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Learn English With Videos (Mario Vergara), 061: How False News Can Spread

061: How False News Can Spread

There's a quote usually attributed to the writer Mark Twain that goes, “A lie can travel halfway around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.” Funny thing about that. There's reason to doubt that Mark Twain ever said this at all, thus, ironically, proving the point.

And today, the quote, whoever said it, is truer than ever before. In previous decades, most media with global reach consisted of several major newspapers and networks which had the resources to gather information directly.

Outlets like Reuters and the Associated Press that aggregate or re-report stories were relatively rare compared to today. The speed with which information spreads now has created the ideal conditions for a phenomenon known as circular reporting.

This is when publication A publishes misinformation, publication B reprints it, and publication A then cites B as the source for the information. It's also considered a form of circular reporting when multiple publications report on the same initial piece of false information, which then appears to another author as having been verified by multiple sources.

For instance, the 1998 publication of a single pseudo-scientific paper arguing that routine vaccination of children causes autism inspired an entire anti-vaccination movement, despite the fact that the original paper has repeatedly been discredited by the scientific community.

Deliberately unvaccinated children are now contracting contagious diseases that had been virtually eradicated in the United States, with some infections proving fatal. In a slightly less dire example, satirical articles that are formatted to resemble real ones can also be picked up by outlets not in on the joke.

For example, a joke article in the reputable British Medical Journal entitled “Energy Expenditure in Adolescents Playing New Generation Computer Games,” has been referenced in serious science publications over 400 times.

User-generated content, such as wikis, are also a common contributor to circular reporting. As more writers come to rely on such pages for quick information, an unverified fact in a wiki page can make its way into a published article that may later be added as a citation for the very same wiki information, making it much harder to debunk.

Recent advances in communication technology have had immeasurable benefits in breaking down the barriers between information and people. But our desire for quick answers may overpower the desire to be certain of their validity.

And when this bias can be multiplied billions of people around the world, nearly instantaneously, more caution is in order. Avoiding sensationalist media, searching for criticisms of suspicious information, tracing the original source of a report can help slow down a lie, giving the truth more time to put on its shoes.

061: How False News Can Spread 061: Wie sich Falschmeldungen verbreiten können 061: How False News Can Spread 061: Cómo se propagan las noticias falsas 061 : Comment les fausses nouvelles peuvent se propager 061:虚偽のニュースがどのように広がるか 061: Jak fałszywe wiadomości mogą się rozprzestrzeniać 061: Como as notícias falsas podem se espalhar 061: Как могут распространяться ложные новости 061:假新闻如何传播 061:假新聞如何傳播

There's a quote usually attributed to the writer Mark Twain that goes, “A lie can travel halfway around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.” Funny thing about that. 作家のマーク・トウェインに通常起因する引用があります。「真実がその靴を履いている間、嘘は世界の半分を旅することができます。」それについて面白いこと。 Há uma citação geralmente atribuída ao escritor Mark Twain que diz: “Uma mentira pode viajar meio mundo enquanto a verdade está colocando seus sapatos”. Coisa engraçada sobre isso. Есть цитата, которую обычно приписывают писателю Марку Твену: "Ложь может объехать полмира, пока правда надевает ботинки". Забавная вещь. Існує цитата, яку зазвичай приписують письменнику Марку Твену: «Брехня може облетіти півсвіту, поки правда взувається». Смішно в цьому. There's reason to doubt  that Mark Twain ever said this at all, thus, ironically, proving the point. There's reason to doubt that Mark Twain ever said this at all, thus, ironically, proving the point. マーク・トウェインがこれまでにこれをまったく言ったことを疑う理由があります。したがって、皮肉なことに、その要点を証明しています。 Há razões para duvidar que Mark Twain tenha dito isso, assim, ironicamente, provando o ponto. Есть основания сомневаться, что Марк Твен вообще когда-либо говорил это, что, как ни парадоксально, доказывает смысл сказанного. Є підстави сумніватися, що Марк Твен взагалі коли-небудь говорив це, таким чином, за іронією долі, доводячи тезу.

