El arte de la buena vida (2)
the|art|of|the|good|life
L'art de vivre (2)
良い人生の秘訣 (2)
A arte da boa vida (2)
The art of good living (2)
a las gentes en la calle, también entraban sus casas sin ser invitado, para amonestarlas.
to|the|people|in|the|street|also|they entered|their|houses|without|being|invited|to|to admonish them
to the people on the street, he also entered their homes uninvited, to admonish them.
Debido a esta costumbre era conocido como el abridor de puertas, 8. Después de estudiar
due|to|this|custom|he was|known|as|the|opener|of|doors|After|of|studying
Due to this custom, he was known as the opener of doors, 8. After studying
un tiempo con Kratz, Zenón decidió que estaba más interesado en la teoría que su maestro.
a|time|with|Kratz|Zenon|he decided|that|he was|more|interested|in|the|theory|than|his|teacher
for a while with Kratz, Zenón decided that he was more interested in theory than his teacher.
Por lo tanto, elaboró la idea de centrarse no sólo en un estilo de vida filosófico
for|it|therefore|he/she elaborated|the|idea|to|to focus|not|only|on|a|style|of|life|philosophical
Therefore, he developed the idea of focusing not only on a philosophical lifestyle.
o una teoría filosófica, sino en combinar ambas, tal como había hecho Sócrates, 9.
or|a|theory|philosophical|but|in|to combine|both|such|as|he had|done|Socrates
or a philosophical theory, but in combining both, just as Socrates had done, 9.
El filósofo alemán del siglo XIX Arthur Schopenhauer resumió la relación entre el
the|philosopher|German|of the|century|XIX|Arthur|Schopenhauer|he summarized|the|relationship|between|the
The 19th-century German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer summarized the relationship between
cinismo y el estoicismo observando que los filósofos estoicos provenían de los cínicos,
cynicism|and|the|stoicism|observing|that|the|philosophers|stoic|they came|from|the|cynics
cynicism and stoicism by observing that the stoic philosophers came from the cynics,
pasando de la práctica a la teoría, punto, 10. Por lo tanto, Zenón se propuso aprender
moving|from|the|practice|to|the|theory|point|For|it|therefore|Zenon|himself|he proposed|to learn
moving from practice to theory, point, 10. Therefore, Zeno set out to learn
teoría filosófica. Estudió con Stillpon, de la escuela Megárica, Kratz respondió
theory|philosophical|He studied|with|Stillpon|of|the|school|Megarian|Kratz|he responded
philosophical theory. He studied with Stilpo, from the Megarian school, Kratz responded
intentando llevárselo literalmente a rastras. También estudió con Polemon en la academia,
trying|to take it||to|dragging|Also|he/she studied|with|Polemon|in|the|academy
trying to literally drag him along. He also studied with Polemon at the academy,
y en torno al 300 AC fundó su propia escuela de filosofía. En sus enseñanzas parece hibridar
and|in|around|to|BC|he founded|his|own|school|of|philosophy|In|his|teachings|it seems|to hybridize
and around 300 BC he founded his own school of philosophy. In his teachings, he seems to hybridize
los consejos relativos al estilo de vida de Kratz con la filosofía teórica, de Polemon,
the|advice|related|to the|style|of|life|of|Kratz|with|the|philosophy|theoretical|of|Polemon
the lifestyle advice of Kratz with the theoretical philosophy of Polemon,
según este último, Zenón se limitó a conferir a las doctrinas de la academia un maquillaje
according to|this|last|Zenon|himself|he limited|to|to confer|to|the|doctrines|of|the|academy|a|makeup
according to the latter, Zeno merely gave a Phoenician makeover to the doctrines of the academy.
fenicio.11 También añadió el interés de la escuela Megárica por la lógica y las
Phoenician|Also|he/she added|the|interest|of|the|school|Megarian|for|the|logic|and|the
He also added the Megarian school's interest in logic and the...
paradojas. La escuela filosófica de Zenón disfrutó de un éxito inmediato, 12. En un
paradoxes|the|school|philosophical|of|Zeno|it enjoyed|of|an|success|immediate|In|a
paradoxes. The philosophical school of Zeno enjoyed immediate success, 12. In a
principio se conoció a sus seguidores como Zenonianos, pero debido al hábito de impartir
at the beginning|himself/herself|he/she got to know|to|his/her|followers|as|Zenonians|but|due|to the|habit|of|impart
beginning, its followers were known as Zenonians, but due to the habit of teaching
sus lecciones en las Touepo y Kile, empezaron a ser llamados estoicos, tal como, por otra
their|lessons|in|the|Touepo|and|Kile|they began|to|to be|called|stoics|such|as|for|another
their lessons in the Touepo and Kile, they began to be called Stoics, just as, on the other
parte, se llamó a los poetas que tenían la costumbre de rondar por aquel lugar, 13.
part|itself|it called|to|the|poets|who|they had|the|habit|of|to roam|through|that|place
hand, poets who had the habit of wandering around that place were called, 13.
Una de las cosas que hizo atractivo al estoicismo fue su abandono del ascetismo cínico, los
one|of|the|things|that|it made|attractive|to the|stoicism|it was|its|abandonment|of the|asceticism|cynical|the
One of the things that made Stoicism attractive was its abandonment of Cynic asceticism, the
estoicos defendían un estilo de vida que, aunque sencillo, permitía ciertas comodidades.
Stoics|they defended|a|style|of|life|that|although|simple|it allowed|certain|comforts
Stoics advocated a lifestyle that, although simple, allowed for certain comforts.
Los estoicos predicaban este abandono argumentando que si evitaban las «buenas cosas», como
the|stoics|they preached|this||arguing|that|if|they avoided|the||things|as
The Stoics preached this abandonment arguing that if they avoided the 'good things', like
hacían los cínicos, demostraban que las cosas en cuestión eran realmente buenas.
they did|the|cynics|they demonstrated|that|the|things|in|question|they were|really|good
the cynics did, they demonstrated that the things in question were truly good.
Cosas que, si no se ocultaban, despertaban un intenso anhelo. Los estoicos disfrutaban
things|that|if|not|themselves|they hid|they awakened|an|intense|longing|The|stoics|they enjoyed
Things that, if not hidden, awakened an intense longing. The Stoics enjoyed
de las «buenas cosas» disponibles, pero incluso mientras lo hacían se preparaban
of|the|'good|things|available|but|even|while|it|they did|themselves|they prepared
the 'good things' available, but even while doing so, they prepared themselves.
para renunciar a ellas. La filosofía de Zenón tenía componentes éticos, físicos y lógicos.
to|renounce|to|them|The|philosophy|of|Zeno|it had|components|ethical|physical|and|logical
to renounce them. Zeno's philosophy had ethical, physical, and logical components.
Los que se estudiaban el estoicismo con él, empezaban con la lógica, seguían con la
those|who|themselves|they studied|the|stoicism|with|him|they began|with|the|logic|they followed|with|the
Those who studied Stoicism with him began with logic, followed with the
física y acababan en la ética.
physics|and|they ended|in|the|ethics
physics, and ended with ethics.
14. Aunque los estoicos no fueron los primeros en incluir la lógica, Aristóteles, por ejemplo,
although|the|Stoics|not|they were|the|first|in|to include|the|logic|Aristotle|for|example
14. Although the Stoics were not the first to include logic, Aristotle, for example,
lo hizo antes, y también los megáricos, la lógica estoica exhibió un grado de sofisticación
it|he/she did|before|and|also|the|Megarians|the|logic|Stoic|it exhibited|a|degree|of|sophistication
did so earlier, and also the Megarians, Stoic logic exhibited a degree of sophistication.
sin precedentes. El interés de los estoicos en la lógica es una consecuencia natural
unprecedented|precedents|The|interest|of|the|Stoics|in|the|logic|it is|a|consequence|natural
unprecedented. The Stoics' interest in logic is a natural consequence
de su creencia en que el rasgo distintivo, del ser humano es su racionalidad. Después
of|his/her|belief|in|that|the|trait|distinctive|of the|being|human|it is|its|rationality|After
of their belief that the distinctive trait of human beings is their rationality. After
de todo, la lógica es el estudio del uso apropiado del razonamiento. Los estoicos
of|everything|the|logic|it is|the|study|of the|use|appropriate|of|reasoning|The|Stoics
all, logic is the study of the appropriate use of reasoning. The Stoics
llegaron a ser expertos en argumentos del estilo, si A, entonces B, tenemos A, por
they became|to|to be|experts|in|arguments|of the|style|if|A|then|B|we have||for
became experts in arguments of the style, if A, then B, we have A, therefore
lo tanto B, o bien, o A o B, no es A, luego es B. Estas formas argumentals, conocidas
it|so much|B|or|well||A||B|||||||These|forms|argumentative|known
B, or either A or B, not A, then it is B. These argumentative forms, known
como modus ponens y modus toyendo ponens, respectivamente, siguen siendo utilizadas
as|a method|affirming|and|a method|denying|affirming|respectively|they continue|being|used
such as modus ponens and modus tollens, respectively, continue to be used
por los lógicos. Para comprender el interés de los estoicos por la lógica, ayuda recordar
for|the|logical|To|to understand|the|interest|of|the|Stoics|for|the|logic|it helps|to remember
by logicians. To understand the Stoics' interest in logic, it helps to remember
que los padres enviaban a sus hijos a las escuelas de filosofía no sólo para que aprendieran
that|the|parents|they sent|to|their|children|to|the|schools|of|philosophy|not|only|to|that|they learned
that parents sent their children to philosophy schools not only to learn
a vivir bien, sino también para afinar sus habilidades de persuasión. Al enseñar lógica
to|live|well|but|also|to|to hone|their|skills|of|persuasion|Upon|teaching|logic
to live well, but also to refine their persuasion skills. By teaching logic
a los estudiantes, los estoicos los ayudaban a desarrollar esas destrezas, los alumnos
to|the|students|the|Stoics|them|they helped|to|to develop|those|skills|the|students
to students, the Stoics helped them develop those skills, the students
que sabían lógica podían detectar las falacias cometidas por los demás, y por lo tanto,
that|they knew|logic|they could|to detect|the|fallacies|committed|by|the|others|and|for|it|therefore
Those who knew logic could detect the fallacies committed by others, and therefore,
imponerse en los debates. La física era el segundo componente del estoicismo de Zenón.
to impose oneself|in|the|debates|The|physics|it was|the|second|component|of the|stoicism|of|Zeno
assert themselves in debates. Physics was the second component of Zeno's Stoicism.
Al vivir en una época sin ciencia, era indudable que sus estudiantes apreciaban las explicaciones
in|living|in|a|time|without|science|it was|undeniable|that|their|students|they appreciated|the|explanations
Living in an era without science, it was undeniable that his students appreciated the explanations
sobre el mundo circundante. Y además de proporcionar explicaciones a los fenómenos naturales,
about|the|world|surrounding|And|in addition|to|to provide|explanations|to|the|phenomena|natural
about the surrounding world. And besides providing explanations for natural phenomena,
como hace la física moderna, la física estoica se ocupaba de lo que hoy llamaríamos teología.
as|it does|the|physics|modern|the|physics|Stoic|itself|it occupied|itself with|what|that|today|we would call|theology
as modern physics does, Stoic physics dealt with what we would today call theology.
Por ejemplo, Zenón intentaba explicar asuntos tales como la existencia y la naturaleza de
for|example|Zenon|he was trying|to explain|matters|such|as|the|existence|and|the|nature|of
For example, Zeno tried to explain matters such as the existence and nature of
los dioses, por qué éstos crearon el universo y a sus habitantes, el papel que los dioses
the|gods|for|why|these|they created|the|universe|and|to|their|inhabitants|the|role|that|the|gods
the gods, why they created the universe and its inhabitants, the role that the gods
desempeñan al determinar el resultado de los acontecimientos y la correcta relación
they perform|when|to determine|the|outcome|of|the|events|and|the|correct|relationship
play in determining the outcome of events and the correct relationship
entre seres humanos y dioses. La ética era el tercer y más importante componente del
between|beings|humans|and|gods|The|ethics|it was|the|third|and|most|important|component|of the
between human beings and gods. Ethics was the third and most important component of
estoicismo de Zenón. La concepción estoica de la ética difiere de nuestras ideas modernas,
Stoicism|of|Zeno|The|conception|Stoic|of|the|ethics|it differs|from|our|ideas|modern
Zeno's Stoicism. The Stoic conception of ethics differs from our modern ideas,
como los lectores advertirán. Pensamos en la ética como en un estudio del bien y del
as|the|readers|they will notice|We think|in|the|ethics|as|in|a|study|of the|good|and|of
as readers will notice. We think of ethics as a study of good and
mal moral. Un experto en ética moderno se preguntaría, por ejemplo, si el aborto es
evil|moral|a|expert|in|ethics|modern|himself/herself|he/she would ask|for|example|if|the|abortion|it is
moral evil. A modern ethics expert would ask, for example, whether abortion is
moralmente permisible, y si es así, ¿en qué circunstancias? La ética estoica, en
morally|permissible|and|if|it is|so|in|what|circumstances|The|ethics|stoic|in
morally permissible, and if so, under what circumstances? Stoic ethics, on the
cambio, es lo que conocemos como ética eudemonista, del griego iu, que significa, bueno, y daimon,
it is|it is|what|that|we know|as|ethics|eudaimonistic|from|Greek|eu|that|means|good|and|spirit
other hand, is what we know as eudaimonistic ethics, from the Greek eu, which means good, and daimon,
espíritu. No tiene que ver con el bien y el mal moral, sino con poseer un buen ánimo
spirit|not|it has|to|to do|with|the|good|and|the|evil|moral|but|with|to possess|a|good|spirit
spirit. It does not concern itself with moral good and evil, but with having a good disposition.
o espíritu, es decir, con vivir una vida buena y feliz o con lo que a veces se ha llamado
or|spirit|it is|to say|with|to live|a|life|good|and|happy|or|with|what|that|to|sometimes|itself|it has|called
or spirit, that is, with living a good and happy life or with what has sometimes been called
sabiduría moral, 15, como señala el filósofo Lawrence C. Becker, la ética estoica es una
wisdom|moral|as|points out|the|philosopher|Lawrence|C|Becker|the|ethics|stoic|it is|a
moral wisdom, 15, as philosopher Lawrence C. Becker points out, Stoic ethics is a
forma de eudemonismo. Su eje central y rector tiene que ver con lo que debemos hacer para
form|of|eudemonism|Its|axis|central|and|guiding|it has|to|to see|with|what|that|we must|to do|to
form of eudaimonism. Its central and guiding axis has to do with what we must do to
vivir bien, para florecer, punto 16. En palabras del historiador Paul Ban, el estoicismo no
to live|well|in order to|to flourish|point|In|words|of the|historian|Paul|Ban|the|stoicism|not
live well, to flourish, point 16. In the words of historian Paul Ban, Stoicism is not
es tanto una ética como una receta paradójica para la felicidad, punto 17. Es fácil que
it is|as much|an|ethics|as|a|recipe|paradoxical|for|the|happiness|point|It is|easy|that
so much an ethics as a paradoxical recipe for happiness, point 17. It is easy that
los lectores modernos malinterpreten lo que los estoicos tenían en mente cuando hablaban
the|readers|modern|they misinterpret|what|that|the|Stoics|they had|in|mind|when|they spoke
modern readers misunderstand what the Stoics had in mind when they spoke
de una buena vida, de hecho, muchos lectores equipararán vivir una buena vida con ganarse
of|a|good|life|in|fact|many|readers|they will equate|to live|a|good|life|with|to earn
of a good life; in fact, many readers equate living a good life with earning
bien la vida, es decir, disfrutar de un trabajo bien remunerado. Sin embargo, los estoicos
well|the|life|it is|to say|to enjoy|of|a|job|well|paid|Without|however|the|stoics
a good living, that is, enjoying a well-paid job. However, the Stoics
creían que uno podía llevar una mala vida a pesar de ganarse bien la vida. Imaginemos,
they believed|that|one|one could|to lead|a|bad|life|to|in spite|of|to earn|well|the|living|Let's imagine
believed that one could lead a bad life despite earning a good living. Let's imagine,
por ejemplo, que un empleado odia su trabajo bien pagado, o que ese empleo crea un conflicto
for|example|that|an|employee|he/she hates|his/her|job|well|paid|or|that|that|job|it creates|a|conflict
for example, that an employee hates their well-paid job, or that this job creates a conflict
en su interior al obligarle a hacer algo que sabe que está mal, por lo tanto, ¿qué debe
in|his/her|interior|upon|forcing him/her|to|to do|something|that|he/she knows|that|it is|wrong|for|it|therefore|what|he/she must
inside herself by forcing her to do something she knows is wrong, so what should
hacer una persona para disfrutar de lo que los estoicos llamarían una buena vida? Ser
to make|a|person|to|to enjoy|of|what|that|the|Stoics|they would call|a|good|life|To be
a person do to enjoy what the Stoics would call a good life? Be
virtuosa. Y, sin embargo, una vez más, la palabra virtud puede llamar a engaño. Digámosle
virtuous|and|without|however|a|time|more|the|word|virtue|it can|to call|to|deception|Let us say
virtuous. And yet, once again, the word virtue can be misleading. Let’s tell a
a una lectora moderna que los estoicos le piden que viva de forma virtuosa y tal vez
to|a|reader|modern|that|the|Stoics|to her|they ask|that|she lives|in|a|virtuous|and|such|perhaps
modern female reader that the Stoics ask her to live virtuously and perhaps
ella entornará los ojos, para la lectora, las monjas serían ejemplos primordiales de
she|will roll|the|eyes|for|the|reader|the|nuns|they would be|examples|primordial|
she will roll her eyes; for the female reader, nuns would be prime examples of
individuos virtuosos, y lo que define su virtud es su castidad, humildad y bondad. ¿Acaso
individuals|virtuous|and|what|that|defines|their|virtue|it is|their|chastity|humility|and|kindness|Perhaps
virtuous individuals, and what defines their virtue is their chastity, humility, and kindness. Do
los estoicos nos están pidiendo que vivamos como monjas? En realidad, los estoicos no
the|stoics|us|they are|asking|to|we live|like|nuns|In|reality|the|stoics|not
the Stoics want us to live like monks? In reality, the Stoics do not
tienen esto en mente al hablar de virtud. Para ellos, la virtud de una persona no depende,
they have|this|in|mind|when|to speak|about|virtue|For|them|the|virtue|of|a|person|not|it depends
have this in mind when talking about virtue. For them, a person's virtue does not depend,
por ejemplo, de su historia sexual. Por el contrario, depende de su excelencia como ser
for|example|of|his/her|history|sexual|On|the|contrary|it depends|on|his/her|excellence|as|being
for example, on their sexual history. On the contrary, it depends on their excellence as a human
humano, hasta qué punto encarna la función para la que los seres humanos fueron concebidos.
human|until|what|point|it embodies|the|function|for|the|which|the|beings|humans|they were|conceived
being, to what extent they embody the function for which human beings were conceived.
