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Kurzgesagt (In a Nutshell), Three Ways to Destroy the Universe

Three Ways to Destroy the Universe

One day the universe will die.

But why? And how? And will the universe be dead forever?

And how do we know that?

First of all, the universe is expanding.

And not only that, the rate of its expansion is accelerating.

The reason: dark energy.

Dark energy is a strange phenomenon that scientists believe permeates the universe.

Until 1998 we thought that the universe must work a bit like

a ball that you throw into the sky.

The ball moves up, but at some point it has to come down again.

But the expansion of the universe is actually speeding up.

That's like throwing a ball up and watching it fly away

faster and faster and faster.

Where is this acceleration coming from?

Well, we don't know, but we call it “dark energy”.

Einstein thought of it first and then decided it was stupid.

Now, astrophysicists have decided it is plausible.

Trouble is, this is all very theoretical, and we don't actually know

what the properties of dark energy are.

But there are various theories and they lead us to three scenarios

for the end of the universe.

One: the Big Rip.

Since its birth, the universe has been expanding.

For unknown reasons new spaces created everywhere equally.

The space between galaxies expands, so they move apart.

The space inside galaxies also expands, but here, gravity is strong enough

to keep them together.

In the Big Rip scenario, the expansion accelerates up to a point where

space expands so fast that gravity can't compensate for this effect anymore.

The result is a Big Rip.

At first, only large structures like galaxies are torn apart,

since space between the single objects expands very fast.

Next, big bodies like black holes, stars, and planets die.

Their gravity isn't strong enough to keep them together,

so they dissolve into their components.

In the end, space would expand faster than the speed of light.

Atoms would now be affected, and they would just disband.

Once space is expanding faster than light, no particle in the universe can interact

with any other particle anymore.

The universe would dissolve into countless lonely particles that won't be able to

touch anything else in a strange, timeless universe.

Hmm, and you thought you felt lonely!

Two: Heat death or a Big Freeze.

In a nutshell, the difference between the Big Rip and heat death is that

in a heat death scenario matter stays intact and is converted

over an incredibly long but finite period of time into radiation,

while the universe expands forever.

But how does this work? Let's talk about entropy.

Every system tends towards the state of highest entropy,

like when we have a latte macchiato.

Initially, it has different regions, but over time, they will

cool down and disintegrate, until it's uniform.

And this also applies to the universe.

So, while the universe gets bigger and bigger,

matters slowly decays and spreads out.

At some point, after lots of generations of stars, all the gas clouds necessary

to form stars will be exhausted, so the universe will turn dark.

The remaining suns will die;

black holes will slowly degenerate and evaporate over trillions of years

due to what's known as Hawking radiation.

When this process is complete, only a dilute gas of photons and light particles

remains, until even this decays.

All activity in the universe ceases at this point;

entropy is at its maximum and the universe is dead forever.

Unless… theoretically, it might be possible

that after an incredibly long amount of time,

there might be a spontaneous entropy decrease as a result of something called

“quantum tunneling”, leading to a new Big Bang.

Three: Big Crunch and Big Bounce.

This is the most uplifting scenario.

If there is less dark energy than we think or it decreases over time, gravity will be

the dominating force in the universe one day.

In a few trillion years, the rate of expansion of the universe

will slow down and stop.

After that, it reverses.

Galaxies will race at each other, merging as the universe becomes

smaller and smaller.

Since a smaller universe also means a hotter universe, temperatures rise

everywhere all at once.

One hundred thousand years before the Big Crunch, background radiation would be

hotter than the surfaces of the most stars, which means that

they would be cooked from the outside.

Minutes before the Big Crunch happens, atom cores are ripped apart,

before supermassive black holes devour everything.

Finally, all black holes would emerge into a supermassive mega-black hole

that contains the entire mass of the universe,

and in the last moment before the Big Crunch

it would devour the universe, including itself.

The Big Bounce theory states that this has happened a lot of times

and that the universe goes through an infinite cycle of

expansion and contraction.

Well, wouldn't that be nice?

So what will actually happen to the universe in the end?

At the moment, heat death seems the most likely, but we at Kurzgesagt hope that

this “dead forever” stuff is wrong and the universe will start over and over again.

We don't know for sure either way, so let's just assume

the most uplifting theory is true.

By the way, we have a Twitter account.

Subtitles by the Amara.org community

Three Ways to Destroy the Universe Drei Wege zur Zerstörung des Universums Tres maneras de destruir el universo Trois façons de détruire l'univers 宇宙を破壊する3つの方法 Trys būdai sunaikinti Visatą Trzy sposoby na zniszczenie wszechświata Três maneiras de destruir o universo Три способа уничтожить Вселенную Evreni Yok Etmenin Üç Yolu Три способи знищити Всесвіт 毁灭宇宙的三种方法 毁灭宇宙的三种方法

One day the universe will die.

