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TED, Nancy Kanwisher: A neural portrait of the human mind

Nancy Kanwisher: A neural portrait of the human mind

Today I want to tell you about a project being carried out by scientists all over the world to paint a neural portrait of the human mind. And the central idea of this work is that the human mind and brain is not a single, general-purpose processor, but a collection of highly specialized components, each solving a different specific problem, and yet collectively making up who we are as human beings and thinkers. To give you a feel for this idea,

0:42imagine the following scenario: You walk into your child's daycare center. As usual, there's a dozen kids there waiting to get picked up, but this time, the children's faces look weirdly similar, and you can't figure out which child is yours. Do you need new glasses? Are you losing your mind? You run through a quick mental checklist. No, you seem to be thinking clearly, and your vision is perfectly sharp. And everything looks normal except the children's faces. You can see the faces, but they don't look distinctive, and none of them looks familiar, and it's only by spotting an orange hair ribbon that you find your daughter.

1:22This sudden loss of the ability to recognize faces actually happens to people. It's called prosopagnosia, and it results from damage to a particular part of the brain. The striking thing about it is that only face recognition is impaired; everything else is just fine.

1:39Prosopagnosia is one of many surprisingly specific mental deficits that can happen after brain damage.These syndromes collectively have suggested for a long time that the mind is divvied up into distinct components, but the effort to discover those components has jumped to warp speed with the invention of brain imaging technology, especially MRI. So MRI enables you to see internal anatomy at high resolution, so I'm going to show you in a second a set of MRI cross-sectional images through a familiar object, and we're going to fly through them and you're going to try to figure out what the object is. Here we go.

2:23It's not that easy. It's an artichoke.

2:25Okay, let's try another one, starting from the bottom and going through the top. Broccoli! It's a head of broccoli. Isn't it beautiful? I love that.

2:34Okay, here's another one. It's a brain, of course. In fact, it's my brain. We're going through slices through my head like that. That's my nose over on the right, and now we're going over here, right there.

2:45So this picture's nice, if I do say so myself, but it shows only anatomy. The really cool advance with functional imaging happened when scientists figured out how to make pictures that show not just anatomy but activity, that is, where neurons are firing. So here's how this works. Brains are like muscles. When they get active, they need increased blood flow to supply that activity, and lucky for us, blood flow control to the brain is local, so if a bunch of neurons, say, right there get active and start firing, then blood flow increases just right there. So functional MRI picks up on that blood flow increase, producing a higher MRI response where neural activity goes up.

3:28 So to give you a concrete feel for how a functional MRI experiment goes and what you can learn from it and what you can't, let me describe one of the first studies I ever did. We wanted to know if there was a special part of the brain for recognizing faces, and there was already reason to think there might be such a thing based on this phenomenon of prosopagnosia that I described a moment ago, but nobody had ever seen that part of the brain in a normal person, so we set out to look for it. So I was the first subject. I went into the scanner, I lay on my back, I held my head as still as I could while staring at pictures of faces like these and objects like these and faces and objects for hours. So as somebody who has pretty close to the world record of total number of hours spent inside an MRI scanner, I can tell you that one of the skills that's really important for MRI research is bladder control. (Laughter)

4:28When I got out of the scanner, I did a quick analysis of the data, looking for any parts of my brain that produced a higher response when I was looking at faces than when I was looking at objects, and here's what I saw. Now this image looks just awful by today's standards, but at the time I thought it was beautiful. What it shows is that region right there, that little blob, it's about the size of an olive and it's on the bottom surface of my brain about an inch straight in from right there. And what that part of my brain is doing is producing a higher MRI response, that is, higher neural activity, when I was looking at faces than when I was looking at objects. So that's pretty cool, but how do we know this isn't a fluke? Well, the easiest way is to just do the experiment again. So I got back in the scanner, I looked at more faces and I looked at more objects and I got a similar blob, and then I did it again and I did it again and again and again, and around about then I decided to believe it was for real. But still, maybe this is something weird about my brain and no one else has one of these things in there, so to find out, we scanned a bunch of other people and found that pretty much everyone has that little face-processing region in a similar neighborhood of the brain.

5:49So the next question was, what does this thing really do? Is it really specialized just for face recognition? Well, maybe not, right? Maybe it responds not only to faces but to any body part. Maybe it responds to anything human or anything alive or anything round. The only way to be really sure that that region is specialized for face recognition is to rule out all of those hypotheses. So we spent much of the next couple of years scanning subjects while they looked at lots of different kinds of images, and we showed that that part of the brain responds strongly when you look at any images that are faces of any kind, and it responds much less strongly to any image you show that isn't a face, like some of these.

6:34So have we finally nailed the case that this region is necessary for face recognition? No, we haven't.Brain imaging can never tell you if a region is necessary for anything. All you can do with brain imaging is watch regions turn on and off as people think different thoughts. To tell if a part of the brain is necessary for a mental function, you need to mess with it and see what happens, and normally we don't get to do that. But an amazing opportunity came about very recently when a couple of colleagues of mine tested this man who has epilepsy and who is shown here in his hospital bed where he's just had electrodes placed on the surface of his brain to identify the source of his seizures. So it turned out by total chance that two of the electrodes happened to be right on top of his face area. So with the patient's consent, the doctors asked him what happened when they electrically stimulated that part of his brain. Now, the patient doesn't know where those electrodes are, and he's never heard of the face area. So let's watch what happens. It's going to start with a control condition that will say "Sham" nearly invisibly in red in the lower left, when no current is delivered, and you'll hear the neurologist speaking to the patient first. So let's watch.

7:52(Video) Neurologist: Okay, just look at my face and tell me what happens when I do this. All right?

7:59Patient: Okay.

8:01Neurologist: One, two, three.

