child|that|himself/herself|he/she messes up
advice on how to deal with these people. Just as a mother scolds the child who is disheveled,
en algunos casos también querremos amonestar o castigar a la persona que nos insulta infantilmente.
in|some|cases|also|we will want|to admonish|or|to punish|to|the|person|that|us|insults|childishly
in some cases we may also want to admonish or punish the person who insults us childishly.
Así pues, si un estudiante insulta a su profesor frente a la clase, sería poco inteligente que
thus|then|if|a|student|he/she insults|to|his/her|teacher|in front|of|the|class|it would be|not very|intelligent|that
Thus, if a student insults their teacher in front of the class, it would be unwise for
éste ignorara lo que ha pasado. Después de todo, quien insulta y sus compañeros podrían interpretar
this one|he/she will ignore|what|that|he/she has|happened|After|of|everything|whoever|insults|and|his/her|companions|they could|interpret
the teacher to ignore what has happened. After all, the one who insults and their classmates might interpret
la falta de respuesta del profesor como una forma de consentimiento que tendría como consecuencia
the|lack|of|response|of the|teacher|as|a|form|of|consent|that|it would have|as|consequence
the teacher's lack of response as a form of consent, which would result in
una oleada de insultos contra él. Este comportamiento perturbaría la clase y dificultaría
a|wave|of|insults|against|him|This|behavior|it would disturb|the|class|and|it would make difficult
a wave of insults directed at him. This behavior would disrupt the class and hinder
el aprendizaje de los estudiantes. En estos casos, los estoicos han de tener presente que castigan a
the|learning|of|the|students|In|these|cases|the|Stoics|they have|to|to have|in mind|that|they punish|to
the students' learning. In these cases, Stoics must keep in mind that they punish
quien los insulta no por haberlos agraviado, sino para corregir una conducta inapropiada. Es,
who|them|insults|not|for|having them|offended|but|to|to correct|an|behavior|inappropriate|It is
who insults them not for having offended them, but to correct inappropriate behavior. It is,
dice Seneca, como amaestrar a un animal, si castigamos a un caballo mientras lo adiestramos,
he says|Seneca|how|to train|an||animal|if|we punish|a||horse|while|it|we train
says Seneca, like training an animal, if we punish a horse while we are training it,
debemos hacerlo porque queremos que nos obedezcan el futuro, no porque no nos haya
we must|do it|because|we want|that|us|they obey|the|future|not|because|not|us|there is
we must do it because we want it to obey us in the future, not because it has not
obedecido en el pasado. 17. Sin duda vivimos en una época en la que pocas personas están
obeyed|in|the|past|Without|doubt|we live|in|a|era|in|which|that|few|people|they are
obeyed us in the past. 17. Undoubtedly, we live in a time when few people are
dispuestas a responder a un insulto con humor o con silencio. De hecho, quienes defienden el
willing|to|to respond|to|an|insult|with|humor|or|with|silence|In|fact|those who|they defend|the
willing to respond to an insult with humor or silence. In fact, those who defend the
discurso políticamente correcto creen que la forma adecuada de abordar algunos insultos es
speech|politically|correct|they believe|that|the|way|appropriate|to|to address|some|insults|it is
politically correct speech believe that the appropriate way to address some insults is
castigar a quien insulta. Lo que más les preocupa son los insultos dirigidos hacia los desfavorecidos,
to punish|to|whoever|insults|it|that|most|to them|it worries|they are|the|insults|directed|towards|the|disadvantaged
to punish those who insult. What concerns them the most are the insults directed at the disadvantaged,
entre ellos miembros de las minorías y personas con hándicaps físicos, mentales, sociales o
among|them|members|of|the|minorities|and|people|with|disabilities|physical|mental|social|or
including members of minorities and people with physical, mental, social, or
económicos. Las personas desfavorecidas, argumentan, son psicológicamente vulnerables, y si permitimos
economic|the|people|disadvantaged|they argue|they are|psychologically|vulnerable|and|if|we allow
economic handicaps. Disadvantaged people, they argue, are psychologically vulnerable, and if we allow
que la gente las insulte, sufrirán un grave perjuicio psicológico. Por lo tanto, los defensores
that|the|people|them|insult|they will suffer|a|serious|harm|psychological|For|it|therefore|the|defenders
people to insult them, they will suffer serious psychological harm. Therefore, the defenders
del discurso políticamente correcto piden a las autoridades, funcionarios del gobierno,
of|speech|politically|correct|they ask|to|the|authorities|officials|of the|government
of politically correct speech calls on authorities, government officials,
empresarios y administradores de las escuelas, que castiguen a quien insulte a un individuo
entrepreneurs|and|administrators|of|the|schools|that|they punish|to|whoever|insults|to|an|individual
businesspeople, and school administrators to punish those who insult an individual