Así como un martillo virtuoso o excelente, es aquel que cumple a la perfección la función
as|like|a|hammer|virtuous|or|excellent|it is|one|that|it fulfills|to|the|perfection|the|function
Just as a virtuous or excellent hammer is one that perfectly fulfills the function
para la que fue diseñado, clavar clavos, un individuo virtuoso es aquel que cumple
for|the|which|it was|designed|to drive|nails|a|individual|virtuous|it is|one|that|fulfills
for which it was designed, to drive nails, a virtuous individual is one who fulfills
estrictamente la función que corresponde a los seres humanos. Ser virtuoso, entonces,
strictly|the|function|that|corresponds|to|the|beings|human|To be|virtuous|then
strictly the function that corresponds to human beings. To be virtuous, then,
es vivir tal como se ha concebido que vivamos, en palabras de Zenón, consiste en vivir de
it is|to live|such|as|itself|it has|conceived|that|we live|in|words|of|Zeno|it consists|in|living|of
is to live as it has been conceived that we should live, in the words of Zeno, it consists of living in accordance with
acuerdo con la naturaleza, 18, los estoicos añadirían que, si actuamos así, viviremos
in accordance|with|the|nature|the|Stoics|they would add|that|if|we act|this way|we will live
nature, the Stoics would add that if we act this way, we will live.
una buena vida. ¿Y para qué función ha sido diseñada la gente? Los estoicos creían
a|good|life|And|for|what|function|it has|been|designed|the|people|The|Stoics|they believed
a good life. And for what purpose have people been designed? The Stoics believed
que para responder a esta pregunta solo tenemos que examinarnos a nosotros mismos. Así descubriremos
that|to|to answer|to|this|question|only|we have|to|to examine ourselves|to|ourselves|ourselves|Thus|we will discover
that to answer this question we only need to examine ourselves. Thus we will discover
que todos tenemos ciertos instintos, como los animales. Experimentamos hambre, es la
that|we all|we have|certain|instincts|like|the|animals|We experience|hunger|it is|the
that we all have certain instincts, like animals. We experience hunger, it is the
forma que tiene la naturaleza para que nos alimentemos. Experimentamos deseo sexual,
way|that|it has|the|nature|for|us|we|we feed|We experience|desire|sexual
way nature has for us to feed ourselves. We experience sexual desire,
es la forma mediante la que la naturaleza logra que nos reproduzcamos. Pero nos alejamos
it is|the|way|through|the|that|the|nature|it manages|that|us|we reproduce|But|we|we move away
it is the way through which nature ensures that we reproduce. But we stray
de los animales en un aspecto importante, tenemos la capacidad de razonar. A partir
of|the|animals|in|an|aspect|important|we have|the|ability|to|to reason|To|starting
of animals in an important aspect, we have the ability to reason. From there
de ahí podemos concluir, asegura Zenón, que hemos sido diseñados para ser razonables,
from|there|we can|to conclude|assures|Zenon|that|we have|been|designed|to|to be|reasonable
we can conclude, Zenon asserts, that we have been designed to be reasonable,
y si usamos la razón, concluiremos que hemos sido concebidos para hacer ciertas cosas,
and|if|we use|the|reason|we will conclude|that|we have|been|conceived|to|to do|certain|things
and if we use reason, we will conclude that we have been conceived to do certain things,
que tenemos ciertos deberes. De forma significativa, como la naturaleza ha querido que seamos criaturas
that|we have|certain|duties|In|form|significant|as|the|nature|it has|wanted|that|we are|creatures
that we have certain duties. Significantly, as nature has wanted us to be social creatures,
sociales, tenemos deberes hacia el resto de los seres humanos. Por ejemplo, deberíamos
social|we have|duties|towards|the|rest|of|the|beings|human|For|example|we should
we have duties towards the rest of human beings. For example, we should
honrar a nuestros padres, ser agradables con nuestros amigos y preocuparnos por los intereses
to honor|to|our|parents|to be|pleasant|with|our|friends|and|to worry|about|the|interests
to honor our parents, to be kind to our friends, and to care about the interests
de nuestros compatriotas, 19, este sentido del deber social llevó al estoico Catón a
of|our|compatriots|this|sense|of the|duty|social|it led|to the|stoic|Cato|to
of our fellow countrymen, 19, this sense of social duty led the Stoic Cato to
ser un actor esencial en la política romana, aunque esto le costara la vida. Aunque, como
to be|an|actor|essential|in|the|politics|Roman|although|this|to him|it would cost|the|life||as
be an essential actor in Roman politics, even though it cost him his life. Although, as
he señalado, el objetivo fundamental de los estoicos era la ética, vivir virtuosamente,
I have|pointed out|the|objective|fundamental|of|the|Stoics|it was|the|ethics|to live|virtuously
I have pointed out, the fundamental goal of the Stoics was ethics, to live virtuously,
por lo tanto, tener una buena vida, también estaban interesados en la física y la lógica.
for|it|therefore|to have|a|good|life|also|they were|interested|in|the|physics|and|the|logic
therefore, to have a good life, they were also interested in physics and logic.
Al estudiar lógica esperaban desempeñar correctamente una de las funciones para las
when|studying|logic|they expected|to perform|correctly|one|of|the|functions|for|
In studying logic, they hoped to correctly perform one of the functions for which
que hemos sido diseñados, comportarnos de forma racional. Y al estudiar física esperaban
that|we have|been|designed|to behave|in|a|rational|And|when|to study|physics|they expected
we have been designed, to behave rationally. And in studying physics, they hoped
entender el propósito por el que habíamos sido diseñados. Los estoicos idearon diversas
to understand|the|purpose|for|the|that|we had|been|designed|The|Stoics|they devised|various
to understand the purpose for which we had been designed. The Stoics devised various
metáforas para explicar la relación entre los tres componentes de su filosofía. Afirmaron,
metaphors|to|to explain|the|relationship|between|the|three|components|of|their|philosophy|They affirmed
metaphors to explain the relationship between the three components of their philosophy. They claimed,
por ejemplo, que la filosofía estoica es como un campo fértil en el que, la lógica
for|example|that|the|philosophy|stoic|it is|like|a|field|fertile|in|the|which|the|logic
for example, that Stoic philosophy is like a fertile field in which logic
era la valla que rodeaba el perímetro, la ética, la cosecha, y la física, la tierra.
it was|the|fence|that|surrounded|the|perimeter|the|ethics|the|harvest|and|the|physics|the|land
it was the fence that surrounded the perimeter, ethics, the harvest, and physics, the land.
20, Esta metáfora ilumina el papel central que la ética desempeña en su filosofía.
this|metaphor|illuminates|the|role|central|that|the|ethics|it plays|in|its|philosophy
20, This metaphor illuminates the central role that ethics plays in his philosophy.
¿Qué preocuparse por la tierra y levantar una cerca si no hay cosecha? Si vivimos en
what|to worry|about|the|land|and|to build|a|fence|if|there is no|there is|harvest|If|we live|in
What is the point of worrying about the land and building a fence if there is no harvest? If we live in
perfecta armonía con la naturaleza, es decir, si somos perfectos en nuestra práctica del
perfect|harmony|with|the|nature|it is|to say|if|we are|perfect|in|our|practice|of the
perfect harmony with nature, that is, if we are perfect in our practice of
estoicismo, seremos lo que los estoicos llaman un sabio. Según Diógenes Laercio, un sabio
stoicism|we will be|what|that|the|Stoics|they call|a|wise person|According to|Diogenes|Laertius|a|wise person
stoicism, we will be what the Stoics call a wise person. According to Diogenes Laertius, a wise person
estoico está, libre de toda vanidad, pues es indiferente al insulto y al elogio. No
stoic|he/she is|free|from|all|vanity|for|it is|indifferent|to the|insult|and|to the|praise|No
the stoic is free from all vanity, as he is indifferent to insult and praise. He
siente aflicción, porque la aflicción es, una contracción irracional del alma. Su conducta
he/she feels|sorrow|because|the|sorrow|it is|an|contraction|irrational|of the|soul|His/Her|behavior
does not feel sorrow, because sorrow is an irrational contraction of the soul. His behavior
es ejemplar. No permite que nada le impida cumplir con su deber. Aunque beba vino, no
it is|exemplary|not|it allows|that|nothing|it|it prevents|to fulfill|with|its|duty|Although|I drink|wine|no
is exemplary. He does not allow anything to prevent him from fulfilling his duty. Even if he drinks wine, he does not
lo hace para emborracharse. En pocas palabras, el sabio estoico es, semejante a los dioses.21.
it|he/she does|to|get drunk|In|few|words|the|wise|stoic|he/she is|similar|to|the|gods
do it to get drunk. In short, the wise stoic is similar to the gods.
Los estoicos son los primeros en admitir que esta semejanza con los dioses se da en raras
the|stoics|they are|the|first|to|to admit|that|this|resemblance|with|the|gods|itself|it occurs|in|rare
The stoics are the first to admit that this resemblance to the gods occurs rarely.
ocasiones. Sin embargo, para ellos, la casi imposibilidad de llegar a ser sabio no es
occasions|Without|however|for|them|the|almost|impossibility|of|to become|a|to be|wise|not|it is
occasions. However, for them, the almost impossibility of becoming wise is not
un problema. Fundamentalmente hablan de los sabios para disponer de un modelo que los
a|problem|Fundamentally|they talk|about|the|wise|to|to have|of|a|model|that|them
a problem. They fundamentally talk about the wise to have a model that guides them
guíe en su práctica del estoicismo. La sabiduría es un objetivo hacia el que tender, aunque
I guide|in|your|practice|of|stoicism|The|wisdom|it is|a|goal|towards|the|that|to strive|although
in their practice of stoicism. Wisdom is a goal to strive for, even though
probablemente no se consiga alcanzar. En otras palabras, el sabio es al estoicismo lo que
probably|not|itself|it achieves|to reach|In|other|words|the|wise person|it is|to|stoicism|it|that
it is probably not achievable. In other words, the wise person is to stoicism what
el Buda es al budismo. La mayoría de los budistas no esperan llegar a ser tan iluminados
the|Buddha|it is|to|Buddhism|The|majority|of|the|Buddhists|not|they expect|to become|to|to be|so|enlightened
the Buddha is to Buddhism. Most Buddhists do not expect to become as enlightened.
como él y, sin embargo, reflexionar sobre la perfección de Buda puede ayudarlos a alcanzar
as|he|and|without|however|to reflect|on|the|perfection|of|Buddha|it can|to help them|to|to achieve
like him and, however, reflecting on the perfection of Buddha can help them achieve
cierto grado de iluminación. Cleantes, c.331-232 a.C., fue alumno de la escuela estoica de
a certain|degree|of|illumination|Cleanthes|circa|||he was|a student|of|the|school|Stoic|of
a certain degree of enlightenment. Cleanthes, c. 331-232 BC, was a student of the Stoic school of
Zenón, y tras la muerte de éste, heredó el liderazgo de su escuela. Al envejecer Cleantes,
Zenon|and|after|the|death|of|this one|he inherited|the|leadership|of|his|school|Upon|aging|Cleanthes
Zeno, and after his death, he inherited the leadership of his school. As Cleanthes aged,
empezó a perder estudiantes en beneficio de otras escuelas, y el futuro del estoicismo
it began|to|to lose|students|in|benefit|of|other|schools|and|the|future|of the|stoicism
he began to lose students to other schools, and the future of Stoicism
pareció lúgubre. Tras su muerte, el liderazgo de la escuela estoica recayó en Crisipo,
it seemed|gloomy|After|his|death|the|leadership|of|the|school|stoic||into|Chrysippus
seemed bleak. After his death, the leadership of the Stoic school fell to Chrysippus,
c.282-206 a.C., bajo cuya supervisión el movimiento recuperó su antigua relevancia.
c282-206|||under|whose|supervision|the|movement|it recovered|its|ancient|relevance
c. 282-206 BC, under whose supervision the movement regained its former relevance.
Después de la muerte de Crisipo, la escuela estoica siguió prosperando bajo una sucesión
after|of|the|death|of|Chrysippus|the|school|Stoic|it continued|prospering|under|a|succession
After the death of Chrysippus, the Stoic school continued to thrive under a succession
de líderes, entre ellos Panecio de Rodas, quien los anales del estoicismo es recordado no como
of|leaders|among|them|Panaetius|of|Rhodes|who|the|annals|of the|Stoicism|he is|remembered|not|as
of leaders, among them Panaetius of Rhodes, who in the annals of Stoicism is remembered not as
un innovador, sino como un exportador de la filosofía. Cuando visitó Roma en el 140 C.,
an|innovator|but|as|an|exporter|of|the|philosophy|When|he visited|Rome|in|the|AD
an innovator, but as an exporter of the philosophy. When he visited Rome in 140 BC,
se llevó consigo el estoicismo. Entabló amistad con Escipión el Africano y otros
himself/herself|he/she took|with him/her|the|stoicism|he/she established|friendship|with|Scipio|the|African|and|others
he brought Stoicism with him. He befriended Scipio Africanus and others.
caballeros romanos, consiguió que se interesaran en la filosofía y se convirtió en el fundador
knights|Roman|he/she managed|that|themselves|they became interested|in|the|philosophy|and|himself/herself|he/she became|into|the|founder
Roman gentlemen became interested in philosophy and became the founder
del estoicismo romano. Tras importar el estoicismo, los romanos adaptaron la doctrina para adecuarla
of|stoicism|Roman|After|importing|the|stoicism|the|Romans|they adapted|the|doctrine|to|to adapt it
of Roman Stoicism. After importing Stoicism, the Romans adapted the doctrine to suit
a sus necesidades. En primer lugar, mostraron un menor interés que los griegos en la física y en
to|their|needs|In|first|place|they showed|a|lesser|interest|than|the|Greeks|in|the|physics|and|in
their needs. First of all, they showed less interest than the Greeks in physics and in
la lógica. De hecho, en la época de Marco Aurelio, el último de los grandes estoicos romanos,
the|logic|In|fact|in|the|era|of|Marcus|Aurelius|the|last|of|the|great|stoics|Roman
logic. In fact, by the time of Marcus Aurelius, the last of the great Roman Stoics,
la lógica y la física habían sido prácticamente abandonadas, en las meditaciones, Marco se
the|logic|and|the|physics|they had|been|practically|abandoned|in|the|meditations|Marco|himself
logic and physics had been practically abandoned; in the meditations, Marcus
congratula por no haber perdido el tiempo estudiando esas materias, 22. Los romanos
congratulations|for|not|having|wasted|the|time|studying|those|subjects|The|Romans
congratulate for not having wasted time studying those subjects, 22. The Romans
también hicieron cambios sutiles en el programa ético de los estoicos griegos. Como hemos visto,
also|they made|changes|subtle|in|the|program|ethical|of|the|Stoics|Greek|As|we have|seen
also made subtle changes to the ethical program of the Greek Stoics. As we have seen,
el objetivo ético primordial de los estoicos griegos era la conquista de la virtud. Los
the|objective|ethical|primary|of|the|Stoics|Greek|it was|the|conquest|of|the|virtue|
the primary ethical goal of the Greek Stoics was the conquest of virtue. The
estoicos romanos conservaron esta meta pero observamos cómo avanzaron reiteradamente con
Stoics|Romans|they preserved|this|goal|but|we observe|how|they advanced|repeatedly|with
Roman Stoics maintained this goal but we see how they repeatedly advanced with
un segundo objetivo, alcanzar la serenidad. Y por serenidad no tenían en mente un estado
a|second|objective|to achieve|the|serenity|And|for|serenity|not|they had|in|mind|a|state
a second objective, to achieve serenity. And by serenity, they did not have in mind a state
semejante al de un zombi, después de todo, defender ese tipo de serenidad constituiría
similar|to|of|a|zombie|after|of|all|to defend|that|type|of|serenity|it would constitute
similar to that of a zombie, after all, defending that kind of serenity would constitute
un rechazo de la racionalidad que los estoicos consideraban esencial para la vida virtuosa.
a|rejection|of|the|rationality|that|the|Stoics|they considered|essential|for|the|life|virtuous
a rejection of the rationality that the Stoics considered essential for a virtuous life.
