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History, The Entire History of Ancient Jap

The Entire History of Ancient Jap

Five Mongol envoys knelt on the beach at Kamakura and stretched out their necks.

Their time had come and a clear target for the executioner's sword would at least ensure

it was painless.

They gazed out over the deep blue of the Pacific Ocean, waves lapping slowly.

How they wished their final sight could have been an ocean of grass swaying softly in a

step breeze.

Their hearts were calm as the blades descended upon their naked necks.

They would be revenged.

This execution of ambassadors was how Hojo Tokimune, the shikken, head of the Shogun's

government and ruler of Japan, gave his definitive answer to Kublai Khan, Emperor of China, son

of heaven, Great Khan of the Mongols.

He would not submit, not now, not ever.

Mount Fuji's shining peak loomed over the headless Mongol warriors.

Soon after, Kublai sent another five men.

This time there would be no negotiation.

They came to announce one thing.

Invasion.

It would be the biggest seaborne attack the world had ever seen.

These new envoys met the same end, but they were not granted the honor of dying in Mount

Fuji's blessed shadow.

Their blood stained the western beaches where their compatriots had tried to land in Kyushu

a year before.

For the first invasion had come in November 1274.

Great Korean ships replete with Mongol battle regalia and tipped with grotesque figureheads,

still living Japanese islanders from the outlying domains of Tsushima and Iki were nailed, screaming

hideously, to the prows.

The armada stretching to the horizon obscured the waters and made land in Hakata Bay, northern

Kyushu.

Tight ranks of soldiers descended from the ships into the water and marched in formation,

shields held high up onto the beach.

This phalanx warfare was unfamiliar to the defending samurai.

They were confused.

When were they supposed to shout their challenge?

To whom?

How would they know if opponents were of appropriate rank?

One of the defenders made up his mind, lifted his great bow, took aim at a mounted officer

and let fly.

Hojo Tokimune, insecure in his recent tenure, presiding over a crumbling realm beset with

woes, lay in his concubine's lap.

His realm was an ancient one, even if the house of Tokimune were merely backwater warriors

turned recent usurpers of the strings of national power.

The Mongol threat had focused his mind, this the first full-scale invasion his country

had ever known.

And so, for the first time in his young life, he wondered how had Japan got here?

Tokimune became drowsy and slipped into a light sleep.

He dreamed slowly, vividly and fitfully of a Japan, not now as it was, but as it had

been, back into the mists of forgotten time.

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Hereupon, regretting the errors in the old words and wishing to correct the misstatements

in the former chronicles, Her Highness Empress Regnant Genmay, on the 18th day of the ninth

moon of the fourth year of Wado, commanded me, Yasumaro, to select and record the old

words and dutifully to lift them up to her.

I, Yasumaro, with true trembling and true fear, bow my head, bow my head.

Court noble Fudono Yasumaro, Upper Division First Class Fifth Rank Fifth Order of Merit,

paused in his writing, shifted his knees ever so slightly to render his kneeling position

a little more comfortable, dipped his fine brush into the pitch black ink and started

his great endeavor, a work to last for all time.

Yasumaro went on to render the fables, legends and vaguely understood myth of ancient times

as fact, creating a divine fable to legitimize and deify the rule of his very human imperial

masters and the right of his people, the Yamato, to dominate all the other tribes and

peoples of the land we now know as Japan.

He described how Izanagi and Izanami first created the islands, mountains, rivers, herbs

and trees with drops of water from a coral spear.

Then they begat the lord of the universe, the sun goddess Amaterasu, the greatest of

their divine children.

She sent her grandson, Ninigi no Mikado, to earth as the first ruler of the land.

But it was not only Ninigi who descended to earth.

His father, Susanoo, god of storms, uncouth and brash, was banished from heaven for his

foul and evil behavior.

While Susanoo's people conquered and flourished in Izumo in the west of the island of Honshu,

Ninigi's people also prospered and multiplied in the south.

Within three generations, they had grown powerful enough to thrust north to central Honshu,

battling foes to establish a new power base.

Its names were myriad, but most know it as Yamatai.

Yamatai was ruled over by an emperor, Jimmu, the first of a line that was to last forever.

Of course, it was probably not quite as Yasumaro told it.

For Yasumaro to serve a deity, the imperial line required divine blood.

And so, Yasumaro wove the myriad myths of the Yamato people into a solid story, and

in doing so, discovered a royal lineage that stretched back to the sun herself.

The Amaterasu of his story was probably based upon the legendary great third century shaman

queen Himiko.

Yasusano, her brother, and his fight with her may have represented a royal disagreement

as much as a heavenly battle.

His was a work of propaganda, akin to the Roman Aeneid, which wove together vaguely

remembered myth, heroic legend, and outright fabrications to legitimize the rule of Augustus

Caesar in Rome, or the secret history of the Mongols, which did the same for Genghis Khan.

The original settlers of Japan, however, came in a far more human guise.

They first crossed land bridges from the Asian mainland tens of thousands of years before,

and continued to arrive in small groups from all directions for eons afterwards.

The population was small, perhaps 160,000 at its height, and so these people, called

Jomon after the rope patterns they left on their pottery, are thought to have lived a

life of hunting and gathering the plentiful resources they found around them.

They did not know of war until a new people began to make landfall.

These were the people whose myths Yasumaru wrote as fact.

The many-fenced palace of the god of storms was copied across the islands by a new and

acquisitive ambitious people who coveted the land and protected a newly engineered resource,

the rice field.

These are known as the Yayoi people, and Japan would never be the same again.

The ancient Chinese kingdom of Wu, where Shanghai now stands, was believed by the ancient Japanese

to be where their ancestors came from, refugees from that kingdom, which was destroyed around

the time that the Yayoi are believed to have migrated to Japan.

Descriptions of the Wu and the Wa, as the Japanese were originally known in Chinese,

their tattoos and warlike nature certainly seem to bear more than a passing resemblance.

The archaeological and DNA record shows that a large body of the Yayoi period Japanese

came from the north, Siberia, through Mongolia and Manchuria, down the Korean peninsula and

across the seas.

Some modern research also suggests that material and cultural similarities with civilisations

on Java and other parts of Southeast Asia may exist.

What is certain is that the Yayoi people were not the final pre-Japanese history humans

to migrate to the Japanese isles.

Sometime in the first few centuries of the Common Era, a time of turmoil and war on the

continent, a massive wave of people came from northern China, bringing with them material

wealth and knowledge to improve just about every facet of human life on the islands.

Some became nobles, had their names recorded and entered the chronicles.

Place and family names connecting modern Japan with these ancient settlers can be found

to this day, but the exact details of early Japan can still be said to be lost in the

linguistic and cultural mists of time.

Which leaves us with the mystery of just who are the Japanese?

The country formerly had a man as a ruler.

For some 70 or 80 years after that there were disturbances and warfare.

Thereupon, the people agreed upon a woman for their ruler.

Her name was Himiko.

She occupied herself with magic and sorcery, bewitching the people.

Though mature in age, she remained unmarried.

She had a younger brother who assisted her in running the country.

After she became the ruler, there were few who saw her.

She had 1,000 women as attendants, but only one man.

He resided in a palace surrounded by towers and stockades, with armed guards in a constant

state of vigilance.

When Himiko passed away, a great mound was raised, more than 100 paces in diameter.

Over 100 male and female attendants followed her to the grave.

Kofun.

162,000 of these burial mounds have been identified across Japan.

They vary in shape and size, but the classic Kofun is shaped like a keyhole or bell.

The longest is over 400 meters.

The burial chambers are of stone.

Unlooted ones have been found to be adorned with paintings of court life and filled with

useful accessories for the afterlife.

The prehistoric, semi-legendary age recorded in the Chinese classic Sanguo Ji, Record of

the Three Kingdoms, not only told of the enthronement of Queen Himiko, her spinning of spells to

pacify the realm and an influx of people from lands over the seas, it also saw the

dawn of these massive, megalithic engineering projects.

Despite her pure white robe of mulberry fiber, the warm evening and the flaming torches,

a shiver of pure ice rent the girl's heart as she saw the mound, which would be her resting

place.

But she steeled herself.

The Magatama charms which adorned her body rattling while she danced her destiny as a

heavenly lady-in-waiting to her deceased mistress, ruler of Yamatai, Queen of Wa, friend of Wei

Dynasty China, Himiko.

Despite her fear and misgivings, the young girl's heart brimmed with pride to fulfill

this duty.

There never would be another such as her dead queen.

Himiko had woven a spell over Yamatai with Kido magic.

The sorcery had wrought peace where once there had been war, prosperity where once

there had been none.

The people loved her, yet none could set their eyes upon her, even the one thousand maidens

who served her were ignorant of her face.

The queen would admit only one person to her presence, her brother.

This man served her food and wine and communicated laws and judgments to her flock.

Himiko's most astonishing achievement had been sending four diplomatic missions to far

off China with gifts of slaves and the highly prized fine strong cloth for which the queen's

land was justly famous.

In return, treasures, the likes of which had never been seen before, beads, bronze mirrors

and most prized of all, swords, military banners and an official seal pronouncing her friend

and ally of the Wei Dynasty.

Himiko and her chief envoys were symbolically appointed to the highest ranks in the Wei

Chinese military.

Her magic had extended across the oceans and bewitched the Chinese ruler into giving her

his greatest honor.

With China's recognition, all bowed before her and Yamatai came to dominate the Japanese

islands.

But as is the way of things, the great queen breathed her last and the people of Yamatai

raised a great mound, a kofun, over her burial chamber.

One hundred youths and maidens were selected to serve her until the end of time and the

young girl shivering in the summer evening heat was one.

She danced on past the crackling flames into the kofun mound and on to the eternal afterlife.

Himiko and her serving maidens are believed to be at eternal peace at the Hashihaka Kofun

in Nara Prefecture.

Assassination and murder followed.

More than one thousand were thus slain.

A relative of Himiko named Eo, a girl of thirteen, was then made queen and order was restored.

Zhang, an ambassador from Wei, issued a proclamation to the effect that Eo was the ruler.

This set a pattern in Japan.

Throughout ancient times, women's status was high and female monarchs repeatedly enter

the chronicles.

Some like Empress Jingu beat the drums of war.

Others seem to have followed Himiko and Eo in fostering a land at peace with itself.

This doctrine is amongst all the doctrines the most excellent, but it is hard to explain

and hard to comprehend.

Even the Duke of Zhou and Confucius could not attain a knowledge of it.

This doctrine can create religious merit and retribution without measure and without bounds

and so lead on to a full appreciation of the highest wisdom.

Every prayer is fulfilled and nought is wanting.

The people who made the Japanese islands their home did not forget about the lands their

ancestors had come from, nor about the gods of those lands which they brought with them

to become the gods of the religion we now know as Shinto.

Long before the myths of Amaterasu and her descendants were written, Shinto was a living,

breathing religion of nature spirits.

Mountains, rivers, trees, stones, fire and water.

But the small kingdoms of the Japanese isles had remained intimately connected to those

on the Korean peninsula, trading, exchanging, learning, marrying and warring.

Embassies were exchanged, noble and royal marriage alliances forged, technology transferred

and missionaries sent.

There was a relationship of deep respect.

And so, in the middle of the 6th century, when King Sung of Baekje, a kingdom in the

western part of the peninsula, sent his letter sharing the peace of the Buddha with Emperor

Kinmei, his Imperial Highness' chief advisor, Soga Noaname, stroked his beard and smiled

behind a ceremonial fan.

His time had come at last.

The long years of scheming with his Korean kin and continental-minded allies in the Yamato

court had resulted at last in this mission's arrival.

It seemed sudden, heaven-sent, but it was nothing of the sort.

Soga and his family had spent years, perhaps even decades, arranging it all.

This was not the first time Buddha's teachings had reached Japan.

A number of the common people had been preached to by monks in generations past, some of the

holy men even claiming to have come from as far away as the land of the Buddha's birth.

But such common, barefoot migrant priests received no patronage and even less aristocratic

interest.

Soga Noaname's family had been aware, perhaps even secret followers, of the teachings for

generations.

He knew both that Buddhism was salvation for his sovereign and a way of concentrating power

in his own hands.

He would be the first noble of consequence to take up Buddha's banner.

He and his clan would hold it aloft in battle, claiming the divine power to smite and confound

their foes.

But nature, or maybe the old Shinto gods, it seemed did not agree with Soga's new religion.

Plague broke out and Soga's enemy at court seized upon this as proof that the true gods

of the land were insulted.

And Emperor Kinmei, in a fearful rage and in mortal fear for his life and kingdom, ordered

Buddhist temples destroyed.

It would be left to Soga Noaname's descendants to reclaim the Buddhist mandate.

The army of the imperial princes and the troops of the ministers were timid and afraid and

fell back three times.

At this, the imperial prince Shotoku, his hair being tied on his temples, followed in

the rear of the army.

He pondered in his own mind, saying to himself, without prayer we cannot succeed.

So he cut down a tree and swiftly fashioned images of the four heavenly kings.

Placing them on his topknot, he uttered a vow.

If we are now made to gain the victory over the enemy, I promise faithfully to honor the

four heavenly kings, guardians of the world, by erecting to them a temple with a pagoda.

And so, Prince Shotoku swept to victory.

When he was appointed head of government under his aunt, Japan's first and longest reigning

female empress regnant Suiko, he made Buddhism the state religion.

Together they established temples, sent embassies to Sui China, established a calendar to understand

the heavens and a constitution to enshrine both Buddhism and Chinese Confucian order

as the guiding principles of life, at least for aristocrats in the new nation, which was

to become generally known by a term he is said to have invented, the land of the rising

sun, Nihon, or Japan.

From the chaos and tribal infighting of the 5th century, Shotoku and Suiko established

the roots of a stable state, which would in time come to dominate the three main islands,

Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku, and impose semi-vassal status on the wild tribes of the north and

the tattooed Amami island peoples of the far south.

Future religious and secular leaders would claim that he came to them in visions and

dreams, inspiring them to great deeds and profound spiritual understanding.

In his vision, his accomplishments, and the recognition granted him down the ages, Prince

Shotoku can justly claim to be the father of the nation we now know.

As Japan.

The farm boy stood in a simple tunic, rusty knife in his belt, a tall spear at his side.

He was feeling strong.

The gathering cold of late autumn didn't bother him one bit.

Instead, the blue sky gave him hope and strength.

The conscript reflected on the fact that he was a peasant no more.

He was now a great warrior for his lord and king.

He watched excitedly as the eagerly anticipated great flotilla of ships entered the mouth

of the Benguma river on the east coast of Korea.

Tens of thousands of men bent to the oars, chanting in unison as the small vessels, which

had successfully made the treacherous crossing from Kyushu, made their way up the river.

Astride each ship stood proud warriors, clan banners held high, swords punching the air

amid deafening cheers.

Drums rang out.

They were late in the season and had been lucky not to get caught in the autumn storms,

but it mattered not.

They were now here.

Baekje, the kingdom from which Buddha's peace had entered Japan, was an ancient Japanese

ally on the Korean peninsula, but had fallen to an alliance of Tang China and another Korean

kingdom, Silla, in 660.

Following that defeat, those who could fled to Japan to plan their comeback with the help

of the Japanese.

This vast army and armada of boats was the result.

It was a moment of pure joy for the young conscript as he stood on the riverbank ready

to welcome the Japanese reinforcements and the returning Baekje refugees and above all,

his rightful lord, the new king, Pungjang.

This king would stamp the seal of peace on their lives and coat it with the blood of

the wretched oppressors.

The river was filling up.

It had become almost impossible to see the water flowing beneath the sleek vessels that

were so numerous.

Eight hundred, his commander had told him.

All the conscript knew that was with such a host they were sure of victory.

Everyone was in good spirits.

The moment for revenge had arrived.

It was October 4th, 663.

The motherland was on the cusp of being restored to its former glory.

The flotilla got larger and larger as more and more ships entered the estuary and started

to head upstream.

But there came a point when they were so jammed together that movement all but ceased.

This was the moment the hidden Tang Chinese ships had been waiting for.

One hundred and seventy of them sprung the trap, speeding downriver from inland harbors,

raining flaming arrows down on the unprepared Japanese and Baekje Korean vessels.

The young conscript watched in horror as his kingdom's salvation floundered and died before

his eyes.

Then, from the hills behind him came the sound of shouts.

A conch shell rang high, then low.

The order for cavalry to form up.

Hwarang, Silla's renowned cavalry, trained by warrior monks from childhood to revere

the law, obey all orders, to love and fight for the death of their comrades and to exterminate

their foes.

They were said to sooner die than retreat.

The young Baekje conscript now saw himself for what he was.

No great warrior.

A mere mountain peasant, dressed in hemp clothing, armed only with a simple spear.

It was now he knew fear in his heart.

Behind Baekje's dwindling forces, the Tang ship had closed in and hand-to-hand fighting

covered the floating battlefield.

Surviving Japanese warriors from sunken ships climbed the muddy riverbanks and joined the

rear of the conscript's formation.

There was nowhere to run from the circling Hwarang.

The only hope was the ever smaller mass of men around their king.

Then they broke.

The few remaining men headed for the safety of the hills as the Hwarang swarmed around

them, impaling the fleeing runners on razor-sharp lances.

They held out, fighting a low-key guerrilla war for years in the mountains.

But after a decade, the dwindling band of freedom fighters knew that all was truly lost.

There was to be no Baekje resurrection.

Japanese ships again made the dangerous voyage to the continental peninsula to perform the

evacuation of their Korean allies and kin.

The minister Yeo Jasin, the minister Gwisil Jipsa and others, men and women to the number

of over 700 persons, were removed and settled in the district of Gamafu in the province

of Omi.

As Baekje fell, all those who could, perhaps many thousands in all, escaped to the Japanese

islands with the retreating Japanese troops and in the decades following, they were welcomed

and integrated into society and national political systems.

Their traces survive to this day in place names, culture and family surnames.

This was a pivotal moment for Japan.

No longer would it be intimately entwined with the continent.

From now on, it would turn inwards, concentrating on its own affairs, staying well away from

continental politics and conflicts.

Silla, who soon conquered the whole peninsula, never forgot that the Japanese had supported

their Baekje enemies.

The relationship between the Japanese isles and the Koreas had soured, never to regain

its former warmth.

In ancient times, the kings of the Yin Dynasty restored their country after transferring

the capital five times.

The sovereigns of the Zhou Dynasty ensured peace in their country after establishing

the capital three times.

Today, as for the site of Heijokyo, the layout of the four animals is in accord with the

model.

Mountains guard the site in three directions and the divinations suggest good fortune.

We should build a new capital at this site.

Materials for construction as the need arises should be listed and reported.

Plans should be carefully worked out so that they would not be changed subsequently.

Bodhisenna had travelled the world, over icebound mountains, through parched desert, across

lush farmland and upon the deepest seas in his quest to find Manjusri, a long-dead enlightened

one, a Bodhisattva of wisdom, who appeared to him in a dream as a youth in India.