desfavorecido. Epicteto rechazaría esta forma de afrontar los insultos por ser deplorablemente
disadvantaged|Epictetus|he would reject|this|way|of|to face|the|insults|for|to be|deplorably
who is disadvantaged. Epictetus would reject this way of dealing with insults as deplorably
contraproducente. Para empezar, señalaría que el movimiento en pro de lo políticamente correcto
counterproductive|to|begin|I would point out|that|the|movement|in|in favor of|of|the|politically|correct
counterproductive. To begin with, he would point out that the movement for political correctness
tiene algunos efectos secundarios adversos. Uno de ellos es que el proceso de proteger a los
it has|some|effects|side|adverse|One|of|them|it is|that|the|process|of|to protect|to|the
has some adverse side effects. One of them is that the process of protecting the
individuos desfavorecidos de los insultos tiende a hacerlos, hipersensibles a cualquier ataque,
individuals|disadvantaged|of|the|insults|it tends|to|to make them|hypersensitive|to|any|attack
disadvantaged individuals tend to make them hypersensitive to any attack,
como resultado, no solo percibirán el aguijón de los insultos explícitos, sino también el de los
as|a result|not|only|they will perceive|the|sting|of|the|insults|explicit|but|also|the|of|the
as a result, they will not only perceive the sting of explicit insults, but also that of the
implícitos. Otro es que las personas desfavorecidas llegarán a creerse impotentes para afrontar los
implicit|Another|it is|that|the|people|disadvantaged|they will arrive|to|to believe themselves|powerless|to|to face|the
implicit ones. Another is that disadvantaged people will come to believe themselves powerless to face the
insultos por sí mismas, que carecen de protección a menos que intervengan las autoridades. Epicteto
insults|for|themselves|themselves|that|they lack|of|protection|to|unless|that|they intervene|the|authorities|Epictetus
insults on their own, that they lack protection unless authorities intervene. Epictetus
diría que la mejor manera de afrontar los insultos dirigidos a los grupos desfavorecidos no es,
I would say|that|the|best|way|to|to face|the|insults|directed|to|the|groups|disadvantaged|not|it is
would say that the best way to deal with insults directed at disadvantaged groups is not,
castigar a quien insulta, sino enseñar técnicas de autodefensa frente a los insultos a los
to punish|to|whoever|insults|but|to teach|techniques|of|self-defense|against|to|the|||
to punish those who insult, but to teach self-defense techniques against insults to the
integrantes de esos grupos. En particular, necesitan aprender a eliminar el veneno de
members|of|those|groups|In|particular|they need|to learn|to|to eliminate|the|poison|from
members of those groups. In particular, they need to learn to eliminate the poison of
los insultos que les dirigen, mientras no lo hagan, seguirán siendo hipersensibles,
the|insults|that|to them|they direct|as long as|not|it|they do|they will continue|being|hypersensitive
the insults directed at them; as long as they do not, they will remain hypersensitive,
y en consecuencia, sufrirán mucho cuando sean insultados. Hay que señalar que según los
and|in|consequence|they will suffer|a lot|when|they are|insulted|There|that|to point out|that|according to|the
and consequently, they will suffer greatly when insulted. It should be noted that according to modern
estándares modernos Epicteto sería considerado como doblemente desfavorecido, era cojo y esclavo.
standards|modern|Epictetus|he would be|considered|as|doubly|disadvantaged|he was|lame|and|slave
standards, Epictetus would be considered doubly disadvantaged; he was lame and a slave.
A pesar de estas desventajas, encontró la manera de superar los insultos. Y lo más importante,
in|spite|of|these|disadvantages|he/she found|the|way|to|overcome|the|insults|And|it|most|important
Despite these disadvantages, he found a way to overcome the insults. And most importantly,
halló la forma de experimentar la felicidad a pesar de la mala baza que el destino le había
he/she found|the|way|to|to experience|the|happiness|to|in spite|of|the|bad|hand|that|the|destiny|to him/her|it had
he found a way to experience happiness despite the bad hand that fate had dealt him.
deparado. Sospechamos que los modernos, desfavorecidos, podrían aprender mucho de Epicteto.
prepared|We suspect|that|the|modern|disadvantaged|they could|to learn|a lot|from|Epictetus
We suspect that modern, disadvantaged people could learn a lot from Epictetus.
12. Aflicción. Vencer a las lágrimas con la razón.
Affliction|To overcome|to|the|tears|with|the|reason
12. Affliction. Overcoming tears with reason.
La mayoría de los padres se sentirán emocionalmente devastados ante la muerte de un hijo. Llorarán
the|majority|of|the|parents|themselves|they will feel|emotionally|devastated|in the face of|the|death|of|a|child|They will cry
Most parents will feel emotionally devastated by the death of a child. They will cry.
durante días enteros y serán incapaces de retomar su rutina diaria durante un tiempo.
for|days|whole|and|they will be|unable|to|to resume|their|routine|daily|for|a|time
for whole days and will be unable to resume their daily routine for a while.