But why? And how? And will the universe be dead forever?

And how do we know that?

First of all, the universe is expanding.

And not only that, the rate of its expansion is accelerating. E não só isso, a taxa de sua expansão está se acelerando.

The reason: dark energy. O motivo: energia escura.

Dark energy is a strange phenomenon that scientists believe permeates the universe. الطاقة المظلمة هي ظاهرة غريبة يعتقد العلماء أنها تملأ الكون. L'énergie noire est un phénomène étrange qui, selon les scientifiques, imprègne l'univers. A energia escura é um fenômeno estranho que os cientistas acreditam que permeia o universo.

Until 1998 we thought that the universe must work a bit like حتى عام 1998 كنا نعتقد أن الكون يجب أن يعمل مثل До 1998 года мы думали, что Вселенная должна работать как

a ball that you throw into the sky. كرة تقوم برميها في السماء. une balle que l'on lance dans le ciel.

The ball moves up, but at some point it has to come down again. الكرة تتحرك لأعلى، ولكن في نقطة ما يجب عليها الهبوط مرة أخرى. A bola sobe, mas em algum momento tem que descer novamente.

But the expansion of the universe is actually speeding up. لكن توسع الكون في الحقيقة يتسارع. Mas a expansão do universo está realmente acelerando.

That's like throwing a ball up and watching it fly away هذا مثل رمي كرة لأعلى ومشاهدتها تطير بعيداً Это все равно, что подбросить мяч и посмотреть, как он улетает

faster and faster and faster.

Where is this acceleration coming from? De onde vem essa aceleração?

Well, we don't know, but we call it “dark energy”.

Einstein thought of it first and then decided it was stupid. Einstein y a d'abord pensé, puis a décidé que c'était stupide. Эйнштейн сначала подумал об этом, а потом решил, что это глупо.

Now, astrophysicists have decided it is plausible. الآن ، قرر علماء الفلك أنه من الممكن. Agora, os astrofísicos decidiram que é plausível. Теперь астрофизики решили, что это правдоподобно.

Trouble is, this is all very theoretical, and we don't actually know المشكلة هي أن هذا كله نظري جداً ، ونحن لا نعرف في الواقع O problema é que tudo isso é muito teórico, e na verdade não sabemos

what the properties of dark energy are. ما هي خصائص الطاقة المظلمة.

But there are various theories and they lead us to three scenarios

for the end of the universe.

One: the Big Rip. الاولى: الافجار الكبير. Le premier : le Big Rip. Um: o Grande Rip.

Since its birth, the universe has been expanding. منذ ولادته، كان الكون يتوسع. Desde o seu nascimento, o universo vem se expandindo.

For unknown reasons new spaces created everywhere equally. لأسباب غير معروفة تُخلق مساحات جديدة في كل مكان بالتساوي. Pour des raisons inconnues, de nouveaux espaces ont été créés partout également. Por razões desconhecidas, novos espaços foram criados em todos os lugares igualmente. По неизвестным причинам новые пространства созданы везде одинаково.

The space between galaxies expands, so they move apart. المسافة بين المجرات تتوسع، لذا تتباعد عن بعضها البعض. O espaço entre as galáxias se expande, então elas se afastam.

The space inside galaxies also expands, but here, gravity is strong enough المسافة داخل المجرات أيضًا تتوسع، ولكن هنا، الجاذبية تكون قوية بما يكفي للحفاظ عليها معًا. L'espace à l'intérieur des galaxies se dilate également, mais la gravité y est suffisamment forte Пространство внутри галактик тоже расширяется, но здесь гравитация достаточно сильна

to keep them together. للحفاظ عليها معًا. чтобы держать их вместе.

In the Big Rip scenario, the expansion accelerates up to a point where

space expands so fast that gravity can't compensate for this effect anymore. تتمدد الفضاء بسرعة كبيرة جدًا حتى تتعذر على الجاذبية تعويض هذا التأثير بعد الآن.

The result is a Big Rip. النتيجة هي الانفجار الكبير.

At first, only large structures like galaxies are torn apart, في البداية، يتم تمزيق هياكل كبيرة فقط مثل المجرات. No início, apenas grandes estruturas como galáxias são destruídas,

since space between the single objects expands very fast. car l'espace entre les objets individuels se dilate très rapidement.

Next, big bodies like black holes, stars, and planets die. Ensuite, les grands corps comme les trous noirs, les étoiles et les planètes meurent.

Their gravity isn't strong enough to keep them together,

so they dissolve into their components. فتذوب في مكوناتها. afin qu'ils se dissolvent dans leurs composants.