En cambio, la serenidad estoica era un estado psicológico caracterizado por la ausencia de
in|instead|the|serenity|stoic|it was|a|state|psychological|characterized|by|the|absence|of
In contrast, Stoic serenity was a psychological state characterized by the absence of
emociones negativas, como la aflicción, la ira y la ansiedad, y la presencia de emociones positivas,
emotions|negative|such as|the|grief|the|anger|and|the|anxiety|and|the|presence|of|emotions|positive
negative emotions, such as grief, anger, and anxiety, and the presence of positive emotions,
como la alegría. Para los estoicos romanos, los objetivos de la conquista de la serenidad y la
as|the|joy|For|the|stoics|Roman|the|objectives|of|the|conquest|of|the|serenity|and|the
such as joy. For the Roman Stoics, the goals of achieving serenity and the
virtud estaban vinculados, y por esa razón, al hablar de la virtud es muy probable que también
virtue|they were|linked|and|for|that|reason|when|to talk|about|the|virtue|it is|very|likely|that|also
virtue were linked, and for that reason, when talking about virtue it is very likely that they also
abordaran la cuestión de la serenidad. En concreto, tendían a señalar que uno de los beneficios de la
they will address|the|issue|of|the|serenity|In|particular|they tended|to|to point out|that|one|of|the|benefits|of|the
addressed the issue of serenity. Specifically, they tended to point out that one of the benefits of the
virtud era la subsiguiente experiencia de la serenidad. Por lo tanto, en las primeras páginas
virtue|it was|the|subsequent|experience|of|the|serenity|For|it|therefore|in|the|first|pages
virtue was the subsequent experience of serenity. Therefore, in the early pages
de sus discursos, Epicteto nos aconseja buscar la virtud, pero inmediatamente nos recuerda que la
of|his|speeches|Epictetus|us|he advises|to seek|the|virtue|but|immediately|us|he reminds|that|
of his speeches, Epictetus advises us to seek virtue, but immediately reminds us that the
virtud, ofrece la promesa, de crear felicidad, y calma y serenidad, y que, el progreso hacia la
virtue|it offers|the|promise|to|to create|happiness|and|calm|and|serenity|and|that|the|progress|towards|
virtue offers the promise of creating happiness, calm, and serenity, and that the progress towards the
virtud es el progreso hacia cada uno de estos estados de la mente. De hecho, llega a identificar
virtue|it is|the|progress|towards|each|one|of|these|states|of|the|mind|In|fact|it comes|to|to identify
virtue is the progress towards each of these states of the mind. In fact, it comes to identify
la serenidad como el objetivo al que apunta la virtud, 23. Como los estoicos romanos pasaban
the|serenity|as|the|objective|to|that|it aims|the|virtue|As|the|stoics|Roman|they spent
serenity as the goal that virtue aims for, 23. As the Roman Stoics spent
mucho tiempo debatiendo sobre la serenidad, como consecuencia derivada de una vida virtuosa,
a lot|of time|debating|about|the|serenity|as|a consequence|derived|from|a|life|virtuous
a lot of time debating about serenity, as a consequence derived from a virtuous life,
daban la impresión de no estar interesados en la virtud. Consideremos, por ejemplo,
they gave|the|impression|of|not|to be|interested|in|the|virtue|Let's consider|for|example
they gave the impression of not being interested in virtue. Let us consider, for example,
el manual de Epicteto, también conocido como manual de Enquiridión. Arriano,
the|manual|of|Epictetus|also|known|as|manual|of|Enchiridion|Arrian
the manual of Epictetus, also known as the Enchiridion. Arrian,
uno de los alumnos de Epicteto, compiló este trabajo con el objetivo de ofrecer al público
one|of|the|students|of|Epictetus|he compiled|this|work|with|the|objective|to|to offer|to the|public
one of Epictetus' students compiled this work with the aim of offering the public
romano del siglo II una introducción, fácilmente accesible al estoicismo. Aunque el manual abunda
Roman|of|century|II|an|introduction|easily|accessible|to the|stoicism|Although|the|manual|it abounds
of 2nd century Rome an easily accessible introduction to Stoicism. Although the manual is abundant
en consejos respecto a qué hemos de hacer, según Epicteto, para conquistar y mantener la serenidad,
in|advice|regarding|to|what|we have|to|to do|according to|Epictetus|to|to conquer|and|to maintain|the|serenity
in advice on what we should do, according to Epictetus, to conquer and maintain serenity,
Arriano no ve necesidad de mencionar la virtud. Un último comentario necesario para examinar la
Arrian|not|he sees|necessity|to|mention|the|virtue|A|last|comment|necessary|to|examine|the
Arrian sees no need to mention virtue. A final necessary comment to examine the
conexión que los estoicos romanos establecían entre el objetivo de la conquista de la virtud
connection|that|the|Stoics|Roman|they established|between|the|objective|of|the|conquest|of|the|virtue
connection that Roman Stoics established between the goal of conquering virtue.
y el objetivo de alcanzar la serenidad. Además de afirmar que la búsqueda de la virtud nos traerá
and|the|objective|of|to achieve|the|serenity|In addition|to|to affirm|that|the|search|of|the|virtue|to us|it will bring
and the goal of achieving serenity. In addition to stating that the pursuit of virtue will bring us
la serenidad, creo que los estoicos romanos también afirmarían que alcanzar la serenidad
the|serenity|I believe|that|the|stoics|Roman|also|they would affirm|that|to achieve|the|serenity
serenity, I believe that the Roman Stoics would also assert that achieving serenity
nos aportará virtud. Alguien que no está sereno, que vive distraído por emociones negativas como
to us|it will bring|virtue|Someone|who|not|he/she is|calm|that|he/she lives|distracted|by|emotions|negative|like
will bring us virtue. Someone who is not serene, who lives distracted by negative emotions such as
la ira o la tristeza, tendrá dificultades para cumplir con lo que le pide su razón,
the|anger|or|the|sadness|it will have|difficulties|to|to fulfill|with|what|that|to it|it asks|its|reason
anger or sadness, will have difficulties fulfilling what reason demands of them,
sus emociones se impondrán a su intelecto. Por lo tanto, esta persona estará confundida en
his/her|emotions|themselves|they will impose|on|his/her|intellect|For|it|therefore|this|person|he/she will be|confused|in
their emotions will impose themselves on their intellect. Therefore, this person will be confused in
relación con qué cosas son realmente buenas, y en consecuencia, no las buscará, por lo tanto,
relationship|with|what|things|they are|really|good|and|in|consequence|not|them|he/she will seek|for|it|therefore
relationship with what things are really good, and consequently, will not seek them, therefore,
fracasará a la hora de conquistar la virtud. Así pues, para los estoicos romanos la búsqueda de la
it will fail|in|the|hour|to|to conquer|the|virtue|Thus|therefore|for|the|stoics|Roman|the|search|of|the
will fail to conquer virtue. Thus, for the Roman Stoics, the pursuit of
virtud y la búsqueda de la serenidad forman parte de un círculo virtuoso. De hecho, un círculo
virtue|and|the|search|of|the|serenity|they form|part|of|a|circle|virtuous|In|fact|a|circle
virtue and the pursuit of serenity are part of a virtuous circle. In fact, a circle
doblemente virtuoso, la búsqueda de la virtud produce cierto grado de serenidad, que a su vez
doubly|virtuous|the|search|for|the|virtue|it produces|a certain|degree|of|serenity|which|to|its|turn
that is doubly virtuous, the pursuit of virtue produces a certain degree of serenity, which in turn
facilita la búsqueda de la virtud. ¿Por qué los estoicos romanos otorgaron a la conquista de la
it facilitates|the|search|of|the|virtue|Why|what|the|stoics|Roman|they granted|to|the|conquest|of|the
facilitates the pursuit of virtue. Why did the Roman Stoics grant the conquest of
serenidad un papel más destacado que sus predecesores griegos? Creo que en parte la
serenity|a|role|more|prominent|than|their|predecessors|Greek|I believe|that|in|part|the
serenity played a more prominent role than its Greek predecessors? I believe that part of the
respuesta tiene que ver con el hecho de que los estoicos romanos confiaban menos que los griegos,
response|it has|to|to do|with|the|fact|of|that|the|stoics|Roman|they trusted|less|than|the|Greeks
answer has to do with the fact that Roman Stoics trusted less than the Greeks,
en el poder de la razón pura a la hora de motivar a la gente. Los estoicos griegos creían que el
in|the|power|of|the|reason|pure|at|the|time|of|to motivate|to|the|people|The|Stoics|Greek|they believed|that|the
in the power of pure reason when it came to motivating people. Greek Stoics believed that the
mejor modo de conseguir que la gente buscara la virtud era hacerle comprender, dónde estaban las
better|way|to|to achieve|that|the|people|they sought|the|virtue|it was|to make them|to understand|where|they were|the
best way to get people to seek virtue was to make them understand where the
cosas buenas, si un individuo comprendía cuáles eran las cosas realmente buenas, él, como ser
things|good|if|an|individual|he understood|which|they were|the|things|really|good|he|as|being
good things were; if an individual understood what the truly good things were, he, as a being
racional, las buscaría necesariamente y se convertiría en alguien virtuoso. Por lo tanto,
rational|them|I would seek|necessarily|and|himself/herself|he/she would become|into|someone|virtuous|For|it|therefore
rational, they would necessarily seek them and become a virtuous person. Therefore,
los estoicos griegos no consideraban necesario mencionar los productos secundarios beneficiosos
the|Stoics|Greek|not|they considered|necessary|to mention|the|products|secondary|beneficial
the Greek Stoics did not consider it necessary to mention the beneficial secondary products
derivados de la búsqueda de la virtud, entre ellos, de forma significativa, la conquista de
derived|from|the|search|of|the|virtue|among|them|of|form|significant|the|conquest|of
derived from the pursuit of virtue, among them, significantly, the conquest of
la serenidad, por el contrario, los estoicos romanos aparentemente pensaban que a sus
the|serenity|for|the|contrary|the|stoics|Roman|apparently|they thought|that|to|their
serenity; on the contrary, the Roman Stoics apparently thought that their
conciudadanos romanos no les resultaría obvio por qué debían perseguir la virtud. También admitían
fellow citizens|Romans|not|to them|it would be|obvious|for|why|they should|to pursue|the|virtue|also|they admitted
Roman fellow citizens would not find it obvious why they should pursue virtue. They also admitted
que los romanos normales apreciarían instintivamente la serenidad, y en consecuencia,
that|the|Romans|normal|they would appreciate|instinctively|the|serenity|and|in|consequence
that normal Romans would instinctively appreciate serenity, and consequently,
se mostrarían receptivos a las estrategias para alcanzarla. Así pues, al parecer los estoicos
themselves|they would show|receptive|to|the|strategies|to|to achieve it|Thus|therefore|to the|apparently|the|Stoics
they would be receptive to strategies to achieve it. Thus, apparently, the Roman Stoics
romanos llegaron a la conclusión de que endulzar la virtud con la serenidad, más exactamente,
Romans|they arrived|at|the|conclusion|to|that|to sweeten|the|virtue|with|the|serenity|more|exactly
came to the conclusion that sweetening virtue with serenity, more precisely,
apuntando a la serenidad que la gente podría alcanzar persiguiendo la virtud, haría más
aiming|at|the|serenity|that|the|people|they could|to achieve|pursuing|the|virtue|it would do|more
aiming for the serenity that people could achieve by pursuing virtue, would make the Stoic doctrines more
atractivas las doctrinas estoicas a los romanos de a pie. Por otra parte, los maestros estoicos
attractive|the|doctrines|Stoic|to|the|Romans|of|a|common people|On|another|hand|the|teachers|Stoic
attractive to ordinary Romans. On the other hand, the Stoic masters
como Musonio Rufo y Epicteto tenían otra razón para centrarse en la serenidad, reforzaba el
as|Musonius|Rufus|and|Epictetus|they had|another|reason|to|to focus|on|the|serenity|it reinforced|the
just as Musonius Rufus and Epictetus had another reason to focus on serenity, it reinforced the
atractivo de su escuela ante potenciales estudiantes. Hemos de recordar que en el
attraction|of|its|school|before|potential|students|We have|to|to remember|that|in|the
appeal of their school to potential students. We must remember that in the
mundo antiguo las escuelas de filosofía competían directamente unas con otras.
world|ancient|the|schools|of|philosophy|they competed|directly|some|with|others
ancient world, philosophy schools directly competed with each other.
Si una escuela enseñaba una filosofía que la gente encontraba atractiva, conquistaba,
if|a|school|it taught|a|philosophy|that|the|people|it found|attractive|it conquered
If a school taught a philosophy that people found appealing, it gained,
cuota de mercado, pero si una escuela perdía el favor de los potenciales estudiantes, podía caer
market|of|share|but|if|a|school|it lost|the|favor|of|the|potential|students|it could|to fall
market share, but if a school lost the favor of potential students, it could fall
en el olvido, algo que, como hemos visto, casi le sucedió a la escuela estoica bajo la dirección
in|the|oblivion|something|that|as|we have|seen|almost|to it|it happened|to|the|school|Stoic|under|the|direction
in oblivion, something that, as we have seen, almost happened to the Stoic school under the leadership
de Cleantes. Para aumentar y retener a los estudiantes, las escuelas estaban dispuestas
of|Cleantes|To|increase|and|retain|to|the|students|the|schools|they were|willing
of Cleanthes. To increase and retain students, the schools were willing
a ser flexibles con las doctrinas que enseñaban. Por ejemplo, se ha sugerido que a mediados del
to|be|flexible|with|the|doctrines|that|they taught|For|example|itself|it has|suggested|that|in|mid|of the
to be flexible with the doctrines they taught. For example, it has been suggested that by the middle of the
siglo III a. C las escuelas estoica y de la academia decidieron formar una alianza filosófica
century|III|BC|C|the|schools|Stoic|and|of|the|Academy|they decided|to form|a|alliance|philosophical
3rd century BC, the Stoic and Academy schools decided to form a philosophical alliance
y modificar sus doctrinas, con el propósito común de atraer a estudiantes de la escuela
and|to modify|their|doctrines|with|the|purpose|common|to|to attract|to|students|of|the|school
and modify their doctrines, with the common purpose of attracting students from the school
ya que estaban perdiendo adeptos a favor de esta filosofía rival.
since|that|they were|losing|followers|to|in favor|of|this|philosophy|rival
since they were losing followers to this rival philosophy.
XXIV, de modo similar, es concebible que los estoicos romanos, al acentuar la serenidad en
XXIV|in|way|similar|it is|conceivable|that|the|stoics|Roman|to|to accentuate|the|serenity|in
XXIV, similarly, it is conceivable that the Roman Stoics, by emphasizing serenity in
su filosofía, intentaran arrebatar estudiantes a los epicúreos, que también enarbolaban la
their|philosophy|they will try|to snatch|students|from|the|Epicureans|that|also|they raised|the
their philosophy, tried to attract students from the Epicureans, who also championed the
perspectiva de la serenidad ante sus estudiantes. Aunque parece inverosímil que los filósofos
perspective|of|the|serenity|before|their|students|Although|it seems|implausible|that|the|philosophers
perspective of serenity to their students. Although it seems implausible that ancient philosophers
antiguos adaptaran las doctrinas en un intento de atraer estudiantes, debemos recordar que así
ancient||the|doctrines|in|an|attempt|to|to attract|students|we must|to remember|that|this way
adapted doctrines in an attempt to attract students, we must remember that this is how it was.
es como empezaron precisamente muchas escuelas de filosofía. Por ejemplo, cuando Potamo de
it is|how|they began|precisely|many|schools|of|philosophy|For|example|when|Potamo|of
This is how many schools of philosophy precisely began. For example, when Potamo of
Alejandría decidió fundar una escuela, tuvo una idea que puede considerarse una genialidad del
Alexandria|she decided|to found|a|school|she had|an|idea|that|it can|to be considered|a|genius|of the
Alexandria decided to found a school, he had an idea that can be considered a stroke of
marketing. Decidió que la mejor manera de atraer estudiantes era tomar elementos de las doctrinas
marketing|he/she decided|that|the|best|way|to|to attract|students|it was|to take|elements|of|the|doctrines
marketing genius. He decided that the best way to attract students was to take elements from the doctrines
filosóficas de escuelas rivales. XXV, quienes se unían a su llamada escuela ecléctica se
philosophical|of|schools|rival|XXV|those who|themselves|they joined|to|their|called|school|eclectic|themselves
of rival philosophical schools. Those who joined his so-called eclectic school would
beneficiarían, según su argumentación, de lo mejor que podían ofrecer las escuelas competidoras.
they would benefit|according to|their|argument|from|the|best|that|they could|to offer|the|schools|competing
benefit, according to his argument, from the best that the competing schools could offer.
Más en concreto, hemos de recordar que, al inventar el estoicismo griego, el propio
more|in|concrete|we have|to|to remember|that|when|to invent|the|stoicism|Greek|the|itself
More specifically, we must remember that, when inventing Greek Stoicism, Zeno himself
Zenón mezcló y combinó elementos, al menos, de tres escuelas filosóficas diferentes, la cínica,
Zeno|he mixed|and|he combined|elements|at|least|of|three|schools|philosophical|different|the|Cynic
mixed and combined elements from at least three different philosophical schools: Cynicism,
la megárica y la academia. Al destacar el papel de la serenidad en su filosofía,
the|Megarian|and|the|academy|In|to highlight|the|role|of|the|serenity|in|its|philosophy
Megarian, and the Academy. By highlighting the role of serenity in his philosophy,
los estoicos no solo la hicieron más atractiva para los antiguos romanos, sino, en mi opinión,
the|Stoics|not|only|it|they made|more|attractive|for|the|ancient|Romans|but|in|my|opinion
the Stoics not only made it more appealing to the ancient Romans, but, in my opinion,
también para los individuos modernos. Después de todo, es poco habitual que los individuos
also|for|the|individuals|modern|After|of|all|it is|little|usual|that|the|individuals
also to modern individuals. After all, it is uncommon for individuals
modernos tengan interés en llegar a ser más virtuosos, en el sentido antiguo de la palabra,
modern|they have|interest|in|to become|to|to be|more|virtuous|in|the|sense|ancient|of|the|word
modern individuals are interested in becoming more virtuous, in the ancient sense of the word,
probablemente, deberíamos estar interesados en ello, pero la pura verdad es que a la mayoría
probably|we should|to be|interested|in|it|but|the|pure|truth|it is|that|to|the|majority
probably, we should be interested in it, but the plain truth is that most of us
de nosotros no nos interesa. Así pues, dile a alguien que posees y estás dispuesto a compartir
of|us|not|ourselves|it interests|Thus|then|tell|to|someone|that|you possess|and|you are|willing|to|share
are not interested. So, tell someone that you possess and are willing to share
una antigua estrategia para alcanzar la virtud, y probablemente recibirás un bostezo a cambio.
an|ancient|strategy|to|achieve|the|virtue|and|probably|you will receive|a|yawn|in|return
an ancient strategy for achieving virtue, and you will likely receive a yawn in return.