8:06Patient: Nothing. Neurologist: Nothing? Okay. I'm going to do it one more time. Look at my face. One, two, three. 8:19Patient: You just turned into somebody else. Your face metamorphosed. Your nose got saggy, it went to the left. You almost looked like somebody I'd seen before, but somebody different. That was a trip. (Laughter) 8:38Nancy Kanwisher: So this experiment — (Applause) — this experiment finally nails the case that this region of the brain is not only selectively responsive to faces but causally involved in face perception.So I went through all of these details about the face region to show you what it takes to really establish that a part of the brain is selectively involved in a specific mental process. Next, I'll go through much more quickly some of the other specialized regions of the brain that we and others have found. So to do this, I've spent a lot of time in the scanner over the last month so I can show you these things in my brain.

9:17So let's get started. Here's my right hemisphere. So we're oriented like that. You're looking at my head this way. Imagine taking the skull off and looking at the surface of the brain like that. Okay, now as you can see, the surface of the brain is all folded up. So that's not good. Stuff could be hidden in there. We want to see the whole thing, so let's inflate it so we can see the whole thing. Next, let's find that face area I've been talking about that responds to images like these. To see that, let's turn the brain around and look on the inside surface on the bottom, and there it is, that's my face area. Just to the right of that is another region that is shown in purple that responds when you process color information, and near those regions are other regions that are involved in perceiving places, like right now, I'm seeing this layout of space around me and these regions in green right there are really active. There's another one out on the outside surface again where there's a couple more face regions as well. Also in this vicinity is a region that's selectively involved in processing visual motion, like these moving dots here, and that's in yellow at the bottom of the brain, and near that is a region that responds when you look at images of bodies and body parts like these, and that region is shown in lime green at the bottom of the brain.

10:31Now all these regions I've shown you so far are involved in specific aspects of visual perception. Do we also have specialized brain regions for other senses, like hearing? Yes, we do. So if we turn the brain around a little bit, here's a region in dark blue that we reported just a couple of months ago, and this region responds strongly when you hear sounds with pitch, like these. (Sirens) (Cello music) (Doorbell)In contrast, that same region does not respond strongly when you hear perfectly familiar sounds that don't have a clear pitch, like these. (Chomping) (Drum roll) (Toilet flushing)

11:17Okay. Next to the pitch region is another set of regions that are selectively responsive when you hear the sounds of speech.

11:25Okay, now let's look at these same regions. In my left hemisphere, there's a similar arrangement — not identical, but similar — and most of the same regions are in here, albeit sometimes different in size.

11:35Now, everything I've shown you so far are regions that are involved in different aspects of perception, vision and hearing. Do we also have specialized brain regions for really fancy, complicated mental processes? Yes, we do. So here in pink are my language regions. So it's been known for a very long time that that general vicinity of the brain is involved in processing language, but we showed very recently that these pink regions respond extremely selectively. They respond when you understand the meaning of a sentence, but not when you do other complex mental things, like mental arithmetic or holding information in memory or appreciating the complex structure in a piece of music.

12:20The most amazing region that's been found yet is this one right here in turquoise. This region responds when you think about what another person is thinking. So that may seem crazy, but actually, we humans do this all the time. You're doing this when you realize that your partner is going to be worried if you don't call home to say you're running late. I'm doing this with that region of my brain right now when I realize that you guys are probably now wondering about all that gray, uncharted territory in the brain, and what's up with that?

12:57Well, I'm wondering about that too, and we're running a bunch of experiments in my lab right now to try to find a number of other possible specializations in the brain for other very specific mental functions.But importantly, I don't think we have specializations in the brain for every important mental function, even mental functions that may be critical for survival. In fact, a few years ago, there was a scientist in my lab who became quite convinced that he'd found a brain region for detecting food, and it responded really strongly in the scanner when people looked at images like this. And further, he found a similar response in more or less the same location in 10 out of 12 subjects. So he was pretty stoked, and he was running around the lab telling everyone that he was going to go on "Oprah" with his big discovery.But then he devised the critical test: He showed subjects images of food like this and compared them to images with very similar color and shape, but that weren't food, like these. And his region responded the same to both sets of images. So it wasn't a food area, it was just a region that liked colors and shapes. So much for "Oprah."

14:11But then the question, of course, is, how do we process all this other stuff that we don't have specialized brain regions for? Well, I think the answer is that in addition to these highly specialized components that I've been describing, we also have a lot of very general- purpose machinery in our heads that enables us to tackle whatever problem comes along. In fact, we've shown recently that these regions here in white respond whenever you do any difficult mental task at all — well, of the seven that we've tested. So each of the brain regions that I've described to you today is present in approximately the same location in every normal subject. I could take any of you, pop you in the scanner, and find each of those regions in your brain, and it would look a lot like my brain, although the regions would be slightly different in their exact location and in their size.

15:04What's important to me about this work is not the particular locations of these brain regions, but the simple fact that we have selective, specific components of mind and brain in the first place. I mean, it could have been otherwise. The brain could have been a single, general-purpose processor, more like a kitchen knife than a Swiss Army knife. Instead, what brain imaging has delivered is this rich and interesting picture of the human mind. So we have this picture of very general-purpose machinery in our heads in addition to this surprising array of very specialized components.

15:42It's early days in this enterprise. We've painted only the first brushstrokes in our neural portrait of the human mind. The most fundamental questions remain unanswered. So for example, what does each of these regions do exactly? Why do we need three face areas and three place areas, and what's the division of labor between them? Second, how are all these things connected in the brain? With diffusion imaging, you can trace bundles of neurons that connect to different parts of the brain, and with this method shown here, you can trace the connections of individual neurons in the brain, potentially someday giving us a wiring diagram of the entire human brain. Third, how does all of this very systematic structure get built, both over development in childhood and over the evolution of our species? To address questions like that, scientists are now scanning other species of animals, and they're also scanning human infants.

