Verbs and Tenses

Fiiller ve Zamanlar - Ρήματα και Χρόνοι

Fiillerin (‘rimata) temel özellikleri şunlardır: şahıs, sayı, yapı, zaman ve kip.

The use of personal pronouns isn’t essential in Greek, as the verb form indicates who performs the action and when. The Greek language uses second person plural, instead of singular, to denote politeness. Not all verbs have forms that correspond to all the characteristics (for example, some only have a passive voice). Verbs can also be regular (oμαλά, oma’la), meaning that only suffixes change for each form, or irregular (ανώμαλα, a’nomala), where the entire word may change in certain forms.

Şahıs	Numara	Yapı	Zaman	Kip
Birinci, ikinci, üçüncü	Tekil, çoğul	Etken, edilgen	Present, Past, Past Continuous, Simple Future, Future Continuous, Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future Perfect	Indicative Imperative Subjunctive

Şahıs ve sayı - Πρόσωπο και αριθμός

The person (‘prosopo) and number (arith’mos) of the verb indicate who is performing the action, therefore they provide information about the subject of the phrase. The suffix provides this information and sometimes a personal pronoun is used before the verb for added emphasis.The person shows whether the subject is the speaker or someone else and the number shows if there are one or more people or things involved in the sentence.

Şahıs
Tekil (Ενικός)	Çoğul (Πληθυντικός)
Birinci şahıs (Πρώτο πρόσωπο) Ben (εγώ)	Birinci şahıs (Πρώτο πρόσωπο) Biz (εμείς)
İkinci şahıs (Δεύτερο πρόσωπο) Sen (εσύ)	İkinci şahıs (Δεύτερο πρόσωπο) Siz (εσείς)
Üçüncü şahıs (Τρίτο πρόσωπο) Ona (αυτός, αυτή, αυτό)	Üçüncü şahıs (Τρίτο πρόσωπο) Onlara (αυτοί, αυτές, αυτά)

Yapı - Φωνή

Verbs usually have two voices, active and passive. This is shown in the suffix of the verb and some verbs only have one voice. In Greek, when a verb ends in -ω or -ώ in the first person singular, it is in the active voice. When the verb ends in -αι, it is in the passive voice. The active (energiti’ki) voice shows that the subject is performing an action while the passive (pathiti’ki) voice denotes that the subject is affected by an action. The passive voice is also used to show that someone performs an action on themselves or that an action is mutually or collectively performed among two people or more.

Örnek (παράδειγμα)
Ενεργητική φωνή (etken yapı)	Ψήνω μπισκότα (Kurabiye pişiririm)
Παθητική φωνή (edilgen yapı)	Τα μπισκότα ψήνονται (Kurabiyeler pişirildi)

Zaman - Χρόνος

Zaman (‘hronos), fiil tarafından tanımlanan faaliyetin ne zaman gerçekleştirildiğini gösterir. Şimdiki zamanı, geçmişi ya da geleceği ifade edebilir.

Zaman
Şimdiki (Παρόν, pa’ron)	Geçmiş (Παρελθόν, parel’thon)	Gelecek (Μέλλον, ‘melon)
Şimdiki (Ενεστώτας, ene’stotas), Yakın Geçmiş (Παρακείμενος, para’kimenos)	Geçmiş (Αόριστος, a’oristos), Sürekli Geçmiş (Παρατατικός, paratati’kos), Mişli Geçmiş (Υπερσυντέλικος, ipersin’delikos)	Gelecek Zaman (Στιγμιαίος Μέλλοντας, stiγmi’eos ‘melondas), Sürekli Gelecek (Εξακολουθητικός Μέλλοντας, exakoluthiti’kos ‘melondas), Gelecekte Bitmiş (Συντελεσμένος Μέλλοντας, sindeles’menos ‘melondas)

Örnekler

Irregular verb “to eat” (τρώω) in the active voice	Birinci Tekil Şahıs	İkinci Tekil Şahıs	Üçüncü Tekil Şahıs	Birinci Çoğul Şahıs	İkinci Çoğul Şahıs	Üçüncü Çoğul Şahıs
Şimdiki	Εγώ τρώω	Εσύ τρως	Αυτός- αυτή- αυτό τρώει	Εμείς τρώμε	Εσείς τρώτε	Αυτοί- αυτές -αυτά τρώνε
Yakın Geçmiş	Εγώ έχω φάει	Εσύ έχεις φάει	Αυτός- αυτή- αυτό έχει φάει	Εμείς έχουμε φάει	Εσείς έχετε φάει	Αυτοί- αυτές- αυτά έχουν φάει
Geçmiş	Εγώ έφαγα	Εσύ έφαγες	Αυτός- αυτή- αυτό έφαγε	Εμείς φάγαμε	Εσείς φάγατε	Αυτοί- αυτές- αυτά έφαγαν
Sürekli Geçmiş Zaman	Εγώ έτρωγα	Εσύ έτρωγες	Αυτός- αυτή- αυτό έτρωγε	Εμείς τρώγαμε	Εσείς τρώγατε	Αυτοί- αυτές- αυτά έτρωγαν
Mişli Geçmiş	Εγώ είχα φάει	Εσύ είχες φάει	Αυτός- αυτή- αυτό είχε φάει	Εμείς είχαμε φάει	Εσείς είχατε φάει	Αυτοί- αυτές- αυτά είχαν φάει
Gelecek Zaman	Εγώ θα φάω	Εσύ θα φας	Αυτός- αυτή- αυτό θα φάει	Εμείς θα φάμε	Εσείς θα φάτε	Αυτοί- αυτές- αυτά θα φάνε
Sürekli Gelecek Zaman	Εγώ θα τρώω	Εσύ θα τρως	Αυτός- αυτή- αυτό θα τρώει	Εμείς θα τρώμε	Εσείς θα τρώτε	Αυτοί- αυτές- αυτά θα τρώνε
Gelecekte Bitmiş Zaman	Εγώ θα έχω φάει	Εσύ θα έχεις φάει	Αυτός- αυτή- αυτό θα έχει φάει	Εμείς θα έχουμε φάει	Εσείς θα έχετε φάει	Αυτοί-αυτές-αυτά θα έχουν φάει