Dile que posees y estás dispuesto a compartir una antigua estrategia para alcanzar la serenidad,
tell him/her|that|you possess|and|you are|willing|to|share|an|ancient|strategy|to|achieve|the|serenity
Tell them that you possess and are willing to share an ancient strategy for achieving serenity,
y probablemente despertará su atención, en la mayoría de los casos, la gente no necesita
and|probably|it will awaken|their|attention|in|the|majority|of|the|cases|the|people|not|it needs
and it will probably catch your attention, in most cases, people do not need
convencerse del valor de la serenidad. En todo caso, se explayará contándote como su vida ha
to convince oneself|of the|value|of|the|serenity|In|every|case|himself/herself|he/she will elaborate|telling you|how|his/her|life|it has
to be convinced of the value of serenity. In any case, they will elaborate by telling you how their life has
sido arruinada por emociones negativas que perturban la serenidad, esta es la razón por
been|ruined|by|emotions|negative|that|disturb|the|serenity|this|it is|the|reason|for
been ruined by negative emotions that disturb serenity, this is the reason why
la que en las próximas páginas centro mi atención en los estoicos romanos más que en los griegos,
the|that|in|the|next|pages|I center|my|attention|on|the|stoics|Roman|more|than|in|the|Greeks
in the following pages I focus my attention on the Roman Stoics rather than the Greeks,
y también explica mi voluntad de centrar mi análisis no en sus consejos para alcanzar la
and|also|it explains|my|will|to|to focus|my|analysis|not|on|their|advice|to|to achieve|the
and it also explains my willingness to center my analysis not on their advice for achieving the
virtud, sino en cómo acceder y mantener la serenidad. Dicho esto, debería añadir que los
virtue|but|in|how|to access|and|to maintain|the|serenity|That|this|I should|to add|that|the
virtue, but in how to access and maintain serenity. That said, I should add that those
lectores que sigan los consejos del estoicismo romano para alcanzar la serenidad también,
readers|who|they follow|the|advice|of the|stoicism|Roman|to|to achieve|the|serenity|also
readers who follow the advice of Roman Stoicism to achieve serenity will also,
se verán inundados de virtud. Tanto mejor si esto sucede. 3. Estoicismo romano.
themselves|they will see|flooded|with|virtue|So|better|if|this|it happens|Stoicism|Roman
be flooded with virtue. All the better if this happens. 3. Roman Stoicism.
Los estoicos romanos más importantes, y aquellos de los que, en mi opinión, más puede aprender el
the|stoics|Roman|most|important|and|those|of|the|whom|in|my|opinion|more|he/she can|to learn|him
The most important Roman Stoics, and those from whom, in my opinion, the modern
individuo moderno, fueron Seneca, Musonio Rufo, Epicteto y Marco Aurelio, 1, la contribución que
individual|modern|they were|Seneca|Musonius|Rufus|Epictetus|and|Marcus|Aurelius|the|contribution|that
individual can learn the most, were Seneca, Musonius Rufus, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius, 1, the contribution that
los cuatro hicieron al estoicismo romano fue en gran medida complementaria. Seneca fue el mejor
the|four|they made|to|stoicism|Roman|it was|in|great|measure|complementary|Seneca|he was|the|best
the four made Roman Stoicism largely complementary. Seneca was the best
escritor de todos ellos, y sus ensayos y cartas alucilio constituyen una introducción accesible
writer|of|all|them|and|their|essays|and|letters|alucilio|they constitute|an|introduction|accessible
writer of them all, and his essays and letters to Lucilius constitute an accessible introduction
al estoicismo romano. Musonio es notable por su pragmatismo. Ofreció consejos detallados a los
to|stoicism|Roman|Musonius|he is|notable|for|his|pragmatism|He offered|advice|detailed|to|the
to Roman Stoicism. Musonius is notable for his pragmatism. He offered detailed advice to the
estoicos practicantes respecto cómo debían comer, qué deberían vestir, cómo debían comportarse con
Stoics|practitioners|regarding|how|they should|to eat|what|they should|to wear|how|they should|to behave|with
practicing Stoics regarding how they should eat, what they should wear, how they should behave with
sus padres e incluso cómo conducir su vida sexual. La especialidad de Epicteto era el análisis, entre
his|parents|and|even|how|to conduct|his|life|sexual|The|specialty|of|Epictetus|it was|the|analysis|among
their parents, and even how to conduct their sexual lives. Epictetus's specialty was analysis, between
otras cosas, explicó por qué la práctica del estoicismo podía aportarnos serenidad. Por último,
other|things|he/she explained|for|why|the|practice|of the|stoicism|it could|to bring us|serenity|for|finally
among other things, he explained why the practice of stoicism could bring us serenity. Finally,
en las meditaciones de Marco Aurelio, escritas como una suerte de diario, nos enteramos de los
in|the|meditations|of|Marcus|Aurelius|written|as|a|kind|of|diary|to us|we find out|about|the
in the meditations of Marcus Aurelius, written as a sort of diary, we learn about the
pensamientos de un estoico practicante. Observamos su búsqueda de soluciones estoicas para los
thoughts|of|a|stoic|practitioner|We observe|his|search|for|solutions|stoic|for|the
thoughts of a practicing stoic. We observe his search for stoic solutions to the
problemas de la vida cotidiana así como para las cuestiones a las que se enfrentaba como emperador.
problems|of|the|life|everyday|as|well as|for|the|issues|to|the|that|himself/herself|he/she faced|as|emperor
problems of everyday life as well as to the issues he faced as emperor.
Lucio Neo Seneca, también conocido como Seneca el joven, nació entre el 4 y el 1 a.C. en Córdoba.
Lucius|Annaeus|Seneca|also|known|as|Seneca|the|young|he was born|between|the|and|the|||in|Córdoba
Lucius Annaeus Seneca, also known as Seneca the Younger, was born between 4 and 1 BC in Cordoba.
Aunque se trata del estoico del que disponemos de más escritos filosóficos, no fue el más prolífico
although|itself|it concerns|of the|stoic|of the|that|we have|of|more|writings|philosophical|not|he was|the|most|prolific
Although he is the Stoic of whom we have the most philosophical writings, he was not the most prolific.
de ellos, este honor corresponde a Crisipo, pero sus obras no han sobrevivido. Tampoco fue
of|them|this|honor|it corresponds|to|Chrysippus|but|his|works|not|they have|survived|Neither|it was
That honor belongs to Chrysippus, but his works have not survived. He was not particularly
especialmente original. Sin embargo, sus escritos estoicos son maravillosos. Sus cartas y ensayos
especially|original|Without|however|their|writings|stoic|they are|wonderful|Their|letters|and|essays
original either. However, his Stoic writings are wonderful. His letters and essays
rebosan de comprensión hacia la condición humana. En estas obras, Seneca habla de aquello que suele
they overflow|with|understanding|towards|the|condition|human|In|these|works|Seneca|he speaks|of|that|that|it usually
overflow with understanding of the human condition. In these works, Seneca speaks about what usually
hacer infeliz a la gente, como la aflicción, la ira, la vejez y la ansiedad social, y sobre qué
to make|unhappy|to|the|people|like|the|affliction|the|anger|the|old age|and|the|anxiety|social|and|about|what
makes people unhappy, such as grief, anger, old age, and social anxiety, and about what.
podemos hacer para que nuestra vida no solo sea tolerable, sino feliz, como otros estoicos romanos
we can|to do|to|that|our|life|not|only|it is|tolerable|but|happy|like|other|stoics|Romans
we can do to make our life not only tolerable but happy, like other Roman Stoics.
de los que hablaré, Seneca no se resignaba estoicamente a la vida, por el contrario,
of|the|that|I will talk|Seneca|not|himself|he resigned|stoically|to|the|life|for|the|on the contrary
Of those I will talk about, Seneca did not stoically resign himself to life; on the contrary,
participaba activamente en ella. Y como estos otros estoicos, era una personalidad compleja.
I participated|actively|in|it|And|like|these|other|stoics|he/she was|a|personality|complex
he actively participated in it. And like these other Stoics, he was a complex personality.
En realidad, aunque no hubiera escrito una sola palabra sobre filosofía, habría sido incluido en
in|reality|although|not|I had|written|a|single|word|about|philosophy|I would|been|included|in
In fact, even if he had not written a single word about philosophy, he would have been included in
los libros de historia por otras tres razones. Sería recordado como un dramaturgo de éxito.
the|books|of|history|for|other|three|reasons|It would be|remembered|as|a|playwright|of|success
the history books for three other reasons. He would be remembered as a successful playwright.
Sería recordado por sus iniciativas financieras, parece haber sido el prototípico banquero de
he/she would be|remembered|for|his/her|initiatives|financial|it seems|to have|been|the|prototypical|banker|of
He would be remembered for his financial initiatives, he seems to have been the prototypical banker of
inversiones que llegó a ser enormemente rico en gran medida gracias, a su olfato para los negocios.
investments|that|he/she became|to|to be|enormously|rich|in|great|measure|thanks|to|his/her|nose|for|the|business
investments who became enormously wealthy largely thanks to his business acumen.
Y, por último, sería recordado por el papel que desempeñó en la política romana del siglo I DC.
and|for|finally|he/she would be|remembered|for|the|role|that|he/she played|in|the|politics|Roman|of the|century|I|AD
And, finally, he would be remembered for the role he played in Roman politics of the 1st century AD.
Además de senador, fue tutor, y en consecuencia, el principal consejero del emperador Nerón.
in addition|to|senator|he was|tutor|and|in|consequence|the|main|advisor|of the|emperor|Nero
In addition to being a senator, he was a tutor, and consequently, the chief advisor to Emperor Nero.
La relación de Seneca con la corte imperial le trajo problemas. Cuando Claudio se coronó emperador,
the|relationship|of|Seneca|with|the|court|imperial|it|it brought|problems|When|Claudius|himself|he crowned|emperor
Seneca's relationship with the imperial court brought him trouble. When Claudius was crowned emperor,
lo condenó a muerte por cometer, presuntamente, adulterio con Julia Livila, sobrina de Claudio.
him|he condemned|to|death|for|committing|allegedly|adultery|with|Julia|Livila|niece|of|Claudius
he was sentenced to death for allegedly committing adultery with Julia Livila, the niece of Claudius.
La sentencia fue conmutada por el destierro y la confiscación de todas sus propiedades,
the|sentence|it was|commuted|for|the|exile|and|the|confiscation|of|all|his/her|properties
The sentence was commuted to exile and the confiscation of all his properties,
y así, en el año 41 DC, Seneca, pasados los 40 años de edad, fue enviado a la Árida y Espinosa
and|thus|in|the|year|AD|Seneca|after|the|years|of|age|he was|sent|to|the|Arid|and|Thorny
and thus, in the year 41 AD, Seneca, past the age of 40, was sent to the Arid and Thorny
Roca, que conocemos como Córcega II, durante este tiempo, leyó, escribió, hizo un estudio de la
rock|that|we know|as|Corsica|II|during|this|time|he read|he wrote|he did|a|study|of|the
Rock, which we know as Corsica II, during this time, he read, wrote, studied the
isla y presumiblemente practicó el estoicismo. En el 49 DC, Agripina desposó a Claudio y le pidió
island|and|presumably|he/she practiced|the|stoicism|In|the|AD|Agrippina|he/she married|to|Claudius|and|him|he/she asked
island and presumably practiced Stoicism. In 49 AD, Agrippina married Claudius and asked him
que levantara el destierro a Seneca para que éste pudiera trabajar como, tutor de su hijo Nerón,
that|he lifted|the|exile|to|Seneca|in order to|that|he|he could|to work|as|tutor|of|his|son|Nero
that lifted the exile of Seneca so that he could work as a tutor to his son Nero,
que por aquel entonces tenía 11 ó 12 años. Así pues, Seneca regresó a Roma después de 8 años
that|for|that|then|I was|or|years|Thus|therefore|Seneca|he returned|to|Rome|after|of|years
who at that time was 11 or 12 years old. Thus, Seneca returned to Rome after 8 years
de destierro. Una vez instalado en la sociedad de su tiempo, se nos dice que se convirtió en,
of|exile|Once|time|installed|in|the|society|of|his|time|itself|to us|it says|that|itself|it converted|into
of exile. Once settled in the society of his time, it is said that he became,
el ciudadano más célebre de su época, el mayor escritor en prosa y verso, el nombre más elevado
the|citizen|most|famous|of|his|era|the|greatest|writer|in|prose|and|verse|the|name|most|elevated
the most famous citizen of his era, the greatest writer in prose and verse, the most esteemed name
de la literatura desde la Edad de Oro a principios de siglo y el favorito de la emperatriz. 3,
of|the|literature|from|the|Age|of|Gold|to|beginnings|of|century|and|the|favorite|of|the|empress
in literature from the Golden Age at the beginning of the century and the favorite of the empress. 3,
Seneca fue el primer sorprendido por su éxito en la vida, ¿acaso a mí?, se pregunta, nacido en la
Seneca|he was|the|first|surprised|by|his|success|in|the|life|perhaps|to|me|himself|he asks|born|in|
Seneca was the first surprised by his success in life, does it count for me? he wonders, born in the
estación de los caballeros y apenas un individuo de provincias, ¿me cuentan entre los grandes del
station|of|the|gentlemen|and|hardly|a|individual|from|provinces|me|they count|among|the|great|of the
station of gentlemen and barely an individual from the provinces, do they count me among the greats of the
reino? 4. Cuando Nerón se convirtió en emperador, Seneca fue ascendido a consejero. De hecho,
|when|Nero|himself|he became|into|emperor|Seneca|he was|promoted|to|advisor|in|fact
kingdom? 4. When Nero became emperor, Seneca was promoted to advisor. In fact,
tanto él como VI Afranio Burro, el prefecto de la guardia pretoriana, pasaron a formar parte del
both|he|as|VI|Afranius|Ass|the|prefect|of|the|guard|praetorian|they passed|to|to form|part|of the
both he and VI Afranius Burrus, the prefect of the praetorian guard, became part of the
círculo de confianza de Nerón. Al principio, Seneca y Burro hicieron un buen trabajo y
circle|of|trust|of|Nero|At|the beginning|Seneca|and|Burrus|they did|a|good|job|and
circle of trust of Nero. At first, Seneca and Burrus did a good job and
mantuvieron bajo control las tendencias licenciosas del emperador y él, Imperio Romano gozó de cinco
they maintained|under|control|the|tendencies|licentious|of the|emperor|and|he|Empire|Roman|he enjoyed|of|five
they kept the emperor's licentious tendencies under control and he, the Roman Empire enjoyed five
años de buen gobierno. Seneca también prosperó durante este periodo, llegó a ser increíblemente
years|of|good|government|Seneca|also|he prospered|during|this|period|he became|to|to be|incredibly
years of good governance. Seneca also prospered during this period, becoming incredibly
rico. Esta riqueza dio origen a la acusación de que Seneca era hipócrita, que defendía la
rich|this|wealth|it gave|rise|to|the|accusation|that|that|Seneca|he was|hypocrite|that|he defended|the
rich. This wealth gave rise to the accusation that Seneca was a hypocrite, that he advocated for
moderación mientras llevaba una vida de extrema opulencia. Sin embargo, los lectores han de tener
moderation|while|I led|a|life|of|extreme|opulence|Without|however|the|readers|they have|to|to have
moderation while leading a life of extreme opulence. However, readers should keep in mind
presente que, a diferencia de la escuela cínica, el estoicismo no exige a sus seguidores adoptar
I present|that|to|difference|from|the|school|cynical|the|stoicism|not|it demands|to|its|followers|to adopt
that, unlike the Cynic school, Stoicism does not require its followers to adopt
un estilo de vida ascético. Por el contrario, los estoicos creían que no había nada malo en
a|style|of|life|ascetic|On|the|contrary|the|Stoics|they believed|that|not|there was|anything|wrong|in
an ascetic lifestyle. On the contrary, the Stoics believed that there was nothing wrong with
disfrutar de las buenas cosas que la vida puede ofrecer, siempre y cuando seamos cuidadosos con
to enjoy|of|the|good|things|that|the|life|it can|to offer|always|and|when|we are|careful|with
enjoying the good things that life can offer, as long as we are careful with
el modo en el que las disfrutamos. En concreto, hemos de estar listos para renunciar a ellas sin
the|way|in|the|that|them|we enjoy|In|specific|we have|to|to be|ready|to|to renounce|to|them|without
the way we enjoy them. Specifically, we must be ready to give them up without
lamentarlos y cambiar nuestras circunstancias. Tras la muerte de Agripina en el 59 d.C.,
to regret them|and|to change|our|circumstances|After|the|death|of|Agrippina|in|the||
regret and change our circumstances. After Agrippina's death in 59 A.D.,
Nerón ordenó su asesinato. El emperador empezó a oponerse a la guía de Seneca y Burro. En el 62 d.C.