16:47Many people justify the high cost of neuroscience research by pointing out that it may help us someday to treat brain disorders like Alzheimer's and autism. That's a hugely important goal, and I'd be thrilled if any of my work contributed to it, but fixing things that are broken in the world is not the only thing that's worth doing. The effort to understand the human mind and brain is worthwhile even if it never led to the treatment of a single disease. What could be more thrilling than to understand the fundamental mechanisms that underlie human experience, to understand, in essence, who we are? This is, I think, the greatest scientific quest of all time.

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Nancy Kanwisher: A neural portrait of the human mind Nancy Kanwisher|Nancy Kanwisher||||||| Nancy|Kanwisher||||||| Nancy Kanwisher: Ein neuronales Porträt des menschlichen Geistes Nancy Kanwisher: Ένα νευρωνικό πορτρέτο του ανθρώπινου νου Nancy Kanwisher: Un retrato neuronal de la mente humana Nancy Kanwisher : Un portrait neuronal de l'esprit humain ナンシー・カンウィッシャー人間の心の神経肖像 Nancy Kanwisher: Neuronowy portret ludzkiego umysłu Nancy Kanwisher: Um retrato neural da mente humana Нэнси Канвишер: нейронный портрет человеческого разума Nancy Kanwisher: İnsan zihninin nöral bir portresi 南希·坎维舍尔:人类思维的神经肖像 南希-坎维舍人类思维的神经画像

Today I want to tell you about a project being carried out by scientists all over the world to paint a neural portrait of the human mind. ||||||||||осуществляемый|||||||||||||||| And the central idea of this work is that the human mind and brain is not a single, general-purpose processor, but a collection of highly specialized components, each solving a different specific problem, and yet collectively making up who we are as human beings and thinkers. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||společně||||||||||myslitelé ||||||||||||||||||общего назначения||процессор|||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||inny||||||||||||||| To give you a feel for this idea, Para darle una idea de esta idea,

0:42imagine the following scenario: You walk into your child's daycare center. |||scénář||||||jesle| As usual, there's a dozen kids there waiting to get picked up, but this time, the children's faces look weirdly similar, and you can't figure out which child is yours. ||||дюжина||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||strangely|||||||||| Como de costumbre, hay una docena de niños esperando a que los recojan, pero esta vez, las caras de los niños se ven extrañamente similares, y no puedes descubrir cuál es el tuyo. Do you need new glasses? Are you losing your mind? You run through a quick mental checklist. ||||||rychlý mentální seznam ||||||list of tasks Se ejecuta a través de una lista de control mental rápida. No, you seem to be thinking clearly, and your vision is perfectly sharp. No, parece que estás pensando con claridad y tu visión es perfectamente nítida. And everything looks normal except the children's faces. You can see the faces, but they don't look distinctive, and none of them looks familiar, and it's only by spotting an orange hair ribbon that you find your daughter. ||||||||||||||||||||||||stužka do vlasů||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||оранжевая лента для волос||||| Puedes ver las caras, pero no se ven distintivas, y ninguna de ellas te resulta familiar, y solo con una cinta de pelo naranja puedes encontrar a tu hija.

1:22This sudden loss of the ability to recognize faces actually happens to people. 1: 22. Esta pérdida repentina de la capacidad de reconocer rostros en realidad les sucede a las personas. It's called prosopagnosia, and it results from damage to a particular part of the brain. ||prosopagnosie|||||||||||| ||face blindness|||||||||||| ||prosopagnozja|||||||||||| Se llama prosopagnosia y resulta del daño a una parte particular del cerebro. Het heet prosopagnosia en het is het gevolg van schade aan een bepaald deel van de hersenen. The striking thing about it is that only face recognition is impaired; everything else is just fine. |||||||||||narušeno||||| Самое удивительное|||||||||||||||| |||||||||||not functioning||||| |||||||||||upośledzony||||| Lo sorprendente de esto es que solo el reconocimiento facial está dañado; todo lo demás está bien Ce qui est frappant, c'est que seule la reconnaissance faciale est altérée; tout le reste est très bien.

1:39Prosopagnosia is one of many surprisingly specific mental deficits that can happen after brain damage.These syndromes collectively have suggested for a long time that the mind is divvied up into distinct components, but the effort to discover those components has jumped to warp speed with the invention of brain imaging technology, especially MRI. |||||||||||||||||||naznačily|||||||||rozdělená|||||||úsilí||||||||rychlost světla|||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||разделён|||||||||||||||сверхскорость|||||||визуализация мозга||| ||||||||||||||||conditions||||||||||||divided||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||podzielony|||||||||||||||szybkości nadświetlnej|||||||||| 1: 39 La prospopnosia es uno de los muchos déficits mentales sorprendentemente específicos que pueden ocurrir después del daño cerebral. Estos síndromes en conjunto han sugerido durante mucho tiempo que la mente se divide en componentes distintos, pero el esfuerzo por descubrir esos componentes ha saltado a la velocidad de la deformación con La invención de la tecnología de imágenes cerebrales, especialmente la resonancia magnética. 1: 39 La prosopagnosie est l'un des nombreux déficits mentaux étonnamment spécifiques qui peuvent survenir après une lésion cérébrale.Ces syndromes suggèrent collectivement depuis longtemps que l'esprit est divisé en composants distincts, mais l'effort pour découvrir ces composants a pris de l'ampleur. l'invention de la technologie d'imagerie cérébrale, en particulier l'IRM. 1:39 Прозопагнозия — один из многих удивительно специфических психических расстройств, которые могут возникнуть после повреждения головного мозга. Эти синдромы в совокупности долгое время предполагали, что разум разделен на отдельные компоненты, но усилия по обнаружению этих компонентов подскочили с невероятной скоростью. изобретение технологии визуализации мозга, особенно МРТ. So MRI enables you to see internal anatomy at high resolution, so I'm going to show you in a second a set of MRI cross-sectional images through a familiar object, and we're going to fly through them and you're going to try to figure out what the object is. ||umožňuje||||||||rozlišení||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||позволяет увидеть||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||cross-sectional|||||||||||||||||||||||| Here we go.