And today, the quote, whoever said it, is truer than ever before. そして今日、それを言った人は誰でも、引用はかつてないほど真実です。 E hoje, a citação, quem a disse, é mais verdadeira do que nunca. In previous decades, most media with global reach consisted of several  major newspapers and networks which had the resources to gather information directly. In previous decades, most media with global reach consisted of several major newspapers and networks which had the resources to gather information directly. 過去数十年間、世界的に普及しているほとんどのメディアは、情報を直接収集するためのリソースを備えたいくつかの主要な新聞とネットワークで構成されていました。 Nas décadas anteriores, a maior parte da mídia com alcance global consistia em vários grandes jornais e redes que tinham recursos para coletar informações diretamente.

Outlets like Reuters  and the Associated Press that aggregate or re-report stories were relatively rare compared to today. 記事を集約または再報告するロイターやAP通信のようなアウトレットは、今日に比べて比較的まれでした。 Veículos como a Reuters e a Associated Press que agregam ou reportam histórias eram relativamente raros em comparação com os dias de hoje. Такие издания, как Reuters и Associated Press, которые агрегируют или пересказывают истории, были относительно редкими по сравнению с сегодняшним днем. The speed with which information spreads now has created the ideal conditions for a phenomenon known as circular reporting. 情報が広がる速度は、循環報告として知られる現象の理想的な条件を生み出しました。 A velocidade com que a informação se espalha agora criou as condições ideais para um fenômeno conhecido como reportagem circular. Скорость, с которой распространяется информация, создала идеальные условия для явления, известного как круговая отчетность. Швидкість, з якою зараз поширюється інформація, створила ідеальні умови для явища, відомого як циркулярне звітування.

This is when publication A publishes misinformation, publication B reprints it, and publication A then cites B as the source for the information. これは、出版物Aが誤った情報を公開し、出版物Bがそれを再印刷し、出版物Aが情報のソースとしてBを引用する場合です。 É quando a publicação A publica desinformação, a publicação B a reimprime e a publicação A cita B como a fonte da informação. It's also considered a form of circular reporting when multiple publications report on the same initial piece of false information, which then appears to another author as having been verified by multiple sources. また、複数の出版物が同じ最初の誤った情報について報告し、それが複数の情報源によって検証されたように別の著者に見える場合、これは循環報告の一形態と見なされます。 Também é considerado uma forma de reportagem circular quando várias publicações relatam a mesma informação inicial falsa, que aparece para outro autor como tendo sido verificada por várias fontes. Это также считается формой круговой отчетности, когда несколько изданий сообщают об одном и том же первоначальном фрагменте ложной информации, которая затем представляется другому автору как подтвержденная несколькими источниками. Це також вважається формою циклічного звітування, коли кілька публікацій повідомляють про ту саму початкову частину неправдивої інформації, яка потім виглядає іншим автором як така, що була перевірена кількома джерелами.

For instance, the 1998 publication of a single pseudo-scientific paper arguing that routine vaccination of children causes autism inspired an entire anti-vaccination movement, despite the fact that the original paper has repeatedly been discredited by the scientific community. たとえば、1998年に発表された単一の疑似科学論文は、元の論文が科学界から繰り返し信用を失っているにもかかわらず、子供への定期的な予防接種が自閉症を引き起こすと主張し、予防接種反対運動全体に影響を与えました。 Por exemplo, a publicação em 1998 de um único artigo pseudocientífico argumentando que a vacinação de rotina de crianças causa autismo inspirou todo um movimento antivacinação, apesar do fato de o artigo original ter sido repetidamente desacreditado pela comunidade científica.