Nero|he ordered|his|assassination|The|emperor|he began|to|to oppose|to|the|guidance|of|Seneca|and|Burrus|In|the||
Nero ordered her assassination. The emperor began to oppose the guidance of Seneca and Burrus. In 62 A.D.
murió Burro, ya sea por enfermedad o como resultado de un envenenamiento. Seneca se dio cuenta de que
he died|Donkey|already|whether|due to|illness|or|as|a result|of|a|poisoning|Seneca|himself|he realized|account|that|
Burro died, either from illness or as a result of poisoning. Seneca realized that
sus días en la corte estaban contados e intentó retirarse de la política, alegando vejez y mala
his|days|in|the|court|they were|counted|and|he tried|to retire|from|the|politics|claiming|old age|and|bad
his days in the court were numbered and tried to withdraw from politics, citing old age and poor
salud. Por último, Nerón le permitió retirarse, pero su retiro fue efímero. Los consejeros que
health|for|finally|Nero|to him|he allowed|to withdraw|but|his|withdrawal|it was|ephemeral|The|advisors|that
health. Ultimately, Nero allowed him to retire, but his retirement was short-lived. The advisors who
sustituyeron a Seneca convencieron a Nerón de que el filósofo estoico había participado en
they replaced|to|Seneca|they convinced|to|Nero|that|that|the|philosopher|stoic|he had|participated|in
replaced Seneca convinced Nero that the Stoic philosopher had participated in
una conspiración contra él, y en el 65 d.C. Nerón ordenó su muerte. Cuando los amigos presentes en
a|conspiracy|against|him|and|in|the|||Nero|he ordered|his|death|When|the|friends|present|in
a conspiracy against him, and in 65 AD, Nero ordered his death. When the friends present at
su ejecución rompieron a llorar por su destino, Seneca los reprendió. Les echó en cara que había
his|execution|they broke|to|cry|for|their|fate|Seneca|them|he reprimanded|them|he threw|in|face|that|there was
his execution made them cry for their fate, Seneca rebuked them. He pointed out that it had been due to their stoicism.
sido de su estoicismo. A continuación abrazó a su esposa. Las arterias de sus brazos fueron
been|of|his|stoicism|To|next|he embraced|to|his|wife|The|arteries|of|his|arms|they were
Next, he embraced his wife. The arteries in his arms were
seccionadas, pero debido a la edad y a la debilidad, sangraba lentamente, por lo que
severed|but|due|to|the|age|and|to|the|weakness|it bled|slowly|for|it|that
severed, but due to age and weakness, he bled slowly, so
también se cortaron las arterias de piernas y rodillas. Seguía sin morir. Pidió a un amigo
also|himself/herself|they cut|the|arteries|of|legs|and|knees|He/She continued|without|dying|He/She asked|to|a|friend
the arteries in his legs and knees were also cut. He still did not die. He asked a friend
que trajera veneno, que tomó, pero sin consecuencias fatales. Entonces lo llevaron a un baño, y el
that|he/she brought|poison|that|he/she took|but|without|consequences|fatal|Then|him|they took|to|a|bathroom|and|he
to bring poison, which he took, but without fatal consequences. Then they took him to a bath, and the
vapor lo sofocó. 5. Seneca escribió el ensayo sobre la vida feliz para su hermano Galío,
steam|it|suffocated|Seneca|he wrote|the|essay|on|the|life|happy|for|his|brother|Galileo
steam suffocated him. 5. Seneca wrote the essay on the happy life for his brother Gallio,
el mismo Galío mencionado en Hechos 18, 12-16 del Nuevo Testamento por su rechazo a juzgar a
the|same|Gallio|mentioned|in|Acts|of the|New|Testament|for|his|rejection|to|to judge|to
the same Gallio mentioned in Acts 18:12-16 of the New Testament for his refusal to judge
San Pablo en Corinto. En su escrito, Seneca explica el mejor camino para alcanzar la serenidad.
Saint|Paul|in|Corinth|In|his|writing|Seneca|he explains|the|best|way|to|to achieve|the|serenity
Saint Paul in Corinth. In his writing, Seneca explains the best way to achieve serenity.
Básicamente, necesitamos utilizar nuestra capacidad de raciocinio para alejar, todo lo
basically|we need|to use|our|ability|to|reasoning|to|to distance|everything|it
Basically, we need to use our reasoning ability to distance ourselves from everything that
que nos excita o nos aterra. Si podemos hacerlo, disfrutaremos de una serenidad inquebrantable y
that|us|excites|or|us|terrifies|If|we can|to do it|we will enjoy|of|an|serenity|unbreakable|and
excites or terrifies us. If we can do this, we will enjoy an unshakable serenity and
una libertad duradera, y experimentaremos una alegría ilimitada, firme e inalterable. De hecho,
a|freedom|lasting|and|we will experience|a|joy|unlimited|firm|and|unalterable|In|fact
a lasting freedom, and we will experience unlimited, firm, and unchanging joy. In fact,
afirma, como hemos visto, que quien practica los principios del estoicismo, debe, tanto si quiere
he/she affirms|as|we have|seen|that|whoever|he/she practices|the|principles|of the|stoicism|he/she must|as much|if|he/she wants
it asserts, as we have seen, that anyone who practices the principles of stoicism must, whether they want
como si no, estar asistido por una jovialidad constante y una profunda alegría y menesteres
as|if|not|to be|assisted|by|a|joviality|constant|and|a|profound|joy|and|tasks
to or not, be assisted by a constant joviality and a deep joy and needs
profundamente arraigados, ya que encuentra deleite en sus propios recursos, y no desea gozo más grande
deeply|rooted|already|that|he/she finds|delight|in|his/her|own|resources|and|not|he/she desires|joy|more|greater
that are deeply rooted, as they find delight in their own resources, and do not desire a greater joy
que el interior. Por otra parte, comparados con estas alegrías, los placeres de la carne son
that|the|interior|On|another|part|compared|with|these|joys|the|pleasures|of|the|flesh|they are
than the inner one. On the other hand, compared to these joys, the pleasures of the flesh are
insignificantes, triviales y fugaces.6. En otro lugar, Seneca dice a su amigo Lucilio que si desea
insignificant|trivial|and|fleeting|In|another|place|Seneca|he says|to|his|friend|Lucilius|that|if|he desires
insignificant, trivial, and fleeting. 6. Elsewhere, Seneca tells his friend Lucilius that if he wishes
practicar el estoicismo, tendrá que, aprender a sentir alegría. Añade que una de las razones por
to practice|the|stoicism|it will|to|to learn|to|to feel|joy|Add|that|one|of|the|reasons|for
to practice Stoicism, he will have to learn to feel joy. He adds that one of the reasons why
las que quiere que Lucilio practique el estoicismo tiene que ver con su deseo de que, su amigo, no se
the|that|he/she wants|that|Lucilio|he practices|the|stoicism|it has|to|to see|with|his|desire|of|that|his|friend|not|himself/herself
he wants Lucilius to practice Stoicism has to do with his desire for his friend not to be
vea privado de la alegría.7. Quienes se acostumbran a pensar que los estoicos son una pandilla taciturna,
he/she sees|deprived|of|the|joy|Those who|themselves|they get used|to|to think|that|the|Stoics|they are|a|gang|taciturn
deprived of joy. 7. Those who are used to thinking that Stoics are a gloomy bunch,
tal vez se sorprendan ante estos comentarios, pero estas y otras observaciones evidencian que la
maybe|time|themselves|they surprise|in front of|these|comments|but|these|and|other|observations|they evidence|that|the
may be surprised by these comments, but these and other observations show that the
expresión estoico-alegre no es un oxímoron. Dicho esto, debería añadir que algunos estudiosos del
expression|||not|it is|an|oxymoron|That|this|I should|to add|that|some|scholars|of the
the stoic-joyful expression is not an oxymoron. That said, I should add that some scholars of the
mundo clásico se niegan a tomarse los comentarios de Seneca sobre la felicidad en sentido literal.
world|classical|themselves|they deny|to|to take|the|comments|about|Seneca|on|the|happiness|in|sense|literal
classical world refuse to take Seneca's comments on happiness literally.
La filósofa Martha Nussbaum, por ejemplo, señala que Seneca, inmediatamente después de ofrecer el
the|philosopher|Martha|Nussbaum|for|example|she points out|that|Seneca|immediately|after|of|to offer|the
Philosopher Martha Nussbaum, for example, points out that Seneca, immediately after offering the
consejo anterior a Lucilio, explica lo que quiere decir con alegría, no es, dice Seneca, una alegría,
advice|prior|to|Lucilius|he explains|what|that|he wants|to mean|with|joy|not|it is|says|Seneca|a|joy
previous advice to Lucilius, explains what he means by joy; it is not, says Seneca, a joy,
dulce y agradable, por el contrario, la alegría que tiene en mente es un, asunto serio. Vea
sweet|and|pleasant|for|the|contrary|the|joy|that|it has|in|mind|it is|a|matter|serious|See
sweet and pleasant; on the contrary, the joy he has in mind is a serious matter. See
se Nussbaum, 400. Sin embargo, he de decir que al expresarse así Seneca intenta distinguir entre la
himself|Nussbaum|Without|however|I|to|to say|that|upon|expressing himself|like this|Seneca|he attempts|to distinguish|between|the
see Nussbaum, 400. However, I must say that in expressing himself this way, Seneca tries to distinguish between the
alegría estoica y los estados mentales relacionados, cuando, por ejemplo, le dice a Lucilio que no
joy|stoic|and|the|states|mental|related|when|for|example|to him|he says|to|Lucilius|that|no
stoic joy and related mental states, when, for example, he tells Lucilius not to
asuma que, quien ríe está alegre, a de Lucilium, 23.3, distingue la alegría de la euforia. Una
let us assume|that|whoever|laughs|he/she is|happy|to|of|Lucilius|he/she distinguishes|the|joy|from|the|euphoria|One
assume that anyone who laughs is joyful, in Lucilium, 23.3, he distinguishes joy from euphoria. A
persona puede estar eufórica y por lo tanto reír, aunque no esté feliz, pensemos, por ejemplo, en
person|can|to be|euphoric|and|for|it|therefore|to laugh|although|not|it is|happy|let's think|for|example|in
person can be euphoric and therefore laugh, even if they are not happy; let us think, for example, of
quien alcanza un estado eufórico al tomar metanfetaminas, Cayo Musonio Rufo, el menos
who|reaches|a|state|euphoric|when|taking|methamphetamines|Gaius|Musonius|Rufus|the|least
someone who reaches an euphoric state by taking methamphetamines, Gaius Musonius Rufus, the least
conocido de los cuatro grandes estoicos romanos, nació en torno al 30 d.C. Gracias a la posición
known|of|the|four|great|Stoics|Roman|he was born|in|around|to|||Thanks|to|the|position
known as one of the four great Roman Stoics, was born around 30 AD. Thanks to his family's position
de su familia, podría haber llegado lejos en política, pero en cambio eligió fundar una
of|his/her|family|he/she could|to have|arrived|far|in|politics|but|in|instead|he/she chose|to found|a
he could have gone far in politics, but instead he chose to found a
escuela de filosofía. Sabemos poco de Musonio porque, al igual que Sócrates, no se molestó en
school|of|philosophy|We know|little|about|Musonius|because|as|equal|to|Socrates|not|himself|he bothered|in
school of philosophy. We know little about Musonius because, like Socrates, he did not bother to
escribir sus pensamientos filosóficos. Por suerte tenía un discípulo, Lucio, que tomaba notas durante
to write|his|thoughts|philosophical|For|luck|he had|a|disciple|Lucio|who|he took|notes|during
write down his philosophical thoughts. Fortunately, he had a disciple, Lucius, who took notes during
sus clases. En estas notas, Lucio suele empezar refiriéndose a lo que, el, Musonio, decía en
his|classes|In|these|notes|Lucio|usually|to begin|referring|to|what|that|he|Musonius|he said|in
his classes. In these notes, Lucius often begins by referring to what Musonius said in
respuesta a alguna pregunta. Por lo tanto, parece probable que las clases que Musonio impartía en
answer|to|some|question|For|it|therefore|it seems|likely|that|the|classes|that|Musonius|he taught|in
response to some question. Therefore, it seems likely that the classes Musonius taught in
su escuela no fueran monólogos, más bien adoptaban la forma de una conversación socrática bidireccional
their|school|not|they were|monologues|more|rather|they adopted|the|form|of|a|conversation|Socratic|bidirectional
his school were not monologues, but rather took the form of a two-way Socratic conversation
con sus estudiantes. También es probable que Musonio utilizara estas conversaciones tanto
with|his|students|Also|it is|likely|that|Musonius|he utilized|these|conversations|as well
with his students. It is also likely that Musonius used these conversations both
para instruir a sus estudiantes como para, evaluar su progreso filosófico. Musonio alcanzó la cúspide
to|instruct|to|his|students|as|to|evaluate|their|progress|philosophical|Musonius|he reached|the|peak
to instruct his students and to assess their philosophical progress. Musonius reached the peak
de su fama e influencia en la época del emperador Nerón. Aparentemente se alineó con los enemigos
of|his|fame|and|influence|in|the|era|of the|emperor|Nero|Apparently|himself/herself|he/she aligned|with|the|enemies
of his fame and influence during the time of Emperor Nero. Apparently, he aligned himself with the enemies
de Nerón, o con aquellos que el gobernante consideraba como tales. Nerón decretó su
of|Nero|or|with|those|that|the|ruler|he considered|as|such|Nero|he decreed|his
of Nero, or with those whom the ruler considered as such. Nero decreed his
encarcelamiento y su posterior destierro, según Tácito, la verdadera razón por la que desterró a
imprisonment|and|its|subsequent|exile|according to|Tacitus|the|true|reason|for|the|that|he exiled|to
imprisonment and subsequent exile; according to Tacitus, the true reason for which he exiled
Musonio fue la envidia que sentía ante su fama como filósofo.9 El destierro de Musonio fue
Musonius|he was|the|envy|that|he felt|towards|his|fame|as|philosopher|The|exile|of|Musonius|it was
Musonius was the envy he felt towards his fame as a philosopher. The exile of Musonius was
especialmente severo, como suele ser habitual. En el 65 d.C. fue enviado a la isla de Giaros,
especially|severe|as|it usually|to be|usual|In|the|||he was|sent|to|the|island|of|Giaros
especially severe, as is usually the case. In 65 A.D. he was sent to the island of Giaros,
o Giaros, en las Cícladas, un grupo de islas del mar Egeo, al sudeste de Grecia. La isla era un
or|Giaros|in|the|Cyclades|a|group|of|islands|of the|sea|Aegean|to the|southeast|of|Greece|The|island|it was|a
or Giaros, in the Cyclades, a group of islands in the Aegean Sea, southeast of Greece. The island was a
paraje desolado, inhóspito, rocoso y casi sin agua. El geógrafo e historiador griego Estrabón
place|desolate|inhospitable|rocky|and|almost|without|water|The|geographer|and|historian|Greek|Strabo
a desolate, inhospitable, rocky place with almost no water. The Greek geographer and historian Strabo
dice de ella que, carece de valor alguno,10, y Seneca la menciona en su lista de los peores
he/she says|about|her|that|it lacks|of|value|any|and|Seneca|her|he/she mentions|in|his/her|list|of|the|worst
says of it that it has no value whatsoever, and Seneca mentions it in his list of the worst
lugares a los que ser exiliado,11, curiosamente, esta isla seguía siendo usada como lugar de
places|to|the|that|to be|exiled|curiously|this|island|it continued|being|used|as|place|of
places to be exiled to; interestingly, this island continued to be used as a place of
destierro en el siglo XX. Los generales griegos enviaban allí a sus rivales políticos a principios
exile|in|the|century|XX|The|generals|Greek|they sent|there|to|their|rivals|political|to|early
exile in the 20th century. Greek generals sent their political rivals there in the early
de los 70.12. Sin embargo, en su exilio, Musonio no cayó en la desesperación. Por el contrario,
of|the|Without|however|in|his|exile|Musonius|not|he fell|into|the|despair|For|the|contrary
70s. However, in his exile, Musonius did not fall into despair. On the contrary,
se interesó en Giaros y en sus habitantes, fundamentalmente pescadores. Pronto descubrió
himself/herself|he/she became interested|in|Giaros|and|in|its|inhabitants|fundamentally|fishermen|Soon|he/she discovered
he became interested in Giaros and its inhabitants, mainly fishermen. He soon discovered
una fuente en la isla y la hizo más habitable. Y la soledad que pudiera experimentar era aliviada
a|fountain|on|the|island|and|the|it made|more|habitable|And|the|solitude|that|it could|to experience|it was|alleviated
a spring on the island and made it more habitable. And the solitude he might experience was alleviated
por la afluencia de discípulos filosóficos. Musonio volvió a Roma después de la muerte de Nerón.
for|the|influx|of|disciples|philosophical|Musonius|he returned|to|Rome|after|of|the|death|of|Nero
by the influx of philosophical disciples. Musonius returned to Rome after Nero's death.
Poco después, el emperador Vespasiano desterró a todos los filósofos de Roma, pero al parecer
shortly|after|the|emperor|Vespasian|he exiled|to|all|the|philosophers|from|Rome|but|to the|apparently
Shortly after, Emperor Vespasian exiled all philosophers from Rome, but apparently
hizo una excepción con Musonio,13, sin embargo, más tarde volvió a ser exiliado. Murió en torno
he made|an|exception|with|Musonius|without|however|more|later|he returned|to|to be|exiled|he died|around|the time
he made an exception for Musonius, however, he was later exiled again. He died around
al 100 d.C. Según Musonio debemos estudiar filosofía porque, de otro modo, ¿cómo esperamos
in|||According to|Musonius|we must|to study|philosophy|because|of|other|way|how|we expect
to 100 AD. According to Musonius, we must study philosophy because, otherwise, how do we expect
llevar una buena vida?,14. Asimismo, afirma que estudiar filosofía debería influirnos personal
to lead|a|good|life|Likewise|he/she affirms|that|studying|philosophy|it should||personally
to lead a good life?, 14. Likewise, he claims that studying philosophy should influence us personally
y profundamente, de hecho, cuando un filósofo diserta, sus palabras deberían hacer temblar
and|deeply|of|fact|when|a|philosopher|he/she disserts|his/her|words|they should|to make|to tremble
and profoundly; in fact, when a philosopher speaks, his words should make the audience tremble
y avergonzarse al público, y cuando debate, el público no debería aplaudirlo, sino guardar silencio,
and|to embarrass oneself|in front of|the audience|and|when|he/she debates|the|audience|not|it should|to applaud him/her|but|to keep|silence
and feel ashamed, and when he debates, the audience should not applaud him, but remain silent,
15, Según Epicteto, el propio Musonio parecía poseer la capacidad de reducir al público al silencio,
according to|Epictetus|the|own|Musonius|he seemed|to possess|the|ability|to|to reduce|the|audience|to|silence
15. According to Epictetus, Musonius himself seemed to possess the ability to reduce the audience to silence,
ya que cuando hablaba, los oyentes tenían la impresión de que había descubierto y expuesto
since|that|when|I spoke|the|listeners|they had|the|impression|that|that|I had|discovered|and|exposed
since when he spoke, the listeners had the impression that he had discovered and exposed
ante ellos aquellos rasgos de los que se avergonzaban,16. Musonio también creía que la práctica
before|them|those|traits|of|the|that|themselves|they were ashamed|Musonius|also|he believed|that|the|practice
before them those traits of which they were ashamed, 16. Musonius also believed that the practice
de la filosofía exigía no retirarse del mundo, como aconsejaban los epicúreos, sino ser un vigoroso
of|the|philosophy|it demanded|not|to withdraw|from the|world|as|they advised|the||but|to be|a|vigorous
of philosophy required not withdrawing from the world, as the Epicureans advised, but being a vigorous
participante en los asuntos públicos. Por lo tanto, Musonio enseñaba a sus alumnos a conservar
participant|in|the|matters|public|For|it|therefore|Musonius|he taught|to|his|students|to|to preserve
participant in public affairs. Therefore, Musonius taught his students to maintain
su serenidad estoica mientras participaban de ellos, además de pensar que la filosofía tenía
his|serenity|stoic|while|they participated|in|them|in addition|of|to think|that|the|philosophy|it had
their stoic serenity while participating in them, in addition to believing that philosophy had
que ser eminentemente práctica, Musonio también creía que su estudio tenía que ser universal.
that|to be|eminently|practical|Musonius|also|he believed|that|his|study|it had|to|to be|universal
that being eminently practical, Musonius also believed that his study had to be universal.