Mucho después de la muerte, experimentarán el latigazo del duelo, sus ojos se humedecerán
long|after|of|the|death|they will experience|the|lash|of the|mourning|their|eyes|themselves|they will moisten
Long after death, they will experience the whip of grief, their eyes will moisten
al ver la foto de su hijo. ¿Cómo responderá un estoico ante la muerte de un hijo? Podríamos
upon|seeing|the|photo|of|his|son|How|will he respond|a|stoic|in the face of|the|death|of|a|son|We could
upon seeing the photo of their child. How would a stoic respond to the death of a child? We could
imaginar que no responderá en absoluto, que suprimirá sus sentimientos o, mejor aún,
to imagine|that|not|it will respond|in|absolute|that|it will suppress|its|feelings|or|better|still
imagine that they would not respond at all, that they would suppress their feelings or, better yet,
que se entrenará para no sumirse en la aflicción. La creencia de que los estoicos no se afligen,
that|himself/herself|he/she will train|to|not|to sink|into|the|affliction|The|belief|that|that|the|Stoics|not|themselves|they grieve
that they would train themselves not to sink into sorrow. The belief that stoics do not grieve,
aunque muy extendida, es errónea. Los estoicos entendían que las emociones como la aflicción
although|very|widespread|it is|erroneous|The|Stoics|they understood|that|the|emotions|such as|the|affliction
although very widespread, it is incorrect. The Stoics understood that emotions such as grief
son en cierta medida reflejas. Así como no podemos evitar sobresaltarnos cuando oímos
they are|in|certain|measure|you reflect|Thus|as|not|we can|to avoid|startling ourselves|when|we hear
are to some extent reflexive. Just as we cannot help but startle when we hear
un ruido inesperado y estrepitoso, un reflejo físico, no podemos evitar que la congoja
a|noise|unexpected|and|deafening|a|reflection|physical|not|we can|to avoid|that|the|anguish
an unexpected and loud noise, a physical reflex, we cannot help but let sorrow
se apodere de nosotros al enterarnos de la muerte de un ser querido. Es un reflejo emocional.
itself|I took over|of|us|upon|learning|of|the|death|of|a|being|loved|It is|an|reflection|emotional
take hold of us upon learning of the death of a loved one. It is an emotional reflex.
Así pues, en su consolación a Polibio, que lloraba la muerte de su hermano, Séneca escribe,
thus|therefore|in|his|consolation|to|Polybius|who|he was mourning|the|death|of|his|brother|Seneca|he writes
Thus, in his consolation to Polybius, who was mourning the death of his brother, Seneca writes,
La naturaleza nos exige cierta pena y sobrepasarla es resultado de la vanidad. Pero nunca te pediré
the|nature|us|it demands|certain|sorrow|and|to overcome it|it is|the result|of|the|vanity|But|never|you|I will ask
Nature demands a certain sorrow from us, and overcoming it is a result of vanity. But I will never ask you
que no te aflijas en absoluto.1 ¿En qué grado debería afligirse un estoico? En la aflicción
that|not|you|you worry|in|at all|In|what|degree|should|to grieve|a|stoic|In|the|affliction
not to grieve at all. To what degree should a Stoic grieve? In the correct grief,
correcta, dice Séneca a Polibio, nuestra razón, mantendrá un término medio que no reproducirá ni
correct|says|Seneca|to|Polybius|our|reason|it will maintain|a|term|middle|that|not|it will reproduce|nor
Seneca says to Polybius, our reason will maintain a mean that will reproduce neither
la indiferencia ni la locura, y nos mantendrá en un estado que es la marca de una mente afectuosa
the|indifference|nor|the|madness|and|us|it will keep|in|a|state|that|it is|the|mark|of|a|mind|affectionate
indifference nor madness, and will keep us in a state that is the mark of a loving
y no desequilibrada. En consecuencia, aconseja a Polibio, dejar que corran las lágrimas,
and|not|unbalanced|In|consequence|he/she advises|to|Polybius|to let|that|they flow|the|tears
and not an unbalanced mind. Consequently, he advises Polybius, let the tears flow,
pero también dejar que cesen, permitir que los más profundos suspiros broten de su pecho,
but|also|to let|that|they cease|to allow|that|the|most|deep|sighs|they emerge|from|their|chest
but also let them cease, allow the deepest sighs to emerge from your chest,
pero también que lleguen a su fin,.2 Aunque no sea posible eliminar la aflicción,
but|also|that|they arrive|to|their|end|Although|not|it is|possible|to eliminate|the|affliction
but also that they come to an end. Although it may not be possible to eliminate grief,
Séneca cree que es posible dar pasos para minimizar el grado de dolor que experimentamos
Seneca|he believes|that|it is|possible|to take|steps|to|to minimize|the|degree|of|pain|that|we experience
Seneca believes it is possible to take steps to minimize the degree of pain we experience
a lo largo de nuestras vidas, y dado que esos pasos existen, deberíamos recorrerlos. Después
along|the|length|of|our|lives|and|given|that|those|steps|they exist|we should|traverse them|After
throughout our lives, and since those steps exist, we should take them. After
de todo, vivimos en un mundo en el que potencialmente hay muchas cosas que lamentar.
of|everything|we live|in|a|world|in|the|that|potentially|there are|many|things|that|to regret
all, we live in a world where there are potentially many things to mourn.