2:23It's not that easy. It's an artichoke. ||Je to artyčok. ||a vegetable ||karczoch

2:25Okay, let's try another one, starting from the bottom and going through the top. Broccoli! exclamation of excitement It's a head of broccoli. Isn't it beautiful? I love that.

2:34Okay, here's another one. It's a brain, of course. In fact, it's my brain. На самом деле это мой мозг. We're going through slices through my head like that. |||kawałki||||| Estamos pasando por rebanadas en mi cabeza así. That's my nose over on the right, and now we're going over here, right there. |||вот там||||||||||| Esa es mi nariz a la derecha, y ahora vamos por aquí, justo allí.

2:45So this picture's nice, if I do say so myself, but it shows only anatomy. ||picture|||||||||||| ||||jeśli|||||||||| The really cool advance with functional imaging happened when scientists figured out how to make pictures that show not just anatomy but activity, that is, where neurons are firing. |||pokrok||||||||||||||||||||||||| El avance realmente genial con imágenes funcionales ocurrió cuando los científicos descubrieron cómo hacer imágenes que muestren no solo anatomía, sino actividad, es decir, donde las neuronas se disparan. So here's how this works. Brains are like muscles. When they get active, they need increased blood flow to supply that activity, and lucky for us, blood flow control to the brain is local, so if a bunch of neurons, say, right there get active and start firing, then blood flow increases just right there. Cuando se activan, necesitan un mayor flujo de sangre para proporcionar esa actividad y, por suerte para nosotros, el control del flujo de sangre al cerebro es local, por lo que si un grupo de neuronas, por ejemplo, se activan y comienzan a disparar, el flujo de sangre aumenta Justo allí. So functional MRI picks up on that blood flow increase, producing a higher MRI response where neural activity goes up. ||||||||||||||||нейронная активность||| |||wykrywa|||to tej|||||||||||||

3:28 So to give you a concrete feel for how a functional MRI experiment goes and what you can learn from it and what you can't, let me describe one of the first studies I ever did. |||||konkretny|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 3:28 Entonces, para darle una idea concreta de cómo funciona un experimento de MRI funcional y lo que puede aprender de él y lo que no puede, permítame describir uno de los primeros estudios que hice. We wanted to know if there was a special part of the brain for recognizing faces, and there was already reason to think there might be such a thing based on this phenomenon of prosopagnosia that I described a moment ago, but nobody had ever seen that part of the brain in a normal person, so we set out to look for it. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||прозопагнозия|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||rozpoznawania|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Queríamos saber si había una parte especial del cerebro para reconocer las caras, y ya había razones para pensar que podría haber algo así basado en este fenómeno de prosopagnosia que describí hace un momento, pero nadie había visto esa parte del cerebro en una persona normal, por lo que nos propusimos buscarlo. So I was the first subject. I went into the scanner, I lay on my back, I held my head as still as I could while staring at pictures of faces like these and objects like these and faces and objects for hours. ||||||||||||||||||||wpatrując się|||||||||||||||| Entré en el escáner, me tendí de espaldas, sostuve mi cabeza tan inmóvil como pude mientras miraba fijamente imágenes de caras como éstas y objetos como estos y caras y objetos durante horas. So as somebody who has pretty close to the world record of total number of hours spent inside an MRI scanner, I can tell you that one of the skills that's really important for MRI research is bladder control. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||мочевой пузырь| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||urinary bladder| (Laughter)

4:28When I got out of the scanner, I did a quick analysis of the data, looking for any parts of my brain that produced a higher response when I was looking at faces than when I was looking at objects, and here's what I saw. ||||||||||||||údaje|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Now this image looks just awful by today's standards, but at the time I thought it was beautiful. Ahora esta imagen se ve muy mal para los estándares de hoy, pero en ese momento pensé que era hermosa. Maintenant, cette image a l'air horrible selon les normes d'aujourd'hui, mais à l'époque, je la trouvais belle. What it shows is that region right there, that little blob, it's about the size of an olive and it's on the bottom surface of my brain about an inch straight in from right there. ||||||||||skvrna|||||||||||||||||||||||| Lo que muestra es esa región, esa pequeña mancha, tiene aproximadamente el tamaño de una oliva y está en la parte inferior de mi cerebro, aproximadamente una pulgada directamente desde allí. Ce que cela montre, c'est cette région juste là, cette petite goutte, elle a à peu près la taille d'une olive et elle se trouve sur la surface inférieure de mon cerveau à environ un pouce directement à partir de là. And what that part of my brain is doing is producing a higher MRI response, that is, higher neural activity, when I was looking at faces than when I was looking at objects. Y lo que está haciendo esa parte de mi cerebro es producir una respuesta de IRM más alta, es decir, una actividad neuronal más alta, cuando estaba mirando facesthan cuando estaba mirando objetos. So that's pretty cool, but how do we know this isn't a fluke? ||||||||||||náhoda ||||||||||||one-time occurrence ||||||||||||przypadek Así que eso es genial, pero ¿cómo sabemos que esto no es una casualidad? Alors c'est plutôt cool, mais comment savons-nous que ce n'est pas un hasard? Так что это довольно круто, но как мы можем убедиться, что это не просто случайность? Well, the easiest way is to just do the experiment again. Bueno, la forma más fácil es simplemente hacer el experimento de nuevo. Ну, самый простой способ - просто повторить эксперимент. So I got back in the scanner, I looked at more faces and I looked at more objects and I got a similar blob, and then I did it again and I did it again and again and again, and around about then I decided to believe it was for real. |||||||||||||||||||||||shluk||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Así que volví al escáner, miré más caras, miré más objetos y obtuve un blob similar, y luego lo hice otra vez y lo hice una y otra vez y otra vez, y alrededor de ese momento decidí creer. fue de verdad Так что я вернулся в сканер, посмотрел на больше лиц, посмотрел на больше объектов, и я получил похожий участок, а затем я сделал это снова, и снова, и снова, и примерно в это время я решил, что это реально. But still, maybe this is something weird about my brain and no one else has one of these things in there, so to find out, we scanned a bunch of other people and found that pretty much everyone has that little face-processing region in a similar neighborhood of the brain. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||examined brain|||||||||||||||||||||||| Pero aún así, tal vez esto sea algo extraño en mi cerebro y nadie más tiene una de estas cosas allí, así que, para averiguarlo, escaneamos un montón de otras personas y descubrimos que casi todo el mundo tiene esa pequeña región de procesamiento facial en Barrio similar del cerebro.