De hecho, afirmaba que tanto las mujeres como los hombres, habían recibido de los dioses el mismo
in|fact|he/she affirmed|that|both|the|women|as|the|men|they had|received|from|the|gods|the|same
In fact, he claimed that both women and men had received the same
poder de raciocinio. En consecuencia, las mujeres, como los hombres, pueden beneficiarse de la
power|of|reasoning|In|consequence|the|women|like|the|men|they can|to benefit|from|the
power of reasoning from the gods. Consequently, women, like men, can benefit from the
educación y del estudio de la filosofía, 17, Musonio ha sido aplaudido por las modernas
education|and|of the|study|of|the|philosophy|Musonius|he has|been|applauded|for|the|modern
education and study of philosophy. Musonius has been praised by modern
feministas debido a esta actitud, Epicteto, el más célebre de los estudiantes de Musonio,
feminists|due|to|this|attitude|Epictetus|the|most|famous|of|the|students|of|Musonius
feminists because of this attitude; Epictetus, the most famous of Musonius's students,
nació esclavo entre el 50 y el 60 d.C. Fue comprado por Epafrodito, secretario del emperador Nerón y
he was born|a slave|between|the|and||||he was|bought|by|Epaphroditus|secretary|of the|emperor|Nero|
was born a slave between 50 and 60 A.D. He was bought by Epaphroditus, secretary of Emperor Nero and
luego de Domitiano. Esto hizo que Epicteto conociera la corte imperial, 18, también significaba que,
after|of|Domitian|This|it made|that|Epictetus|he knew|the|court|imperial|also|it meant|that
later of Domitian. This meant that Epictetus got to know the imperial court, 18, it also meant that,
a pesar de su situación, era un esclavo, cualificado. Los romanos apreciaban a los
in|spite|of|his|situation|he was|a|slave|qualified|The|Romans|they appreciated|to|the
despite his situation, he was a qualified slave. The Romans valued slaves who showed signs of intelligence and initiative. They trained them to make the
esclavos que mostraban signos de inteligencia e iniciativa. Los formaban para que hicieran el
slaves|that|they showed|signs|of|intelligence|and|initiative|They|they trained|to|that|they did|the
best possible use of their gifts, and therefore, they put them to work as teachers, advisors.
mejor uso posible de sus dones, y por lo tanto, los ponían a trabajar como profesores, consejeros
better|use|possible|of|their|gifts|and|for|it|therefore|them|they put|to|to work|as|teachers|counselors
y administradores, Epicteto parece haber desarrollado un interés en la filosofía en una
and|administrators|Epictetus|he seems|to have|developed|an|interest|in|the|philosophy|in|a
and administrators, Epictetus seems to have developed an interest in philosophy at a
fase muy temprana de su vida. Se dice que siendo adolescente preguntaba a la gente si sus almas
phase|very|early|of|his|life|It|says|that|being|a teenager|he asked|to|the|people|if|their|souls
very early stage of his life. It is said that as a teenager he would ask people if their souls
gozaban de salud. Si lo ignoraban, él insistía en sus preguntas hasta que amenazaban con pegarle,
they enjoyed|of|health|If|it|they ignored|he|he insisted|on|his|questions|until|that|they threatened|to|to hit him
were in good health. If they ignored him, he would insist on his questions until they threatened to hit him,
19, sin duda, esta conducta sugiere que en un principio Epicteto había sido atraído por el
without|doubt|this|behavior|it suggests|that|in|a|beginning|Epictetus|he had|been|attracted|by|the
19, undoubtedly, this behavior suggests that initially Epictetus had been attracted to the
cinismo y no por el estoicismo. Como hemos visto, los cínicos practicaban una forma de proselitismo
cynicism|and|not|for|the|stoicism|As|we have|seen|the|cynics|they practiced|a|form|of|proselytism
cynicism and not to stoicism. As we have seen, the cynics practiced a form of proselytism.
a la que los estoicos eran ajenos. Incluso en su filosofía madura podemos encontrar evidencias de
to|the|which|the|Stoics|they were|alien|Even|in|their|philosophy|mature|we can|to find|evidence|of
to which the Stoics were indifferent. Even in their mature philosophy, we can find evidence of
su respeto por los cínicos. Tras la muerte de Nerón, Epicteto consiguió, aparentemente,
his|respect|for|the|cynics|After|the|death|of|Nero|Epictetus|he managed|apparently
their respect for the Cynics. After Nero's death, Epictetus apparently achieved
su libertad. Fundó una escuela de filosofía, pero fue desterrado, junto a todos los filósofos de Roma,
his|freedom|he founded|a|school|of|philosophy|but|he was|exiled|along|to|all|the|philosophers|of|Rome
his freedom. He founded a school of philosophy, but was exiled, along with all the philosophers of Rome,
por Domiciano. Trasladó su escuela a Nicópolis, en la actual Grecia Occidental. Después del
for|Domitian|He moved|his|school|to|Nicopolis|in|the|present|Greece|Western|After|of the
by Domitian. He moved his school to Nicopolis, in present-day Western Greece. After the
asesinato de Domiciano, el estoicismo recobró su respetabilidad e incluso se puso de moda
assassination|of|Domitian|the|stoicism|it regained|its|respectability|and|even|itself|it became|of|fashionable
assassination of Domitian, Stoicism regained its respectability and even became fashionable.
entre los romanos. Por aquel entonces Epicteto era el principal maestro estoico. Podía haber
among|the|Romans|In|that|then|Epictetus|he was|the|main|teacher|Stoic|He could|to have
among the Romans. At that time, Epictetus was the main Stoic teacher. He could have
regresado a Roma, pero decidió quedarse en Nicópolis. Pese a su ubicación, su escuela atraía
returned|to|Rome|but|he/she decided|to stay|in|Nicopolis|Despite|to|its|location|its|school|it attracted
returned to Rome, but he decided to stay in Nicopolis. Despite its location, his school attracted
estudiantes de todo el imperio romano. Según Anthony Alon, especialista en el mundo clásico,
students|from|all|the|empire|Roman|According to|Anthony|Alon|specialist|in|the|world|classical
students from all over the Roman Empire. According to Anthony Alon, a specialist in the classical world,
Epicteto esperaba que sus alumnos cumplieran con dos condiciones, 1. el deseo de beneficiarse de
Epictetus|he expected|that|his|students|they fulfilled|with|two|conditions|the|desire|to|to benefit from|
Epictetus expected his students to meet two conditions, 1. the desire to benefit from
la filosofía, y 2. comprender lo que significa el compromiso con la filosofía. 20, Epicteto sabía
the|philosophy|and|to understand|what|that|it means|the|commitment|with|the|philosophy|Epictetus|he knew
philosophy, and 2. to understand what it means to commit to philosophy. 20, Epictetus knew
que sus palabras serían inútiles con estudiantes que aún no hubieran reconocido sus propias
that|their|words|they would be|useless|with|students|that|still|not|they had|recognized|their|own
that his words would be useless with students who had not yet recognized their own
insuficiencias o que no estuvieran dispuestos a dar los pasos necesarios para abordarlas. Describe
deficiencies|or|that|not|they were|willing|to|to take|the|steps|necessary|to|to address them|
shortcomings or who were not willing to take the necessary steps to address them. He describes
a su alumno ideal como alguien que estará satisfecho si puede vivir libre e imperturbable,
to|his/her|student|ideal|as|someone|that|he/she will be|satisfied|if|he/she can|to live|free|and|unflappable
his ideal student as someone who will be satisfied if they can live freely and untroubled,
como alguien que busca estar, sereno y ajeno a la agitación.21. Lo que estos estudiantes
as|someone|who|seeks|to be|calm|and|alien|to|the|agitation|What|that|these|students
as someone who seeks to be calm and unaffected by turmoil. 21. What these students
podían esperar de las clases de Epicteto era no una comunicación unidireccional,
they could|to expect|from|the|classes|of|Epictetus|it was|not|a|communication|unidirectional
could expect from Epictetus's classes was not a one-way communication,
de maestro a alumno, sobre teorías filosóficas esotéricas. Al contrario, quería que sus
from|teacher|to|student|about|theories|philosophical|esoteric|In|contrast|he wanted|that|his
from teacher to student, about esoteric philosophical theories. On the contrary, he wanted his
estudiantes abordaran sus clases de modo personal. Quería que sus observaciones les tocaran muy de
students|they approach|their|classes|in|way|personal|I wanted|that|their|observations|to them|they touched|very|in
students to approach their classes in a personal way. He wanted his observations to touch them very
cerca. Por lo tanto, decía a sus estudiantes que una escuela estoica debía de ser como la consulta
near|For|it|therefore|he/she said|to|his/her|students|that|a|school|stoic|it should|to|to be|like|the|consultation
closely. Therefore, he told his students that a Stoic school should be like a doctor's consultation
de un médico y que los pacientes, debían abandonarla sintiéndose mal, y no bien, 22,
of|a|doctor|and|that|the|patients|they had to|to abandon it|feeling|bad|and|not|good
and that the patients should leave it feeling unwell, not well, with the idea that any treatment that cures a patient must also cause them discomfort.
con la idea de que todo tratamiento que cura a un paciente también ha de provocarle incomodidad.
with|the|idea|that|that|every|treatment|that|cures|a|a|patient|also|it has|to|to cause him/her|discomfort
Así pues, según Lon, sus clases eran, lecciones dialécticas, invitaciones a que el público se
thus|therefore|according to|Lon|his|classes|they were|lessons|dialectical|invitations|to|that|the|public|itself
Thus, according to Lon, his classes were dialectical lessons, invitations for the audience to
examinara a sí mismo, punto, 23. Según Epicteto, la principal preocupación de la filosofía debería
he/she examines|himself|itself|himself|point|According to|Epictetus|the|main|concern|of|the|philosophy|it should
examine themselves, point 23. According to Epictetus, the main concern of philosophy should
ser el arte de la vida. Así como la madera es el medio del carpintero y el bronce el medio del
to be|the|art|of|the|life|Thus|as|the|wood|it is|the|medium|of the|carpenter|and|the|bronze|the|medium|of the
be the art of living. Just as wood is the medium of the carpenter and bronze the medium of the
escultor, tu vida es el medio con el que practicas el arte de la vida, 24, es más, así como un maestro
sculptor|your|life|it is|the|medium|with|the|that|you practice|the|art|of|the|life|it is|more|thus|as|a|master
sculptor, your life is the medium with which you practice the art of living, 24, moreover, just as a master
carpintero enseña al aprendiz mostrándole técnicas que pueden utilizarse para construir, cosas de
carpenter|he teaches|to the|apprentice|by showing him|techniques|that|they can|to be used|to|to build|things|of
carpenter teaches the apprentice by showing him techniques that can be used to build things.
madera, Epicteto enseñaba a su estudiante el arte de la vida mostrándole técnicas que podían
wood|Epictetus|he taught|to|his|student|the|art|of|the|life|by showing him|techniques|that|they could
wood, Epictetus taught his student the art of living by showing him techniques that could
utilizarse para influir, en su vida. Las técnicas en cuestión eran muy prácticas y completamente
to be used|to|to influence|in|his/her|life|The|techniques|in|question|they were|very|practical|and|completely
be used to influence his life. The techniques in question were very practical and completely
aplicables a los estudiantes en su vida cotidiana. Entre otras cosas, les enseñaba cómo responder a
applicable|to|the|students|in|their|life|everyday|Among|other|things|to them|I taught|how|to respond|to
applicable to students in their daily lives. Among other things, he taught them how to respond to
los insultos, cómo tratar con sirvientes incompetentes, cómo abordar a un hermano enfadado,
the|insults|how|to deal|with|servants|incompetent|how|to approach|to|a|brother|angry
insults, how to deal with incompetent servants, how to approach an angry brother,
cómo afrontar la pérdida de un ser querido y cómo enfrentarse al exilio. Epicteto prometía que si
how|to face|the|loss|of|a|being|loved|and|how|to confront|the|exile|Epictetus|he promised|that|if
how to cope with the loss of a loved one, and how to face exile. Epictetus promised that if
eran capaces de dominar estas técnicas, podrían experimentar una vida rebosante de propósito y
they were|capable|of|to master|these|techniques|they could|to experience|a|life|overflowing|with|purpose|
if they were able to master these techniques, they could experience a life overflowing with purpose and
dignidad, y lo que es más importante, alcanzarían la serenidad, además, podrían conservar la dignidad
dignity|and|it|that|it is|more|important|they would achieve|the|serenity|moreover|they could|to preserve|the|dignity
dignity, and more importantly, they would achieve serenity; furthermore, they could maintain their dignity
y la serenidad independientemente de las dificultades que la vida les infligiera. Más tarde,
and|the|serenity|regardless|of|the|difficulties|that|the|life|to them|it inflicted|More|later
and serenity regardless of the difficulties that life inflicted upon them. Later,
quienes leen a Epicteto no pueden evitar detectar su frecuente mención a la religión. De hecho,
those who|they read|to|Epictetus|not|they can|to avoid|to detect|his|frequent|mention|to|the|religion|Of|fact
those who read Epictetus cannot help but notice his frequent mention of religion. In fact,
en sus escritos, Seus es quien aparece mencionado un mayor número de veces, con excepción de Sócrates.
in|his|writings|Seuss|he is|who|he appears|mentioned|a|greater|number|of|times|with|exception|of|Socrates
in his writings, Zeus is the one mentioned the most, with the exception of Socrates.
Para comprender mejor el papel que Seus desempeña en el estoicismo, consideremos la situación de
to|to understand|better|the|role|that|Seus|it plays|in|the|stoicism|let us consider|the|situation|of
To better understand the role that Seus plays in Stoicism, let us consider the situation of
un hipotético alumno en la escuela de Epicteto. Si esta persona preguntara qué hemos de hacer para
a|hypothetical|student|in|the|school|of|Epictetus|If|this|person|were to ask|what|we have|to|to do|to
a hypothetical student in the school of Epictetus. If this person were to ask what we should do to
practicar el estoicismo, Epicteto describiría las diversas técnicas que defienden los estoicos. Si
to practice|the|stoicism|Epictetus|he would describe|the|various|techniques|that|defend|the|stoics|If
practice Stoicism, Epictetus would describe the various techniques that the Stoics advocate. If
preguntara por qué hay que practicar estas técnicas, Epicteto respondería que al hacerlo alcanzaría la
he/she would ask|why|what|there is|that|to practice|these|techniques|Epictetus|he would respond|that|upon|doing it|he would achieve|the
they were to ask why we should practice these techniques, Epictetus would respond that by doing so they would achieve
serenidad, hasta aquí bien, pero imaginemos que este estudiante ha buscado otras escuelas de
serenity|until|here|well|but|let's imagine|that|this|student|he/she has|searched|other|schools|of
serenity, so far so good, but let us imagine that this student has sought other schools of
filosofía y se pregunta por qué la de Epicteto. Es mejor que las demás. Supongamos, más precisamente,
philosophy|and|itself|it asks|about|why|the|of|Epictetus|It is|better|than|the|others|Let's suppose|more|precisely
philosophy and wonders why that of Epictetus is better than the others. Let us suppose, more precisely,
que le pregunta a Epicteto qué razón hay para pensar que las técnicas defendidas por los estoicos
that|to him|he/she asks|to|Epictetus|what|reason|there is|to|to think|that|the|techniques|defended|by|the|Stoics
that he asks Epictetus what reason there is to think that the techniques defended by the Stoics
le permitirán alcanzar la serenidad. En su respuesta a esta cuestión, Epicteto empezaría
to him/her|they will allow|to achieve|the|serenity|In|his/her|response|to|this|question|Epictetus|he would begin
will allow him to achieve serenity. In his response to this question, Epictetus would begin
hablando de Seus. Le diría al estudiante que fuimos creados por Seus. Probablemente,
talking|about|God|to him|I would say|to the|student|that|we were|created|by|God|Probably
by talking about Zeus. He would tell the student that we were created by Zeus. Probably,
el estudiante aceptaría esta afirmación, ya que el ateísmo parece haber sido una rareza en la
the|student|he/she would accept|this|statement|already|that|the|atheism|it seems|to have|been|a|rarity|in|the
the student would accept this statement, as atheism seems to have been a rarity in the
antigua Roma, una vez más, lo que Epicteto tenía en mente cuando se refería a Seus probablemente
ancient|Rome|a|time|again|what|that|Epictetus|he had|in|mind|when|himself|he referred|to|to Zeus|probably
ancient Rome, once again, what Epictetus had in mind when referring to Zeus probably
era diferente a lo que pensaban la mayoría de los romanos, en concreto, es posible que Epicteto
it was|different|to|it|that|they thought|the|majority|of|the|Romans|in|specifically|it is|possible|that|Epictetus
was different from what most Romans thought, specifically, it is possible that Epictetus
identificara a Seus con la naturaleza, punto, 25, Epicteto continuaría explicando que Seus nos hizo
he/she would identify|to|Zeus|with|the|nature|point|Epictetus|he would continue|explaining|that|Zeus|us|he made
identified Zeus with nature, point, 25, Epictetus would continue to explain that Zeus made us
diferentes al resto de los animales en un aspecto importante, somos racionales, como los dioses.
different|from|rest|of|the|animals|in|an|aspect|important|we are|rational|like|the|gods
different from the rest of the animals in one important aspect, we are rational, like the gods.