En consecuencia, afirma Séneca, deberíamos ser parcos en lágrimas, ya que, hemos de gestionar
in|consequence|he affirms|Seneca|we should|to be|sparing|in|tears|already|that|we have|to|to manage
Consequently, Seneca states, we should be sparing in tears, as we must manage
cuidadosamente aquello de lo que con tanta frecuencia hay necesidad,.3 Con estos pensamientos
carefully|that|of|what|that|with|so much|frequency|there is|necessity|With|these|thoughts
carefully that which is so often needed. With these thoughts
en mente, Séneca y otros estoicos desarrollaron estrategias mediante las cuales debemos evitar
in|mind|Seneca|and|other|stoics|they developed|strategies|through|the|which|we must|to avoid
in mind, Seneca and other Stoics developed strategies by which we should avoid
experimentar una aflicción, excesiva y superar cuanto antes el dolor que nos asola. La principal
to experience|an|affliction|excessive|and|to overcome|as|soon|the|pain|that|us|assails|The|main
experiencing excessive grief and overcome the pain that afflicts us as soon as possible. The main
estrategia estoica para evitar la aflicción es la práctica de la visualización negativa.
strategy|stoic|to|to avoid|the|suffering|it is|the|practice|of|the|visualization|negative
Stoic strategy to avoid grief is the practice of negative visualization.
Al considerar las muertes de aquellos que amamos, eliminaremos parte del shock que
in|considering|the|deaths|of|those|that|we love|we will eliminate|part|of the|shock|that
By considering the deaths of those we love, we will eliminate part of the shock that
experimentaríamos ante su desaparición, en cierto modo, lo habremos visto venir. Además,
we would experience|in the face of|its|disappearance|in|a certain|way|it|we will have|seen|coming|Furthermore
we would experience at their disappearance; in a way, we will have seen it coming. Furthermore,
si imaginamos la muerte de nuestros seres queridos, aprovecharemos mejor nuestras
if|we imagine|the|death|of|our|beings|loved|we will take advantage|better|our
if we imagine the death of our loved ones, we will make better use of our
relaciones con ellos, si mueren, no nos sentiremos abrumados por lamentaciones
relationships|with|them|if|they die|not|us|we will feel|overwhelmed|by|lamentations
relationships with them; if they die, we will not feel overwhelmed by lamentations
respecto a todas las cosas que podríamos y deberíamos haber hecho, con y para ellos,
regarding|to|all|the|things|that|we could|and|we should|to have|done|with|and|for|them
about all the things we could and should have done, with and for them,
además de para evitar la aflicción, la visualización negativa también puede emplearse para extinguirla.
in addition|to|to|avoid|the|distress|the|visualization|negative|also|it can|be used|to|extinguish it
In addition to avoiding grief, negative visualization can also be used to extinguish it.
Consideremos, por ejemplo, el consejo que Séneca le da a Marcia, una mujer que,
let's consider|for|example|the|advice|that|Seneca|to her|he gives|to|Marcia|a|woman|that
Let us consider, for example, the advice that Seneca gives to Marcia, a woman who,
tres años después de la muerte de su hijo, estaba tan afligida como el día en que lo enterró.
three|years|after|of|the|death|of|her|son|she was|as|grieving|as|the|day|on|which|him|she buried
three years after the death of her son, was as grief-stricken as the day she buried him.
En lugar de pasarse los días pensando amargamente en la felicidad de la que había sido privada por
in|instead|of|spending|the|days|thinking|bitterly|about|the|happiness|of|the|which|he/she had|been|deprived|by
Instead of spending her days bitterly thinking about the happiness she had been deprived of by
la muerte de su hijo, Séneca dice que Marcia debería pensar en cuán peor sería su situación
the|death|of|her|son|Seneca|he says|that|Marcia|she should|to think|about|how|worse|it would be|her|situation
the death of her son, Seneca says that Marcia should think about how much worse her situation would be.
actual de no haber disfrutado de su compañía, en otras palabras, en lugar de lamentar su muerte
actually|of|not|having|enjoyed|of|his/her|company|in|other|words|in|instead|of|to lament|his/her|death
current of not having enjoyed their company, in other words, instead of lamenting their death
debería agradecer que haya vivido. 4. Podríamos llamar a esto visualización negativa retrospectiva.
I should|to thank|that|I have|lived|We could|to call|to|this|visualization|negative|retrospective
I should be grateful that they lived. 4. We could call this retrospective negative visualization.