5:49So the next question was, what does this thing really do? Is it really specialized just for face recognition? ¿Es realmente especializado solo para reconocimiento facial? Well, maybe not, right? Maybe it responds not only to faces but to any body part. Может быть||||||||||| ||reaguje||||||||| Tal vez responde no solo a las caras sino a cualquier parte del cuerpo. Maybe it responds to anything human or anything alive or anything round. Tal vez responda a cualquier cosa humana o algo vivo o algo redondo. The only way to be really sure that that region is specialized for face recognition is to rule out all of those hypotheses. ||||||||||||||||||||||hypotézy |||||||||||||||является||||||| La única manera de estar realmente seguro de que esa región está especializada para el reconocimiento facial es descartar todas esas hipótesis. So we spent much of the next couple of years scanning subjects while they looked at lots of different kinds of images, and we showed that that part of the brain responds strongly when you look at any images that are faces of any kind, and it responds much less strongly to any image you show that isn't a face, like some of these. Así que pasamos gran parte de los próximos dos años explorando sujetos mientras observaban muchos tipos diferentes de imágenes, y mostramos que esa parte del cerebro responde con fuerza cuando miras cualquier imagen que sea cara de cualquier tipo, y responde. mucho menos a cualquier imagen que muestres que no sea una cara, como algunas de estas.

6:34So have we finally nailed the case that this region is necessary for face recognition? ||||rozwiązałyśmy|||||||||| 6: 34 ¿Así que finalmente hemos resuelto el caso de que esta región es necesaria para el reconocimiento facial? No, we haven't.Brain imaging can never tell you if a region is necessary for anything. No, no lo hemos hecho. Las imágenes en cerebro nunca pueden decirle si una región es necesaria para algo. All you can do with brain imaging is watch regions turn on and off as people think different thoughts. Todo lo que puede hacer con las imágenes del cerebro es ver cómo se activan y desactivan las regiones a medida que las personas piensan diferentes pensamientos. Tout ce que vous pouvez faire avec l'imagerie cérébrale, c'est que les régions de surveillance s'allument et s'éteignent lorsque les gens pensent différemment. To tell if a part of the brain is necessary for a mental function, you need to mess with it and see what happens, and normally we don't get to do that. ||||||||||||||вам|||||||||||||не можем делать|||| Para saber si una parte del cerebro es necesaria para una función mental, debe meterse con ella y ver qué sucede, y normalmente no podemos hacerlo. But an amazing opportunity came about very recently when a couple of colleagues of mine tested this man who has epilepsy and who is shown here in his hospital bed where he's just had electrodes placed on the surface of his brain to identify the source of his seizures. ||||||||||||||||||||epilepsii||||||||||||||||||||||||||||záchvaty ||||||||||||||||||||эпилепсия|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||seizure disorder||||||||||||||||||||||||||||epileptic episodes ||||||||||||||||||||epilepsja|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Pero hace poco surgió una oportunidad increíble cuando un par de colegas míos probaron a este hombre que tiene epilepsia y que se muestra aquí en su cama del hospital, donde se le colocaron electrodos en la superficie del cerebro para identificar la fuente de sus convulsiones. So it turned out by total chance that two of the electrodes happened to be right on top of his face area. Así que resultó que la probabilidad total de que dos de los electrodos estuvieran justo en la parte superior de su cara. Так что совершенно случайно оказалось, что два электрода оказались прямо над его лицевой частью. So with the patient's consent, the doctors asked him what happened when they electrically stimulated that part of his brain. ||||souhlas pacienta|||||||||elektricky|||||| |||||||||||||with electricity|||||| Así que con el consentimiento del paciente, los médicos le preguntaron qué sucedió cuando estimularon eléctricamente esa parte de su cerebro. Now, the patient doesn't know where those electrodes are, and he's never heard of the face area. Ahora, el paciente no sabe dónde están esos electrodos y nunca ha oído hablar del área de la cara. So let's watch what happens. It's going to start with a control condition that will say "Sham" nearly invisibly in red in the lower left, when no current is delivered, and you'll hear the neurologist speaking to the patient first. |||||||||||Falešná stimulace|||||||||||elektrický proud|||||||||||| |||||||||||Фиктивный стимул|||||||||||||||||||||||в первую очередь |||||||||||placebo||almost imperceptibly||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||szama||niemal niewidocznie||||||||||||||||||||| Comenzará con una condición de control que dirá "Sham" casi invisible en rojo en la parte inferior izquierda, cuando no se administra corriente, y escuchará al neurólogo hablar con el paciente primero. Все начнется с контрольного состояния, которое будет говорить "Плацебо" почти незаметно красным цветом в левом нижнем углу, когда нет поставки тока, и вы сначала услышите нейролога, говорящего с пациентом. So let's watch. Итак, давайте посмотрим.