In the end, space would expand faster than the speed of light. في النهاية، ستتمدد الفضاء بسرعة أسرع من سرعة الضوء.

Atoms would now be affected, and they would just disband. سيتأثر الذرات الآن، وستنفصل فقط. Les atomes seraient désormais affectés et se dissoudraient. Os átomos agora seriam afetados, e eles simplesmente se dissolveriam.

Once space is expanding faster than light, no particle in the universe can interact عندما يتم توسيع الفضاء بسرعة أسرع من الضوء، لا يمكن لأي جسيم في الكون التفاعل Когда пространство расширяется быстрее света, никакие частицы во Вселенной не могут взаимодействовать.

with any other particle anymore. مع أي جسيم آخر بعد الآن.

The universe would dissolve into countless lonely particles that won't be able to سينحل الكون في جزيئات وحيدة لا يمكنها التفاعل مع بعضها البعض.

touch anything else in a strange, timeless universe. لمس أي شيء آخر في كون غريب ولا زمني. tocar qualquer outra coisa em um universo estranho e atemporal. прикоснуться к чему-либо еще в странной, вневременной вселенной.

Hmm, and you thought you felt lonely! همم، وكنت تعتقد أنك تشعر بالوحدة! Хм, а вы думали, что чувствуете себя одиноким!

Two: Heat death or a Big Freeze. اثنان: الموت بالحرارة أو الثلج الكبير.

In a nutshell, the difference between the Big Rip and heat death is that

in a heat death scenario matter stays intact and is converted في سيناريو الموت الحراري ، تظل المادة سليمة وتتحول dans un scénario de mort thermique, la matière reste intacte et est convertie. в сценарии тепловой смерти материя остается нетронутой и преобразуется

over an incredibly long but finite period of time into radiation, على مدى فترة زمنية طويلة لكنها محدودة بشكل لا يصدق إلى إشعاعات، sur une période de temps incroyablement longue mais finie, en radiations,

while the universe expands forever. بينما تتوسع الكون إلى الأبد.

But how does this work? Let's talk about entropy.

Every system tends towards the state of highest entropy, Tout système tend vers l'état d'entropie le plus élevé, Todo sistema tende para o estado de maior entropia,

like when we have a latte macchiato. مثل عندما نشرب لاتيه ماكياتو. zoals wanneer we een latte macchiato hebben. como quando temos um latte macchiato.

Initially, it has different regions, but over time, they will في البداية، لها مناطق مختلفة، لكن مع مرور الوقت، ستتبرد وتتفتت حتى تصبح متجانسة.

cool down and disintegrate, until it's uniform. وتبرد وتتفتت، حتى تصبح متجانسة. se refroidir et se désintégrer, jusqu'à ce qu'il soit uniforme. esfriar e desintegrar, até ficar uniforme. остыть и распадаться, пока не станет однородным.

And this also applies to the universe.

So, while the universe gets bigger and bigger,

matters slowly decays and spreads out. تتحلل المسائل ببطء وتنتشر. as coisas lentamente se decompõem e se espalham.

At some point, after lots of generations of stars, all the gas clouds necessary في نقطة ما، بعد العديد من الأجيال من النجوم، ستنفد كل السحب الغازية اللازمة Em algum momento, depois de muitas gerações de estrelas, todas as nuvens de gás necessárias

to form stars will be exhausted, so the universe will turn dark. عندما تنفد النجوم ستتلاشى، لذا ستتحول الكون إلى الظلام.

The remaining suns will die; سيموت الشمس المتبقية؛ Os sóis restantes morrerão;

black holes will slowly degenerate and evaporate over trillions of years ستتحلل الثقوب السوداء ببطء وتتبخر على مدى تريليونات السنين черные дыры будут медленно вырождаться и испаряться в течение триллионов лет

due to what's known as Hawking radiation.

When this process is complete, only a dilute gas of photons and light particles عند اكتمال هذه العملية، يبقى فقط غاز مخفف من الفوتونات والجزيئات الضوئية Quando este processo está completo, apenas um gás diluído de fótons e partículas de luz

remains, until even this decays. حتى يتلاشى حتى هذا. permanece, até que mesmo isso decaia.

All activity in the universe ceases at this point; يتوقف كل نشاط في الكون في هذه النقطة؛

entropy is at its maximum and the universe is dead forever. الانتروبيا في أقصى حدودها والكون ميت إلى الأبد.

