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Learn English With Videos (Mario Vergara), 048: What’s The Oldest Tree in the World?

048: What's The Oldest Tree in the World?

What is the oldest tree in the world?

Well, when you start talking about the oldest, the biggest or almost any other superlative nature, you're unlikely to find a cut and dry answer. There are in fact two contenders for oldest tree, and it depends on how you define the term.

The oldest known individual tree was discovered in 2012 in the White Mountains of east central California, a great northern bristlecone pine that's 5.063 years old. That's older than the pyramids, here's a photo of a similar bristlecone pine, now it doens't look exactly alive and that may be part of its secret to success. The high cold arid climate of the white mountains turns out to be the perfect environment for fostering these ancient trees. Strangely, the higher you go in those mountains, the older the trees get and several studies have suggested that the longevity of pines there, is directly related to how bad the growing conditions are. Not only is the average rainfall on the White Mountains less than 30 centimeters per year, but most of the trees are growing on dolomite, a type of limestone in highly alkaline soil with very few nutrients. But over time bristlecones have adapted to this alkalinity unlike other trees which has left them free to grow without much if any competition.

Bristlecones also don't expend a lot of energy on their growth and in good year the tree's girth will increase by about 0.25 milimeters. So instead they can make the most of their meager resources. As a result bristlecones tend to have a pretty high proportion of dead to live wood, but this has its advantages too, reducing respiration and water loss, and it also helps that there are many other trees around, which makes it less likely that they'll fall victim to a forest fire over the millenia.

Researchers are able to determine these trees precise age thanks to a process called cross dating, which involves taking core samples from both living and dead trees and then matching up the patterns of their rings to come back with the timeline. That goes back thousands of years.

For our second contender, we're going to Fish Lake National Forest in south central Utah. Here lives a clonal colony of quaking aspen that may very well be the oldest living thing on earth. It's been named Pando and every tree or stem as they're called in the half square kilometer colony, is genetically identical. Although no individual tree in the colony is older than 200 years, they're all connected by a single root system that's at least eighty thousand years old and possibly much older. At over 6.000 metric tons, it also holds the distinction of being the heaviest known living organism on earth. So, how do Padon get so old? Clonal colonies like Pando can reproduce either by flowering and producing seeds or by producing a clone of themselves. In this case cloning just means extending the enourmous network of roots and forcing a new stem up through the ground, because the heart of Pando, is so far beneath the ground, it can't be killed by a forest fire. Recent studies have found that Pando hasn't reproduced sexually in more than 10.000 years. That's quite a dry spell, and not that surprising given its age. That just means that it's up to the root system to continue producing clones and letting forest fires burn to keep invading conifers at bay.

So thanks to the evolutionary tips, world's oldest trees, I'll be sure to keep them in mind when I turn five thousand years old and wanna go for another five thousand, and thank you for watching this episode of SciShow. If you have any questions or comments or ideas, write down on the comments bellow and on facebook and twitter, and if you want to keep getting smart with us here at SchiShow, you can go to youtube.com/scishow and subscribe.

048: What’s The Oldest Tree in the World? 048: Was ist der älteste Baum der Welt? 048: ¿Cuál es el árbol más viejo del mundo? 048: Qual è l'albero più vecchio del mondo? 048：世界で最も古い木は何ですか？ 048: Jakie jest najstarsze drzewo na świecie? 048: Qual é a árvore mais antiga do mundo? 048: Какое самое старое дерево в мире? 048: Dünyanın En Yaşlı Ağacı Nedir? 048：世界上最古老的树是什么？ 048: 世界上最古老的树是什么？

What is the oldest tree in the world? 世界で最も古い木は何ですか？

Well, when you start talking about the oldest, the biggest or almost any other superlative nature, you're unlikely to find a cut and dry answer. さて、あなたが最も古い、最も大きい、またはほとんど他の最上級の性質について話し始めるとき、あなたはカットアンドドライの答えを見つける可能性は低いです。 Bem, quando você começa a falar sobre o mais antigo, o maior ou quase qualquer outra natureza superlativa, é improvável que encontre uma resposta direta e direta. There are in fact two contenders for oldest tree, and it depends on how you define the term. 実際、最も古いツリーには2つの候補があり、用語の定義方法によって異なります。 Na verdade, existem dois concorrentes para a árvore mais antiga, e isso depende de como você define o termo.