It had taken him years, but now he was reaching his journey's end.

Gyoki, the Japanese monk who walked beside him, was Manjusri reincarnated.

He was sure of it.

They had met before in another time and place, another life, in the presence of the Buddha

himself.

Gyoki solemnly led Bodhisenna onto his, their destiny, the great city of Heijokyo, Japan's

new capital.

Nothing like this had been seen before.

The land had been unified.

No longer was it merely the state lot of Yamato, it was now the land of the rising sun, Japan.

It was no longer appropriate or dignified for the court to up sticks and be loaded onto

the back of ox wagons every few years.

China had long ago built an established capital.

It was high time that Japan should join the civilized world in this matter, just as it

had so many other ways over the centuries.

Foreign states needed to understand the full dignity and civilization of the city's inhabitants

and its rulers, needed to know where to send diplomatic missions and tribute, and what

is more, heaven needed to know where human power lay on earth.

Moving had surely confused the gods, caused them to look less favorably on the realm.

The time had come.

On the day of Jaji in the eleventh month, the cabinet offered a proposal to the emperor

as follows.

We hear that in ancient times, lives were so simple that people lived in caves in winter

and nests in summer.

In recent years, the noble people live in palaces instead.

We also have the capital for the residence of the emperor.

Since the capital is visited by people from remote provinces and foreign countries, how

can we express the virtue of the emperor if the capital lacks magnificence?

We offer a proposal to decree that the authorities should instruct noblemen and wealthy commoners

to equip their houses with tiled roofs, vermilion pillars, and white walls.

Heijokyo was the answer to all these problems, desires, and prayers.

A city of a hundred thousand, nobles, commoners, and slaves alike walked within its numerous

precincts.

Peasants delivered food and other supplies from the hinterland.

Pretty girls arrived to make their fortune in the pleasure districts.

Criminals slunk by in the shadows, hoping to grab a tiny slither of the glorious riches

for themselves.

Imperial counselors and civil servants also came from much further afield, from as far

away as Persia, a land lost in the haze of the vast sand and grass desert which was known

to exist beyond China.

Chinese scholars, merchants, engineers, and architects from Great Tang roamed the streets

and haunted the halls of learning in their flowing robes, sporting their long status-marking

nails.

Work with one's hands and fingers was left to the mere illiterate peasants and the servile

classes.

A grand imperial repository called Shosuin was established to exemplify the permanence

of the new city.

The royal treasures, tribute and gifts from neighboring states, some emanating from further

even than the most exotic of inhabitants, the extreme wilds of lands in the far west

whose names were unknown, would no longer be subject to rude upheaval.

They would rest in peace, as symbols of imperial legitimacy, international recognition, and

power in the sacrosanct precincts of the brand new Todai-ji Temple.

But Shotoku's reforms had woven their logical path to this point.

The loss of allies and bases on the continent, no longer a buffer zone, had led to this point.

Japan's establishment as a state had led to this point.

Of all the people who roamed the wide boulevards of the new capital, Borisenna truly stood

out.

He was by far the darkest-skinned and perhaps close to one of the most learned men to have

ever walked the winding mountain roads of Japan.

A Tamil man from the deep south of what is now southern India, he had traveled the world

seeking Buddhist truth and his search had eventually ended here.

He was only in his twenties.

The imperial court was thrilled to have a guest from lands so close to those of Buddha's

birth and granted Borisenna land for a temple, encouraging him to share his deep knowledge

and saintly aura.

However, Borisenna did not simply settle for a quiet temple life.

He was granted the honor of putting the final touch to the greatest devotional work of construction

that Japan and most of the world had ever seen.

In 741, Emperor Shomu, desiring to show the magnificence of his state, demonstrate the

protection of the Buddha's universal order and having heard that Tang China had already

completed such a project, ordered the erecting of a great Buddha statue in Heijokyo.

It was to be the centerpiece of a great institution of religion and learning.

Sixteen meters high, five hundred tons cast entirely of bronze and housed in a great wooden

temple hall, fifty by eighty-six meters, with eighty-four massive cypress pillars.

For Daiji, the world had never seen the like in wood before nor would ever again.

Half of the population, around 2.6 million people, donated food, money or labor to the

cause and specialist craftsmen hired from throughout the known world toiled for over

a decade to realize this imperial dream.

In 752, it was time for the final act, the eye-opening ceremony, to dedicate the statue

to awaken the living Buddha within.

Before dignitaries from Tang China, all the Korean kingdoms, ten thousand guests and four

thousand dancers, moving to the dignified and majestic sounds of Hichiriki oboes, fue

flutes, koto, biwa lutes and myriad drums which formed the new imperial music brought

by Bodhisanna, the Tamil priest himself painted the Buddha's eyes.

It must have been a profound moment of holiness and spirituality.

With the painting of his eye, the Buddha lived in Nara, in Japan.

The great Buddha's love and protection now emanated from the Japanese capital city to

warm and protect the world with its light and sanctity.

The brush Bodhisanna used is still preserved in the treasury today.

It took several decades for the luster to wear off.

For while the munificence of the great statue undoubtedly protected the realm's spiritual

health, the financial and social cost took a long-term toil.

Furthermore, the great centers of learning became great centers of Buddhist power and

influence over the state.

This was not how the new Emperor Kamo saw his reign's future when he ascended the throne

in 781 and became determined to break from this monster of religious control created

by his predecessors.

There was only one thing for it.

The eternal capital of Hejo-kyo would have to be moved.

The Buddhists could be left to twiddle their thumbs and chant their sutras away from secular

power.

Nagaoka was the site chosen in 784, but it was not a success.

A decade later, in 794, Hejo-kyo was eventually founded and over the next decades blossomed

into a glorious and fitting capital city to truly rule the land in harmony.

This new city grew in size with the building of the vast, sprawling mansions of the 1,182

noble families of the land, a third who traced their lineage to Chinese and Korean families,

a testament to the global draw of the polity which had been built over the last two centuries

in central Japan.

The economy thrived and the libraries became the world's envy, with over 1,500 Chinese

classics available for the reference of ministers, scholars, engineers, craftspeople and soothsayers.

Over the next few hundred years, Chinese book collectors even visited to copy volumes of

ancient literature that had been lost in China itself.

Kyoto, as it later became, was to remain the imperial capital until 1869, but it was on

Japan's borders where the real battles were being held.

Emishi from the two provinces of Matsu and Echigo, their wild hearts as yet untamed,

have repeatedly harmed our imperial subjects.

Accordingly, we have dispatched an officer and have ordered the provinces to mobilize

their regiments.

They are to go forth and punish the Emishi.

The villages of sturdy wooden huts were small, but warm and secure.

Nestled in the cozy confines of tree-bound valleys, they were virtually hidden until

you stumbled upon them.

The villagers, called Emishi by their would-be invaders from the south, led hard but hardy

lives, hunting, trapping, gathering and reaping the grains of their half-wild paddy fields.

Food was plentiful, the gods and spirits of their northern mountains and forests provided

abundant resources of every kind.

And so why then should they bow to foreigners, pay the fruits of their labor to men and women

who lived in far-off palaces?

What would the foreigners give them in exchange for this?

What more could they need?

These people controlled their own destiny, paid tribute to no one, acknowledged no overlord

but their own chiefs.

Amongst the eastern savages, the Emishi are the most powerful.

Their men and women live together promiscuously, there is no distinction of father and child.

In winter they dwell in holes, in summer they live in nests.

Their clothing consists of furs and they drink blood.

In ascending mountains they are like flying birds, in going through the grass they are

like flea wolves.

What we now think of as Japan was not always Japan.

In fact, the remote borders in the north, the west and south are still unfixed and disputed

to this day.

In the 8th and 9th century, the wild border was far closer to the capital, so close in

fact that even the marches to the north of what is now Tokyo were hazy no-man's land,

a vague realm of independent and warlike peoples known as Emishi.

The ancient Japanese court did not engage in anthropological study to determine exactly

who these people were, simply classing these unsubjugated, free peoples as barbarians.

But modern research has led us to believe that they were farmers and hunters of mixed

ethnicity, composed of people similar to those who had settled in the south, but perhaps

with a stronger dose of blood from the people we now know as the Ainu of modern-day Japan's

extreme north.

Periodically, tribes of these Emishi people bowed to their powerful southern neighbours,

begged admittance to the tax roll and were resettled within the burgeoning Japanese imperium.

Whether this resettlement resembled the relatively peaceful settlement of Goths and other non-subject

tribes as farmers in Roman territory or represented something more sinister is unclear, but it

is thought that at least some of the settlers were captive women and children, who still

resisting husbands and fathers were then enticed to surrender and join them in exile.

However, in the main, the north remained beyond the pale, and the court at Heijokyo decided

that something must be done about it.

In the early 8th century, several punitive expeditions consisting mainly of infantry

conscripts set out, but the skill of the enemy horsemen, cumbersome supply lines and deep

winter snows meant little was achieved.

And so, in 774, the emperor decided to do something more definitive.

He declared the commencement of the Great Pacification Era.

Because military action brings hardship to the people, we have long valued the broad

virtue that embraces the myriad things and have eschewed war.

But a report from our generals makes it clear that the barbarians have not amended their

wild hearts.

They invade our frontiers and ignore the instructions of the sovereign.

What must be done cannot be avoided.

The Heijokyo court were conscripts, mainly from provinces adjoining the barbarian territories.

Non-professional peasants serving as part of their tax duty, providing their own weapons

and armour, and not expecting to be in the field for long.

Those who commanded them were chosen for their noble titles as much as their leadership prowess.

The Emishi, despite their own recorded testimony being lost to time, seem to have been warriors

born and despite their numerical and equipmental inferiority, could, as with the Viet Minh

and Vietnam, attack swiftly from nowhere before melting back into the dense, dark forests

of their homeland.

While the huge Yamato armies did score some wins, in the main they stumbled around in

territory they didn't know, losing men to ambush, getting hungrier and hungrier as their

supply lines grew ever longer.

An age-old story.

The Emishi chieftain Aterui sat atop his fleet horse, his bow as yet unstrung.

It was the fifth month of 789.

He gazed at the vast enemy force arrayed before him in the valley.

Behind the marching Yamato troops sent by Emperor Kamu smoked 800 of his people's homes,

raised as the slow-moving infantry progressed towards their doom, because the flaming homes

had been sacrificed to a grand plan.

An elaborate trap.

This advance guard had been lured over the Koromo River by easy pickings and the promise

of a seemingly small and easily-defeatable Emishi skirmish force of a mere few hundred.

The Emishi had stood their ground at first, let the attackers think it was the main force

earnestly defending their homes.

They then feigned retreat, withdrawing while keeping up a running battle with the 4,000

Yamato troops.

The invaders' plan was for the remainder of the massive invasion force, nearly 50,000

men, to cross the river now, with no Emishi defenders to threaten and thwart their passage.

But now was Aterui's moment.

He and his thousand warriors sounded their battle cry.

Blood-curdling roars echoed throughout the hills and thickly-treed valleys, magnifying

their volume to a storm.

The trampling army below them on the valley floor hesitated.

A sharp intake of breath sounded, and a proud, Chinese-style war banner drooped slightly

as its bearer looked around, spooked and afraid.

Then Aterui sounded his conch horn.

It rang through the valleys and hills of his homeland.

The cavalry started slowly down the forested mountain, as yet the enemy could not see them.

They could simply hear the cries and shouts of a large host approaching fast.

The men on the valley floor's imaginations ran wild.

It seemed as if a great horde of riders was bearing down upon them.

It was too much.

They broke and ran, trampling their once-proud war banners beneath their freezing, sandaled

feet.

Those that managed to reach the river began to wade outwards, towards the safety of the

far bank and the troops yet to cross.

But these were treacherous waters.

They flowed fast.

Over a thousand men succumbed to the depths.

A thousand two hundred and fifty more survived only by discarding their weapons, a sacrifice

to the goddess of this forsaken northern waterway.

The army did not attempt another crossing.

The commander Kino Kosami issued this report to the emperor.

My staff and I have discussed this, and concluded that our best course is to disband the army,

return the provisions, and prepare for emergencies.

Thus we have sent orders to the various armies to disband and withdraw.

More campaigns followed, but in the face of mounting opposition among the population,

it was clear that something had to change.

And so, after the death of Emperor Kamu, who had invested so much time and energy in this

great pacification, the court came up with a cunning plan.

In 811, victory was declared.

Nothing had changed.

The Emishi simply continued their wild and free ways in the way they saw fit.

It would be another four hundred years before the north was fully integrated into Japan,

and it would be cultural assimilation rather than conquest.

However, for now, a conch shell of freedom rang through the mountains and valleys of

the Emishi's northern homeland.

A Western Hoorie beckons with her white hand, inviting the stranger to intoxicate himself

with her white hand.

That Western Hoorie with features like a flower.

She stands by the wine warmer and laughs with the breath of spring, laughs with the breath

of spring, dances with the dress of gauze.

Will you be going somewhere, milord, now, before you are drunk?

The young embassy member, Abe no Nakamaro, had caught a glimpse of the girl with the

golden hair in the crowd as the Japanese embassy paraded into the Tang Chinese capital of Chang'an

through the great eastern gate of the city and proceeded to the diplomatic quarters where

they would be accommodated during their stay in the Chinese capital.

It had been a grueling odyssey from Heijo Kyo in that year of 717.

The thought of setting sail from the port of Naniwa with his mother's farewell poem

ringing in his ears brought tears even now, thousands of miles away, at journey's end.

Of the four ships that set sail, only two had made it across the raging seas south of

Kyushu.

He knew that former missions had sailed a safer route via Korea, but Baekje's fall and

Silla's belligerence had put a stop to that.

Once in China, though, a thing of true wonder had revealed itself, the road and relay station

network which stretched unhindered to the farthest borders of the realm with standardized

systems and in great order.

In China, all roads led to the capital, Chang'an.

The embassy had ridden in official carriages as guests of state, crossing great rivers

on stone bridges or regular river-worthy ferries, staying each night in comfortable

relay stations and contemplating the vastness of the countryside as the oxen plodded their

weary way on the hard road.

And now the young embassy member was here, in the center of the world, a city of more

than one million from all corners of the earth inside the awe-inspiring fortifications, and

yet all he could think of was the revealing dress of gauze, the curve of the body revealed

beneath, and the outlandish yet oh-so-enticing hair like fine golden strands woven through

silken cloth.

He wondered what type of barbarian she was, whether she had come from the end of the world

as he had.

He knew that he would be spending months, perhaps years, as a guest of the government

In special facilities afforded little movement, a gilded confinement, but he would somehow

evade the guard to stroke those long golden locks and discover what lay beneath the gauze

dress.

This truly was a city of wonders.

He would discover the world in Chang'an and return to Heizhouqiu to recount stories of

his epic adventures.

Of that he was certain.

Between 607 and 839 AD, 21 missions were dispatched to China.

The first mission infuriated the Chinese emperor and nearly led to war by insinuating that

the two nations were equal.

The heavenly sovereign of the east respectfully addresses the emperor of the west.

However, his forces were indisposed at the time, engaged in trying to dominate the northern

Korean kingdom of Goguryeo, and he settled for a polite but haughty letter to be delivered

to place the mere sovereign of this barbarian nation below himself, the son of heaven.

The emperor greets the sovereign of Yamato.

Your chief envoy has come and stated in detail your good intentions.

We have been graced with reception of the heavenly mandate to rule the universe and

will extend the influence of our virtue to all beings.

In our concern to nurture and edify the people, we do not distinguish between near and far.

I have heard that the sovereign resides beyond the sea and treats his people with benevolence,

that peace reigns within his country, that people's customs are harmonious and that they

are of an honest nature.

You have come from afar to bring tribute.

We are delighted with this splendid demonstration of your sincerity.

The chief envoy, Ono Naomi Imoko, reported that Sui China was an admirable country whose

laws are complete and fixed, and set the scene for the next two centuries of exchange, during

which Japan acquired knowledge of religion, laws, technology, cuisine, agriculture, industry,

culture, fine Chinese manufactures, and perhaps most importantly, respect on the world stage

and senior rank in the hierarchy of nations.

It, however, had to grit its teeth and accept the barbarian status which the Chinese bestowed.

In the end, Abe no Nakamaru never did return home, dying in Chang'an aged 72 and 770.

To this day, he remains deeply respected, a symbol of peace and mutual friendship in

both China and Japan.

When I look up into the vast sky tonight, is it the same moon that I saw rising from

behind Mount Mikasa at Kasuga Shrine all those years ago?

In the breeze scatter soft snow flurries, so brief that it's intermittent.

Fall is sad, indeed.

It was the end of the 10th century, a time of weak central rule and chaos in the countryside.

Indeed for the past century or more, the entire world had been in turmoil.

The Vikings were ravaging Europe, the Mayan kingdoms and Central America were in swift

decline.

China was divided by conflict and epidemics raged throughout the globe.

In Japan, conflict with Silla on the Korean peninsula and the danger of travel in war-torn

China had meant that the once glorious diplomatic missions had ceased.

Immigration similarly dried up, trade faltered and the all-important intellectual exchange,

on which earlier development had been based, faded into distant memory.

The court lost control of the provinces and retreated within itself.

Despite this calamity, however, a great flowering of culture was occurring in the now almost

ancient 200-year-old capital, Kyoto.

Great volumes of poetry were declaimed for posterity, gorgeous clothing recorded in immortal

artworks, music and dance of great sophistication composed to be handed down the generations

for a thousand years.

And perhaps most wonderful of all, a great literary tradition came into being.

The world's first ever novel, Murasaki Shikibu's Tale of Genji, was written in serial form

in the early 11th century and other women, especially those of the court, brushed their

witticisms and ironic reflections into diaries, which are still enjoyed to this day.

Prime among these female authors, somewhat akin to trend-setting celebrity influencers

of our modern world, was Sei Shonagon.

Fine, then, how to be hard-hearted from me you have learned, but to promise, then not

come.

Who taught you that, I wonder?

As far as Sei was concerned, the common people were little better than worms.

One occasionally caught a glimpse of them as one travelled through a village, their

clothes threadbare, unperfumed and untrammelled by colour of rank, their children naked and

gaping.

Once she had seen a small boy, no doubt abandoned by his commoner mother, much as animals leave

their young to fend for themselves, standing and gaping at her from the side of the road.

He did not move, simply stared at her carriage the whole time, gawping.

Could anything have been more rude?

Sei Shonagon, lady-in-waiting, court-chronicler, diarist and social commentator, had reflected

on this and other events.

As far as the courtier was concerned, it all went to show just why the court should be

kept apart as far as possible from what lay without.

She had even heard that the common people mated without even attempting poetic courting

first.

The noble lady simply imagined it to be a free-for-all in their hovels.

The males did exhibit a modicum of decency by living with their lover's parents and

their begotten offspring, at least until they had had enough and wandered elsewhere or succumbed

to one of the diseases which were of course rampant among the servile masses.