Unless… theoretically, it might be possible ما لم ... من النظري، قد يكون من الممكن

that after an incredibly long amount of time, أن بعد فترة زمنية طويلة جدًا،

there might be a spontaneous entropy decrease as a result of something called il pourrait y avoir une diminution spontanée de l'entropie à la suite d'un phénomène appelé pode haver uma diminuição espontânea da entropia como resultado de algo chamado может произойти спонтанное уменьшение энтропии в результате чего-то, что называется

“quantum tunneling”, leading to a new Big Bang. “الانفجار الكبير” .” للأمام "tunnel quantique", conduisant à un nouveau Big Bang. “tunelamento quântico”, levando a um novo Big Bang. «Квантовое туннелирование», ведущее к новому Большому взрыву.

Three: Big Crunch and Big Bounce. ثلاثة: Crunch كبيرة و Bounce كبيرة.” Três: Big Crunch e Big Bounce. Третье: Big Crunch и Big Bounce.

This is the most uplifting scenario. هذا هو السيناريو الأكثر إلهاما. C'est le scénario le plus réjouissant. Este é o cenário mais animador. Это самый воодушевляющий сценарий.

If there is less dark energy than we think or it decreases over time, gravity will be

the dominating force in the universe one day.

In a few trillion years, the rate of expansion of the universe Em alguns trilhões de anos, a taxa de expansão do universo

will slow down and stop.

After that, it reverses. Depois disso, inverte.

Galaxies will race at each other, merging as the universe becomes سوف تتسابق المجرات في اتجاه بعضها البعض، وتدمج معا مع تقلص الكون As galáxias correrão umas contra as outras, fundindo-se à medida que o universo se torna

smaller and smaller. وتقلصاً.

Since a smaller universe also means a hotter universe, temperatures rise ونظرًا لأن الكون الأصغر يعني أيضًا كون أكثر سخونة، ترتفع درجات الحرارة

everywhere all at once. em todos os lugares ao mesmo tempo.

One hundred thousand years before the Big Crunch, background radiation would be مائة ألف سنة قبل الانهيار الكبير، سيكون هناك إشعاع خلفي Cem mil anos antes do Big Crunch, a radiação de fundo seria

hotter than the surfaces of the most stars, which means that

they would be cooked from the outside. سيتم طهيهم من الخارج. eles seriam cozidos do lado de fora.

Minutes before the Big Crunch happens, atom cores are ripped apart, دقائق قليلة قبل حدوث الانفجار الكبير، يتم تمزيق أنوية الذرات، Minutos antes do Big Crunch acontecer, os núcleos dos átomos são destruídos,

before supermassive black holes devour everything. قبل أن تبتلع الثقوب السوداء الضخمة كل شيء.

Finally, all black holes would emerge into a supermassive mega-black hole أخيرًا، ستنبعث جميع الثقوب السوداء إلى ثقب أسود ميجا فائق الضخامة Finalmente, todos os buracos negros emergiriam em um mega-buraco negro supermassivo

that contains the entire mass of the universe, الذي يحتوي على كامل كتلة الكون،

and in the last moment before the Big Crunch وفي اللحظة الأخيرة قبل الانهيار الكبير e no último momento antes do Big Crunch

it would devour the universe, including itself. سيبتلع الكون نفسه، بما في ذلك نفسه.

The Big Bounce theory states that this has happened a lot of times نظرية الاندفاع الكبير تقول أن هذا حدث العديد من المرات La théorie du grand rebond affirme que cela s'est produit à de nombreuses reprises A teoria do Big Bounce afirma que isso aconteceu muitas vezes

and that the universe goes through an infinite cycle of وأن الكون يمر بدورة لا نهاية لها

expansion and contraction. التوسع والانكماش.

Well, wouldn't that be nice? حسنًا، أليس ذلك رائعًا؟

So what will actually happen to the universe in the end? فماذا سيحدث في النهاية للكون بالفعل؟

At the moment, heat death seems the most likely, but we at Kurzgesagt hope that في الوقت الحالي، يبدو أن الموت الحراري هو الأكثر احتمالاً، ولكن نحن في كورزجيست نأمل أن

this “dead forever” stuff is wrong and the universe will start over and over again. أن هذا الأمر "الموت الأبدي" غير صحيح وأن الكون سيراجع ويعاود البدء مرة بعد مرة. Cette histoire de "mort à jamais" est fausse et l'univers recommencera encore et encore. essa coisa de “morto para sempre” está errada e o universo começará de novo e de novo.

We don't know for sure either way, so let's just assume نحن لا نعرف بالضبط الطريقة الصحيحة، لذلك لنفترض فقط Não sabemos ao certo de qualquer maneira, então vamos apenas supor

the most uplifting theory is true. أصدق النظريات نعتقد أنها صحيحة. a teoria mais edificante é verdadeira.

By the way, we have a Twitter account. بالمناسبة، لدينا حساب على تويتر.

Subtitles by the Amara.org community ترجمة العناوين من قبل مجتمع Amara.org