Por lo tanto, somos un extraño híbrido, medio animal y medio dios, en realidad,
for|it|therefore|we are|a|strange|hybrid|half|animal|and|half|god|in|reality
Therefore, we are a strange hybrid, half animal and half god, in reality,
Seus es un dios reflexivo, amable y bondadoso, y cuando nos creó tuvo presente lo que más nos
you|he is|a|god|reflective|kind|and|benevolent||when|us|he created|he had|in mind|it|that|most|us
Seus is a reflective, kind, and benevolent god, and when he created us, he kept in mind what was best for us.
convenía. Pero tristemente, parece no haber sido omnipotente, por lo que al crearnos hubo límites a
it was convenient|But|sadly|it seems|not|to have|been|omnipotent|for|it|that|upon|creating us|there were|limits|to
But sadly, he seems not to have been omnipotent, so when he created us, there were limits to what he was able to do.
lo que fue capaz de hacer. En sus discursos, Epicteto imagina una conversación con Seus,
what|that|he was|capable|of|to do|In|his|speeches|Epictetus|he imagines|a|conversation|with|Zeus
In his speeches, Epictetus imagines a conversation with Seus,
en la que el dios explica sus apuros en los siguientes términos, Epicteto, si hubiera sido
in|the|which|the|god|he explains|his|troubles|in|the|following|terms|Epictetus|if|he had|been
in which the god explains his struggles in the following terms: Epictetus, if it had been possible, I would have made this body and this small estate free and unencumbered.
posible habría hecho este cuerpo y esta pequeña hacienda libres y sin trabas. Sin embargo, como no
possible|I would have|made|this|body|and|this|small|estate|free|and|without|obstacles|Without|however|as|not
However, since it was not possible,
he podido darte esto, te hemos ofrecido una cierta porción de nosotros mismos, la facultad de elegir
I have|been able|to give you|this|you|we have|offered|a|certain|portion|of|ourselves|ourselves|the|ability|to|to choose
I have been able to give you this, we have offered you a certain portion of ourselves, the faculty of choice.
y de negar, la posibilidad del deseo y de la aversión. Añade que si Epicteto aprende el uso
and|of|to deny|the|possibility|of the|desire|and|of|the|aversion|Add|that|if|Epictetus|he learns|the|use
And of denial, the possibility of desire and aversion. Add that if Epictetus learns the proper use
adecuado de esta facultad, nunca se sentirá frustrado o insatisfecho. XXVI, en otras palabras,
adequate|of|this|faculty|never|himself/herself|he/she will feel|frustrated|or|dissatisfied|XXVI|in|other|words
of this faculty, he will never feel frustrated or dissatisfied. XXVI, in other words,
conservará su serenidad e incluso experimentará la alegría al margen de los golpes que la fortuna
he/she will maintain|his/her|serenity|and|even|he/she will experience|the|joy|on|margin|of|the|blows|that|the|fortune
he will maintain his serenity and even experience joy regardless of the blows that fortune
descargue sobre él. En otros lugares de los discursos, Epicteto sugiere que aunque Seus
I download|about|him|In|other|places|of|the|speeches|Epictetus|he suggests|that|although|Seus
strikes upon him. In other places in the discourses, Epictetus suggests that although Seus
pudiera habernos hecho libres y sin trabas, habría elegido no hacerlo. El filósofo nos
he could|to have us|made|free|and|without|obstacles|he would|chosen|not|to do it|The|philosopher|us
could have made us free and unencumbered, he would have chosen not to do so. The philosopher presents us
presenta a Seus bajo la imagen de un entrenador atlético. Las dificultades revelan como son los
he/she presents|to|Seus|under|the|image|of|an|coach|athletic|The|difficulties|they reveal|how|they are|the
with Seus under the image of an athletic coach. Difficulties reveal what men are like.
hombres. En consecuencia, cuando sobrevienen, recuerda que Dios, como un preparador físico,
men|In|consequence|when|they arise|remember|that|God|as|a|trainer|physical
Consequently, when they arise, remember that God, like a physical trainer,
te ha convertido en un joven robusto. ¿Para qué? Para endurecerte y fortalecerte y que te conviertas
you|it has|converted|into|a|young|robust|For|what|To|harden yourself|and|strengthen yourself|and|that|you|you become
has made you into a robust young man. Why? To toughen you up and strengthen you so that you become
en un campeón olímpico, coma, XXVII, en otras palabras, para que tengas la mejor vida posible.
in|a|champion|Olympic|comma|XXVII|in|other|words|to|that|you have|the|best|life|possible
an Olympic champion, as in XXVII, in other words, so that you can have the best life possible.
Séneca, por cierto, argumentaba de forma similar, Dios, decía, no convierte a un buen
Seneca|for|certainly|he argued|in|manner|similar|God|he said|not|he converts|to|a|good
Seneca, indeed, argued similarly, God, he said, does not turn a good
hombre en un animal destruido, lo pone a prueba, lo endurece, lo templa para su propio servicio.
man|in|a|animal|destroyed|it|he puts|to|test|it|he hardens|it|he tempers|for|his|own|service
man into a destroyed animal, He tests him, hardens him, tempers him for His own service.
En concreto, las adversidades que experimentamos son un «mero entrenamiento», y «todo aquello que
in|concrete|the|adversities|that|we experience|they are|a|mere|training|and|everything|that|that
Specifically, the adversities we experience are a "mere training," and "everything that
nos hace temblar y estremecernos es para bien de las personas que lo padecen», punto XXVIII.
for us|it makes|to tremble|and|to shudder|it is|for|good|of|the|people|that|it|they suffer|point|XXVIII
makes us tremble and shudder is for the good of those who endure it," point XXVIII.
A continuación, Epicteto le diría al hipotético estudiante que, si desea vivir una buena vida,
in|next|Epictetus|to him|he would say|to the|hypothetical|student|that|if|he desires|to live|a|good|life
Next, Epictetus would tell the hypothetical student that if he wishes to live a good life,
debe considerar su naturaleza y el propósito por el que Dios lo ha creado, y vivir de acuerdo con
he/she must|to consider|his/her|nature|and|the|purpose|for|the|that|God|him|he has|created|and|to live|in|accordance|with
one must consider its nature and the purpose for which God has created it, and live accordingly.
ello, debe, como señala Zenón, vivir de acuerdo con la naturaleza. La persona que actúa así no
it|it must|as|it points out|Zeno|to live|in|accordance|with|the|nature|The|person|that|it acts|like this|not
It must, as Zenon points out, live in accordance with nature. The person who acts this way does not
se limita a perseguir el placer, como haría un animal, por el contrario, usará su capacidad de
itself|it limits|to|to pursue|the|pleasure|as|it would do|an|animal|for|the|contrary|it will use|its|ability|to
limit themselves to pursuing pleasure, as an animal would; rather, they will use their capacity for
razonamiento para reflexionar sobre la condición humana. Descubrirá entonces las razones por las
reasoning|to|reflect|on|the|condition|human|You will discover|then|the|reasons|for|the
reasoning to reflect on the human condition. They will then discover the reasons for which we
que fuimos creados y el papel que desempeñamos en el plan cósmico. Advertirá que para vivir una
that|we were|created|and|the|role|that|we play|in|the|plan|cosmic|He/She will notice|that|to|to live|a
were created and the role we play in the cosmic plan. They will realize that to live a
buena vida tendrá que interpretar a la perfección la función de un ser humano, función que Seus ha
good|life|it will have|to|to interpret|to|the|perfection|the|function|of|a|being|human|function|that|Seus|it has
a good life will have to perfectly interpret the function of a human being, a function that God has
diseñado para él. Por lo tanto, buscará la virtud, en el sentido antiguo de la palabra,
designed|for|him|For|it|therefore|he will seek|the|virtue|in|the|sense|ancient|of|the|word
designed for him. Therefore, he will seek virtue, in the ancient sense of the word,
lo que significa que se esforzará por convertirse en un ser humano excelente. También se percatará
that|which|it means|that|himself/herself|he/she will strive|to|to become|into|an|being|human|excellent|also|himself/herself|he/she will realize
which means he will strive to become an excellent human being. He will also realize
de que, si vive de acuerdo con la naturaleza, será recompensado con la serenidad que Seus nos
of|that|if|he/she lives|according to|agreement|with|the|nature|he/she will be|rewarded|with|the|serenity|that|Seus|us
that if he lives according to nature, he will be rewarded with the serenity that God has
ha prometido. Esta explicación quizá satisfizo a la gente en la época de Epicteto, pero probablemente
he|promised|this|explanation|perhaps|it satisfied|to|the|people|in|the|era|of|Epictetus|but|probably
promised us. This explanation may have satisfied people in the time of Epictetus, but probably
resultará poco atractiva para los individuos modernos, casi ninguno de los cuales cree en la
it will be|not very|attractive|for|the|individuals|modern|almost|none|of|the|which|believes|in|the
it will be of little appeal to modern individuals, almost none of whom believe in the
existencia de Seus, y muchos de los cuales no creen que hayamos sido creados por un ser divino
existence|of|God|and|many|of|the|which|not|they believe|that|we have|been|created|by|a|being|divine
existence of gods, and many of whom do not believe that we were created by a divine being
que quiere lo mejor para nosotros. Así pues, en este punto muchos lectores pueden estar pensando,
that|he/she wants|the|best|for|us|Thus|well|in|this|point|many|readers|they can|to be|thinking
who wants the best for us. Thus, at this point many readers may be thinking,
si tengo que creer en Seus y en la creación divina para practicar el estoicismo, entonces
if|I have|to|to believe|in|God|and|in|the|creation|divine|to|to practice|the|stoicism|then
if I have to believe in gods and in divine creation to practice Stoicism, then
esto no es para mí. Sin embargo, los lectores han de saber que es perfectamente posible practicar
this|not|it is|for|me|Without|however|the|readers|they have|to|to know|that|it is|perfectly|possible|to practice
this is not for me. However, readers should know that it is perfectly possible to practice
el estoicismo, y, en concreto, emplear estrategias estoicas para alcanzar la serenidad, sin creer en
the|stoicism|and|in|concrete|to employ|strategies|stoic|to|to achieve|the|serenity|without|to believe|in
stoicism, and specifically, to employ stoic strategies to achieve serenity, without believing in
Seus, o en el mismo sentido, en la creación divina. En el capítulo 20 me extenderé más al respecto.
yours|or|in|the|same|sense|in|the|creation|divine|In|the|chapter|myself|I will extend|more|on the|subject
God, or in the same sense, in divine creation. In chapter 20 I will elaborate more on this.
Empieza cada día diciéndote a ti mismo, hoy conocerás la obstrucción, la ingratitud, la insolencia,
you begin|each|day|telling yourself|to|yourself|itself|today|you will encounter|the|obstruction|the|ingratitude|the|insolence
Start each day by telling yourself, today you will encounter obstruction, ingratitude, insolence,
la deslealtad, la mala voluntad y el egoísmo, todo ello debido a la ignorancia del ofensor
the|disloyalty|the|bad|will|and|the|selfishness|all|it|due|to|the|ignorance|of the|offender
disloyalty, ill will, and selfishness, all due to the offender's ignorance
respecto a lo que está bien y lo que está mal. 29, estas palabras no fueron escritas por un
regarding|to|what|that|it is|good|and|what|that|it is|bad|these|words|not|they were|written|by|a
regarding what is right and what is wrong. 29, these words were not written by a
esclavo como Epicteto, en cuya vida naturalmente esperamos que encontrara insolencia y mala
slave|like|Epictetus|in|whose|life|naturally|we expect|that|he found|insolence|and|bad
a slave like Epictetus, in whose life we naturally expect to find insolence and malice.
voluntad, fueron escritas por la persona que en su época llegó a ser el hombre más poderoso del
will|they were|written|by|the|person|who|in|his|time|he became|to|to be|the|man|most|powerful|of the
will, were written by the person who in his time became the most powerful man in the
mundo, Marco Aurelio, emperador de Roma. Al tratarse de alguien importante, sabemos más
world|Marcus|Aurelius|emperor|of|Rome|Upon|to deal|with|someone|important|we know|more
world, Marcus Aurelius, emperor of Rome. Since he was an important figure, we know more
de Marco Aurelio que de ningún otro de los estoicos romanos. También tenemos un inusual
of|Marcus|Aurelius|than|of|any|other|of|the|Stoics|Roman|Also|we have|an|unusual
about Marcus Aurelius than any other of the Roman Stoics. We also have an unusual
grado de conocimiento de sus pensamientos gracias a la correspondencia que mantuvo con, su tutor
degree|of|knowledge|of|his/her|thoughts|thanks|to|the|correspondence|that|he/she maintained|with|his/her|tutor
degree of knowledge of his thoughts thanks to the correspondence he maintained with his tutor.
Cornelio Frontoni gracias, también, a sus meditaciones, en las que reflexiona sobre la
Cornelio|Frontoni|thanks|also|to|his|meditations|in|the|which|he reflects|on|the
Cornelio Frontoni thanks, also, to his meditations, in which he reflects on the
vida y su respuesta a ella, Marco nació en el 121 d.C. Parece haberse interesado en la filosofía
life|and|its|response|to|it|Marco|he was born|in|the|||It seems||interested|in|the|philosophy
life and his response to it, Marco was born in 121 AD. He seems to have been interested in philosophy
a temprana edad. Un biógrafo lo describe como un «niño solemne», y declara que, tan pronto como
at|early|age|A|biographer|him|he describes|as|a|child|solemn|and|he declares|that|as|soon|as
at an early age. A biographer describes him as a "solemn child," and states that, as soon as
superó la edad en la que los niños son criados por nodrizas, fue puesto al cuidado de profesores
he/she surpassed|the|age|in|the|which|the|children|they are|raised|by|wet nurses|he/she was|placed|to the|care|of|teachers
he surpassed the age at which children are raised by wet nurses, he was placed under the care of skilled teachers
avezados y alcanzó el conocimiento de la filosofía. 30, a los 12 años recibió las enseñanzas del
seasoned|and|he/she reached|the|knowledge|of|the|philosophy|at|the|years|he/she received|the|teachings|of the
and attained knowledge of philosophy. At 12 years old, he received teachings from the
pintor y filósofo Diogneto, y empezó a practicar lo que parece una forma de cinismo, vestía ropas
painter|and|philosopher|Diogenes|and|he began|to|to practice|what|that|it seems|a|form|of|cynicism|he wore|clothes
painter and philosopher Diogenes, and began to practice what seems to be a form of cynicism, he wore rudimentary clothes
rudimentarias y dormía en el suelo. 31, su madre le pidió que durmiera en un diván recubierto de
rudimentary|and|he/she slept|on|the||his/her|mother|to him/her|he/she asked|to|he/she slept|on|a|couch|covered|with
and slept on the ground. 31, his mother asked him to sleep on a couch covered with
tejidos, 32. Siendo adolescente, Marco estudió con el filósofo estoico Apolonio de Calcedonia.
fabrics|Being|a teenager|Marco|he studied|with|the|philosopher|stoic|Apollonius|of|Calcedonia
fabrics, 32. As a teenager, Marcus studied with the Stoic philosopher Apollonius of Chalcedon.
Según el emperador, fue Apolonio quien forjó en él la necesidad de mostrarse resuelto y
according to|the|emperor|it was|Apollonius|who|forged|in|him|the|necessity|to|to show himself|resolute|and
According to the emperor, it was Apollonius who instilled in him the need to appear resolute and
razonable, quien le enseñó a combinar días de intensa actividad con períodos de relajación
reasonable|who|him/her|he/she taught|to|to combine|days|of|intense|activity|with|periods|of|relaxation
reasonable, who taught him to combine days of intense activity with periods of relaxation.
y a soportar, con la misma compostura inquebrantable, el dolor y la enfermedad, y en
and|to|to endure|with|the|same|composure|unbreakable|the|pain|and|the|illness|and|in
and to endure, with the same unbreakable composure, pain and illness, and in
particular, señala Marco, a sobrellevar la angustia mental que más tarde experimentó al perder a un
particular|Marco points out||to|to cope with|the|anguish|mental|that|more|later|he experienced|when|to lose|a|
particular, Marco points out, to bear the mental anguish he later experienced upon losing a
hijo. Otra influencia importante en Marco fue la de Quinto Junio Rústico, quien, significativamente,
son|Another|influence|important|in|Marco|he was|the|of|Quintus|Junius|Rustic|who|significantly
son. Another important influence on Marco was that of Quintus Junius Rusticus, who, significantly,
le prestó una copia de los discursos de Epicteto, 33, en consecuencia, Epicteto se
to him/her|he/she lent|a|copy|of|the|speeches|of|Epictetus|in|consequently|Epictetus|himself/herself
lent him a copy of the discourses of Epictetus, thus, Epictetus became
convirtió en la segunda influencia más importante de Marco Aurelio. Como Epicteto, Marco estaba mucho
it became|into|the|second|influence|most|important|of|Marcus|Aurelius|Like|Epictetus|Marcus|he was|very
the second most important influence on Marcus Aurelius. Like Epictetus, Marco was much
más interesado en la ética estoica, es decir, en la filosofía de vida, que en la física o la lógica
more|interested|in|the|ethics|stoic|it is|to say|in|the|philosophy|of|life|than|in|the|physics|or|the|logic
more interested in Stoic ethics, that is, in the philosophy of life, than in physics or logic
de esta escuela. De hecho, en las meditaciones afirma que es posible alcanzar, la libertad,
of|this|school|In|fact|in|the|meditations|it affirms|that|it is|possible|to achieve|the|freedom
of this school. In fact, in the Meditations he states that it is possible to achieve freedom,
el respeto a uno mismo, el altruismo y la obediencia a la voluntad divina, sin haber
the|respect|to|oneself|itself|the|altruism|and|the|obedience|to|the|will|divine|without|having
self-respect, altruism, and obedience to divine will, without having
dominado la lógica y la física, 34. Cuando Marco tenía 16 años, el emperador Adriano adoptó a su
mastered|the|logic|and|the|physics|When|Marcus|he was|years|the|emperor|Hadrian|he adopted|to|his
mastered logic and physics, 34. When Marcus was 16 years old, Emperor Hadrian adopted his
tío materno, Antonino, que a su vez adoptó a Marco, el padre de Marco Aurelio murió cuando
uncle|maternal|Antoninus|who|to|his|turn|he adopted|to|Marcus|the|father|of|Marcus|Aurelius|he died|when
maternal uncle, Antoninus, who in turn adopted Marcus; Marcus Aurelius's father died when
él era muy joven. Cuando Marco participó en la vida de palacio, ya tenía poder político,
he|he was|very|young|When|Marco|he participated|in|the|life|of|palace|already|he had|power|political
he was very young. When Marcus participated in court life, he already had political power,
y cuando Antonino se convirtió en emperador, Marco sirvió como virtual coemperador. Sin embargo,
and|when|Antoninus|himself|he became|into|emperor|Marcus|he served|as|virtual|co-emperor|Without|however
and when Antoninus became emperor, Marcus served as a virtual co-emperor. However,
no dejó que el poder se le subiera a la cabeza, durante los 13 años en que actuó como el
not|he/she let|that|the|power|itself|to him/her|it went up|to|the|head|during|the|years|in|which|he/she acted|as|him
he did not let power go to his head; during the 13 years he acted as the
lugarteniente de Antonino, no dio la impresión de que anhelara el gobierno exclusivamente para
lieutenant|of|Antoninus|not|he gave|the|impression|that|he|he longed|the|government|exclusively|for
lieutenant of Antoninus, he did not give the impression that he longed for government exclusively for
el solo, 35, es más, cuando Antonino falleció y Marco obtuvo todo el poder, nombró a Lucio Vero
the|alone|it is|moreover|when|Antoninus|he passed away|and|Marcus|he obtained|all|the|power|he appointed|to|Lucius|Verus
himself. Moreover, when Antoninus passed away and Marcus obtained all the power, he appointed Lucius Verus.
como emperador adjunto. Fue la primera vez que el imperio romano tuvo dos emperadores, 36.
as|emperor|deputy|It was|the|first|time|that|the|empire|Roman|it had|two|emperors
as co-emperor. It was the first time that the Roman Empire had two emperors, 36.