The oldest known individual tree was discovered in 2012 in the White Mountains of east central California, a great northern bristlecone pine that's 5.063 years old. 最も古い既知の個々の木は、カリフォルニア東部中央部のホワイトマウンテンで2012年に発見されました。これは、樹齢5.063年の北ブリストルコーンパインです。 A árvore individual mais antiga conhecida foi descoberta em 2012 nas Montanhas Brancas do centro-leste da Califórnia, um grande pinheiro bristlecone do norte com 5.063 anos de idade. That's older than the pyramids, here's a photo of a similar bristlecone pine, now it doens't look exactly alive and that may be part of its secret to success. これはピラミッドよりも古いものです。これは同様のブリストルコーンパインの写真ですが、今では正確に生きているようには見えず、成功の秘訣の一部である可能性があります。 Isso é mais antigo que as pirâmides, aqui está uma foto de um pinheiro bristlecone semelhante, agora não parece exatamente vivo e isso pode ser parte de seu segredo para o sucesso. The high cold arid climate of the white mountains turns out to be the perfect environment for fostering these ancient trees. 白い山々の非常に寒く乾燥した気候は、これらの古代の木を育てるのに最適な環境であることがわかりました。 O clima frio e árido das montanhas brancas acaba por ser o ambiente perfeito para o cultivo dessas árvores antigas. Strangely, the higher you go in those mountains, the older the trees get and several studies have suggested that the longevity of pines there, is directly related to how bad the growing conditions are. 不思議なことに、それらの山に行くほど、木は古くなり、いくつかの研究は、そこでの松の寿命は、成長条件がどれほど悪いかに直接関係していることを示唆しています。 Estranhamente, quanto mais alto você sobe nessas montanhas, mais velhas as árvores ficam e vários estudos sugerem que a longevidade dos pinheiros lá está diretamente relacionada a quão ruins são as condições de crescimento. Not only is the average rainfall on the White Mountains less than 30 centimeters per year, but most of the trees are growing on dolomite, a type of limestone in highly alkaline soil with very few nutrients. ホワイトマウンテンの平均降雨量は年間30センチメートル未満であるだけでなく、ほとんどの樹木は、栄養分がほとんどない高アルカリ性土壌の石灰岩の一種であるドロマイトで成長しています。 Não apenas a precipitação média nas Montanhas Brancas é inferior a 30 centímetros por ano, mas a maioria das árvores cresce em dolomita, um tipo de calcário em solo altamente alcalino com muito poucos nutrientes. But over time bristlecones have adapted to this alkalinity unlike other trees which has left them free to grow without much if any competition. しかし、時間の経過とともに、ブリストルコーンは他の樹木とは異なり、このアルカリ性に適応してきました。 Mas, com o tempo, os bristlecones se adaptaram a essa alcalinidade, ao contrário de outras árvores, o que os deixou livres para crescer sem muita ou nenhuma competição.