7:52(Video) Neurologist: Okay, just look at my face and tell me what happens when I do this. 7:52 (Видео) Невролог: Хорошо, просто смотрите на мое лицо и скажите мне, что происходит, когда я это делаю. All right?

7:59Patient: Okay.

8:01Neurologist: One, two, three.

8:06Patient: Nothing. Neurologist: Nothing? Okay. I'm going to do it one more time. |||||||ещё раз| Look at my face. One, two, three. 8:19Patient: You just turned into somebody else. Your face metamorphosed. ||преобразилось ||changed shape ||przemieniła się Your nose got saggy, it went to the left. |||Tvůj nos ochabl, šel doleva.||||| Твой|||обвисший||||| |||droopy||||| |||wiotki||||| 8: 19Paciente: Acabas de convertirte en otra persona. You almost looked like somebody I'd seen before, but somebody different. |почти||||||||| That was a trip. Tu nariz se aflojó, se fue a la izquierda. Votre nez s'est affaissé, il est allé vers la gauche. (Laughter) 8:38Nancy Kanwisher: So this experiment — (Applause) — this experiment finally nails the case that this region of the brain is not only selectively responsive to faces but causally involved in face perception.So I went through all of these details about the face region to show you what it takes to really establish that a part of the brain is selectively involved in a specific mental process. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||stanovit||||||||selektivně|||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||причинно||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||proves|||||||||||not just|specifically|reactive||||directly influencing||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||a part of||| |||||||||w końcu||||||||||||||||||przyczynowo związany||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| (Смех) 8:38Нэнси Канвишер: Итак, эти эксперименты - (Аплодисменты) - наконец, доказывают, что данная область мозга не только селективно реагирует на лица, но и принимает участие в восприятии лиц. Так что я привела все эти детали о области мозга для того, чтобы показать вам, что нужно сделать, чтобы действительно установить, что часть мозга селективно участвует в конкретном психическом процессе. Next, I'll go through much more quickly some of the other specialized regions of the brain that we and others have found. Затем я быстрее пройдусь по некоторым другим специализированным областям мозга, которые мы и другие открыли. So to do this, I've spent a lot of time in the scanner over the last month so I can show you these things in my brain. Так что для этого я провела много времени в сканере за последний месяц, чтобы показать вам все это в моем мозге.

9:17So let's get started. 8: 38Nancy Kanwisher: Entonces, este experimento - (Aplausos) - este experimento finalmente determina el hecho de que esta región del cerebro no solo responde selectivamente a las caras, sino que está causalmente involucrada en la percepción de la cara. Así que revisé todos estos detalles sobre la cara. Región para mostrarle lo que se necesita para establecer realmente que una parte del cerebro está involucrada selectivamente en un proceso mental específico. Here's my right hemisphere. |||półkula mózgowa A continuación, analizaré mucho más rápidamente algunas de las otras regiones especializadas del cerebro que nosotros y otros hemos encontrado. So we're oriented like that. Вот так мы и ориентируемся. You're looking at my head this way. Imagine taking the skull off and looking at the surface of the brain like that. |||lebka||||||||||| Okay, now as you can see, the surface of the brain is all folded up. |||||||||||||zvrásněný| |||||||||||||pofałdowana| Итак, теперь, как вы видите, вся поверхность мозга свернута. So that's not good. Estás mirando mi cabeza de esta manera. Stuff could be hidden in there. We want to see the whole thing, so let's inflate it so we can see the whole thing. |||||||||nafouknout|||||||| |||||||||надуть|||||||| |||||||||enlarge|||||||| |||||||||napełnić|||||||| Bien, ahora, como puedes ver, la superficie del cerebro está doblada. Next, let's find that face area I've been talking about that responds to images like these. To see that, let's turn the brain around and look on the inside surface on the bottom, and there it is, that's my face area. Des choses pourraient être cachées là-dedans. Just to the right of that is another region that is shown in purple that responds when you process color information, and near those regions are other regions that are involved in perceiving places, like right now, I'm seeing this layout of space around me and these regions in green right there are really active. |||||||||||||fialové barvě|||||||||||||||||||vnímání míst||||||||rozvržení prostoru|||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||тех областей||||||||||||||я вижу|||планировка пространства|||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||arrangement of space|||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||postrzeganiu|||||||||||||||||||||| Queremos verlo todo, así que hagámoslo para poder verlo todo. There's another one out on the outside surface again where there's a couple more face regions as well. Also in this vicinity is a region that's selectively involved in processing visual motion, like these moving dots here, and that's in yellow at the bottom of the brain, and near that is a region that responds when you look at images of bodies and body parts like these, and that region is shown in lime green at the bottom of the brain. |||blízkost||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||окрестность||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||lime green||||||| |||okolica||||||||||||||kropki||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Para ver eso, giremos el cerebro y miremos la superficie interior en la parte inferior, y ahí está, esa es el área de mi cara. Также в этой области есть зона, которая выборочно участвует в обработке визуального движения, как эти движущиеся точки здесь, и она находится внизу мозга, окрашена в желтый цвет, и рядом с ней есть зона, которая реагирует, когда вы смотрите на изображения тел и их частей, такие как эти, и эта область показана зеленым цветом внизу мозга.