En su cargo de emperador, Marco fue excepcionalmente diligente. Para empezar, ejerció una gran contención
in|his|position|of|emperor|Marcus|he was|exceptionally|diligent|To|begin|he exercised|a|great|restraint
In his role as emperor, Marcus was exceptionally diligent. To begin with, he exercised great restraint
en su uso del poder. Se dice que ningún emperador mostró más respeto al Senado que Marco Aurelio.
in|his|use|of the|power|It|says|that|no|emperor|showed|more|respect|to the|Senate|than|Marcus|Aurelius
in his use of power. It is said that no emperor showed more respect for the Senate than Marcus Aurelius.
Procuró no despilfarrar el dinero público, 37, y aunque no necesitaba pedir permiso al Senado para
he/she tried|not|to waste|the|money|public|and|although|not|he/she needed|to ask|permission|to the|Senate|to
He sought not to squander public money, 37, and although he did not need to ask the Senate for permission to
gastar el dinero, solía hacerlo, y en un discurso le recordó que el palacio imperial en el que vivía
to spend|the|money|I used to|to do it|and|in|a|speech|to him/her|he/she reminded|that|the|palace|imperial|in|the|which|he/she lived
spend money, he usually did, and in a speech he reminded them that the imperial palace in which he lived
no era suyo, sino de ellos, 38, para financiar las guerras, subastó bienes imperiales, entre los que
not|it was|his|but|of|them|to|to finance|the|wars|he auctioned|goods|imperial|among|the|which
it was not his, but theirs, 38, to finance the wars, he auctioned off imperial goods, among which
se contaban estatuas, pinturas, jarrones de oro y algunas de las joyas y vestidos de su mujer,
themselves|they counted|statues|paintings|vases|of|gold|and|some|of|the|jewels|and|dresses|of|his|wife
were statues, paintings, gold vases, and some of his wife's jewels and dresses,
en lugar de subir los impuestos, 39. Marco Aurelio, escribió el historiador Edward Gibbon, fue el
in|place|of|to raise|the|taxes|Marco|Aurelius|he wrote|the|historian|Edward|Gibbon|he was|the
instead of raising taxes, 39. Marcus Aurelius, wrote the historian Edward Gibbon, was the
último de los cinco buenos emperadores, los otros cuatro serían Nerva, Trajano, Adriano y Antonio,
last|of|the|five|good|emperors|the|other|four|they would be|Nerva|Trajan|Hadrian|and|Antoninus
last of the five good emperors, the other four being Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus,
que gobernaron entre 96 a 180 d.C. y trajeron el periodo de la historia del mundo durante el que
that|they ruled|between|to|||and|they brought|the|period|of|the|history|of the|world|during|the|which
who ruled from 96 to 180 AD and brought about the period of world history during which
la condición de la raza humana fue más próspera y feliz, .40, este periodo, escribe W.E. H. Lecky,
the|condition|of|the|race|human|it was|more|prosperous|and|happy|this|period|he writes|||H|Lecky
the condition of the human race was more prosperous and happy, .40, this period, writes W.E.H. Lecky,
historiador del siglo XIX, exhibe una uniformidad de buen gobierno que ninguna otra monarquía despótica
historian|of|century|XIX|it exhibits|a|uniformity|of|good|government|that|no|other|monarchy|despotic
a 19th-century historian, exhibits a uniformity of good governance that no other despotic monarchy
ha igualado. Cada uno de los cinco emperadores que reinaron merecen ser colocados entre los
it has|equaled|Each|one|of|the|five|emperors|that|they reigned|they deserve|to be|placed|among|the
has matched. Each of the five emperors who reigned deserves to be placed among the
mejores gobernantes que el mundo ha conocido, .41, Marco Aurelio es, en otras palabras, un raro
better|rulers|than|the|world|it has|known|Marco|Aurelius|he is|in|other|words|a|rare
best rulers the world has known, .41, Marcus Aurelius is, in other words, a rare
ejemplo de monarca filósofo y tal vez el único ejemplo de filósofo cuyos súbditos querían tener
example|of|monarch|philosopher|and|such|perhaps|the|only|example|of|philosopher|whose|subjects|they wanted|to have
example of a philosopher king and perhaps the only example of a philosopher whose subjects wanted to have
como rey. Como los otros estoicos romanos, Marco Aurelio no sintió la necesidad de demostrar que
as|king|Like|the|other|stoics|Roman|Marcus|Aurelius|not|he felt|the|need|to|to prove|that
as a king. Like the other Roman Stoics, Marcus Aurelius did not feel the need to prove that
la serenidad era un valor que merecía la pena buscar. Al contrario, creía que su valor era
the|serenity|it was|a|value|that|it deserved|the|worth|to seek|On|the contrary|I believed|that|its|value|it was
serenity was a value worth pursuing. On the contrary, he believed its value was
obvio. Y si alguien le hubiera dicho que la vida moral ofrecía algo mejor que la, paz de la mente,
obvious|and|if|someone|to him/her|he/she would have|said|that|the|life|moral|it offered|something|better|than|the|peace|of|the|mind
obvious. And if someone had told him that moral life offered something better than peace of mind,
Marco no habría intentado persuadirle de otra cosa, en cambio, habría aconsejado a ese individuo que
Marco|not|he would|tried|to persuade him|to|another|thing|in|instead|he would|advised|to|that|individual|that
Marcus would not have tried to persuade them otherwise; instead, he would have advised that individual to
se aplicara a esa cosa en cuestión, con toda el alma y se regocijara en el premio encontrado, .42.
itself|it will apply|to|that|thing|in|question|with|all|the|soul|and|itself|it will rejoice|in|the|prize|found
apply themselves to that thing in question, with all their soul and rejoice in the found reward.
Como adulto, Marco Aurelio necesitó en gran medida la serenidad que el estoicismo podía ofrecer.
as|an adult|Marco|Aurelius|he needed|in|great|measure|the|serenity|that|the|stoicism|it could|to offer
As an adult, Marcus Aurelius greatly needed the serenity that Stoicism could offer.
Estaba enfermo, quizá de úlcera. Su vida familiar era una fuente de desasosiego,
he was|sick|perhaps|of|ulcer|his|life|family|it was|a|source|of|unease
He was ill, perhaps with an ulcer. His family life was a source of unease,
su mujer parece haberle sido infiel, y de los al menos 14 hijos que tuvo con ella,
his|wife|it seems||been|unfaithful|and|of|the|at|least|children|that|he had|with|her
his wife seems to have been unfaithful to him, and of the at least 14 children he had with her,
solo sobrevivieron seis. A eso se añadieron las tensiones inherentes al gobierno del imperio.
only|six survived||||itself|they added|the|tensions|inherent|to the|government|of the|empire
only six survived. This was compounded by the inherent tensions of governing the empire.
Durante su reinado hubo numerosos alzamientos en la frontera, y a menudo Marco Aurelio
during|his|reign|there were|numerous|uprisings|in|the|border|and|to|often|Marcus|Aurelius
During his reign, there were numerous uprisings on the frontier, and often Marcus Aurelius
supervisaba personalmente las campañas contra las tribus sublevadas. Sus propios oficiales,
I supervised|personally|the|campaigns|against|the|tribes|rebelled|His|own|officers
he personally supervised the campaigns against the rebellious tribes. His own officers,
especialmente Abidio Casio, gobernador de Siria, se rebelaban contra él. 43,
especially|Abidjan|Cassius|governor|of|Syria|themselves|they rebelled|against|him
especially Abidius Cassius, governor of Syria, rebelled against him. 43,
sus subordinados eran insolentes con él, insolencia que la acogía con un
his|subordinates|they were|insolent|with|him|insolence|that|it|he welcomed|with|a
his subordinates were insolent towards him, insolence that he received with a
«temperamento imperturbable», .44, los ciudadanos hacían bromas a sus expensas
temperament|imperturbable|the|citizens|they made|jokes|at|their|expense
"calm temperament", .44, the citizens made jokes at his expense
y no eran castigados por ello. Durante su reinado, el imperio padeció plagas,
and|not|they were|punished|for|it|During|their|reign|the|empire|it suffered|plagues
and were not punished for it. During his reign, the empire suffered plagues,
hambrunas y desastres naturales como el terremoto de Esmirna. .45. Por lo tanto,
famines|and|disasters|natural|like|the|earthquake|of|Izmir|For|it|therefore
famine and natural disasters such as the earthquake in Izmir. .45. Therefore,
hay buenas razones para que, en sus meditaciones, Marco observara que,
there are|good|reasons|to|that|in|his|meditations|Marco|he observed|that
there are good reasons for Marco to have observed in his meditations that,
«el arte de la vida se parece más a la lucha que a la danza», .46. El historiador romano
the|art|of|the|life|itself|it resembles|more|to|the|struggle|than|to|the|dance|The|historian|Roman
"the art of living resembles more a struggle than a dance," .46. The Roman historian
Dion Casio resume así la difícil situación de Marco Aurelio, no conoció la buena fortuna que
Dion|Cassius|summarizes|thus|the|difficult|situation|of|Marcus|Aurelius|not|he knew|the|good|fortune|that
Dio Cassius summarizes the difficult situation of Marcus Aurelius, he did not know the good fortune that
merecía, pues no era físicamente fuerte, y se vio envuelto en una multitud de problemas
he/she deserved|because|not|he/she was|physically|strong|and|himself/herself|he/she saw|involved|in|a|multitude|of|problems
he deserved, as he was not physically strong, and found himself caught up in a multitude of problems.
prácticamente a lo largo de todo su reinado. Sin embargo, por mi parte lo admiro aún más
practically|throughout|his|length|of|all|his|reign|Without|however|for|my|part|it|I admire|even|more
practically throughout his entire reign. However, for my part, I admire him even more
por esta misma razón, que en medio de inusuales y extraordinarias dificultades
for|this|same|reason|that|in|the midst|of|unusual|and|extraordinary|difficulties
for this very reason, that in the midst of unusual and extraordinary difficulties
sobreviviera y preservara el imperio. Dion añade que desde sus primeros días como consejero de
it survived|and|it preserved|the|empire|Dion|he adds|that|from|its|first|days|as|advisor|of
he survived and preserved the empire. Dion adds that from his early days as an advisor to
Antonino a sus últimos días como emperador, siguió siendo el mismo y no cambió en lo más mínimo,
Antoninus|in|his|final|days|as|emperor|he continued|being|the|same|and|not|he changed|in|it|most|least
Antoninus to his last days as emperor, he remained the same and did not change in the slightest,
.47. En el 180 d.C., Marco enfermó de gravedad. Se negó a comer y a beber en un intento por
in|the|||Marcus|he fell ill|of|severity|himself|he refused|to|to eat|and|to|to drink|in|an|attempt|to
.47. In 180 A.D., Marcus fell seriously ill. He refused to eat and drink in an attempt to
apresurar la muerte, .48, murió el 17 de marzo de ese mismo año, a los 58 años de edad. Su
to hasten|the|death|he/she died|on|of|March|of|that|same||at|the|years|of|age|His/Her
to hasten death, .48, died on March 17 of that same year, at the age of 58. His
muerte provocó un estallido de aflicción pública. En concreto, sus soldados sufrieron una gran pena
death|it provoked|a|outburst|of|grief|public|In|particular|its|soldiers|they suffered|a|great|sorrow
death caused an outburst of public grief. Specifically, his soldiers suffered great sorrow
ante su desaparición, .49. Así como la conversión del emperador romano Constantino supuso un impulso
before|his|disappearance|Thus|as|the|conversion|of the|emperor|Roman|Constantine|it represented|a|boost
at his disappearance, .49. Just as the conversion of the Roman Emperor Constantine represented a boost
para el cristianismo, el estoicismo de Marco Aurelio podría haber representado un salto adelante para
for|the|Christianity|the|Stoicism|of|Marcus|Aurelius|it could|to have|represented|a|leap|forward|for
for Christianity, the stoicism of Marcus Aurelius could have represented a leap forward for
esa filosofía. Sin embargo, el emperador no predicó el estoicismo. No instruyó a sus conciudadanos
that|philosophy|Without|however|the|emperor|not|he preached|the|stoicism|No|he instructed|to|his|fellow citizens
that philosophy. However, the emperor did not preach stoicism. He did not instruct his fellow citizens
romanos sobre los beneficios de su práctica, ni los expuso en sus escritos filosóficos,
Romans|about|the|benefits|of|their|practice|nor|the|he/she exposed|in|their|writings|philosophical
Romans on the benefits of its practice, nor did he expose them in his philosophical writings,
las meditaciones eran un diario privado, el título original era Para mí mismo,
the|meditations|they were|a|diary|private|the|title|original|it was|For|myself|itself
the Meditations were a private diary, the original title was To Myself,
y solo se publicaron después de su muerte. Y aunque el interés de Marco Aurelio en esta filosofía
and|only|themselves|they published|after|of|his|death|And|although|the|interest|in|Marcus|Aurelius|in|this|philosophy
and they were only published after his death. And although Marcus Aurelius's interest in this philosophy
indujo a muchos romanos a identificarse como estoicos, presumiblemente para granjearse su
he induced|to|many|Romans|to|to identify themselves|as|Stoics|presumably|to|to gain|their
induced many Romans to identify themselves as Stoics, presumably to win his
favor, .50, no desencadenó un interés generalizado en esta forma de pensamiento. Así pues, en cierto
favor|not|it triggered|a|interest|widespread|in|this|form|of|thinking|Thus|therefore|in|certain
favor, it did not trigger widespread interest in this way of thinking. Thus, in a certain
sentido, Marco Aurelio representa el punto más alto del estoicismo. Es obvio que el estoicismo
meaning|Marcus|Aurelius|it represents|the|point|highest|peak|of|stoicism|It is|obvious|that|the|stoicism
In this sense, Marcus Aurelius represents the pinnacle of Stoicism. It is obvious that Stoicism
ha tenido mejores días. ¿Acaso el lector ha encontrado a lo largo de su vida a alguien que
has|had|better|days|Perhaps|the|reader|he/she has|found|to|it|throughout|of|his/her|life|to|someone|that
has seen better days. Has the reader ever encountered someone in their life who
lo practique? Es tentador atribuir esta decadencia en la popularidad a algún defecto de la filosofía
it|I practiced|It is|tempting|to attribute|this|decline|in|the|popularity|to|some|defect|of|the|philosophy
practices it? It is tempting to attribute this decline in popularity to some defect in the philosophy
estoica. Sin embargo, me gustaría sugerir que el poco predicamento del estoicismo no se debe a
stoic|without|however|myself|I would like|to suggest|that|the|little|predicament|of the|stoicism|not|itself|it is due|to
of Stoicism. However, I would like to suggest that the little standing of Stoicism is not due to
esta razón, sino que obedece a otros factores. En primer lugar, los individuos modernos rara
this|reason|but|that|it obeys|to|other|factors|In|first|place|the|individuals|modern|rare
this reason, but rather to other factors. First of all, modern individuals rarely
vez conciben la necesidad de adoptar una filosofía de vida. En cambio, tienden a pasar los días
time|they conceive|the|necessity|to|to adopt|a|philosophy|of|life|In|instead|they tend|to|to spend|the|days
they conceive the need to adopt a philosophy of life. Instead, they tend to spend their days
trabajando duro para poder comprarse el último artículo de consumo, en la creencia absoluta de
working|hard|to|to be able|to buy for oneself|the|latest|item|of|consumption|in|the|belief|absolute|of
working hard to be able to buy the latest consumer item, in the absolute belief that
que solo comprando cosas disfrutarán de una vida significativa.
that|only|by buying|things|they will enjoy|of|a|life|meaningful
only by buying things will they enjoy a meaningful life.
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