Perhaps most astonishingly, however, the females fed offspring with milk from their own breasts,

not even having the wherewithal to hire a team of wet nurses to suckle their young.

Sei herself, who had left a good-for-nothing husband behind when she entered court, had

a more refined approach to woo or reject her many lovers and courtiers.

Exchanges of poetry, perfumed letters, half-feigned modesty, well-planned coquettishness, and

the disposal and scorning of favours calculated at just the right moment.

But even Sei, the master of the game of love, did not always get it right.

To be abandoned is my fate, I know so well.

Uncomprehending do my tears fall.

The razor-sharp sword slashed downwards towards the unmounted warrior's neck.

To finish the job, the rider grabbed the unhelmeted head by its hair and twisted, pulling the

head from its body.

The victorious killer threw away the prize as if it was nothing and galloped proudly

away.

As she rode off the field of war into the distant mountains, Tomoe Gozen removed her

helmet and shook her long jet-black hair free.

It billowed in the wind behind her like a battle standard, announcing to all that one

of history's greatest women warriors had fought her last battle and fought it well.

While Sei Shonagon and her noble kin lived their closeted existence in Kyoto, over in

the East, events that would have repercussions reaching to the modern age were evolving.

A class of clans, connected by hereditary service to a military commander, were emerging.

As they served only one lord, they became known by a word which means to serve.

Samurai.

Within a hundred years, in the 11th century, at around the same time as the age of chivalry

was dawning in Europe, powerful samurai warrior clans were exerting great control over the

imperial court.

One in particular, the Taira, seemed to be in the ascendancy and the leader of the clan,

Kiyomori, managed to have his three-year-old grandson installed on the Chrysanthemum throne

as Emperor Antoku.

All seemed to be going very well.

In the East, Taira's ancient foe, who had been thought vanquished, the Minamoto clan,

led by Yoritomo, raised a host and marched west.

When the Taira generals perceived their resurrected foe's strength, they retreated swiftly back

to Kyoto without engaging.

The next few years saw the Eastern North fall to Minamoto forces, while the Taira lands

suffered natural disaster, famine and pestilence.

However, they remained undefeated and safe in their Kyoto base, biding their time to

strike.

And in 1184, the Taira felt their time had come.

A huge force of 100,000 was levied and the men of the capital region made a leisurely

progress north to combat the Minamoto in their mountain lairs.

On June 2nd, 1184, battle was joined at Kurikara.

It took place in the old, honorable samurai fashion.

Melees were fought between picked champions, warriors called out their lineage before engaging

and all the proper protocols were observed.

Until night fell.

The heavily outnumbered Minamoto sent flaming bulls, enraged and in mortal panic, running

through the Taira troops.

In the chaos, the camp was abandoned and it is said, thus did 70,000 horsemen of the Taira

perish.

Buried in this one deep valley, the mountain streams ran with their blood and the mound

of their corpses was like a small hill.

The Taira fled Kyoto, taking the young Emperor Antoku, his treasury, the imperial regalia

and anything else they could grab.

They fled still further west until they could flee no more.

Final battle was enjoined at a place called Danno-ura.

The fighting took place with ships' decks forming a treacherous, swaying battlefield.

One wrong step and heavily armored warriors, unused to fighting on the sea, would fall

to watery deaths.

Emperor Antoku, still just six years old, was placed on an insignificant looking boat

so that while the Minamoto concentrated their arrow fire on the flagship, he remained safe.

But a traitor, Taguchi Shigeyoshi, defected and revealed the ruse.

The battle was reigned down on the rough-hewn boat which formed the last few feet of Emperor

Antoku's once glorious realm.

As the Taira realized there was no further to flee, the Emperor's grandmother held him

in her arms.

Finally she jumped.

In the depths of the ocean, we have a capital.

The Taira were destroyed for all time.

Minamoto Yoritomo was granted the title of Shogun and his warrior-ruled samurai administration

swiftly removed political power from Kyoto's hands.

Henceforth, true power would be wielded from Kamakura in the east.

Samurai power, largely based in the east at Kamakura and later Edo, would last 700 years

until 1868 when the last Shogun resigned and the Emperor also moved east from Kyoto to

his new capital of Tokyo.

Monks and priests today are fawning and devious and they confuse the people and lead them

astray.

Not a single person in the entire population will possess a heart of goodness.

There will be nothing but binding and enslaving, killing and injuring, anger and contention.

Pestilence will become rampant, comets will appear again and again, two suns will come

forth side by side and eclipses will occur with unaccustomed frequency.

Black arcs and white arcs will span the sky as harbingers of ill fortune.

Stars will fall, the earth will shake and noise will issue from the wells.

Torrential rains and violent winds will come out of season, famine will constantly occur

and grains and fruits will not ripen.

Marauders from many other regions will invade and plunder the nation.

The people will suffer all manner of pain and affliction and no place will exist where

one may live in safety.

The priest Nichiren placed down his pen, knelt on the hard earthen floor of his hut and gazed

through the open door down his green pine-coloured valley.

He had said his peace.

Rulers do not generally like to be told they are evil and mistaken, especially young rash

ones who live in fear of invasions predicted by raving holier-than-thou priests.

Rival priests with the ruler's ear do not like to be described as fawning and devious,

and no one likes to think that marauders from beyond the sea will appear over the horizon

to slaughter the men, take the women and enslave the children.

And so Nichiren was condemned to death and dragged out of town to the execution grounds

at Katase.

In the dark of night he frantically threw his holy vestments on the branch of a tree

to avoid them being soiled by his blood.

The calm sea shimmered in the light of the moon and soft waves bathed the beach with

their gentle ebb and flow.

As the executioner's sword hovered above his neck, awaiting the order to strike, Nichiren

raised his face and despite himself, he swiftly composed a prayer to the god of the moon.

Suddenly the sky was rent in two by a brilliant light.

Nichiren heard the dull yet sonorous sound as the sword fell from his would-be killer's

grasp and the patter of running feet on the sandy beach.

The execution corps fled.

Soon the holy man was alone with the sea, the stars and the moon, his saviour.

The priest let two handfuls of sand seep slowly through his fingers, got slowly to his feet,

walked up to where the grass met the sand, retrieved his vestments from the beach where

they still hung and then sank to the ground once more.

The divine being had vouched for his virtuosity, saved him from death to continue his mission

on earth.

And Nichiren was right.

After the relative stability of the shogunate's early years, environmental catastrophe, natural

disasters and weakening government were leading to social breakdown, starvation and appeared

to be ushering in the end of days.

But all of that was nothing.

As Nichiren had predicted, the horsemen of the apocalypse were about to descend on the

Japanese isles.

Mongols.

We by the grace and decree of heaven, emperor of great Mongolia present a letter to the

king of Japan.

We have pondered that from ancient times even the princes of small states have striven to

cultivate friendly intercourse with those of adjoining territories.

We beg that hereafter you, oh king, will establish friendly relations with us so that the sages

may make the four seas their home.

Is it reasonable to refuse intercourse with each other?

It will lead to war and who is there who likes such a state of things?

Think on this, oh king.

The first letter had arrived in 1266.

Ignoring these communications and general ignorance in Japan of just how powerful and

large the Mongol empire was, which stretched from Manchuria to Poland, led to Mongol troops

storming through the surf at Hakata Bay in 1274.

The defender's arrow flew shore.

The Mongol toppled from his horse and waves closed around him.

Then the enemy paused.

As one, the men in the rear ranks raised strange-looking short bows.

A great wave of arrows darkened the sky and shieldless as was their way, the defending

samurai fell in droves.

Suddenly thunder roared a short way off, not in the clear pale autumn sky, but on the ground.

Blood and flesh of samurai flew everywhere.

Then the thunder pealed again and again.

These Mongol devils seemed somehow to have enlisted the very heavens to fight on their

side.

The samurai turned and fled.

They would fight men to the death, but dueling with deities was a very different proposition.

The enemy advanced up to the wet beach slowly, letting loose wave after wave of arrows and

propelling their grenade-like bombs asunder.

The samurai continued a fighting retreat throughout that terrible day.

But the enemy came on, unstoppable, invincible, burning, pillaging, killing.

Night fell and in the morning they were gone.

By the time news of the landing reached the young shogun Hojo Tokimune on the other side

of the country, a heaven-sent typhoon had consigned many of the enemy's ships to the

bottom of the ocean and the rest scuttling for the safety of Korean harbours.

Japan had been lucky this time.

No one knew why, but after that first day of battle on Kyushu, the enemy had returned

to their great ships and sailed away.

Perhaps they were looking for an easier landing place, maybe it had only been a reconnaissance

mission.

Either way, the typhoon had put paid to whatever devilry they had kept in store.

Everybody knew they would return and so Shiken Hojo Tokimune ordered a frenzy of defensive

measures.

All along the eastern coast walls were to be built, lookouts to be permanently posted,

troop numbers multiplied, even weapons to be redesigned to counter this new threat.

Kublai smashed his fist into the floor.

These snakes, these worms, these dwarvish barbarians of the east.

They had performed relatively well against one puny reconnaissance mission in the previous

year and now they thought they could behead his peace envoys with impunity.

No action could be more heinous.

Greater nations had been pulverized, entire cities put to the sword for less.

They would pay dearly.

A people should know when they've met their match.

Kublai's generals, flush from having reunited China under his rule with their recent victory

over the southern provinces, now turned their faces eastwards.

Lacking knowledge of the sea and remembering the storms that had plagued the first exploratory

expedition in 1274, they turned to two Yangtze river pirates, named Juching and Zhengxian

for their expertise.

Two fleets would sail for Japan, one of 900 ships from Korea and another of 3,500 ships

from southern China.

They would carry 142,000 men, the biggest invasion force in history, not to be exceeded

until the Allied invasions of Normandy in 1944, nearly 700 years later.

Shigen Hojo Tokimune was petrified.

He knew what his fate would be should the Mongols reach the capital city of Kamakura.

It was well known that the Mongols refused to spill monarch's blood, but Tokimune, although

a ruler, was in truth merely a regent, not of royal blood.

His family had usurped both emperor and shogun.

His end would not be swift and after his behavior towards the envoys, he knew the Mongols would

enjoy a degree of creativity in their disposal of him.

Wild riders chased him down in his dreams.

For once, the young, hot-headed shogunal regent knew fear.

To calm him, Tokimune's spiritual counselor, a recent refugee from southern China, the

Zen master Mugaku Sogen, told him the story of when the stinking barbaric nomads had reached

his temple in China.

Mugaku had knelt unmoving on the floor, the only monk who had not fled.

The flames of Mongol devastation crackled around him as a lone rider approached, dismounted

and drew his sword for the mortal blow.

Mugaku, ignoring the stench of horse and human sweat, raised his voice to a little over a

whisper and looked the rough-looking rider in the eye.

I searched the universe and found the answer.

People are empty, even Buddha's teachings are void.

Your great sword will be as lightning cutting the spring breeze.

The warrior paused, bowed low and left the monk to live.

Mugaku had made his way eastwards to the land where the sun rose and Buddha's law was still

revered.

Quietly, the aged Chinese monk advised the young Japanese ruler to meditate, to find

the source of his cowardice and fear within.

Having done so, Tokimune allegedly screamed, Katsu!

Victory!

Mugaku smiled.

It is true that the son of a lion roars as a lion.

Tokimune sent messengers to the court to request that all temples and shrines pray for victory.

Japan was on high alert.

Kikuchi Takefusa, mounted atop a fine steed, bound in purple armor, crimson cape billowing

in the fresh sea breeze, watched the water boil with enemy ships.

Six hundred years before, his family had been placed on this border after the fall of Baekje

to guard against invasion from what once had been their Korean homeland.

That attack had never come and countless generations had lived in peace.

Until now.

The Mongols had brought their Korean, Jurchen and Chinese vassals to subjugate and add yet

another realm to their vast empire.

Would they never be satisfied?

The Korea-based fleet had ravaged the outer islands of Tsushima and Iki again and on the

21st of June, 1281, the enemy had appeared off the Kyushu horizon.

The fighting was fierce in Hakata Bay, but all attempts at landing had been foiled by

the Samurai forces.

However, the great ships remained, threatening and enormous, darkening the ocean, awaiting

the massive but severely delayed reinforcements from China which would undoubtedly deal a

mortal blow.

But the defenders did not sit idle.

Small boats put out in the dead of each night, Mongol ships were boarded, their crews put

to the sword, vessels were fired and set loose to cause panic.

A pandemic broke out.

Thousands of the invaders perished.

The ships started to rot.

Then the China fleet arrived, months late but glorious in its great multitude.

There was little hope for the defenders, they knew their time had come.

The retired Emperor Kamiyama sent an offering to his divine ancestor Amaterasu in her chief

shrine at Ise, imploring her to intervene to save her children.

That very same evening, a storm exploded from the blue August skies.

The wind roared and the waves rose higher than the enemy ships' mastheads.

Susanoo, god of storms, was doing his sister's Amaterasu's bidding at last.

When the Susanoo had had enough, the great Khan and son of heaven's vast army and armada

were nothing more than throngs of forlorn bodies and an abundance of driftwood, gently

lapping against the quiet Kyushu shores in Amaterasu's bright, soft summer radiance.

When the wicked invaders again arrived in 1281 and all persons, believing that the expulsion

of the enemy could be effected only by divine will and never by human power, reverently

looked up to heaven, a divine storm rose in mighty force and scattered the enemy ships

and the enemy perished all at once.

In China, the Mongols never totally recovered from the massive material and morale-seeping

defeat and although their Chinese domination would struggle on until 1368, it had been

in truth dealt a mortal blow.

Against all the odds, Japan's ancient, mythical mother, Amaterasu, with a helping hand from

her good-for-nothing storm god brother, had won the day.

A new, Japanese unity was formed in Mongol fire.

The island country of rival clans, competing power centers and riven factions that had

disintegrated into banditry and disunity 400 years before and only in the last century

found an uneasy balance and firm borders forged in civil war, had, under threat of

foreign invasion, established a feeling that it had never fully enjoyed before.

That of one nation, united against a common enemy.

Japan would remain Japan.

The Entire History of Ancient Jap |||||Японии la|Entire|Storia|of|Ancient|the entire history of ancient Japan Tüm|Tüm|Tarih|tarihi|Antik| |||||日本 |||||Jap |全体の|||古代の|古代日本 la|historia completa|historia|de|antigua|japón Die gesamte Geschichte des antiken Japans Toute l'histoire du Japon ancien L'intera storia del Giappone antico 古代日本の全歴史 Cała historia starożytnej Japonii Toda a história do Japão antigo Вся история древнего японского языка Antik Japon Tarihinin Tamamı Вся історія стародавньої Японії 古代日本的整个历史古代日本的整個歷史 La Historia Completa del Japón Antiguo

Five Mongol envoys knelt on the beach at Kamakura and stretched out their necks. |монгольских|послов||||||||||| Five|Mongol|envoys|knelt|on||beach|at|Kamakura|and|stretched out|out|their|necks |||ajoelharam|||||Kamakura||||| ||elçileri|diz çöküp|||plaj||||||| ||||||||Kamakura||||| ||посланці|стали на коліна|||||||||| cinco|mongoles|enviados|se arrodillaron|en|la|playa|en|Kamakura|y|estiraron|hacia fuera|sus|cuellos Fünf mongolische Gesandte knieten am Strand von Kamakura und streckten ihre Hälse aus. Пять монгольских посланников встали на колени на берегу Камакуры и вытянули шеи. Cinco enviados mongoles se arrodillaron en la playa de Kamakura y estiraron sus cuellos.

Their time had come and a clear target for the executioner's sword would at least ensure ||||||||||палача||||| |time|possessed|come = come||a|clear||for||executioner's|sword|would||least|ensure = to ensure ||||||||||do carrasco|espada||||asseguraria ||||||||||katowskiego||||| |||||||||||||||забезпечити su|tiempo|había|llegado|y|un|claro|objetivo|para|la|del verdugo|espada|al menos|al|menos|asegurar Ihre Zeit war gekommen, und ein klares Ziel für das Schwert des Henkers würde zumindest sicherstellen. Их время пришло, и четкая цель для меча палача, по крайней мере, обеспечит Їхній час настав, і чітка ціль для меча ката принаймні забезпечила б 他们的时机已经到来，刽子手的剑有一个明确的目标至少可以确保 Su hora había llegado y un objetivo claro para la espada del verdugo al menos aseguraría

it was painless. it||senza dolore ||ağrısızdı ||indolor eso|fue|indoloro que fuera indoloro.

They gazed out over the deep blue of the Pacific Ocean, waves lapping slowly. ||||||||||||прихлёбывая| They|gazed||over||deep|blue|||Pacific|ocean|waves|che lambivano|lentamente |contemplaram|||||||||oceano|as ondas|batendo|devagar |||||||||Pasifik|||| ellos|miraron|hacia afuera|sobre|el|profundo|azul|del|el|pacífico|océano|olas|golpeando|lentamente ||||||||||||плескалися| |patrzyli|||||||||||bijących| Miraron hacia el profundo azul del Océano Pacífico, con las olas lamiendo lentamente.

How they wished their final sight could have been an ocean of grass swaying softly in a come|||||||||||||swaying||| ||desejavam||final|vista|||||||grama|balançando|suavemente|| cómo|ellos|desearon|su|final|vista|podría|haber|sido|un|océano|de|hierba|ondeando|suavemente|en|un |||||||||||||колихаючись||| 他们多么希望最后的景象是一片草海，在阳光下轻轻摇曳。 Cómo deseaban que su última vista hubiera sido un océano de hierba meciéndose suavemente en un

step breeze. paso|brisa passo|brisa suave soplo de brisa.

Their hearts were calm as the blades descended upon their naked necks. |||||||descended|||| |||||||||onların|| |corações|||||lâminas|desciam|||nus| sus|corazones|estaban|calmados|mientras|las|cuchillas|descendían|sobre|sus|desnudas|cuellos ||||||лезо|опустилися|||| Ihre Herzen waren ruhig, als sich die Klingen auf ihre nackten Hälse senkten. Їхні серця заспокоїлися, коли леза опустилися на їхні оголені шиї. 当刀锋落在他们赤裸的脖子上时，他们的心很平静。 Sus corazones estaban tranquilos mientras las hojas descendían sobre sus cuellos desnudos.

They would be revenged. |||отомстят |||zemszczone |veriam||vingados ellos|(verbo auxiliar)|estarán|vengados Они будут отомщены. Вони будуть помщені. Se vengarían.