En la visualización negativa prospectiva, imaginamos que perdemos algo que poseemos en
in|the|visualization|negative|prospective|we imagine|that|we lose|something|that|we possess|in
In prospective negative visualization, we imagine losing something we currently possess,
la actualidad, en la visualización negativa retrospectiva, imaginamos que no hemos tenido
the|present|in|the|visualization|negative|retrospective|we imagine|that|not|we have|had
in retrospective negative visualization, we imagine that we have not had
algo que hemos perdido. Séneca piensa que al practicar la visualización negativa retrospectiva
something|that|we have|lost|Seneca|he thinks|that|to|to practice|the|visualization|negative|retrospective
something we have lost. Seneca thinks that by practicing retrospective negative visualization
podemos sustituir nuestro sentimiento de duelo ante la pérdida por un sentimiento de agradecimiento
we can|to replace|our|feeling|of|mourning|in the face of|the|loss|for|a|feeling|of|gratitude
we can replace our feeling of grief over loss with a feeling of gratitude
por haberlo disfrutado. En su consolación a Polibio, Séneca ofrece consejo para superar
for|having it|enjoyed|In|his|consolation|to|Polybius|Seneca|he offers|advice|to|to overcome
for having enjoyed it. In his consolation to Polybius, Seneca offers advice to overcome
cualquier aflicción que estemos experimentando. La razón es nuestra mejor arma contra la aflicción,
any|affliction|that|we are|experiencing|The|reason|it is|our|best|weapon|against||
any affliction we may be experiencing. Reason is our best weapon against affliction,
sostiene, porque, a menos que la razón ponga fin a nuestras lágrimas, la fortuna no lo hará.
it holds|because|to|unless|that|the|reason|it puts|an end|to|our|tears|the|fortune|not|it|it will do
he argues, because unless reason puts an end to our tears, fortune will not.
En líneas generales, Séneca cree que aunque la razón no pueda eliminar nuestra aflicción,
in|lines|general|Seneca|he believes|that|although|the|reason|not|it can|to eliminate|our|affliction
In general terms, Seneca believes that although reason cannot eliminate our affliction,
tiene la capacidad de sustraerle todo lo excesivo y superfluo.5. Por lo tanto, Séneca se afana en
it has|the|ability|to|to subtract from him/her|everything|the|excessive|and|superfluous|For|it|therefore|Seneca|himself|he strives|in
has the ability to remove all that is excessive and superfluous.5. Therefore, Seneca strives to
emplear la persuasión racional para curar a Polibio de su excesiva aflicción. Por ejemplo,
to employ|the|persuasion|rational|to|to cure|to|Polybius|from|his|excessive|affliction|For|example
use rational persuasion to cure Polybius of his excessive grief. For example,
argumenta que el hermano cuya muerte lamenta Polibio no querría que éste se torturara con
he argues|that|the|brother|whose|death|he laments|Polybius|not|he would want|that|he|himself|he tortures|with
he argues that the brother whose death Polybius mourns would not want him to torture himself with
su pérdida. Si quería que Polibio sufriera, entonces no merece las lágrimas, por lo que
his|loss|If|he wanted|that|Polybius|he suffered|then|not|he deserves|the|tears|for|it|that
his loss. If he wanted Polybius to suffer, then he does not deserve the tears, so
Polibio podría dejar de llorar, si no quería que Polibio sufriera, entonces le toca a éste,
Polibio|he could|to stop|from|crying|if|not|he wanted|that|Polibio|he suffered|then|to him|it is his turn|to|this one
Polybius could stop crying; if he did not want Polybius to suffer, then it is up to him,
si ama y respeta a su hermano, poner fin al llanto. En otro argumento, Séneca señala que
if|he/she loves|and|he/she respects|to|his/her|brother|to put|an end|to the|crying|In|another|argument|Seneca|he/she points out|that
if he loves and respects his brother, to put an end to the crying. In another argument, Seneca points out that
al estar muerto el hermano de Polibio es incapaz de aflicción y que esto es algo bueno, por lo
upon|being|dead|the|brother|of|Polybius|he is|incapable|of|grief|and|that|this|it is|something|good|for|it
with the brother of Polybius dead, he is incapable of grief and that this is a good thing, therefore,
tanto, es una locura que Polibio siga sufriendo,6. Otra de las consolaciones de Séneca se dirige a
so much|it is|a|madness|that|Polybius|he continues|suffering|Another|of|the|consolations|of|Seneca|himself|he directs|to
it is madness for Polybius to continue suffering. Another of Seneca's consolations is directed to
Elvia, su madre. Si Polibio lamentaba la muerte de un ser querido, Elvia sufría por el exilio
Elvia|her|mother|If|Polibio|he lamented|the|death|of|a|being|loved one|Elvia|she suffered|for|the|exile
Elvia, his mother. If Polybius mourned the death of a loved one, Elvia suffered from Seneca's exile.