Bristlecones also don't expend a lot of energy on their growth and in good year the tree's girth will increase by about 0.25 milimeters. ブリストルコーンパインも成長に多くのエネルギーを消費せず、良い年には木の周囲が約0.25ミリメートル増加します。 Bristlecones também não gastam muita energia em seu crescimento e em anos bons a circunferência da árvore aumentará em cerca de 0,25 milímetros. So instead they can make the most of their meager resources. したがって、代わりに、彼らはわずかなリソースを最大限に活用することができます。 Então, em vez disso, eles podem aproveitar ao máximo seus parcos recursos. As a result bristlecones tend to have a pretty high proportion of dead to live wood, but this has its advantages too, reducing respiration and water loss, and it also helps that there are many other trees around, which makes it less likely that they'll fall victim to a forest fire over the millenia. その結果、ブリストルコーンは生きている木材に対して死んだ木材の割合がかなり高い傾向がありますが、これには呼吸と水分の損失を減らすという利点もあります。また、周りに他の多くの木があるので、それらが存在する可能性が低くなります。何千年にもわたる山火事の犠牲者になります。 Como resultado, os bristlecones tendem a ter uma proporção bastante alta de madeira morta para madeira viva, mas isso também tem suas vantagens, reduzindo a respiração e a perda de água, e também ajuda o fato de haver muitas outras árvores ao redor, o que torna menos provável que eles será vítima de um incêndio florestal ao longo dos milênios. В результате у щетинистых деревьев, как правило, довольно высокое соотношение мертвой и живой древесины, но это тоже имеет свои преимущества, уменьшая дыхание и потерю воды, а также способствует тому, что вокруг много других деревьев, что делает менее вероятным, что они станут жертвой лесного пожара в течение тысячелетий.

Researchers are able to determine these trees precise age thanks to a process called cross dating, which involves taking core samples from both living and dead trees and then matching up the patterns of their rings to come back with the timeline. 研究者は、クロスデートと呼ばれるプロセスのおかげで、これらの木の正確な年齢を特定できます。このプロセスでは、生きている木と死んだ木の両方からコアサンプルを採取し、リングのパターンを一致させてタイムラインに戻します。 Os pesquisadores são capazes de determinar a idade exata dessas árvores graças a um processo chamado datação cruzada, que envolve a coleta de amostras de núcleos de árvores vivas e mortas e, em seguida, a correspondência dos padrões de seus anéis para retornar à linha do tempo. Исследователи смогли определить точный возраст этих деревьев благодаря процессу, называемому перекрестным датированием, который включает в себя взятие образцов сердцевины живых и мертвых деревьев, а затем сопоставление рисунков их колец для составления хронологии. That goes back thousands of years. それは数千年前にさかのぼります。 Это длится уже тысячи лет.