This execution of ambassadors was how Hojo Tokimune, the shikken, head of the Shogun's ||||||Ходзё|Токимунэ||сиккен||||сёгуна |||||||||shikken|||| |execução||embaixadores|||Hojo|Tokimune||shikken||||shogunato esta|ejecución|de|embajadores|fue|como|Hojo|Tokimune|el|shikken|cabeza|de|el|shogun |||||||||регент сьоґуна|||| Diese Hinrichtung von Botschaftern war die Art und Weise, wie Hojo Tokimune, der Shikken, Leiter des Shogun's Esta ejecución de embajadores fue cómo Hojo Tokimune, el shikken, jefe del Shogun,

government and ruler of Japan, gave his definitive answer to Kublai Khan, Emperor of China, son ||||||||||Хубилай|Хан|||| ||||||||||Kublai||||| ||governante|||deu||definitiva|||Kublai|Khan|Imperador||China| gobierno|y|gobernante|de|Japón|dio|su|definitiva|respuesta|a|Kublai|Khan|emperador|de|China|hijo |||||||остаточну відповідь|||||||| el gobierno y gobernante de Japón, dio su respuesta definitiva a Kublai Khan, Emperador de China, hijo

of heaven, Great Khan of the Mongols. ||||||монголов |céu|||||mongóis del|cielo|Gran|Khan|de|los|mongoles del cielo, Gran Khan de los mongoles.

He would not submit, not now, not ever. |||поддаться|||| |||submeterá|||| |||boyun eğmek|||| |||підкоритися|||| él|(verbo auxiliar)|no|se someterá|(verbo auxiliar)|ahora|(verbo auxiliar)|nunca No se sometería, ni ahora, ni nunca.

Mount Fuji's shining peak loomed over the headless Mongol warriors. |Фудзии|||||||| ||||wznosił się|||bezgłowych|| monte|fuji|brillante|pico|se alzaba|sobre|los|sin cabeza|mongoles|guerreros o Monte|de Fuji|brilhante|pico|erguia|||sem cabeça|mongol|guerreiros ||||височіла||||| El brillante pico del Monte Fuji se alzaba sobre los guerreros mongoles decapitados.

Soon after, Kublai sent another five men. ||||||homens pronto|después|Kublai|envió|otros|cinco|hombres Poco después, Kublai envió a otros cinco hombres.

This time there would be no negotiation. ||||||negociação esta|vez|habrá|(verbo auxiliar)|(verbo ser)|ninguna|negociación Esta vez no habría negociación.

They came to announce one thing. |||anunciar|| ellos|vinieron|a|anunciar|una|cosa Vinieron a anunciar una cosa.

Invasion. invasión invasão Invasión.

It would be the biggest seaborne attack the world had ever seen. |||||морской|||||| ||||maior|marítima|ataque||||| (eso)|sería|el|el|más grande|marítimo|ataque|que|el mundo|había|jamás|visto |||||морський|||||| Sería el mayor ataque marítimo que el mundo jamás había visto.

These new envoys met the same end, but they were not granted the honor of dying in Mount ||послы||||||||||||||| ||emissários|||||||||concedida||honra||morrer||o Monte ||посланці|||||||||удостоєні|||||| estos|nuevos|enviados|encontraron|el|mismo|fin|pero|ellos|fueron|no|concedidos|el|honor|de|morir|en|Monte Estos nuevos enviados encontraron el mismo destino, pero no se les otorgó el honor de morir en el Monte.

Fuji's blessed shadow. |bendita|sombra |abençoada|sombra La bendita sombra de Fuji.

Their blood stained the western beaches where their compatriots had tried to land in Kyushu ||||||||соотечественники||||||Кюсю |sangue|manchou||ocidental|praias|||compatriotas||||desembarcar||Kyushu su|sangre|manchó|las|occidentales|playas|donde|sus|compatriotas|habían|intentado|a|aterrizar|en|Kyushu ||заплямувала||||||співвітчизники|||||| Su sangre manchó las playas occidentales donde sus compatriotas habían intentado desembarcar en Kyushu.

a year before. un|año|antes Un año antes.

For the first invasion had come in November 1274. |||invasão||||novembro para|la|primera|invasión|había|venido|en|noviembre Porque la primera invasión había llegado en noviembre de 1274.

Great Korean ships replete with Mongol battle regalia and tipped with grotesque figureheads, |||наполненные||||регалии|||||figureheads |||dolu||||||||| |coreana|naus|repletos|||batalha|regalidade||ornamentados||grotescas|proas grandes|coreanas|naves|repletas|con|mongol|batalla|regalia|y|rematadas|con|grotescas|figureheads 伟大的朝鲜船只装满了蒙古人的战袍，顶端装饰着怪诞的船首雕像， Grandes barcos coreanos repletos de la indumentaria de batalla mongola y rematados con grotescas proas,

still living Japanese islanders from the outlying domains of Tsushima and Iki were nailed, screaming |||островитяне||||||Цусима||Ики||| ||japoneses|os habitantes|||remotas|domínios||Tsushima||Iki||pregados|gritando aún|vivos|japoneses|isleños|de|los|periféricos|dominios|de|Tsushima|y|Iki|fueron|clavados|gritando 来自对马岛和壹岐边远地区的仍然活着的日本岛民被钉死，尖叫着 los isleños japoneses que aún vivían en los dominios periféricos de Tsushima e Iki fueron clavados, gritando

hideously, to the prows. ужасно|||носу |||pruvaya horriblemente|a|las|proas 可怕的是，到了船头。 de manera horrible, a las proas.

The armada stretching to the horizon obscured the waters and made land in Hakata Bay, northern |армada||||||||||||Хаката|| la|armada|que se extiende|hacia|el|horizonte|oscureció|las|aguas|y|hizo|tierra|en|Hakata|bahía|del norte Армада, що розтягнулася до горизонту, затулила води і висадилася в бухті Хаката, на півночі La armada que se extendía hasta el horizonte oscureció las aguas y desembarcó en la bahía de Hakata, en el norte

Kyushu. kyushu de Kyushu.

Tight ranks of soldiers descended from the ships into the water and marched in formation, filas|de|soldados|soldados|descendieron|de|los|barcos|en|el|agua|y|marcharon|en|formación Щільні шеренги солдатів спустилися з кораблів у воду і пройшли строєм, Rangos compactos de soldados descendieron de los barcos al agua y marcharon en formación,

This phalanx warfare was unfamiliar to the defending samurai. |фаланга|||||||самурай esta|falange|guerra|era|desconocida|para|los|defensores|samuráis Esta guerra de falanges era desconocida para los samuráis defensores.

They were confused. ellos|estaban|confundidos Estaban confundidos.

To whom? a|quién ¿A quién?

One of the defenders made up his mind, lifted his great bow, took aim at a mounted officer |||||||||||ok|||||| uno|de|los|defensores|tomó|la|su|decisión|levantó|su|gran|arco|apuntó|la mira|a|un|montado|oficial Один із захисників зважився, підняв свій великий лук, прицілився в кінного офіцера Uno de los defensores tomó una decisión, levantó su gran arco, apuntó a un oficial montado

and let fly. y|deja|volar і відпустити в політ. y disparó.

Hojo Tokimune, insecure in his recent tenure, presiding over a crumbling realm beset with ||неуверенный||||правлении|председательствующий|||||осажденным| |||||||başkanlık eden|||||sarılan| hojo|tokimune|inseguro|en|su|reciente|mandato|presidiendo|sobre|un|en ruinas|reino|asediado|con Ходзьо Токімуне, невпевнений у собі під час свого нещодавнього перебування на посаді, керуючи державою, що розвалюється, оточеною Hojo Tokimune, inseguro en su reciente mandato, presidía sobre un reino en ruinas asediado por

woes, lay in his concubine's lap. печали||||наложницы|коленях penas|yacían|en|su|concubina|regazo горе, лежав на колінах у своєї наложниці. males, yacía en el regazo de su concubina.

His realm was an ancient one, even if the house of Tokimune were merely backwater warriors ||||||||||||||провинциальные| |ülkesi|||||||||||||| su|reino|era|uno|antiguo|uno|incluso|si|la|casa|de|Tokimune|eran|meramente|de poca importancia|guerreros Його королівство було давнім, навіть якщо дім Токімуне був просто провінційними воїнами Su reino era uno antiguo, incluso si la casa de Tokimune eran meros guerreros de un lugar olvidado.

turned recent usurpers of the strings of national power. ||узурпаторы|||||| ||zorba|||||| convirtieron|recientes|usurpadores|de|el|hilos|de|poder nacional|poder перетворили нещодавніх узурпаторів ниток національної влади. Convertidos en recientes usurpadores de los hilos del poder nacional.

The Mongol threat had focused his mind, this the first full-scale invasion his country la|mongola|amenaza|había|enfocado|su|mente|esta|la|primera|||invasión|su|país Монгольська загроза зосередила його увагу, це було перше повномасштабне вторгнення в його країну La amenaza mongola había enfocado su mente, esta era la primera invasión a gran escala que su país.

had ever known. había|alguna vez|conocido había conocido.

And so, for the first time in his young life, he wondered how had Japan got here? y|así|por|la|primera|vez|en|su|joven|vida|él|se preguntó|cómo|había|Japón|llegado|aquí І ось, вперше у своєму молодому житті, він замислився, як Японія опинилася тут? Y así, por primera vez en su joven vida, se preguntó cómo había llegado Japón hasta aquí?

Tokimune became drowsy and slipped into a light sleep. ||uykulu|||||| Tokimune|se volvió|somnoliento|y|se deslizó|en|un|ligero|sueño Tokimune se sintió somnoliento y se quedó dormido levemente.

He dreamed slowly, vividly and fitfully of a Japan, not now as it was, but as it had |||||прерывисто|||||||||||| |||||kesik kesik|||||||||||| él|soñaba|lentamente|vívidamente|y|de manera intermitente|de|una|Japón|no|ahora|como|estaba|era|sino|como|estaba|tenido Він мріяв повільно, яскраво і виразно про Японію, не таку, якою вона є зараз, а таку, якою вона була колись. Soñó lenta, vívidamente y de manera intermitente con un Japón, no como es ahora, sino como había sido,

millennia. milenios mil años.

How many do you speak? cuántas|muchas|(verbo auxiliar)|tú|hablas ¿Cuántos hablas?

If like me you are not a natural language learner, Babbel is a great place to bump up ||||||||||Babbel||||||| si|como|yo|tú|eres|no|un|natural|lenguaje|aprendiz|Babbel|es|un|gran|lugar|para|mejorar|arriba Si como yo no eres un aprendiz natural de idiomas, Babbel es un gran lugar para mejorar

your numbers. tus|números tus números.

Whether you want to be able to communicate better at work, plan a trip or simply explore si|tú|quieres|a|ser|capaz|a|comunicar|mejor|en|trabajo|planear|un|viaje|o|simplemente|explorar Ya sea que quieras comunicarte mejor en el trabajo, planear un viaje o simplemente explorar

a different culture's way of thinking, Babbel will help you start speaking a new language ||культуры|||||||||||| una|diferente|cultura|manera|de|pensar|Babbel|te|ayudará|tú|empezar|a hablar|un|nuevo|idioma la forma de pensar de una cultura diferente, Babbel te ayudará a empezar a hablar un nuevo idioma.

in just three weeks. en|solo|tres|semanas en solo tres semanas.

Tabien is one of the top language apps worldwide, with classes developed by real language teachers Tabien||||||||||||||| Tabien|es|una|de|las|mejores|aplicaciones de idiomas|aplicaciones|en todo el mundo|con|clases|desarrolladas|por|verdaderos|maestros|maestros Tabien es una de las mejores aplicaciones de idiomas en todo el mundo, con clases desarrolladas por verdaderos profesores de idiomas.

that teach real-world conversations, preparing you to have practical conversations about que|enseñan|||conversaciones|preparándote|tú|a|tener|prácticas|conversaciones|sobre que enseñan conversaciones del mundo real, preparándote para tener conversaciones prácticas sobre

travel, business, relationships and more. viajar|negocios|relaciones|y|más viajes, negocios, relaciones y más.

You can get 60% off your subscription if you follow the link in the description, with a tú|puedes|obtener|de descuento|tu|suscripción|si|tú|sigues|el|enlace|en|la|descripción|con|un Puedes obtener un 60% de descuento en tu suscripción si sigues el enlace en la descripción, con un

30-day money-back guarantee. días|dinero|de regreso|garantía garantía de devolución de dinero de 30 días.

Well worth trying. bien|vale|intentar Vale la pena intentarlo.

Hereupon, regretting the errors in the old words and wishing to correct the misstatements после этого|||||||||||||неточности |||||||||||||yanlış beyanlar aquí|lamentando|los|errores|en|las|viejas|palabras|y|deseando|a|corregir|las|declaraciones incorrectas У зв'язку з цим, шкодуючи про помилки в старих словах і бажаючи виправити неправильні твердження Por lo tanto, lamentando los errores en las viejas palabras y deseando corregir las inexactitudes

in the former chronicles, Her Highness Empress Regnant Genmay, on the 18th day of the ninth |||||||правящая|Генмай||||||| en|las|antiguas|crónicas|Su|Alteza|emperatriz|reinante|Genmay|en|el|décimoctavo|día|del|el|noveno en las crónicas anteriores, Su Alteza la Emperatriz Regnante Genmay, en el día 18 del noveno

moon of the fourth year of Wado, commanded me, Yasumaro, to select and record the old ||||||Вадо|||Ясумаро|||||| luna|del|el|cuarto|año|de|wado|me ordenó|a mí|yasumaro|a|seleccionar|y|registrar|los|viejos mes del cuarto año de Wado, me ordenó, Yasumaro, seleccionar y registrar las viejas

Court noble Fudono Yasumaro, Upper Division First Class Fifth Rank Fifth Order of Merit, ||Фудоно||||||||||| corte|noble|Fudono|Yasumaro|superior|división|primera|clase|quinta|rango|quinta|orden|de|mérito El noble de la corte Fudono Yasumaro, de la Primera Clase de la División Superior, Quinto Rango, Quinto Orden de Mérito,

a little more comfortable, dipped his fine brush into the pitch black ink and started ||||||||||смоляной|||| un|poco|más|cómodo|sumergió|su|fina|brocha|en|la|tinta|negra|tinta|y|comenzó трохи зручніше, вмочив свій тонкий пензлик у чорне чорнило і почав un poco más cómoda, sumergió su fino pincel en la tinta negra y comenzó

his great endeavor, a work to last for all time. ||усилие||||||| su|gran|esfuerzo|una|obra|para|durar|por|todo|tiempo su gran empeño, una obra que perdurará para siempre.

Yasumaro went on to render the fables, legends and vaguely understood myth of ancient times ||||sunmak|||||||||| yasumaro|fue|a|a|rendir|las|fábulas|leyendas|y|vagamente|entendidas|mito|de|antiguas|tiempos Yasumaro continuó plasmando las fábulas, leyendas y mitos vagamente entendidos de tiempos antiguos.

as fact, creating a divine fable to legitimize and deify the rule of his very human imperial |||||сказание||узаконить||обожествить||||||| |||||||||ilahlaştırmak||||||| como|hecho|creando|una|divina|fábula|para|legitimar|y|deificar|el|regla|de|su|muy|humano|imperial como hecho, creando una fábula divina para legitimar y deificar el dominio de su muy humano imperial

masters and the right of his people, the Yamato, to dominate all the other tribes and ||||||||Ямато||||||| maestros|y|el|derecho|de|su|pueblo|el|Yamato|a|dominar|todas|las|otras|tribus|y maestros y el derecho de su pueblo, los Yamato, a dominar todas las demás tribus y

He described how Izanagi and Izanami first created the islands, mountains, rivers, herbs |||Идзанаги||Идзанами||||||| él|describió|cómo|Izanagi|y|Izanami|primero|crearon|las|islas|montañas|ríos|hierbas Describió cómo Izanagi e Izanami crearon primero las islas, montañas, ríos, hierbas

and trees with drops of water from a coral spear. |||||||||mızrak y|árboles|con|gotas|de|agua|de|una|coral|lanza y árboles con gotas de agua de una lanza de coral.

Then they begat the lord of the universe, the sun goddess Amaterasu, the greatest of ||родили||||||||богиня|Аматэрасу||| entonces|ellos|engendraron|al|señor|del|el|universo|la|diosa del sol|diosa|Amaterasu|la|más grande|de Entonces engendraron al señor del universo, la diosa del sol Amaterasu, la más grande de

their divine children. sus|divinos|hijos sus hijos divinos.

She sent her grandson, Ninigi no Mikado, to earth as the first ruler of the land. ||||Ниниги||Микадо||||||||| ella|envió|su|nieto|Ninigi|no|Mikado|a|la tierra|como|el|primer|gobernante|de|la|tierra Ella envió a su nieto, Ninigi no Mikado, a la tierra como el primer gobernante del país.

His father, Susanoo, god of storms, uncouth and brash, was banished from heaven for his ||Сусаноо||||||дерзкий|||||| ||||||kaba||kaba||sürgün edildi|||| su|padre|susanoo|dios|de|tormentas|grosero|y|arrogante|fue|desterrado|del|cielo|por|su Su padre, Susanoo, dios de las tormentas, grosero y arrogante, fue desterrado del cielo por su

foul and evil behavior. vil|y|malvado|comportamiento comportamiento vil y maligno.

While Susanoo's people conquered and flourished in Izumo in the west of the island of Honshu, |Сусаноо||||||Идзума||||||||Хонсю mientras|de Susanoo|la gente|conquistó|y|floreció|en|Izumo|en|el|oeste|de|la|isla|de|Honshu Mientras que el pueblo de Susanoo conquistaba y prosperaba en Izumo, en el oeste de la isla de Honshu,

Ninigi's people also prospered and multiplied in the south. Ниниги|||процветали||умножились||| ninigi|pueblo|también|prosperaron|y|se multiplicaron|en|el|sur el pueblo de Ninigi también prosperaba y se multiplicaba en el sur.

battling foes to establish a new power base. |врагов|||||| luchando|enemigos|para|establecer|una|nueva|poder|base luchando contra enemigos para establecer una nueva base de poder.

Its names were myriad, but most know it as Yamatai. |||||||||Яматай sus|nombres|eran|innumerables|pero|la mayoría|conocen|a ella|como|Yamatai Sus nombres eran innumerables, pero la mayoría lo conoce como Yamatai.

Yamatai was ruled over by an emperor, Jimmu, the first of a line that was to last forever. |||||||Дзимму|||||||||| Yamatai|fue|gobernada|por|un|un|emperador|Jimmu|el|primero|de|una|línea|que|iba|a|durar|para siempre Yamatai fue gobernada por un emperador, Jimmu, el primero de una línea que iba a durar para siempre.

And so, Yasumaro wove the myriad myths of the Yamato people into a solid story, and |||сплёл|||||||||||| y|así|Yasumaro|tejió|las|innumerables|mitos|del|el|Yamato|pueblo|en|una|sólida|historia|y Y así, Yasumaro tejió los innumerables mitos del pueblo Yamato en una historia sólida, y

in doing so, discovered a royal lineage that stretched back to the sun herself. al|hacer|eso|descubrió|una|real|linaje|que|se extendía|hacia atrás|a|el|sol|ella misma al hacerlo, descubrió un linaje real que se remontaba a la propia luna.