de Séneca. En su consejo a su madre, Séneca lleva el argumento ofrecido a Polibio, que la persona
of|Seneca|In|his|advice|to|his|mother|Seneca|he carries|the|argument|offered|to|Polybius|that|the|person
In his advice to his mother, Seneca carries the argument offered to Polybius, that the person
cuya muerte lamenta Polibio no querría que se lamentara, un paso más allá, como Elvia deplora
whose|death|Polybius laments|Polybius|not|he would want|that|himself/herself|he/she laments|a|step|more|beyond|as|Elvia|she deplores
whose death Polybius laments would not want to be lamented, a step further, as Elvia mourns
las circunstancias que rodean a Séneca, él aduce que, siendo estoico, no lamenta esas circunstancias,
the|circumstances|that|surround|to|Seneca|he|he argues|that|being|stoic|not|he laments|those|circumstances
the circumstances surrounding Seneca, he argues that, being a Stoic, he does not lament those circumstances,
y por lo tanto su madre tampoco debería hacerlo, su consolación a Elvia, observa, es única,
and|for|it|therefore|her|mother|neither|she should|do it|her|consolation|to|Elvia|she observes|it is|unique
and therefore his mother should not do so either, his consolation to Elvia, he observes, is unique,
aunque ha leído todas las consolaciones que ha encontrado, en ninguna de ellas el autor consuela
although|he/she has|read|all|the|consolations|that|he/she has||in|none|of|them|the|author|
although he has read all the consolations he has found, in none of them does the author console
personas que lloran al propio autor.7 En algunos casos, estas apelaciones a la razón sin duda
people|that|they cry|to the|own|author|In|some|cases|these|appeals|to|the|reason|without|doubt
people who mourn the author himself. In some cases, these appeals to reason undoubtedly
contribuirán a aliviar, aunque sea temporalmente, la aflicción que alguien experimenta. Sin embargo,
they will contribute|to|to relieve|although|it is|temporarily|the|affliction|that|someone|he/she experiences|Without|however
they will contribute to alleviating, even if temporarily, the distress that someone experiences. However,
en casos de duelo extremo probablemente no surtirán efecto alguno, por la sencilla razón de que las
in|cases|of|mourning|extreme|probably|not|they will have|effect|any|for|the|simple|reason|of|that|the
in cases of extreme grief, they will probably have no effect at all, for the simple reason that the
emociones de la persona afligida gobiernan su intelecto. Pero incluso en estos casos nuestros
emotions|of|the|person|afflicted|they govern|their|intellect|But|even|in|these|cases|our
emotions of the grieving person govern their intellect. But even in these cases, our
intentos por introducir la razón pueden ser útiles, ya que tales intentos pueden hacerle
attempts|to|introduce|the|reason|they can|to be|useful|since|that|such|attempts|they can|to make you
attempts to introduce reason can be useful, as such attempts can help them
comprender la dimensión en la que su intelecto ha capitulado ante sus emociones y le han inducido,
to understand|the|dimension|in|which|that|his|intellect|it has|capitulated|before|his|emotions|and|it|they have|induced
understand the dimension in which their intellect has capitulated to their emotions and has induced them,
tal vez, a dar pasos para que su razón recupere el lugar que le corresponde. Epicteto también
maybe|once|to|to take|steps|to|that|its|reason|it recovers|the|place|that|it|it corresponds|Epictetus|also
perhaps, to take steps so that her reason regains the place it deserves. Epictetus also
ofrece consejos para el control de la aflicción. En particular, nos recomienda no, contagiarnos,
he/she offers|advice|for|the|control|of|the|grief|In|particular|to us|he/she recommends|not|to infect ourselves
offers advice for controlling grief. In particular, he recommends that we do not, catch ourselves,
del duelo de los demás. Supongamos, por ejemplo, que nos encontramos con una mujer sumida en el
of|mourning|of|the|others|Let's suppose|for|example|that|ourselves|we find|with|a|woman|immersed|in|the
from the mourning of others. Let us suppose, for example, that we encounter a woman immersed in her
dolor. Epicteto dice que hemos de empatizar con ella y tal vez incluso acompañarla en su lamento
pain|Epictetus|he says|that|we have|to|to empathize|with|it|and|such|perhaps|even||in|its|lament
pain. Epictetus says that we should empathize with her and perhaps even accompany her in her lament
con un lamento propio. Pero hemos de ser cuidadosos y evitar, la interiorización del duelo, punto 8,
with|a|lament|of one's own|But|we have|to|to be|careful|and|to avoid|the|internalization|of the|mourning|point
with a lament of our own. But we must be careful and avoid, the internalization of grief, point 8,
en otras palabras, hemos de exhibir signos de aflicción sin permitir que arraiguen nosotros,
in|other|words|we have|to|to exhibit|signs|of|affliction|without|to allow|that|they take root|in us
In other words, we must show signs of grief without allowing them to take root in us,
a algunos les ofenderá este consejo. Dirán que cuando los demás sufren no solo deberíamos fingir
to|some|them|it will offend|this|advice|They will say|that|when|the|others|they suffer|not|only|we should|to pretend
some will be offended by this advice. They will say that when others suffer, we should not only pretend
que empatizamos con ellos, deberíamos sentir su pérdida y compartir su duelo. Epicteto respondería
that|we empathize|with|them|we should|to feel|their|loss|and|to share|their|mourning|Epictetus|he would respond
to empathize with them, we should feel their loss and share their mourning. Epictetus would respond
a esta crítica señalando que la recomendación de responder al duelo de los amigos participando de su
to|this|criticism|pointing out|that|the|recommendation|to|to respond|to the|grief|of|the|friends|participating|in|their
to this criticism by pointing out that the recommendation to respond to a friend's grief by participating in their
aflicción es tan absurda como ayudar a quien se ha envenenado tomando veneno nosotros mismos,
affliction|it is|as|absurd|as|to help|to|whom|himself/herself|he/she has|poisoned|taking|poison|ourselves|ourselves
sorrow is as absurd as helping someone who has been poisoned by taking poison ourselves,
o ayudar a alguien que tiene gripe contagiándonos a propósito. La aflicción es una emoción negativa,
or|to help|to|someone|who|has|the flu|by infecting ourselves|to|on purpose|The|affliction|it is|a|emotion|negative
or help someone who has the flu by intentionally getting infected. Suffering is a negative emotion,
y por lo tanto, en la medida de lo posible, hemos de evitar experimentarla. Si un amigo sufre,
and|for|it|therefore|in|the|measure|of|it|possible|we have|to|to avoid|experiencing it|If|a|friend|he/she suffers
and therefore, as much as possible, we should avoid experiencing it. If a friend is suffering,
nuestro objetivo debería ser ayudarle a superar su sufrimiento, o más bien, si interiorizamos
our|objective|it should|to be|to help you|to|to overcome|your|suffering|or|more|rather|if|we internalize
our goal should be to help them overcome their suffering, or rather, if we internalize
adecuadamente nuestros objetivos, hacer lo que podamos para ayudarle a superar su aflicción.