10:31Now all these regions I've shown you so far are involved in specific aspects of visual perception. Justo a la derecha de eso hay otra región que se muestra en color púrpura que responde cuando procesas información de color, y cerca de esas regiones hay otras regiones involucradas en la percepción de lugares, como ahora mismo, estoy viendo esta distribución del espacio a mi alrededor. Y estas regiones en verde justo allí son realmente activas. 10:31 Все эти области, которые я вам пока показал, участвуют в специфических аспектах визуального восприятия. Do we also have specialized brain regions for other senses, like hearing? У нас также есть специализированные участки мозга для других чувств, например, слуха? Yes, we do. También en esta vecindad hay una región que participa selectivamente en el procesamiento del movimiento visual, como estos puntos en movimiento aquí, y que está en amarillo en la parte inferior del cerebro, y cerca de eso hay una región que responde cuando miras imágenes de cuerpos y partes del cuerpo como estos, y esa región se muestra en verde lima en la parte inferior del cerebro. So if we turn the brain around a little bit, here's a region in dark blue that we reported just a couple of months ago, and this region responds strongly when you hear sounds with pitch, like these. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||výška tónu|| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||высота звука|| 10: 31 Ahora todas estas regiones que les he mostrado hasta ahora están involucradas en aspectos específicos de la percepción visual. (Sirens) (Cello music) (Doorbell)In contrast, that same region does not respond strongly when you hear perfectly familiar sounds that don't have a clear pitch, like these. musical instruments|musical instrument||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||Dzwonek||||||||||||||||||||||| ¿Tenemos también regiones cerebrales especializadas para otros sentidos, como escuchar? (Chomping) (Drum roll) (Toilet flushing) Žvýkání||||splachování toalety Чавканье|Барабанный бой||| Sound of eating||||toilet flushing

11:17Okay. Entonces, si giramos el cerebro un poco, aquí hay una región en azul oscuro que informamos hace un par de meses, y esta región responde con fuerza cuando escuchas sonidos con tono, como estos. Next to the pitch region is another set of regions that are selectively responsive when you hear the sounds of speech. |||||||||||||citlivé na||||||| |||зона высоты тона||||||||||||||||| (Sirenas) (Música de violonchelo) (Timbre) En contraste, esa misma región no responde con fuerza cuando escuchas sonidos perfectamente familiares que no tienen un tono claro, como estos.

11:25Okay, now let's look at these same regions. (Chomping) (rollo de tambor) (inodoro) In my left hemisphere, there's a similar arrangement — not identical, but similar — and most of the same regions are in here, albeit sometimes different in size. |||||||||||||||||||||ačkoli|||| |||||||configuration|||||||||||||||||| |||||||układ||||||||||||||||||

11:35Now, everything I've shown you so far are regions that are involved in different aspects of perception, vision and hearing. Junto a la región de tono hay otro conjunto de regiones que responden de manera selectiva cuando escuchas los sonidos del habla. Do we also have specialized brain regions for really fancy, complicated mental processes? Yes, we do. So here in pink are my language regions. En mi hemisferio izquierdo, hay una disposición similar, no idéntica, pero similar, y la mayoría de las mismas regiones se encuentran aquí, aunque a veces son diferentes en tamaño. So it's been known for a very long time that that general vicinity of the brain is involved in processing language, but we showed very recently that these pink regions respond extremely selectively. |||||||||||||||||||zpracování jazyků|||||||||||||velmi selektivně ||||||||||||окрестность|||||||||||||||||||| They respond when you understand the meaning of a sentence, but not when you do other complex mental things, like mental arithmetic or holding information in memory or appreciating the complex structure in a piece of music. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||oceňování|||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||docenianie|||||||| ¿También tenemos regiones cerebrales especializadas para procesos mentales realmente sofisticados y sofisticados? Они реагируют, когда вы понимаете смысл предложения, но не когда вы выполняете другие сложные умственные действия, такие как арифметика в уме, удержание информации в памяти или оценивание сложной структуры музыкального произведения.

12:20The most amazing region that's been found yet is this one right here in turquoise. ||||||||||||||tyrkysová barva ||||||||||||||бирюзовый цвет ||||||||||||||turquoise color ||||||||||||||turkusowym This region responds when you think about what another person is thinking. Así que aquí en rosa están mis regiones lingüísticas. So that may seem crazy, but actually, we humans do this all the time. You're doing this when you realize that your partner is going to be worried if you don't call home to say you're running late. I'm doing this with that region of my brain right now when I realize that you guys are probably now wondering about all that gray, uncharted territory in the brain, and what's up with that? |||||||||||||||||||||||||neprobádané území||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||и|||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||unknown||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||||||niezbadany||||||co z||| 12: 20 La región más asombrosa que se ha encontrado es esta aquí, en turquesa. 12:20 De meest verbazingwekkende regio die tot nu toe is gevonden, is deze hier in turkoois.

12:57Well, I'm wondering about that too, and we're running a bunch of experiments in my lab right now to try to find a number of other possible specializations in the brain for other very specific mental functions.But importantly, I don't think we have specializations in the brain for every important mental function, even mental functions that may be critical for survival. |||||||||||||||||||||||||||areas of focus|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| In fact, a few years ago, there was a scientist in my lab who became quite convinced that he'd found a brain region for detecting food, and it responded really strongly in the scanner when people looked at images like this. ||||||||||||||||přesvědčený|||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||identifying|||||||||||||||| And further, he found a similar response in more or less the same location in 10 out of 12 subjects. |dále|||||||||||||||| So he was pretty stoked, and he was running around the lab telling everyone that he was going to go on "Oprah" with his big discovery.But then he devised the critical test: He showed subjects images of food like this and compared them to images with very similar color and shape, but that weren't food, like these. ||||nadšený|||||||||||||||||||||||||vymyslel|||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||Опра Уинфри|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||||||||||Oprah Winfrey Show|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||||podekscytowany||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Estoy haciendo esto con esa región de mi cerebro ahora mismo cuando me doy cuenta de que ustedes probablemente ahora se están preguntando acerca de todo ese territorio gris e inexplorado en el cerebro, ¿y qué pasa con eso? And his region responded the same to both sets of images. 12: 57 Bueno, eso también me lo pregunto, y ahora mismo estamos realizando varios experimentos en mi laboratorio para tratar de encontrar otras posibles especializaciones en el cerebro para otras funciones mentales muy específicas. Pero, lo que es más importante, no piense que tenemos especializaciones en el cerebro para cada función mental importante, incluso las funciones mentales que pueden ser críticas para la supervivencia. So it wasn't a food area, it was just a region that liked colors and shapes. De hecho, hace unos años, había un científico en mi laboratorio que se convenció bastante de que había encontrado una región del cerebro para detectar alimentos, y que respondía con mucha fuerza en el escáner cuando las personas miraban imágenes como esta. So much for "Oprah." |||Oprah |||Опра Уинфри Y además, encontró una respuesta similar en más o menos el mismo lugar en 10 de los 12 sujetos.