The Amaterasu of his story was probably based upon the legendary great third century shaman ||||||||||||||шаман ||||||||||||||şaman la|Amaterasu|de|su|historia|fue|probablemente|basada|en|la|legendaria|gran|tercer|siglo|chamán La Amaterasu de su historia probablemente se basaba en la legendaria gran chamana del siglo III

queen Himiko. |Химико reina|Himiko la reina Himiko.

Yasusano, her brother, and his fight with her may have represented a royal disagreement Ясусанo||||||||||||| yasusano|su|hermano|y|su|pelea|con|ella|puede|haber|representado|una|real|desacuerdo Yasusano, su hermano, y su lucha con ella pueden haber representado un desacuerdo real

His was a work of propaganda, akin to the Roman Aeneid, which wove together vaguely ||||||||||Энеида|||| ||||||benzer|||||||| su|era|una|obra|de|propaganda|similar|a|la|romana|Eneida|la cual|tejió|juntas|vagamente Su obra era una propaganda, similar a la Eneida romana, que entrelazaba vagamente

remembered myth, heroic legend, and outright fabrications to legitimize the rule of Augustus ||||||фабрикации|||||| recordadas|mito|heroica|leyenda|y|abiertamente|fabricaciones|para|legitimar|el|gobierno|de|augusto mitos recordados, leyendas heroicas y fabricaciones descaradas para legitimar el gobierno de Augusto

Caesar in Rome, or the secret history of the Mongols, which did the same for Genghis Khan. |||||||||||||||Чингис| César|en|Roma|o|la|secreta|historia|de|los|mongoles|la cual|hizo|lo|mismo|para|Gengis|Kan César en Roma, o la historia secreta de los mongoles, que hacía lo mismo por Gengis Kan.

The original settlers of Japan, however, came in a far more human guise. ||поселенцы||||||||||облике ||||||||||||şeklinde los|originales|colonos|de|Japón|sin embargo|vinieron|en|una|mucho|más|humana|apariencia Sin embargo, los primeros colonos de Japón llegaron con una apariencia mucho más humana.

and continued to arrive in small groups from all directions for eons afterwards. |||||||||||эоны| |||||||||||yüzyıllar| y|continuaron|a|llegar|en|pequeños|grupos|de|todas|direcciones|por|eones|después y continuaron llegando en pequeños grupos desde todas direcciones durante eones después.

Jomon after the rope patterns they left on their pottery, are thought to have lived a Дзёмон||||||||||||||| Jomon|||ip||||||seramik|||||| jomon|después de|los|cuerdas|patrones|ellos|dejaron|en|su|cerámica|se|piensa|que|han|vivido|una Jomon por los patrones de cuerda que dejaron en su cerámica, se piensa que vivieron una

life of hunting and gathering the plentiful resources they found around them. ||||||обильные||||| vida|de|caza|y|recolección|los|abundantes|recursos|ellos|encontraron|alrededor|ellos vida de caza y recolección de los abundantes recursos que encontraron a su alrededor.

They did not know of war until a new people began to make landfall. |||||||||||||высадка ellos|(verbo auxiliar)|no|sabían|de|guerra|hasta que|un|nuevo|pueblo|comenzó|a|hacer|desembarcar Вони не знали про війну, поки новий народ не почав виходити на сушу. No conocían la guerra hasta que un nuevo pueblo comenzó a desembarcar.

These were the people whose myths Yasumaru wrote as fact. ||||||Ясумару||| estas|fueron|las|personas|cuyos|mitos|Yasumaru|escribió|como|hecho Це були люди, чиї міфи Ясумару писав як факти. Estas eran las personas cuyos mitos Yasumaru escribió como hechos.

The many-fenced palace of the god of storms was copied across the islands by a new and ||обнесённый забором||||||||||||||| el|||palacio|del|el|dios|de|tormentas|fue|copiado|a través de|las|islas|por|un|nuevo|y Багатогранний палац бога штормів був скопійований на всіх островах новим і El palacio de muchas cercas del dios de las tormentas fue copiado a través de las islas por un nuevo y

acquisitive ambitious people who coveted the land and protected a newly engineered resource, прихотливые||||жаждали|||||||| ||||arzulayan|||||||| adquisitivos|ambiciosos|personas|que|codiciaban|la|tierra|y|protegieron|un|nueva|ingenierizada|recurso амбітні люди, які жадали землі та захищали щойно освоєний ресурс, ambicioso pueblo adquisitivo que codiciaba la tierra y protegía un recurso recién ingenierado,

the rice field. el|arroz|campo el campo de arroz.

These are known as the Yayoi people, and Japan would never be the same again. |||||Яйой||||||||| estas|son|conocidas|como|los|Yayoi|personas|y|Japón|nunca|jamás|será|el|mismo|otra vez Estos son conocidos como el pueblo Yayoi, y Japón nunca volvería a ser el mismo.

the time that the Yayoi are believed to have migrated to Japan. el|tiempo|que|los|yayoi|se|cree|a|han|migrado|a|japón del tiempo en que se cree que los Yayoi migraron a Japón.

Descriptions of the Wu and the Wa, as the Japanese were originally known in Chinese, descripciones|de|los|Wu|y|los|Wa|como|los|japoneses|eran|originalmente|conocidos|en|chino Las descripciones de los Wu y los Wa, como eran conocidos originalmente los japoneses en chino,

came from the north, Siberia, through Mongolia and Manchuria, down the Korean peninsula and ||||||||Маньчжурия||||| vino|del|el|norte|siberia|a través de|mongolia|y|manchuria|hacia abajo|la|coreana|península|y vino del norte, Siberia, a través de Mongolia y Manchuria, bajando por la península de Corea y

across the seas. a través de|los|mares a través de los mares.

What is certain is that the Yayoi people were not the final pre-Japanese history humans lo que|es|cierto|es|que|los|Yayoi|pueblos|fueron|no|los|finales|||historia|humanos Lo que es cierto es que el pueblo Yayoi no fue el último grupo humano de la historia pre-japonesa.

Sometime in the first few centuries of the Common Era, a time of turmoil and war on the |||||||||||||смятения|||| a veces|en|los|primeros|pocos|siglos|de|la|Era|Era|un|tiempo|de|agitación|y|guerra|en|el En algún momento de los primeros siglos de la Era Común, un tiempo de agitación y guerra en el

wealth and knowledge to improve just about every facet of human life on the islands. ||||||||аспект|||||| riqueza|y|conocimiento|para|mejorar|justo|casi|cada|faceta|de|humana|vida|en|las|islas y conocimiento para mejorar casi todos los aspectos de la vida humana en las islas.

Which leaves us with the mystery of just who are the Japanese? cuál|nos deja|a nosotros|con|el|misterio|de|solo|quién|son|los|japoneses Lo que nos deja con el misterio de quiénes son realmente los japoneses?

Thereupon, the people agreed upon a woman for their ruler. после этого||||||||| entonces|la|gente|acordaron|sobre|una|mujer|para|su|gobernante Entonces, el pueblo acordó tener a una mujer como su gobernante.

Her name was Himiko. su|nombre|era|Himiko Su nombre era Himiko.

After she became the ruler, there were few who saw her. después de que|ella|se convirtió en|la|gobernante|hubo||pocos|quienes|vieron|a ella Після того, як вона стала правителькою, її мало хто бачив. Después de que se convirtió en la gobernante, hubo pocos que la vieron.

He resided in a palace surrounded by towers and stockades, with armed guards in a constant |жил||||||||заборов|||||| |||||||||surlarla|||||| él|residía|en|un|palacio|rodeado|por|torres|y|estacas|con|armados|guardias|en|un|constante Él residía en un palacio rodeado de torres y empalizadas, con guardias armados en constante.

state of vigilance. ||бдительности estado|de|vigilancia стан пильності. estado de vigilancia.

When Himiko passed away, a great mound was raised, more than 100 paces in diameter. cuando|Himiko|falleció||una|gran|tumba|fue|levantada|más|de|pasos|en|diámetro Cuando Himiko falleció, se levantó un gran montículo, de más de 100 pasos de diámetro.

Kofun. Кофун kofun Kofun.

162,000 of these burial mounds have been identified across Japan. |||курганов||||| de|estos|entierros|montículos|han|sido|identificados|a través de|japón Se han identificado 162,000 de estos montículos funerarios en Japón.

The longest is over 400 meters. la|más larga|es|más de|metros El más largo mide más de 400 metros.

Unlooted ones have been found to be adorned with paintings of court life and filled with неограбленные|||||||украшены|||||||| yağmalanmamış||||||||||||||| no saqueadas|las|han|sido|encontradas|que|estar|adornadas|con|pinturas|de|corte|vida|y|llenas|con Нерозграбовані з них були прикрашені картинами придворного життя та наповнені Se han encontrado las que no han sido saqueadas adornadas con pinturas de la vida en la corte y llenas de

useful accessories for the afterlife. |аксессуары||| útiles|accesorios|para|la|vida después de la muerte accesorios útiles para la otra vida.

The prehistoric, semi-legendary age recorded in the Chinese classic Sanguo Ji, Record of ||||||||||Сангуо|Цзи|| la|prehistórica|||época|registrada|en|el|chino|clásico|Sanguo|Ji|Registro|de Доісторична, напівлегендарна епоха, описана в китайському класичному творі "Санґо Цзі", "Запис про La era prehistórica, semi-legendaria registrada en el clásico chino Sanguo Ji, Registro de

the Three Kingdoms, not only told of the enthronement of Queen Himiko, her spinning of spells to ||||||||восшествии на трон|||||||| los|Tres|Reinos|no|solo|contaron|de|la|entronización|de|Reina|Himiko|su|giro|de|hechizos|para Трьох Королівств, не тільки розповідали про воцаріння королеви Хіміко, її плетіння заклинань для того, щоб los Tres Reinos, no solo hablaba de la entronización de la Reina Himiko, su lanzamiento de hechizos para

pacify the realm and an influx of people from lands over the seas, it also saw the успокоить|||||||||||||||| pacificar|el|reino|y|un|afluencia|de|personas|de|tierras|sobre|los|mares|eso|también|vio|el заспокоєння королівства та притоку людей з-за морів, вона також побачила pacificar el reino y una afluencia de personas de tierras más allá de los mares, sino que también presenció el

dawn of these massive, megalithic engineering projects. ||||мегалитических|| amanecer|de|estos|masivos|megalíticos|ingeniería|proyectos світанок цих масивних, мегалітичних інженерних проектів. amanecer de estos masivos proyectos de ingeniería megalítica.

Despite her pure white robe of mulberry fiber, the warm evening and the flaming torches, ||||||шелковицы|шелка||||||| a pesar de|su|pura|blanca|túnica|de|morera|fibra|la|cálida|tarde|y|las|llameantes|antorchas Незважаючи на її чистий білий халат з шовковичного волокна, теплий вечір і палаючі смолоскипи, A pesar de su pura túnica blanca de fibra de morera, la cálida tarde y las antorchas ardientes,

a shiver of pure ice rent the girl's heart as she saw the mound, which would be her resting |||||||||||||курган||||| una|escalofrío|de|puro|hielo|rasgó|el|corazón de la niña|corazón|mientras|ella|vio|el|montículo|el cual|sería|su|su|descanso Тремтіння чистого льоду пройняло серце дівчини, коли вона побачила курган, що мав стати її місцем спочинку un escalofrío de hielo puro desgarró el corazón de la chica al ver el montículo, que sería su lugar de descanso

place. lugar .

But she steeled herself. ||собралась| pero|ella|se fortaleció|a sí misma Але вона загартувалася. Pero se armó de valor.

The Magatama charms which adorned her body rattling while she danced her destiny as a |магатама||||||||||||| los|magatama|encantos|que|adornaban|su|cuerpo|sonando|mientras|ella|bailaba|su|destino|como|un Амулети Магатама, що прикрашали її тіло, брязкали, коли вона танцювала свою долю як Los encantos Magatama que adornaban su cuerpo sonaban mientras danzaba su destino como una

heavenly lady-in-waiting to her deceased mistress, ruler of Yamatai, Queen of Wa, friend of Wei ||||||умершей||||||||||Вэй celestial||||a|su|fallecida|señora|gobernante|de|Yamatai|reina|de|Wa|amiga|de|Wei небесна фрейліна своєї померлої господині, правительки Яматаї, королеви Ва, подруги Вей dama de compañía celestial de su difunta ama, gobernante de Yamatai, Reina de Wa, amiga de Wei

Dynasty China, Himiko. dinastía|china|himiko Dinastía China, Himiko.

Despite her fear and misgivings, the young girl's heart brimmed with pride to fulfill ||||сомнения|||||переполнялось|||| a pesar de|su|miedo|y|dudas|la|joven|niña|corazón|rebosaba|de|orgullo|para|cumplir A pesar de su miedo y dudas, el corazón de la joven estaba lleno de orgullo por cumplir

this duty. este|deber con este deber.

Himiko had woven a spell over Yamatai with Kido magic. ||наслала||||||Кидо| himiko|había|tejido|un|hechizo|sobre|yamatai|con|kido|magia Himiko había tejido un hechizo sobre Yamatai con magia Kido.

The sorcery had wrought peace where once there had been war, prosperity where once |||воссоздала|||||||||| la|hechicería|había|traído|paz|donde|una vez|había|había|estado|guerra|prosperidad|donde|una vez Чари принесли мир там, де колись була війна, процвітання там, де колись La hechicería había traído paz donde una vez hubo guerra, prosperidad donde una vez

there had been none. allí|había|habido|ninguno no la había.

The people loved her, yet none could set their eyes upon her, even the one thousand maidens ||||||||||||||||девушек la|gente|amaba|a ella|sin embargo|ninguno|pudo|poner|sus|ojos|sobre|ella|incluso|las|mil|mil|doncellas Люди любили її, але ніхто не міг покласти на неї очей, навіть тисяча дівчат. El pueblo la amaba, sin embargo, nadie podía posarse en su mirada, incluso las mil doncellas

Himiko's most astonishing achievement had been sending four diplomatic missions to far Химико||||||||||| |más|asombroso|logro|había|sido|enviando|cuatro|diplomáticas|misiones|a|lejos El logro más asombroso de Himiko había sido enviar cuatro misiones diplomáticas a tierras lejanas de China con regalos de esclavos y el altamente valorado y fuerte tejido por el cual la tierra de la reina era justamente famosa.

land was justly famous. ||по праву| la tierra|era|justamente|famosa

and most prized of all, swords, military banners and an official seal pronouncing her friend ||||||||||||объявляющее|| y|más|preciadas|de|todas|espadas|militares|banderas|y|un|oficial|sello|proclamando|su|amiga y lo más preciado de todo, espadas, estandartes militares y un sello oficial que proclamaba a su amiga

and ally of the Wei Dynasty. y|aliado|de|la|Wei|dinastía y aliada de la Dinastía Wei.

Himiko and her chief envoys were symbolically appointed to the highest ranks in the Wei ||||||символически|||||||| himiko|y|sus|principales|enviados|fueron|simbólicamente|nombrados|a|los|más altos|rangos|en|el|wei Himiko y sus principales enviados fueron simbólicamente nombrados para los rangos más altos en el Wei

Chinese military. chino|militar militar chino.

Her magic had extended across the oceans and bewitched the Chinese ruler into giving her ||||||||büyülemiş|||||| su|magia|había|extendido|a través de|los|océanos|y|embrujado|el|chino|gobernante|en|darle|ella Su magia se había extendido a través de los océanos y había encantado al gobernante chino para que le diera

his greatest honor. su|mayor|honor su mayor honor.

With China's recognition, all bowed before her and Yamatai came to dominate the Japanese ||||eğildi||||||||| con|el reconocimiento de china|reconocimiento|todos|se inclinaron|ante|ella|y|yamatai|llegó|a|dominar|los|japoneses Con el reconocimiento de China, todos se inclinaron ante ella y Yamatai llegó a dominar las

islands. islas islas japonesas.

But as is the way of things, the great queen breathed her last and the people of Yamatai pero|como|es|la|manera|de|cosas|la|gran|reina|respiró|su|último|y|el|pueblo|de|Yamatai Але, як це буває, велика королева відійшла у вічність, а народ Яматаї Pero como suele suceder, la gran reina exhaló su último aliento y el pueblo de Yamatai

young girl shivering in the summer evening heat was one. ||titreyen||||||| joven|niña|temblando|en|el|verano|tarde|calor|estaba|una joven que temblaba en el calor de la tarde de verano era uno.

Himiko and her serving maidens are believed to be at eternal peace at the Hashihaka Kofun ||||||||||||||Хасихака| himiko|y|sus|sirvientes|doncellas|están|se cree|a|estar|en|eterna|paz|en|el|hashihaka|kofun Se cree que Himiko y sus doncellas están en paz eterna en el Hashihaka Kofun

in Nara Prefecture. |Нара|префектура en|Nara|prefectura en la Prefectura de Nara.

Assassination and murder followed. asesinato|y|asesinato|siguió El asesinato y el homicidio siguieron.

More than one thousand were thus slain. más|de|uno|mil|fueron|así|muertos Más de mil fueron así asesinados.

A relative of Himiko named Eo, a girl of thirteen, was then made queen and order was restored. |||||Эо|||||||||||| una|pariente|de|Himiko|llamada|Eo|una|niña|de|trece|fue|entonces|hecha|reina|y|orden|fue|restaurada Una pariente de Himiko llamada Eo, una niña de trece años, fue entonces nombrada reina y se restauró el orden.

Zhang, an ambassador from Wei, issued a proclamation to the effect that Eo was the ruler. Чжан||||||||||||||| |||||||bildiri|||||||| zhang|un|embajador|de|wei|emitió|una|proclamación|para|el|efecto|que|eo|era|el|gobernante Zhang, un embajador de Wei, emitió una proclamación en el sentido de que Eo era la gobernante.

the chronicles. las|crónicas en las crónicas.

Some like Empress Jingu beat the drums of war. |||дзингу||||| algunos|como|emperatriz|Jingu|golpean|los|tambores|de|guerra Algunas, como la Emperatriz Jingu, hacían sonar los tambores de guerra.

Others seem to have followed Himiko and Eo in fostering a land at peace with itself. |||||||||geliştirmekte|||||| otros|parecen|a|haber|seguido|Himiko|y|Eo|en|fomentar|una|tierra|en|paz|con|sí misma Otras parecen haber seguido a Himiko y Eo en fomentar una tierra en paz consigo misma.

This doctrine is amongst all the doctrines the most excellent, but it is hard to explain esta|doctrina|es|entre|todas|las|doctrinas|la|más|excelente|pero|es||difícil|de|explicar Esta doctrina es, entre todas las doctrinas, la más excelente, pero es difícil de explicar.

and hard to comprehend. |||anlamak y|difícil|a|comprender y difícil de comprender.