adequately|our|objectives|to do|it|that|we can|to|to help you|to|to overcome|your|affliction
our goals properly, to do what we can to help them overcome their affliction.
Si podemos hacerlo compartiendo su duelo de forma fingida, hagámoslo. Después de todo,
if|we can|to do it|sharing|his/her|mourning|in|way|feigned|let's do it|After|of|everything
If we can do it by feigning sharing their grief, let's do it. After all,
contagiarnos, de su aflicción no le ayudará y será nocivo para nosotros. En este punto algunos
to infect ourselves|with|his/her|affliction|not|it|it will help|and|it will be|harmful|for|us|In|this|point|some
contagion, their affliction will not help us and will be harmful to us. At this point, some
lectores serán escépticos respecto a la sabiduría y eficacia de las técnicas estoicas a la hora de
readers|they will be|skeptical|regarding|to|the|wisdom|and|effectiveness|of|the|techniques|stoic|at|the|time|of
readers will be skeptical about the wisdom and effectiveness of Stoic techniques when it comes to
abordar las emociones negativas. Vivimos en una era en la que la opinión consensuada,
to address|the|emotions|negative|We live|in|a|era|in|the|which|the|opinion|consensual
addressing negative emotions. We live in an era where the consensus opinion,
sostenida tanto por profesionales de la salud como por legos, es que nuestra salud emocional
supported|both|by|professionals|of|the|health|as|by|laypeople|it is|that|our|health|emotional
held by both health professionals and laypeople, is that our emotional health
exige que estemos en contacto con nuestras emociones, compartirlas con los demás y
it demands|that|we are|in|contact|with|our|emotions|to share them|with|the|others|and
requires us to be in touch with our emotions, to share them with others and
expresarlas sin reservas. Por otra parte, los estoicos defienden que a veces hemos de fingir
to express them|without|reservations|On|another|hand|the|Stoics|they defend|that|to|sometimes|we have|to|to pretend
to express them without reservations. On the other hand, the Stoics argue that sometimes we must pretend
emociones y que a veces conviene dar pasos para poner fin a las emociones genuinas que encontramos
emotions|and|that|to|sometimes|it is advisable|to take|steps|to|to put|an end|to|the|emotions|genuine|that|we find
emotions and that sometimes it is advisable to take steps to put an end to the genuine emotions we find
en nuestro interior. Por lo tanto, algunos podrían llegar a la conclusión de que es peligroso seguir
in|our|interior|For|it|therefore|some|they could|to reach|to|the|conclusion|that|that|it is|dangerous|to continue
within ourselves. Therefore, some might come to the conclusion that it is dangerous to follow
el consejo estoico en lo que respecta a nuestras emociones, y como este consejo se sitúa en el
the|advice|Stoic|in|it|that|it concerns|to|our|emotions|and|how|this|advice|itself|it situates|in|the
Stoic advice regarding our emotions, and since this advice is at the
corazón del estoicismo, lo rechazarán como filosofía de vida. En el capítulo 20 responderé
heart|of|stoicism|it|they will reject|as|philosophy|of|life|In|the|chapter|I will respond
heart of Stoicism, they will reject it as a philosophy of life. In chapter 20 I will respond
a esta crítica al estoicismo. Para sorpresa de algunos, lo haré cuestionando la opinión
to|this|criticism|to the|stoicism|To|surprise|of|some|it|I will|questioning|the|opinion
to this criticism of stoicism. To the surprise of some, I will do so by questioning the consensus opinion
consensuada respecto a lo que debemos hacer para mantener nuestra salud emocional. Sin duda,
agreed|regarding|to|what|that|we must|to do|to|to maintain|our|health|emotional|Without|doubt
regarding what we should do to maintain our emotional health. Undoubtedly,
es verdad que algunos individuos, los que experimentan una intensa aflicción, por ejemplo,
it is|true|that|some|individuals|the|who|they experience|an|intense|affliction|for|example
it is true that some individuals, those who experience intense grief, for example,
pueden beneficiarse del asesoramiento psicológico. Sin embargo, también pienso que muchas personas
they can|to benefit|from the|counseling|psychological|Without|however|also|I think|that|many|people
may benefit from psychological counseling. However, I also believe that many people
pueden disfrutar de una robusta salud emocional sin recurrir a dicho asesoramiento. En particular,
they can|to enjoy|of|a|robust|health|emotional|without|to resort|to|that|counseling|In|particular
can enjoy robust emotional health without resorting to such counseling. In particular,
creo que la práctica del estoicismo puede ayudarnos a evitar muchas de las crisis emocionales que
I believe|that|the|practice|of|stoicism|it can|to help us|to|to avoid|many|of|the|crises|emotional|that
I believe that the practice of stoicism can help us avoid many of the emotional crises that
afligen a la gente. También creo que si estamos atrapados en las garras de una emoción negativa,
they afflict|to|the|people|Also|I believe|that|if|we are|trapped|in|the|claws|of|a|emotion|negative
afflict people. I also believe that if we are caught in the grips of a negative emotion,
seguir el consejo estoico nos permitirá, en muchos casos, atenuar esa emoción sin ayuda.