14:11But then the question, of course, is, how do we process all this other stuff that we don't have specialized brain regions for? |||||samozřejmě||||||||||||||||| Así que estaba muy emocionado, y estaba corriendo por el laboratorio diciéndole a todos que iba a ir a "Oprah" con su gran descubrimiento. Pero luego ideó la prueba crítica: mostró a los sujetos imágenes de comida como esta y las comparó con Imágenes con colores y formas muy similares, pero que no eran alimentos, como estos. Well, I think the answer is that in addition to these highly specialized components that I've been describing, we also have a lot of very general- purpose machinery in our heads that enables us to tackle whatever problem comes along. ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||umožňuje nám|||řešit|||| Y su región respondió lo mismo a ambos conjuntos de imágenes. In fact, we've shown recently that these regions here in white respond whenever you do any difficult mental task at all — well, of the seven that we've tested. So each of the brain regions that I've described to you today is present in approximately the same location in every normal subject. I could take any of you, pop you in the scanner, and find each of those regions in your brain, and it would look a lot like my brain, although the regions would be slightly different in their exact location and in their size. ||||||поместить|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

15:04What's important to me about this work is not the particular locations of these brain regions, but the simple fact that we have selective, specific components of mind and brain in the first place. Bueno, creo que la respuesta es que además de estos componentes altamente especializados que he estado describiendo, también tenemos una gran cantidad de maquinaria de propósito general en nuestras cabezas que nos permite abordar cualquier problema que surja. I mean, it could have been otherwise. ||||||иначе То есть могло быть и иначе. The brain could have been a single, general-purpose processor, more like a kitchen knife than a Swiss Army knife. |||||||||||||||чем|||| Instead, what brain imaging has delivered is this rich and interesting picture of the human mind. |||||||||||obraz lidské mysli|||| Podría tomar a cualquiera de ustedes, colocarlos en el escáner y encontrar cada una de esas regiones en su cerebro, y se parecería mucho a mi cerebro, aunque las regiones serían ligeramente diferentes en su ubicación exacta y en su tamaño. So we have this picture of very general-purpose machinery in our heads in addition to this surprising array of very specialized components. ||||||||||||||||||řada|||| ||||изображение||||||||||||||||||

15:42It's early days in this enterprise. |||||podnikání |||||предприятие |||||project |||||przedsięwzięciu Quiero decir, podría haber sido de otra manera. We've painted only the first brushstrokes in our neural portrait of the human mind. |||||tahy štětcem|||||||| |||||мазки кисти|||||||| |applied color||||initial marks|||||||| |||||pociągnięcia pędzla|||||||| The most fundamental questions remain unanswered. |||||без ответа En cambio, lo que la imagen cerebral ha brindado es esta imagen rica e interesante de la mente humana. So for example, what does each of these regions do exactly? Why do we need three face areas and three place areas, and what's the division of labor between them? ||||||||||||||rozdělení úkolů|||| Зачем нужны три области лица и три области места, и какое между ними разделение труда? Second, how are all these things connected in the brain? With diffusion imaging, you can trace bundles of neurons that connect to different parts of the brain, and with this method shown here, you can trace the connections of individual neurons in the brain, potentially someday giving us a wiring diagram of the entire human brain. |difuzní zobrazování|||||svazky neuronů|||||||||||||||||||sledovat dráhy||||||||||||||zapojení neuronů|||||| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||схема соединений||||| ||||||groups||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| |dyfuzja||||śledzić||z|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Las preguntas más fundamentales siguen sin respuesta. Third, how does all of this very systematic structure get built, both over development in childhood and over the evolution of our species? To address questions like that, scientists are now scanning other species of animals, and they're also scanning human infants. ||||||||||||||||||kojence

16:47Many people justify the high cost of neuroscience research by pointing out that it may help us someday to treat brain disorders like Alzheimer's and autism. ||ospravedlňují|||||||||||||||||||||||autismus |||||||||||||||||||||||||аутизм |||||||||||||||||||||||||autism spectrum disorder That's a hugely important goal, and I'd be thrilled if any of my work contributed to it, but fixing things that are broken in the world is not the only thing that's worth doing. ||||||||||||||přispělo k tomu||||||||||||||||||| Con las imágenes de difusión, puede rastrear haces de neuronas que se conectan a diferentes partes del cerebro, y con este método que se muestra aquí, puede rastrear las conexiones de neuronas individuales en el cerebro, lo que posiblemente nos proporcione un diagrama de cableado de todo el cerebro humano . The effort to understand the human mind and brain is worthwhile even if it never led to the treatment of a single disease. ||||||||||stojí za to|||||||||||| |||||человеческий||||||||||||||||| What could be more thrilling than to understand the fundamental mechanisms that underlie human experience, to understand, in essence, who we are? ||||||||||||||||||podstata||| ||||волнующий||||||||||||||||| ||||||||||||form the basis of||||||||| ||||||||||||leżą u podstaw||||||||| This is, I think, the greatest scientific quest of all time. |||||||pátrání|||