Even the Duke of Zhou and Confucius could not attain a knowledge of it. ||||Чжоу||Конфуций|||достичь|||| incluso|el|duque|de|Zhou|y|Confucio|pudieron|no|alcanzar|un|conocimiento|de|ello Incluso el Duque de Zhou y Confucio no pudieron alcanzar un conocimiento de ello.

This doctrine can create religious merit and retribution without measure and without bounds |||||||ceza||||| esta|doctrina|puede|crear|religiosa|mérito|y|retribución|sin|medida|y|sin|límites Esta doctrina puede crear mérito religioso y retribución sin medida y sin límites

and so lead on to a full appreciation of the highest wisdom. |||||||takdir|||| y|así|lleva|hacia|a|una|plena|apreciacion|de|la|más alta|sabiduría y así llevar a una plena apreciación de la más alta sabiduría.

Every prayer is fulfilled and nought is wanting. |||||ничего|| cada|oración|es|cumplida|y|nada|está|faltando Кожна молитва виконується, і ніщо не залишається непотрібним. Cada oración se cumple y nada falta.

to become the gods of the religion we now know as Shinto. |||||||||||Синто a|convertirnos|los|dioses|de|la|religión|nosotros|ahora|conocemos|como|sintoísmo para convertirse en los dioses de la religión que ahora conocemos como Shinto.

breathing religion of nature spirits. respirando|religión|de|naturaleza|espíritus respirante de espíritus de la naturaleza.

But the small kingdoms of the Japanese isles had remained intimately connected to those ||||||||||тесно||| pero|los|pequeños|reinos|de|las|japonesas|islas|habían|permanecido|íntimamente|conectados|a|esos Pero los pequeños reinos de las islas japonesas habían permanecido íntimamente conectados con aquellos

on the Korean peninsula, trading, exchanging, learning, marrying and warring. |||||||||воевать en|la|coreana|península|comerciando|intercambiando|aprendiendo|casándose|y|guerreando en la península de Corea, comerciando, intercambiando, aprendiendo, casándose y guerreando.

Embassies were exchanged, noble and royal marriage alliances forged, technology transferred посольства|||||||||| embajadas|fueron|intercambiadas|noble|y|real|matrimonio|alianzas|forjadas|tecnología|transferida Se intercambiaron embajadas, se forjaron alianzas matrimoniales nobles y reales, se transfirió tecnología

and missionaries sent. y|misioneros|enviados y se enviaron misioneros.

And so, in the middle of the 6th century, when King Sung of Baekje, a kingdom in the |||||||||||||Пэкче|||| y|así|en|el|medio|de|el|sexto|siglo|cuando|rey|Sung|de|Baekje|un|reino|en|el Y así, a mediados del siglo VI, cuando el rey Sung de Baekje, un reino en el

western part of the peninsula, sent his letter sharing the peace of the Buddha with Emperor occidental|parte|de|la|península|envió|su|carta|compartiendo|la|paz|de|el|Buda|con|emperador parte occidental de la península, envió su carta compartiendo la paz del Buda con el emperador

Kinmei, his Imperial Highness' chief advisor, Soga Noaname, stroked his beard and smiled Кинмэй||||||Сога|Сога Ноанаме|погладил|||| ||||||||sürdü|||| kinmei|su|imperial|alteza|principal|asesor|soga|noaname|acarició|su|barba|y|sonrió Kinmei, el principal asesor de Su Alteza Imperial, Soga Noaname, se acarició la barba y sonrió

behind a ceremonial fan. detrás|un|ceremonial|abanico detrás de un abanico ceremonial.

The long years of scheming with his Korean kin and continental-minded allies in the Yamato ||||||||родственниками||континентальных||||| ||||planlama||||||||||| los|largos|años|de|conspirar|con|sus|coreanos|parientes|y|||aliados|en|el|Yamato Los largos años de conspiración con sus parientes coreanos y aliados de mentalidad continental en la corte Yamato

court had resulted at last in this mission's arrival. |||||||миссии| corte|había|resultado|en|último|en|esta|misión|llegada habían resultado al fin en la llegada de esta misión.

It seemed sudden, heaven-sent, but it was nothing of the sort. (eso)|parecía|repentino|||pero|eso|era|nada|de|ese|tipo Parecía repentino, enviado por el cielo, pero no era nada de eso.

This was not the first time Buddha's teachings had reached Japan. ||||||Будды|||| esta|fue|no|la|primera|vez|de Buda|enseñanzas|habían|llegado|Japón Esta no fue la primera vez que las enseñanzas de Buda llegaron a Japón.

But such common, barefoot migrant priests received no patronage and even less aristocratic ||||мигрант|||||||| pero|tales|comunes|descalzos|migrantes|sacerdotes|recibieron|ninguna|patrocinio|y|aún|menos|aristocrático Pero tales sacerdotes migrantes comunes y descalzos no recibieron patrocinio y aún menos interés aristocrático.

interest. interés

Soga Noaname's family had been aware, perhaps even secret followers, of the teachings for |Ноанаме|||||||||||| soga|noaname|familia|había|estado|consciente|quizás|incluso|secretos|seguidores|de|las|enseñanzas|por La familia de Soga Noaname había estado al tanto, quizás incluso seguidores secretos, de las enseñanzas durante

generations. generaciones generaciones.

He knew both that Buddhism was salvation for his sovereign and a way of concentrating power ||||буддизм||||||||||| ||||||kurtuluş||||||||| él|sabía|tanto|que|el budismo|era|salvación|para|su|soberano|y|una|manera|de|concentrar|poder Él sabía tanto que el budismo era la salvación para su soberano como una forma de concentrar el poder

in his own hands. en|sus|propias|manos en sus propias manos.

He and his clan would hold it aloft in battle, claiming the divine power to smite and confound |||клан||||высоко||||||||поражать||поражать él|y|su|clan|(verbo auxiliar futuro)|sostendrían|eso|en alto|en|batalla|reclamando|el|divina|poder|para|golpear|y|confundir Él y su clan lo sostendrían en alto en la batalla, reclamando el poder divino para golpear y confundir

their foes. |враги sus|enemigos a sus enemigos.

But nature, or maybe the old Shinto gods, it seemed did not agree with Soga's new religion. ||||||||||||||Сога|| pero|la naturaleza|o|quizás|los|viejos|sintoístas|dioses|ello|parecía|(verbo auxiliar)|no|estar de acuerdo|con|Soga|nueva|religión Pero la naturaleza, o tal vez los viejos dioses sintoístas, parecía no estar de acuerdo con la nueva religión de Soga.

of the land were insulted. de|la|tierra|fueron|insultados de la tierra estaban ofendidos.

And Emperor Kinmei, in a fearful rage and in mortal fear for his life and kingdom, ordered y|emperador|kinmei|en|una|temible|ira|y|en|mortal|miedo|por|su|vida|y|reino|ordenó Y el emperador Kinmei, en una furia aterradora y con un miedo mortal por su vida y su reino, ordenó

Buddhist temples destroyed. буддийские|| templos|budistas|destruidos la destrucción de templos budistas.

It would be left to Soga Noaname's descendants to reclaim the Buddhist mandate. |||||||||восстановить||| (eso)|(verbo auxiliar)|ser|dejado|a|Soga|Noaname de|descendientes|a|reclamar|el|budista|mandato Нащадкам Соґи Ноанаме належить повернути собі буддійський мандат. Quedaría a los descendientes de Soga Noaname reclamar el mandato budista.

The army of the imperial princes and the troops of the ministers were timid and afraid and |||||||||||||трусливы||| el|ejército|de|los|imperiales|príncipes|y|las|tropas|de|los|ministros|estaban|tímidas|y|asustadas|y Армія імперських князів і війська міністрів були боязкими і наляканими і El ejército de los príncipes imperiales y las tropas de los ministros eran tímidos y estaban asustados y

fell back three times. cayó|hacia atrás|tres|veces тричі падав назад. retrocedieron tres veces.

At this, the imperial prince Shotoku, his hair being tied on his temples, followed in |||||Сётоку||||||||| en|esto|el|imperial|príncipe|Shotoku|su|cabello|estando|atado|en|sus|sienes|siguió|en При цьому імператорський принц Сьотоку, волосся якого було зав'язане на скронях, слідував за ним Ante esto, el príncipe imperial Shotoku, con el cabello atado en las sienes, siguió en

the rear of the army. la|parte trasera|del|el|ejército la retaguardia del ejército.

He pondered in his own mind, saying to himself, without prayer we cannot succeed. |подумал|||||||||||| |düşündü|||||||||||| él|reflexionó|en|su|propia|mente|diciendo|a|sí mismo|sin|oración|nosotros|no podemos|tener éxito Він роздумував, кажучи собі, що без молитви ми не зможемо досягти успіху. Reflexionó en su mente, diciéndose a sí mismo, sin oración no podemos tener éxito.

Placing them on his topknot, he uttered a vow. ||||макушке||произнесил|| ||||tepeye|||| colocando|los|en|su|moño|él|pronunció|un|voto Colocándolas en su moño, pronunció un voto.

four heavenly kings, guardians of the world, by erecting to them a temple with a pagoda. ||||||||построив|||||||пагода |||||||||||||||pagoda cuatro|celestiales|reyes|guardianes|del|el|mundo|al|erigir|a|ellos|un|templo|con|una|pagoda cuatro reyes celestiales, guardianes del mundo, erigiéndoles un templo con una pagoda.

When he was appointed head of government under his aunt, Japan's first and longest reigning ||||||||||Японии||||правящий cuando|él|fue|nombrado|jefe|de|gobierno|bajo|su|tía|Japón|primero|y|más largo|reinante Коли його призначили головою уряду при його тітці, першій і найдовшій правлячій особі в Японії Cuando fue nombrado jefe de gobierno bajo su tía, la primera y más longeva

female empress regnant Suiko, he made Buddhism the state religion. ||правящая||||||| emperatriz|emperatriz|reinante|Suiko|él|hizo|budismo|la|estado|religión emperatriz reinante de Japón, Suiko, hizo del budismo la religión del estado.

Together they established temples, sent embassies to Sui China, established a calendar to understand |||||||Суй|||||| juntos|ellos|establecieron|templos|enviaron|embajadas|a|Sui|China|establecieron|un|calendario|para|entender Juntos establecieron templos, enviaron embajadas a la China Sui, establecieron un calendario para entender

the heavens and a constitution to enshrine both Buddhism and Chinese Confucian order ||||||закрепить|||||конфуцианского| los|cielos|y|una|constitución|para|consagrar|tanto el|budismo|y|chino|confuciano|orden los cielos y una constitución para consagrar tanto el budismo como el orden confuciano chino

to become generally known by a term he is said to have invented, the land of the rising a|convertirse|generalmente|conocido|por|un|término|él|se|dice|a|haber|inventado|la|tierra|del|el|sol a ser conocida generalmente por un término que se dice que él inventó, la tierra del sol naciente,

sun, Nihon, or Japan. |Япония|| sol|Japón|o|Japón Nihon, o Japón.

Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku, and impose semi-vassal status on the wild tribes of the north and |||Сикоку||наложить||||||||||| honshu|kyushu|y|shikoku|y|imponer|||estatus|sobre|las|salvajes|tribus|del|el|norte|y Honshu, Kyushu y Shikoku, e imponer un estatus semi vasallo a las tribus salvajes del norte y

the tattooed Amami island peoples of the far south. ||Амано|||||| los|tatuados|Amami|isle|pueblos|del|el|lejano|sur los pueblos tatuados de la isla Amami del extremo sur.

Future religious and secular leaders would claim that he came to them in visions and |||светских||||||||||| futuros|religiosos|y|seculares|líderes|(verbo auxiliar futuro)|afirmarían|que|él|vino|a|ellos|en|visiones|y Futuros líderes religiosos y seculares afirmarían que él se les apareció en visiones y

dreams, inspiring them to great deeds and profound spiritual understanding. |||||||глубокое|| sueños|inspirándolos|a ellos|a|grandes|acciones|y|profunda|espiritual|comprensión sueños, inspirándolos a grandes hazañas y a una profunda comprensión espiritual.

In his vision, his accomplishments, and the recognition granted him down the ages, Prince ||||достижения||||||||| en|su|visión|sus|logros|y|el|reconocimiento|concedido|a él|a través de|los|siglos|príncipe En su visión, sus logros y el reconocimiento que se le ha otorgado a lo largo de los siglos, el Príncipe

Shotoku can justly claim to be the father of the nation we now know. ||справедливо||||||||||| shotoku|puede|justamente|reclamar|ser|el|el|padre|de|la|nación|nosotros|ahora|conocemos Shotoku puede reclamar con justicia ser el padre de la nación que ahora conocemos.

As Japan. como|japón Como Japón.

The farm boy stood in a simple tunic, rusty knife in his belt, a tall spear at his side. |||||||tunik||||||||||| el|granja|niño|estaba de pie|en|una|simple|túnica|oxidado|cuchillo|en|su|cinturón|una|alta|lanza|a|su|lado El chico de la granja estaba vestido con una túnica simple, un cuchillo oxidado en su cinturón y una lanza alta a su lado.

He was feeling strong. él|estaba|sintiéndose|fuerte Se sentía fuerte.

The conscript reflected on the fact that he was a peasant no more. |солдат||||||||||| el|conscripto|reflexionó|sobre|el|hecho|que|él|era|un|campesino|ya|más El recluta reflexionó sobre el hecho de que ya no era un campesino.

He watched excitedly as the eagerly anticipated great flotilla of ships entered the mouth ||||||beklenen||||||| él|miró|emocionadamente|mientras|la|ansiosamente|anticipada|gran|flotilla|de|barcos|entró|la|boca Miró con emoción mientras la gran flota de barcos, tan esperada, entraba por la boca

of the Benguma river on the east coast of Korea. ||Бенгума||||||| del|el|Benguma|río|en|la|costa este|costa|de|Corea del río Benguma en la costa este de Corea.

Tens of thousands of men bent to the oars, chanting in unison as the small vessels, which ||||||||весла|||||||| decenas|de|miles|de|hombres|se inclinaron|a|los|remos|cantando|en|unísono|mientras|las|pequeñas|embarcaciones|las cuales Decenas de miles de hombres se inclinaban hacia los remos, cantando al unísono mientras las pequeñas embarcaciones, que

had successfully made the treacherous crossing from Kyushu, made their way up the river. ||||опасный||||||||| había|exitosamente|hecho|la|traicionera|cruce|de|Kyushu|hicieron|su|camino|arriba|el|río habían cruzado con éxito la traicionera travesía desde Kyushu, subían por el río.

Astride each ship stood proud warriors, clan banners held high, swords punching the air Her birinin üzerinde||||||||||||| sobre|cada|barco|estaban|orgullosos|guerreros|clan|banderas|sostenidas|en alto|espadas|golpeando|el|aire Montados en cada barco estaban orgullosos guerreros, estandartes de clanes en alto, espadas cortando el aire.

amid deafening cheers. en medio de|ensordecedoras|vítores en medio de vítores ensordecedores.

Drums rang out. los tambores|sonaron|fuerte Los tambores resonaron.

but it mattered not. pero|eso|importó|no pero no importaba.

They were now here. ellos|estaban|ahora|aquí Ahora estaban aquí.

Baekje, the kingdom from which Buddha's peace had entered Japan, was an ancient Japanese baekje|el|reino|del cual|el cual||paz|había|entrado|japón|era|un|antiguo|japonés Baekje, el reino del cual la paz de Buda había entrado en Japón, era un antiguo aliado japonés

ally on the Korean peninsula, but had fallen to an alliance of Tang China and another Korean ||||||||||||Тан|||| aliado|en|la|coreana|península|pero|había|caído|a|una|alianza|de|Tang|China|y|otro|coreano en la península coreana, pero había caído ante una alianza de la China Tang y otro reino coreano,

kingdom, Silla, in 660. |Силла| reino|Silla|en Silla, en 660.

Following that defeat, those who could fled to Japan to plan their comeback with the help ||||||||||||возвращение||| tras|esa|derrota|aquellos|que|pudieron|huyeron|a|Japón|para|planear|su|regreso|con|la|ayuda Tras esa derrota, aquellos que pudieron huyeron a Japón para planear su regreso con la ayuda

of the Japanese. de|los|japoneses de los japoneses.

It was a moment of pure joy for the young conscript as he stood on the riverbank ready ||||||||||солдат||||||берег реки| fue|un|momento|de|pura|alegría|para|el|joven|recluta|mientras|él|estaba|de pie|en|la|orilla|listo Fue un momento de pura alegría para el joven recluta mientras estaba de pie en la orilla del río listo

his rightful lord, the new king, Pungjang. ||||||Пунджан su|legítimo|señor|el|nuevo|rey|Pungjang a su legítimo señor, el nuevo rey, Pungjang.

This king would stamp the seal of peace on their lives and coat it with the blood of este|rey|(verbo auxiliar futuro)|estamparía|el|sello|de|paz|en|sus|vidas|y|cubriría|lo|con|la|sangre|de Este rey sellaría la paz en sus vidas y la cubriría con la sangre de

the wretched oppressors. |жалкие| los|miserables|opresores los miserables opresores.

The river was filling up. el|río|estaba|llenando|arriba El río se estaba llenando.

It had become almost impossible to see the water flowing beneath the sleek vessels that ||||||||||||şık|| eso|había|llegado a ser|casi|imposible|ver|ver|el|agua|fluyendo|debajo de|los|elegantes|barcos|que Se había vuelto casi imposible ver el agua fluyendo bajo los elegantes barcos que

were so numerous. eran|tan|numerosas eran tan numerosos.

All the conscript knew that was with such a host they were sure of victory. ||солдаты|||||||||||| todos|los|conscriptos|sabían|que|estaba|con|tal|una|multitud|ellos|estaban|seguros|de|victoria Todos los reclutas sabían que con tal ejército estaban seguros de la victoria.

Everyone was in good spirits. todos|estaban|en|buen|ánimos Todos estaban de buen ánimo.

It was October 4th, 663. (eso)|fue|octubre|cuatro Era el 4 de octubre de 663.

The motherland was on the cusp of being restored to its former glory. |||||грани||||||| la|patria|estaba|en|el|umbral|de|ser|restaurada|a|su|antigua|gloria La patria estaba a punto de ser restaurada a su antigua gloria.

The flotilla got larger and larger as more and more ships entered the estuary and started |||||||||||||устье|| |||||||||||||ağız|| la|flotilla|se volvió|más grande|y|más grande|a medida que|más|y|más|barcos|entraron|el|estuario|y|comenzaron La flotilla se hizo cada vez más grande a medida que más y más barcos entraban en el estuario y comenzaban

to head upstream. ||вверх по течению a|cabeza|corriente arriba a dirigirse río arriba.

But there came a point when they were so jammed together that movement all but ceased. |||||||||||||||прекратился pero|allí|llegó|un|punto|cuando|ellos|estaban|tan|apretados|juntos|que|movimiento|casi|pero|cesó Pero llegó un momento en que estaban tan atascados que el movimiento casi cesó.