to follow|the|advice|stoic|us|it will allow|in|many|cases|to mitigate|that|emotion|without|help
following stoic advice will allow us, in many cases, to mitigate that emotion without help.
13. Ira. Superar la antialegría. La ira es otra emoción negativa que puede destruir nuestra
anger|to overcome|the|anti-joy|The|anger|it is|another|emotion|negative|that|it can|to destroy|our
13. Anger. Overcoming the anti-joy. Anger is another negative emotion that can destroy our
serenidad si dejamos que se instale en nuestro interior. De hecho, podemos pensar en la ira como
serenity|if|we let|that|itself|it settles|in|our|interior|Of|fact|we can|to think|in|the|anger|as
serenity if we let it settle within us. In fact, we can think of anger as
en la antialegría. Por lo tanto, los estoicos idearon estrategias para minimizar el nivel de
in|the|anti-joy|For|it|therefore|the|Stoics|they devised|strategies|to|to minimize|the|level|of
in anti-joy. Therefore, the Stoics devised strategies to minimize the level of
ira que experimentamos. La principal fuente estoica de consejos para prevenir y abordar
anger|that|we experience|The|main|source|stoic|of|advice|to|to prevent|and|to address
anger we experience. The main Stoic source of advice for preventing and addressing
la ira es el ensayo de Seneca de la ira. La ira, dice Seneca, es una locura provisional,
the|anger|it is|the|essay|of|Seneca|of|the|anger|The|anger|he says|Seneca|it is|a|madness|temporary
anger is Seneca's essay on anger. Anger, says Seneca, is a temporary madness,
y el daño que produce es enorme, ninguna epidemia le ha costado más a la raza humana.
and|the|damage|that|it produces|it is|enormous|no|epidemic|it|it has|cost|more|to|the|race|human
and the damage it causes is enormous; no epidemic has cost the human race more.
Debido a la ira, dice, vemos a nuestro alrededor a personas asesinadas, envenenadas y demandadas,
due|to|the|anger|he/she says|we see|to|our|around|to|people|murdered|poisoned|and|sued
Because of anger, he says, we see around us people murdered, poisoned, and sued,
vemos ciudades y naciones arruinadas. Y aparte de destruir ciudades y naciones,
we see|cities|and|nations|ruined|And|apart|from|to destroy|cities|and|nations
we see ruined cities and nations. And apart from destroying cities and nations,
la ira puede arrasarnos individualmente. Después de todo, vivimos en un mundo en el que hay mucho
the|anger|it can|to devastate us|individually|After|of|all|we live|in|a|world|in|which|that|there is|a lot
anger can devastate us individually. After all, we live in a world where there is much
que enfadarnos, lo que quiere decir que a menos que aprendamos a controlar nuestra ira,
that|to get angry|it|that|||that|to|||||to control|our|anger
to be angry about, which means that unless we learn to control our anger,
estaremos perpetuamente enfadados. Y estar enfadados, concluye Seneca,
we will be|perpetually|angry|And|to be|angry|concludes|Seneca
we will be perpetually angry. And being angry, concludes Seneca,
es perder un tiempo precioso, 1. Algunos sostienen que la ira tiene su utilidad.
it is|to lose|a|time|precious|Some|they argue|that|the|anger|it has|its|usefulness
is wasting precious time. Some argue that anger has its usefulness.
Señalan que cuando nos enfadamos, estamos motivados. Seneca rechaza esta afirmación.
they point out|that|when|we|we get angry|we are|motivated|Seneca|he rejects|this|statement
They point out that when we get angry, we are motivated. Seneca rejects this statement.
Es cierto, postula, que a veces la gente se beneficia de su ira, pero de ello rara
it is|true|it posits|that|to|sometimes|the|people|themselves|they benefit|from|their|anger|but|of|it|rarely
It is true, he posits, that sometimes people benefit from their anger, but from that rarely
vez se deduce que debamos acoger la ira en nuestras vidas.
time|itself|it deduces|that|we should|to embrace|the|anger|in|our|lives
is it deduced that we should embrace anger in our lives.
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