For our second contender, we're going to Fish Lake National Forest in south central Utah. 2番目の候補として、ユタ州中南部のフィッシュレイク国有林に行きます。 Para o nosso segundo candidato, iremos para a Floresta Nacional de Fish Lake, no centro-sul de Utah. В качестве второго претендента мы отправимся в Национальный лес Фиш-Лейк на юге центральной части штата Юта. Here lives a clonal colony of quaking aspen that may very well be the oldest living thing on earth. ここには、地球上で最も古い生き物である可能性が非常に高い、カロリナポプラのクローンコロニーが住んでいます。 Aqui vive uma colônia clonal de álamo tremedor que pode muito bem ser o ser vivo mais antigo da Terra. It's been named Pando and every tree or stem as they're called in the half square kilometer colony, is genetically identical. それはパンドと名付けられており、0.5平方キロメートルのコロニーで呼ばれるすべての木や茎は遺伝的に同一です。 Foi nomeado Pando e cada árvore ou caule, como são chamados na colônia de meio quilômetro quadrado, é geneticamente idêntico. Although no individual tree in the colony is older than 200 years, they're all connected by a single root system that's at least eighty thousand years old and possibly much older. コロニー内の個々の樹木は200年以上前のものではありませんが、それらはすべて、少なくとも8万年前、場合によってははるかに古い単一の根系によって接続されています。 Embora nenhuma árvore individual na colônia tenha mais de 200 anos, todas estão conectadas por um único sistema radicular com pelo menos 80 mil anos e possivelmente muito mais. At over 6.000 metric tons, it also holds the distinction of being the heaviest known living organism on earth. 6.000メートルトンを超えるこの生物は、地球上で最も重い既知の生物であるという特徴も持っています。 Com mais de 6.000 toneladas métricas, também detém a distinção de ser o organismo vivo mais pesado conhecido na Terra. So, how do Padon get so old? では、パドンはどうやってそんなに年をとるのですか？ Então, como Padon fica tão velho? Clonal colonies like Pando can reproduce either by flowering and producing seeds or by producing a clone of themselves. パンドのようなクローンコロニーは、開花して種子を生産するか、それ自体のクローンを生産することによって繁殖することができます。 Colônias clonais como Pando podem se reproduzir florescendo e produzindo sementes ou produzindo um clone de si mesmas. In this case cloning just means extending the enourmous network of roots and forcing a new stem up through the ground, because the heart of Pando, is so far beneath the ground, it can't be killed by a forest fire. この場合、クローン作成とは、根の巨大なネットワークを拡張し、新しい茎を地面から押し上げることを意味します。パンドの中心部は地下にあるため、山火事で殺すことはできません。 Neste caso, a clonagem significa apenas estender a enorme rede de raízes e forçar um novo caule através do solo, porque o coração do Pando está tão abaixo do solo que não pode ser morto por um incêndio florestal. В данном случае клонирование означает лишь расширение огромной сети корней и пробивание нового стебля сквозь землю, потому что сердце Пандо находится так далеко под землей, что его не может убить лесной пожар. Recent studies have found that Pando hasn't reproduced sexually in more than 10.000 years. 最近の研究によると、パンドは1万年以上も性的に繁殖していないことがわかっています。 Estudos recentes descobriram que Pando não se reproduz sexualmente há mais de 10.000 anos. That's quite a dry spell, and not that surprising given its age. それはかなり乾燥した呪文であり、その年齢を考えるとそれほど驚くことではありません。 É um período de seca e não é tão surpreendente, dada a sua idade. Это довольно сухой период, и это не удивительно, учитывая его возраст. That just means that it's up to the root system to continue producing clones and letting forest fires burn to keep invading conifers at bay. これは、クローンの生産を継続し、森林の火を燃やして針葉樹の侵入を防ぐのはルートシステム次第であることを意味します。 Isso significa apenas que cabe ao sistema radicular continuar produzindo clones e deixar que os incêndios florestais queimem para manter as coníferas invasoras afastadas. Это означает, что корневая система должна продолжать производить клоны и поддерживать лесные пожары, чтобы не допустить вторжения хвойных деревьев.

So thanks to the evolutionary tips, world's oldest trees, I'll be sure to keep them in mind when I turn five thousand years old and wanna go for another five thousand, and thank you for watching this episode of SciShow. ですから、進化の秘訣である世界最古の木のおかげで、私が5000歳になり、さらに5000歳になりたいときは、必ずそれらを覚えておいてください。SciShowのこのエピソードを見ていただきありがとうございます。 Então, graças às dicas evolutivas, as árvores mais antigas do mundo, com certeza vou me lembrar delas quando eu completar cinco mil anos e quiser ir para mais cinco mil, e obrigado por assistir a este episódio do SciShow. Так что спасибо за советы по эволюции, самые старые деревья в мире, я обязательно буду иметь их в виду, когда мне исполнится пять тысяч лет и я захочу прожить еще пять тысяч, и спасибо, что смотрите этот эпизод SciShow. If you have any questions or comments or ideas, write down on the comments bellow and on facebook and twitter, and if you want to keep getting smart with us here at SchiShow, you can go to youtube.com/scishow and subscribe. 質問、コメント、アイデアがある場合は、以下のコメント、Facebook、Twitterに書き留めてください。SchiShowで私たちと一緒に賢くなりたい場合は、youtube.com/scishowにアクセスして登録してください。 Se você tiver dúvidas, comentários ou ideias, escreva nos comentários abaixo e no facebook e twitter, e se quiser continuar ficando esperto conosco aqui no SchiShow, você pode ir para youtube.com/scishow e se inscrever.