One hundred and seventy of them sprung the trap, speeding downriver from inland harbors, ||||||||||вниз по реке|||портов uno|cien|y|setenta|de|ellos|saltaron|la|trampa|acelerando|río abajo|de|interiores|puertos Ciento setenta de ellos activaron la trampa, acelerando río abajo desde puertos interiores,

The young conscript watched in horror as his kingdom's salvation floundered and died before ||||||||||потерпело неудачу||| ||||||||||sarsıldı||| el|joven|recluta|miró|en|horror|como|su|reino|salvación|fracasó|y|murió|ante El joven recluta observó con horror cómo la salvación de su reino fracasaba y moría ante

his eyes. sus|ojos sus ojos.

A conch shell rang high, then low. |раковина||||| una|concha|concha|sonó|alto|luego|bajo Una concha resonó alta, luego baja.

Hwarang, Silla's renowned cavalry, trained by warrior monks from childhood to revere Хваран|Силла||||||||||почитать hwarang|de silla|renombrada|caballería|entrenada|por|guerreros|monjes|desde|la infancia|a|venerar Хваранг, знаменита кавалерія Сілла, яку з дитинства навчали монахи-воїни, щоб вона шанувала Hwarang, la renombrada caballería de Silla, entrenada por monjes guerreros desde la infancia para reverenciar

the law, obey all orders, to love and fight for the death of their comrades and to exterminate la|ley|obedezcan|todas|órdenes|a|amar|y|luchar|por|la|muerte|de|sus|camaradas|y|a|exterminar закон, виконувати всі накази, любити і боротися на смерть своїх товаришів і знищувати la ley, obedecer todas las órdenes, amar y luchar hasta la muerte por sus camaradas y exterminar

their foes. |враги sus|enemigos a sus enemigos.

The young Baekje conscript now saw himself for what he was. |||солдат||||||| el|joven|Baekje|recluta|ahora|se vio|a sí mismo|por|lo que|él|era Молодий призовник Пекче тепер побачив себе таким, яким він був. El joven recluta de Baekje ahora se veía a sí mismo por lo que era.

No great warrior. no|gran|guerrero No un gran guerrero.

A mere mountain peasant, dressed in hemp clothing, armed only with a simple spear. ||||||конопляной||||||| ||||||kenevir||||||| un|simple|montañés|campesino|vestido|en|cáñamo|ropa|armado|solo|con|una|simple|lanza Простий гірський селянин, одягнений у конопляний одяг, озброєний лише простим списом. Un simple campesino de montaña, vestido con ropa de cáñamo, armado solo con una lanza simple.

It was now he knew fear in his heart. (eso)|fue|ahora|él|conoció|miedo|en|su|corazón Ahora conocía el miedo en su corazón.

Behind Baekje's dwindling forces, the Tang ship had closed in and hand-to-hand fighting |Пэкче|угасающих|||||||||||| ||azalan|||||||||||| detrás|de Baekje|menguantes|fuerzas|el|Tang|barco|había|cerrado|en|y||||lucha Позаду виснажених сил Пекче, танський корабель наблизився і вступив у рукопашну сутичку Detrás de las fuerzas menguantes de Baekje, el barco Tang se había acercado y la lucha cuerpo a cuerpo.

covered the floating battlefield. cubrió|el|flotante|campo de batalla вкривали плавуче поле бою. cubrió el campo de batalla flotante.

rear of the conscript's formation. |||солдата| retaguardia|de|la|conscripto|formación тил строю призовників. retaguardia de la formación del recluta.

Then they broke. entonces|ellos|rompieron Entonces se rompieron.

them, impaling the fleeing runners on razor-sharp lances. ||||||||копья ellos|empalando|los|que huyen|corredores|con|||lanzas Los empalaban en lanzas afiladas como cuchillas.

They held out, fighting a low-key guerrilla war for years in the mountains. ellos|sostuvieron|firme|luchando|una|||guerrilla|guerra|por|años|en|las|montañas Вони вистояли, роками ведучи тиху партизанську війну в горах. Resistieron, luchando una guerra de guerrillas de bajo perfil durante años en las montañas.

But after a decade, the dwindling band of freedom fighters knew that all was truly lost. |||||убывающая|||||||||| pero|después de|una|década|el|menguante|grupo|de|libertad|luchadores|sabían|que|todo|estaba|verdaderamente|perdido Але через десять років група борців за свободу, що зменшувалася, зрозуміла, що все дійсно втрачено. Pero después de una década, la menguante banda de luchadores por la libertad sabía que todo estaba verdaderamente perdido.

evacuation of their Korean allies and kin. evacuacion|de|sus|coreanos|aliados|y|parientes evacuación de sus aliados y parientes coreanos.

The minister Yeo Jasin, the minister Gwisil Jipsa and others, men and women to the number ||Йо|Ясин||||Джипса|||||||| el|ministro|Yeo|Jasin|el|ministro|Gwisil|Jipsa|y|otros|hombres|y|mujeres|a|el|número El ministro Yeo Jasin, el ministro Gwisil Jipsa y otros, hombres y mujeres en número

of over 700 persons, were removed and settled in the district of Gamafu in the province |||||||||||Гамафу||| de|más de|personas|fueron|removidas|y|asentadas|en|el|distrito|de|gamafu|en|la|provincia de más de 700 personas, fueron removidos y asentados en el distrito de Gamafu en la provincia.

of Omi. |Оми de|Omi de Omi.

Their traces survive to this day in place names, culture and family surnames. ||||||||||||фамилии sus|huellas|sobreviven|hasta|este|día|en|nombres|nombres|cultura|y|familiares|apellidos Sus huellas sobreviven hasta el día de hoy en los nombres de lugares, la cultura y los apellidos familiares.

This was a pivotal moment for Japan. |||ключевой||| este|fue|un|crucial|momento|para|Japón Este fue un momento crucial para Japón.

No longer would it be intimately entwined with the continent. |||||тесно|связанным||| ||||||iç içe geçmiş||| ya|más|estaría|ello|entrelazado|íntimamente|entrelazado|con|el|continente Вона більше не буде тісно пов'язана з континентом. Ya no estaría íntimamente entrelazado con el continente.

From now on, it would turn inwards, concentrating on its own affairs, staying well away from ||||||внутрь||||||||| de|ahora|en adelante|eso|(verbo auxiliar)|girar|hacia adentro|concentrándose|en|sus|propios|asuntos|manteniéndose|bien|lejos|de A partir de ahora, se volvería hacia adentro, concentrándose en sus propios asuntos, manteniéndose alejado de

continental politics and conflicts. continental|política|y|conflictos la política y los conflictos continentales.

their Baekje enemies. sus|Baekje|enemigos sus enemigos Baekje.

The relationship between the Japanese isles and the Koreas had soured, never to regain ||||||||Корея||ухудшились||| la|relación|entre|las|japonesas|islas|y|las|coreas|había|empeorado|nunca|a|recuperar La relación entre las islas japonesas y las Coreas se había deteriorado, nunca recuperando

its former warmth. su|antigua|calidez su antiguo calor.

In ancient times, the kings of the Yin Dynasty restored their country after transferring |||||||Инь|||||| en|antiguas|tiempos|los|reyes|de|la|Yin|Dinastía|restauraron|su|país|después de|transferir En tiempos antiguos, los reyes de la Dinastía Yin restauraron su país después de transferir

the capital five times. la|capital|cinco|veces la capital cinco veces.

The sovereigns of the Zhou Dynasty ensured peace in their country after establishing |суверены||||||||||| los|soberanos|de|la|Zhou|Dinastía|aseguraron|paz|en|su|país|después de|establecer Los soberanos de la Dinastía Zhou aseguraron la paz en su país después de establecer

the capital three times. la|capital|tres|veces la capital tres veces.

Today, as for the site of Heijokyo, the layout of the four animals is in accord with the ||||||Хэйдзёкё|||||||||согласии|| hoy|en cuanto a|el|el|sitio|de|Heijokyo|el|diseño|de|los|cuatro|animales|está|en|acuerdo|con|el Hoy, en cuanto al sitio de Heijokyo, el diseño de los cuatro animales está de acuerdo con el

model. modelo модель. modelo.

Mountains guard the site in three directions and the divinations suggest good fortune. |||||||||предсказания||| las montañas|protegen|el|sitio|en|tres|direcciones|y|las|las adivinaciones|sugieren|buena|fortuna Las montañas protegen el sitio en tres direcciones y las adivinaciones sugieren buena fortuna.

Materials for construction as the need arises should be listed and reported. ||||||возникает||||| materiales|para|construcción|a medida que|la|necesidad|surja|deben|ser|listados|y|reportados Матеріали для будівництва в міру необхідності повинні бути перераховані і про них слід звітувати. Los materiales para la construcción, a medida que surjan necesidades, deben ser listados e informados.

Plans should be carefully worked out so that they would not be changed subsequently. |||||||||||||впоследствии los planes|deben|ser|cuidadosamente|elaborados||para que|ellos|no|sean||ser|cambiados|posteriormente Los planes deben ser elaborados cuidadosamente para que no sean cambiados posteriormente.

Bodhisenna had travelled the world, over icebound mountains, through parched desert, across Бодхисаттва||||||ледяных|||засушенной|| |||||||||susuz|| bodhisenna|había|viajado|el|mundo|sobre|cubiertas_de_hielo|montañas|a_través_de|árido|desierto|a_través_de Bodhisenna había viajado por el mundo, sobre montañas heladas, a través de desiertos áridos, cruzando

lush farmland and upon the deepest seas in his quest to find Manjusri, a long-dead enlightened плодородные||||||||||||Манджушри|||| exuberante|tierras agrícolas|y|sobre|los|más profundas|mares|en|su|búsqueda|para|encontrar|Manjusri|un|||iluminado tierras agrícolas exuberantes y sobre los mares más profundos en su búsqueda de Manjusri, un iluminado que había muerto hace mucho tiempo.

one, a Bodhisattva of wisdom, who appeared to him in a dream as a youth in India. ||Бодхисаттва|||||||||||||| uno|un|Bodhisattva|de|sabiduría|quien|apareció|a|él|en|un|sueño|como|un|joven|en|India Один з них, Бодхісатва мудрості, з'явився йому уві сні, коли він був ще юнаком в Індії. uno, un Bodhisattva de la sabiduría, que se le apareció en un sueño como un joven en India.

Gyoki, the Japanese monk who walked beside him, was Manjusri reincarnated. Гёки||||||||||воплощённый gyoki|el|japonés|monje|que|caminó|junto a|él|fue|Manjusri|reencarnado Gyoki, el monje japonés que caminaba a su lado, era Manjusri reencarnado.

He was sure of it. él|estaba|seguro|de|eso Він був у цьому впевнений. Estaba seguro de ello.

himself. a sí mismo a sí mismo.

new capital. nueva|capital capital de Japón.

The land had been unified. la|tierra|había|sido|unificada La tierra había sido unificada.

No longer was it merely the state lot of Yamato, it was now the land of the rising sun, Japan. ya|más|era|eso|meramente|el|estado|lote|de|Yamato|eso|estaba|ahora|la|tierra|del|el|naciente|sol|Japón Ya no era simplemente el lote estatal de Yamato, ahora era la tierra del sol naciente, Japón.

It was no longer appropriate or dignified for the court to up sticks and be loaded onto eso|era|ya|más|apropiado|o|digno|para|la|corte|que|levantar|palos|y|ser|cargado|sobre Для суду більше не було доречним і гідним піднімати палиці і вантажитися на Ya no era apropiado ni digno que la corte se mudara y se cargara en

Foreign states needed to understand the full dignity and civilization of the city's inhabitants Estados|extranjeros|necesitaban|que|entender|la|plena|dignidad|y|civilización|de|los||habitantes Іноземним державам потрібно було зрозуміти всю гідність і цивілізованість мешканців міста Los estados extranjeros necesitaban entender la plena dignidad y civilización de los habitantes de la ciudad

The time had come. el|tiempo|había|llegado Час прийшов. Ha llegado el momento.

On the day of Jaji in the eleventh month, the cabinet offered a proposal to the emperor ||||Джаджи|||||||||||| el|el|día|de|Jaji|en|el|undécimo|mes|el|gabinete|ofreció|una|propuesta|al|el|emperador En el día de Jaji en el undécimo mes, el gabinete presentó una propuesta al emperador

as follows. como|sigue como sigue.

and nests in summer. |гнезда|| y|anidan|en|verano y en nidos en verano.

In recent years, the noble people live in palaces instead. ||||||||дворцах| en|recientes|años|los|nobles|personas|viven|en|palacios|en su lugar En los últimos años, los nobles viven en palacios en su lugar.

can we express the virtue of the emperor if the capital lacks magnificence? ||||||||||||великолепия podemos|nosotros|expresar|la|virtud|del|el|emperador|si|la|capital|carece de|magnificencia чи можемо ми висловити чесноти імператора, якщо столиці бракує пишноти? podemos expresar la virtud del emperador si la capital carece de magnificencia?

We offer a proposal to decree that the authorities should instruct noblemen and wealthy commoners |||||декрет||||||||| nosotros|ofrecemos|una|propuesta|para|decretar|que|las|autoridades|deben|instruir|nobles|y|ricos|plebeyos Ми пропонуємо ухвалити декрет про те, що влада повинна доручити дворянам і заможним простолюдинам Ofrecemos una propuesta para decretar que las autoridades deben instruir a los nobles y a los plebeyos adinerados.

to equip their houses with tiled roofs, vermilion pillars, and white walls. |||||||кирпично-красные|||| para|equipar|sus|casas|con|tejas|techos|bermellón|pilares|y|blancas|paredes equipar sus casas con techos de tejas, pilares bermellón y paredes blancas.

precincts. участки distritos recintos.

Peasants delivered food and other supplies from the hinterland. ||||||||внутренней территории los campesinos|entregaron|comida|y|otros|suministros|del|el|hinterland Селяни доставляли їжу та інші припаси з глибинки. Los campesinos entregaban alimentos y otros suministros desde el interior.

Criminals slunk by in the shadows, hoping to grab a tiny slither of the glorious riches |прокрались||||||||||кусочек|||| los criminales|se deslizaron|por|en|las|sombras|esperando|a|agarrar|un|pequeño|pedazo|de|las|gloriosas|riquezas Злочинці прослизали в тіні, сподіваючись урвати крихітний шматочок славного багатства Los criminales se deslizaban por las sombras, esperando atrapar un pequeño trozo de las gloriosas riquezas

for themselves. por|sí mismos para sí mismos.

Imperial counselors and civil servants also came from much further afield, from as far ||||||||||далеко||| imperial|consejeros|y|civiles|servidores|también|vinieron|de|mucho|más|lejos|de|tan|lejos Los consejeros imperiales y los funcionarios civiles también vinieron de lugares mucho más lejanos, desde tan lejos

to exist beyond China. para|existir|más allá de|china existir más allá de China.

and haunted the halls of learning in their flowing robes, sporting their long status-marking ||||||||||носящие|||| y|acechaban|los|pasillos|de|aprendizaje|en|sus|fluidas|túnicas|luciendo|sus|largas|| і ходили навчальними аудиторіями у своїх струмливих мантіях, з довгими знаками розрізнення статусів. y frecuentaban los salones de aprendizaje con sus túnicas fluidas, luciendo sus largas uñas que marcaban estatus.

nails. uñas

Work with one's hands and fingers was left to the mere illiterate peasants and the servile |||||||||||неграмотные||||раболепные trabajar|con|las|manos|y|dedos|fue|dejado|a|los|meros|iletrados|campesinos|y|los|serviles El trabajo con las manos y los dedos se dejaba a los meros campesinos analfabetos y a los serviles.

classes. clases clases.

A grand imperial repository called Shosuin was established to exemplify the permanence |||||Шосюин||||иллюстрировать||постоянство |||||||||показати|| una|gran|imperial|repositorio|llamado|Shosuin|fue|establecido|para|ejemplificar|la|permanencia Se estableció un gran repositorio imperial llamado Shosuin para ejemplificar la permanencia

of the new city. |||місто de|la|nueva|ciudad de la nueva ciudad.

The royal treasures, tribute and gifts from neighboring states, some emanating from further ||скарби|||||||||| los|reales|tesoros|tributo|y|regalos|de|estados vecinos|estados|algunos|emanando|de|más allá Королівські скарби, данина і подарунки від сусідніх держав, деякі з яких походили з дальніх Los tesoros reales, tributos y regalos de estados vecinos, algunos provenientes de lugares aún más

even than the most exotic of inhabitants, the extreme wilds of lands in the far west |||||||||дикости|||||| incluso|que|los|más|exóticos|de|habitantes|las|extremas|tierras salvajes|de|tierras|en|el|lejano|oeste lejanos que los más exóticos de los habitantes, las tierras salvajes extremas del lejano oeste.

whose names were unknown, would no longer be subject to rude upheaval. |||||||||||волнения cuyos|nombres|estaban|desconocidos|(verbo auxiliar futuro)|ya|más|estar|sujetos|a|grosero|disturbio cuyos nombres eran desconocidos, ya no estarían sujetos a un violento desasosiego.

power in the sacrosanct precincts of the brand new Todai-ji Temple. ||||пределах|||||Тодай|| poder|en|los|sacrosantos|recintos|del|el|nueva|nuevo|||templo poder en los sagrados recintos del nuevo Templo Todai-ji.

But Shotoku's reforms had woven their logical path to this point. |Сётоку|реформы||проложили|||||| pero|de shotoku|reformas|habían|tejido|su|lógica|camino|a|este|punto Pero las reformas de Shotoku habían tejido su camino lógico hasta este punto.

The loss of allies and bases on the continent, no longer a buffer zone, had led to this point. la|pérdida|de|aliados|y|bases|en|el|continente|ya|más|una|zona de amortiguamiento|zona|ha|llevado|a|este|punto La pérdida de aliados y bases en el continente, ya no una zona de amortiguamiento, había llevado a este punto.

Of all the people who roamed the wide boulevards of the new capital, Borisenna truly stood ||||||||бульварах|||||Борисенна|| de|todas|las|personas|que|vagaban|los|anchos|bulevares|de|la|nueva|capital|Borisenna|verdaderamente|se destacó De todas las personas que deambulaban por los amplios bulevares de la nueva capital, Borisenna realmente se destacaba.

out. fuera .

He was by far the darkest-skinned and perhaps close to one of the most learned men to have él|fue|por|lejos|el|||y|quizás|cerca|a|uno|de|los|más|sabios|hombres|que|tener Era, con mucho, el de piel más oscura y quizás uno de los hombres más eruditos que jamás haya caminado por los sinuosos caminos de montaña de Japón.