Irregular verb “to eat” (τρώω) in the passive voice	Birinci Tekil Şahıs	İkinci Tekil Şahıs	Üçüncü Tekil Şahıs	Birinci Çoğul Şahıs	İkinci Çoğul Şahıs	Üçüncü Çoğul Şahıs
Şimdiki	Εγώ τρώγομαι	Εσύ τρώγεσαι	Αυτός- αυτή- αυτό τρώγεται	Εμείς τρωγόμαστε	Εσείς τρώγεστε	Αυτοί- αυτές -αυτά τρώγονται
Yakın Geçmiş	Εγώ έχω φαγωθεί	Εσύ έχεις φαγωθεί	Αυτός- αυτή- αυτό έχει φαγωθεί	Εμείς έχουμε φαγωθεί	Εσείς έχετε φαγωθεί	Αυτοί- αυτές- αυτά έχουν φαγωθεί
Geçmiş	Εγώ φαγώθηκα	Εσύ φαγώθηκες	Αυτός- αυτή- αυτό φαγώθηκε	Εμείς φαγωθήκαμε	Εσείς φαγωθήκατε	Αυτοί- αυτές- αυτά φαγώθηκαν
Sürekli Geçmiş Zaman	Εγώ τρωγόμουν- φαγωνόμουν	Εσύ τρωγόσουν- φαγωνόσουν	Αυτός- αυτή- αυτό τρωγόταν- φαγωνόταν	Εμείς τρωγόμασταν- φαγωνόμασταν	Εσείς τρωγόσασταν- φαγωνόσασταν	Αυτοί- αυτές- αυτά τρωγόντουσαν- φαγωνόντουσαν
Mişli Geçmiş	Εγώ είχα φαγωθεί	Εσύ είχες φαγωθεί	Αυτός- αυτή- αυτό είχε φαγωθεί	Εμείς είχαμε φαγωθεί	Εσείς είχατε φαγωθεί	Αυτοί- αυτές- αυτά είχαν φαγωθεί
Gelecek Zaman	Εγώ θα φαγωθώ	Εσύ θα φαγωθείς	Αυτός- αυτή- αυτό θα φαγωθεί	Εμείς θα φαγωθούμε	Εσείς θα φαγωθείτε	Αυτοί- αυτές- αυτά θα φαγωθούν
Sürekli Gelecek Zaman	Εγώ θα τρώγομαι - φαγώνομαι	Εσύ θα τρώγεσαι- φαγώνεσαι	Αυτός- αυτή- αυτό θα τρώγεται - φαγώνεται	Εμείς θα τρωγόμαστε- φαγωνόμαστε	Εσείς θα τρώγεστε - φαγώνεστε	Αυτοί- αυτές- αυτά θα τρώγονται - φαγώνονται
Gelecekte Bitmiş Zaman	Εγώ θα έχω φαγωθεί	Εσύ θα έχεις φαγωθεί	Αυτός- αυτή- αυτό θα έχει φαγωθεί	Εμείς θα έχουμε φαγωθεί	Εσείς θα έχετε φαγωθεί	Αυτοί- αυτές- αυτά θα έχουν φαγωθεί

Kip - Έγκλιση

The Greek language has three moods: the Indicative, the Imperative and the Subjunctive. Their use depends on what the speaker wants to say. The indicative is used to describe and event, the imperative to give orders or make requests and the subjunctive to make a suggestion or express a wish.
The imperative only has a simple present and past tense. The subjunctive only has a simple present, simple perfect and simple past. However, not every verb has all forms. The moods are formed with different suffixes depending on the verb.

Kip (‘Εγκλιση, ‘eglisi)
Bildirme Kipi (Οριστική, oristi’ki)	Emir Kipi (Προστακτική, prostakti’ki)	Dilek Kipi (Υποτακτική, ipotakti’ki)
Olumsuzluk fiilden önce δεν ile oluşturulur.	Has no negative. Its negative is essentially the subjunctive negative.	It is formed with να or ας before the verb and μην in the negative form.

Örnekler

Τρώω το φαγητό μο	Φάε το φαγητό σου!	Ας φάμε το φαγητό μας.
I eat my food.	Eat your food!	Let’s eat our food.