Deliberately unvaccinated children are now contracting contagious diseases that had been virtually eradicated in the United States, with some infections proving fatal. 故意にワクチン接種を受けていない子供たちは現在、米国で事実上根絶されていた伝染病にかかっており、いくつかの感染症は致命的であることが証明されています。 Crianças deliberadamente não vacinadas estão agora contraindo doenças contagiosas que foram praticamente erradicadas nos Estados Unidos, com algumas infecções sendo fatais. Намеренно невакцинированные дети теперь заражаются инфекционными заболеваниями, которые были практически искоренены в Соединенных Штатах, причем некоторые инфекции приводят к летальному исходу. In a slightly less dire example, satirical articles that are formatted to resemble real ones can also be picked up by outlets not in on the joke. 少し悲惨な例では、本物に似せてフォーマットされた風刺的な記事は、冗談を言っていないアウトレットでも拾うことができます。 Em um exemplo um pouco menos terrível, artigos satíricos que são formatados para se parecerem com os reais também podem ser captados por veículos que não estão na piada. Несколько менее страшный пример: сатирические статьи, которые по формату напоминают реальные, также могут быть подхвачены изданиями, не принимающими участие в шутке.

For example, a joke article in the reputable British Medical Journal entitled “Energy Expenditure in Adolescents Playing New Generation Computer Games,” has been referenced in serious science publications over 400 times. たとえば、評判の良いブリティッシュメディカルジャーナルの「新世代のコンピュータゲームをプレイする青年のエネルギー消費」というジョーク記事は、深刻な科学出版物で400回以上参照されています。 Por exemplo, um artigo de piada no respeitável British Medical Journal intitulado “Energy Expenditure in Adolescents Playing New Generation Computer Games”, foi citado em publicações científicas sérias mais de 400 vezes.

User-generated content, such as wikis, are also a common contributor to circular reporting. ウィキなどのユーザー生成コンテンツも、循環報告の一般的な要因です。 O conteúdo gerado pelo usuário, como wikis, também é um contribuinte comum para relatórios circulares. As more writers come to rely on such pages for quick information, an unverified fact in a wiki page can make its way into a published article that may later be added as a citation for the very same wiki information, making it much harder to debunk. より多くのライターが迅速な情報を得るためにそのようなページに依存するようになると、wikiページの未確認の事実が公開された記事になり、後でまったく同じwiki情報の引用として追加される可能性があります。 À medida que mais escritores confiam nessas páginas para obter informações rápidas, um fato não verificado em uma página wiki pode chegar a um artigo publicado que pode mais tarde ser adicionado como uma citação para as mesmas informações wiki, tornando muito mais difícil desmascarar.

Recent advances in communication technology have had immeasurable benefits in breaking down the barriers between information and people. 通信技術の最近の進歩は、情報と人との間の障壁を打ち破る上で計り知れない利益をもたらしました。 Os avanços recentes na tecnologia da comunicação trouxeram benefícios imensuráveis na quebra das barreiras entre informação e pessoas. But our desire for quick answers may overpower the desire to be certain of their validity. しかし、迅速な回答を求める私たちの願望は、それらの妥当性を確実にしたいという願望を打ち負かす可能性があります。 Mas nosso desejo por respostas rápidas pode superar o desejo de ter certeza de sua validade.

And when this bias can be multiplied billions of people around the world, nearly instantaneously, more caution is in order. そして、このバイアスが世界中の何十億もの人々に倍増する可能性がある場合、ほぼ瞬時に、より多くの注意が必要になります。 E quando esse viés pode ser multiplicado por bilhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, quase instantaneamente, é preciso mais cautela. Avoiding sensationalist media, searching for criticisms of suspicious information,  tracing the original source of a report can help slow down a lie, giving the truth more time to put on its shoes. センセーショナルなメディアを避け、疑わしい情報の批判を探し、レポートの元のソースを追跡することは、嘘を遅くするのに役立ち、真実にその靴を履くためのより多くの時間を与えることができます。 Evitar a mídia sensacionalista, buscar críticas de informações suspeitas, rastrear a fonte original de uma reportagem pode ajudar a retardar uma mentira, dando à verdade mais tempo para se calçar. Избегание сенсационных СМИ, поиск критики подозрительной информации, отслеживание первоисточника сообщения может помочь замедлить ложь, давая правде больше времени, чтобы обуться.