A Tamil man from the deep south of what is now southern India, he had traveled the world |тамильский|||||||||||||||| un|tamil|hombre|del|el|profundo|sur|de|lo que|es|ahora|del sur|India|él|había|viajado|el|mundo Un hombre tamil del profundo sur de lo que ahora es el sur de India, había viajado por el mundo

The imperial court was thrilled to have a guest from lands so close to those of Buddha's la|imperial|corte|estaba|emocionada|de|tener|un|invitado|de|tierras|tan|cerca|a|las|de|Buda La corte imperial estaba emocionada de tener un invitado de tierras tan cercanas a las de la

and saintly aura. y|santa|aura y aura santa.

He was granted the honor of putting the final touch to the greatest devotional work of construction |||||||||||||девятинное||| él|fue|concedido|el|honor|de|poner|el|final|toque|a|la|mayor|devocional|obra|de|construcción Se le otorgó el honor de dar el toque final a la mayor obra de construcción devocional

In 741, Emperor Shomu, desiring to show the magnificence of his state, demonstrate the ||Сёму|||||||||| en|emperador|shomu|deseando|a|mostrar|la|magnificencia|de|su|estado|demostrar|la En 741, el emperador Shomu, deseando mostrar la magnificencia de su estado, demostrar el

completed such a project, ordered the erecting of a great Buddha statue in Heijokyo. ||||||возведением||||||| completó|tal|un|proyecto|ordenó|la|erección|de|una|gran|buda|estatua|en|heijokyo completado tal proyecto, ordenó la erección de una gran estatua de Buda en Heijokyo.

It was to be the centerpiece of a great institution of religion and learning. |||||центром|||||||| eso|fue|para|ser|el|centro|de|una|gran|institución|de|religión|y|aprendizaje Iba a ser el punto central de una gran institución de religión y aprendizaje.

temple hall, fifty by eighty-six meters, with eighty-four massive cypress pillars. |||||||||||кипарис| templo|sala|cincuenta|por|||metros|con|||masivos|cipreses|pilares salón de templo, de cincuenta por ochenta y seis metros, con ochenta y cuatro masivos pilares de ciprés.

For Daiji, the world had never seen the like in wood before nor would ever again. |Дайджи|||||||||||||| para|Daiji|el|mundo|había|nunca|visto|el|igual|en|madera|antes|ni|volvería|jamás|otra vez Para Daiji, el mundo nunca había visto algo así en madera antes ni lo volvería a ver.

cause and specialist craftsmen hired from throughout the known world toiled for over ||||||||||трудились|| causa|y|especialistas|artesanos|contratados|de|todo|el|conocido|mundo|trabajaron|por|más de causa y artesanos especialistas contratados de todo el mundo conocido trabajaron durante más de

In 752, it was time for the final act, the eye-opening ceremony, to dedicate the statue en|era|el|momento|para|el|final|acto|la|||ceremonia|para|dedicar|la|estatua En 752, era el momento del acto final, la ceremonia de apertura de ojos, para dedicar la estatua.

Before dignitaries from Tang China, all the Korean kingdoms, ten thousand guests and four |достопочтенные лица|||||||||||| ante|dignatarios|de|Tang|China|todos|los|coreanos|reinos|diez||invitados|y|cuatro Ante dignatarios de la China Tang, todos los reinos coreanos, diez mil invitados y cuatro

thousand dancers, moving to the dignified and majestic sounds of Hichiriki oboes, fue ||||||||||Хичирики|обоев|флейта mil|bailarines|moviéndose|a|los|dignos|y|majestuosos|sonidos|de|hichiriki|oboes|fue mil bailarines, moviéndose al son digno y majestuoso de los oboes Hichiriki, flautas fue,

flutes, koto, biwa lutes and myriad drums which formed the new imperial music brought флейты|кото|бива||||||||||| flautas|koto|biwa|laúdes|y|innumerables|tambores|las cuales|formaron|la|nueva|imperial|música|trajeron koto, laúdes biwa y una miríada de tambores que formaban la nueva música imperial traída

by Bodhisanna, the Tamil priest himself painted the Buddha's eyes. |Бодисанна|||||||| por|Bodhisanna|el|tamil|sacerdote|él mismo|pintó|los|Buda|ojos por Bodhisanna, el sacerdote tamil, él mismo pintó los ojos del Buda.

It must have been a profound moment of holiness and spirituality. |||||глубокий|||святости||духовности eso|debe|haber|sido|un|profundo|momento|de|santidad|y|espiritualidad Debió haber sido un momento profundo de santidad y espiritualidad.

With the painting of his eye, the Buddha lived in Nara, in Japan. con|la|pintura|de|su|ojo|el|Buda|vivió|en|Nara|en|Japón Con la pintura de su ojo, el Buda vivió en Nara, en Japón.

warm and protect the world with its light and sanctity. |||||||||святостью calienta|y|protege|el|mundo|con|su|luz|y|santidad calentar y proteger al mundo con su luz y santidad.

It took several decades for the luster to wear off. ||||||блеск||| (pronoun)|tomó|varias|décadas|para que|el|brillo|(partícula)|desgastarse|(partícula) Pasaron varias décadas para que el brillo se desvaneciera.

For while the munificence of the great statue undoubtedly protected the realm's spiritual |||щедрость||||||||царства| porque|mientras|la|munificencia|de|la|gran|estatua|indudablemente|protegió|el|reino|espiritual Porque aunque la munificencia de la gran estatua indudablemente protegía la salud espiritual del reino,

health, the financial and social cost took a long-term toil. ||||||||||тяжесть salud|el|financiero|y|social|costo|tomó|un|||peaje el costo financiero y social tuvo un desgaste a largo plazo.

influence over the state. influencia|sobre|el|estado influencia sobre el estado.

This was not how the new Emperor Kamo saw his reign's future when he ascended the throne |||||||Камо|||правления|||||| esto|fue|no|como|el|nuevo|emperador|Kamo|vio|su|reinado|futuro|cuando|él|ascendió|el|trono Esta no era la forma en que el nuevo Emperador Kamo veía el futuro de su reinado cuando ascendió al trono

by his predecessors. ||предшественников por|sus|predecesores por sus predecesores.

The eternal capital of Hejo-kyo would have to be moved. ||||Хэйдзё|Киото||||| la|eterna|capital|de|||tendría|que|a|ser|trasladada La eterna capital de Hejo-kyo tendría que ser trasladada.

The Buddhists could be left to twiddle their thumbs and chant their sutras away from secular |буддисты|||||вертеть||||||сутры|||светского los|budistas|podrían|ser|dejados|a|girar|sus|pulgares|y|cantar|sus|sutras|lejos|de|secular Los budistas podrían ser dejados a jugar con sus pulgares y cantar sus sutras lejos del

power. poder poder.

Nagaoka was the site chosen in 784, but it was not a success. Нагаока||||||||||| nagaoka|fue|el|sitio|elegido|en|pero|eso|fue|no|un|éxito Nagaoka fue el sitio elegido en 784, pero no fue un éxito.

A decade later, in 794, Hejo-kyo was eventually founded and over the next decades blossomed una|década|después|en|||fue|eventualmente|fundada|y|durante|las|próximas|décadas|floreció Una década después, en 794, Hejo-kyo fue finalmente fundado y durante las siguientes décadas floreció

noble families of the land, a third who traced their lineage to Chinese and Korean families, nobles|familias|de|la|tierra|una|tercera|que|trazó|su|linaje|a|chinas|y|coreanas|familias familias nobles de la tierra, un tercio que trazó su linaje a familias chinas y coreanas,

a testament to the global draw of the polity which had been built over the last two centuries ||||||||политике||||||||| un|testamento|a|la|global|atracción|de|la|política|la cual|había|sido|construida|durante|los|últimos|dos|siglos un testimonio del atractivo global de la política que se había construido durante los últimos dos siglos

in central Japan. en|central|Japón en el centro de Japón.

The economy thrived and the libraries became the world's envy, with over 1,500 Chinese ||процветала|||||||||| la|economía|prosperó|y|las|bibliotecas|se convirtieron|la|del mundo|envidia|con|más de|chinos La economía prosperó y las bibliotecas se convirtieron en la envidia del mundo, con más de 1,500 chinos

classics available for the reference of ministers, scholars, engineers, craftspeople and soothsayers. |||||||||ремесленники||предсказателей clásicos|disponibles|para|la|referencia|de|ministros|académicos|ingenieros|artesanos|y|adivinos clásicos disponibles para la referencia de ministros, académicos, ingenieros, artesanos y adivinos.

Kyoto, as it later became, was to remain the imperial capital until 1869, but it was on Киото||||||||||||||| kioto|como|se|más tarde|convirtió|iba a|a|permanecer|la|imperial|capital|hasta|pero|se|estaba|en Kioto, como se convirtió más tarde, iba a seguir siendo la capital imperial hasta 1869, pero fue en

Emishi from the two provinces of Matsu and Echigo, their wild hearts as yet untamed, Эмиси||||||Мацу||||||||неукротимые emishi|de|las|dos|provincias|de|matsu|y|echigo|sus|salvajes|corazones|como|aún|indomables Los Emishi de las dos provincias de Matsu y Echigo, sus corazones salvajes aún no domesticados,

Accordingly, we have dispatched an officer and have ordered the provinces to mobilize соответственно|||||||||||| por lo tanto|nosotros|hemos|despachado|un|oficial|y|hemos|ordenado|las|provincias|a|movilizarse Por lo tanto, hemos enviado a un oficial y hemos ordenado a las provincias que movilicen

their regiments. |полках sus|regimientos sus regimientos.

They are to go forth and punish the Emishi. ellos|están|a|ir|adelante|y|castigar|los|Emishi Deben salir y castigar a los Emishi.

The villages of sturdy wooden huts were small, but warm and secure. |||крепких|||||||| las|aldeas|de|resistentes|madera|cabañas|eran|pequeñas|pero|cálidas|y|seguras Las aldeas de robustas cabañas de madera eran pequeñas, pero cálidas y seguras.

Nestled in the cozy confines of tree-bound valleys, they were virtually hidden until ||||уголках||||||||| anidado|en|los|acogedores|confines|de|||valles|ellos|estaban|virtualmente|ocultos|hasta que Anidadas en los acogedores confines de valles rodeados de árboles, estaban prácticamente ocultas hasta

you stumbled upon them. tú|tropezaste|con|ellos que te tropezaras con ellas.

The villagers, called Emishi by their would-be invaders from the south, led hard but hardy los|aldeanos|llamados|Emishi|por|sus|||invasores|del|el|sur|llevaron|duro|pero|resistentes Los aldeanos, llamados Emishi por sus posibles invasores del sur, llevaban vidas duras pero resistentes,

lives, hunting, trapping, gathering and reaping the grains of their half-wild paddy fields. |||||уборка||зерна|||||рисовые| vidas|caza|trampas|recolección|y|cosechando|los|granos|de|sus|||arrozales|campos cazando, atrapando, recolectando y cosechando los granos de sus campos de arroz semi-salvajes.

Food was plentiful, the gods and spirits of their northern mountains and forests provided ||обильной||||||||||| la comida|estaba|abundante|los|dioses|y|espíritus|de|sus|del norte|montañas|y|bosques|proveían La comida era abundante, los dioses y espíritus de sus montañas y bosques del norte proporcionaban

abundant resources of every kind. обильные|||| abundantes|recursos|de|cada|tipo recursos abundantes de todo tipo.

who lived in far-off palaces? quién|vivió|en|||palacios que vivían en palacios lejanos?

What more could they need? qué|más|podrían|ellos|necesitar ¿Qué más podrían necesitar?

These people controlled their own destiny, paid tribute to no one, acknowledged no overlord |||||||||||||господина estas|personas|controlaron|su|propio|destino|pagaron|tributo|a|nadie|uno|reconocieron|ningun|señor feudal Estas personas controlaban su propio destino, no rendían tributo a nadie, no reconocían a ningún señor.

but their own chiefs. pero|sus|propios|jefes sino a sus propios jefes.

Amongst the eastern savages, the Emishi are the most powerful. |||дикарей|||||| entre|los|orientales|salvajes|los|Emishi|son|los|más|poderosos Entre los salvajes del este, los Emishi son los más poderosos.

Their men and women live together promiscuously, there is no distinction of father and child. ||||||беспорядочно||||различия|||| sus|hombres|y|mujeres|viven|juntos|promiscuamente|allí|hay|ninguna|distinción|de|padre|y|hijo Sus hombres y mujeres viven juntos de manera promiscuo, no hay distinción entre padre e hijo.

In ascending mountains they are like flying birds, in going through the grass they are |восходящих||||||||||||| en|ascendentes|montañas|ellos|están|como|volando|aves|en|al ir|a través de|la|hierba|ellos|están Al ascender montañas son como aves voladoras, al atravesar la hierba son

like flea wolves. como|pulgas|lobos como lobos pulgas.

In fact, the remote borders in the north, the west and south are still unfixed and disputed de hecho|hecho|las|remotas|fronteras|en|el|norte|el|oeste|y|sur|están|todavía|sin fijar|y|disputadas De hecho, las fronteras remotas en el norte, el oeste y el sur aún no están fijadas y son disputadas

to this day. hasta|este|día hasta el día de hoy.

fact that even the marches to the north of what is now Tokyo were hazy no-man's land, hecho|que|incluso|las|marchas|hacia|el|norte|de|lo que|es|ahora|tokio|eran|brumoso|||tierra de hecho, incluso las marchas al norte de lo que ahora es Tokio eran tierras de nadie difusas,

The ancient Japanese court did not engage in anthropological study to determine exactly ||||||заниматься||антропологическое|||| la|antigua|japonesa|corte|(verbo auxiliar)|no|participó|en|antropológica|estudio|para|determinar|exactamente La antigua corte japonesa no se dedicó al estudio antropológico para determinar exactamente

who these people were, simply classing these unsubjugated, free peoples as barbarians. |||||классифицируя||независимые|||| quién|estas|personas|eran|simplemente|clasificando|estas|no sometidas|libres|pueblos|como|bárbaros quiénes eran estas personas, simplemente clasificando a estos pueblos no sometidos y libres como bárbaros.

with a stronger dose of blood from the people we now know as the Ainu of modern-day Japan's ||||||||||||||айны|||| con|una|más fuerte|dosis|de|sangre|de|la|las personas|nosotros|ahora|conocemos|como|los|Ainu|de|||Japón con una dosis más fuerte de sangre de las personas que ahora conocemos como los Ainu de la Japón moderna.

extreme north. extremo|norte norte extremo.

begged admittance to the tax roll and were resettled within the burgeoning Japanese imperium. ||||||||переселены|||растущем||империи suplicaron|admisión|a|el|impuesto|registro|y|fueron|reubicados|dentro del|el|creciente|japonés|imperio rogaban por ser admitidos en el registro de impuestos y eran reubicados dentro del creciente imperio japonés.

Whether this resettlement resembled the relatively peaceful settlement of Goths and other non-subject ||переселение|||||||Готов|||| si|este|reasentamiento|se asemejaba|el|relativamente|pacífico|asentamiento|de|los godos|y|otros|| No está claro si esta reubicación se asemejaba al asentamiento relativamente pacífico de los godos y otras tribus no sujetas

resisting husbands and fathers were then enticed to surrender and join them in exile. ||||||завлечены||||||| los que resisten|esposos|y|padres|fueron|entonces|atraídos|a|rendirse|y|unirse|ellos|en|exilio los esposos y padres que resistían fueron luego inducidos a rendirse y unirse a ellos en el exilio.

However, in the main, the north remained beyond the pale, and the court at Heijokyo decided sin embargo|en|el|principal|el|norte|permaneció|más allá de|el|límite|y|la|corte|en|Heijokyo|decidió Sin embargo, en general, el norte permaneció más allá de lo tolerable, y la corte en Heijokyo decidió

In the early 8th century, several punitive expeditions consisting mainly of infantry ||||||наказательных|экспедиций||||пехоты en|el|temprano|octavo|siglo|varias|punitivas|expediciones|consistiendo|principalmente|de|infantería A principios del siglo VIII, varias expediciones punitivas compuestas principalmente por infantería

conscripts set out, but the skill of the enemy horsemen, cumbersome supply lines and deep новобранцы||||||||||громоздкие|||| los conscriptos|se|marchan|pero|la|habilidad|de|los|enemigo|jinetes|engorrosas|de suministro|líneas|y|profundas los reclutas se pusieron en marcha, pero la habilidad de los jinetes enemigos, las engorrosas líneas de suministro y las profundas

He declared the commencement of the Great Pacification Era. |||начало||||Успокоения| él|declaró|el|comienzo|de|la|Gran|Pacificación|Era Declaró el comienzo de la Gran Era de Pacificación.

Because military action brings hardship to the people, we have long valued the broad ||||трудности||||||||| porque|militar|acción|trae|dificultades|a|la|gente|nosotros|hemos|mucho tiempo|valorado|la|amplia Porque la acción militar trae dificultades al pueblo, hemos valorado durante mucho tiempo lo amplio

virtue that embraces the myriad things and have eschewed war. ||||||||избегли| virtud|que|abraza|las|innumerables|cosas|y|han|evitado|guerra virtud que abraza las innumerables cosas y ha evitado la guerra.

But a report from our generals makes it clear that the barbarians have not amended their ||||||||||||||изменили| pero|un|informe|de|nuestros|generales|hace|que|claro|que|los|bárbaros|han|no|enmendado|su Pero un informe de nuestros generales deja claro que los bárbaros no han enmendado sus

wild hearts. salvajes|corazones corazones salvajes.

They invade our frontiers and ignore the instructions of the sovereign. |||границы||||||| ellos|invaden|nuestras|fronteras|y|ignoran|las|instrucciones|del|el|soberano Invaden nuestras fronteras e ignoran las instrucciones del soberano.

The Heijokyo court were conscripts, mainly from provinces adjoining the barbarian territories. ||||призывники||||соседних||| la|Heijokyo|corte|eran|reclutas|principalmente|de|provincias|adyacentes|los|bárbaros|territorios La corte de Heijokyo estaba compuesta por reclutas, principalmente de provincias adyacentes a los territorios bárbaros.

Non-professional peasants serving as part of their tax duty, providing their own weapons ||campesinos|sirviendo|como|parte|de|su|impuesto|deber|proporcionando|sus|propias|armas Campesinos no profesionales que servían como parte de su deber tributario, proporcionando sus propias armas

and armour, and not expecting to be in the field for long. |доспехи|||||||||| y|armadura|y|no|esperando|estar|en|el|el|campo|por|mucho tiempo y armaduras, y sin esperar estar en el campo por mucho tiempo.

Those who commanded them were chosen for their noble titles as much as their leadership prowess. |||||||||||||||способности aquellos|que|comandaban|ellos|fueron|elegidos|por|sus|nobles|títulos|tanto|como|como|su|liderazgo|destreza Aquellos que los comandaban eran elegidos tanto por sus títulos nobiliarios como por su destreza en el liderazgo.

born and despite their numerical and equipmental inferiority, could, as with the Viet Minh ||||||техническом|||||||Вьет Мин nacido|y|a pesar de|su|numérica|y|equipamiento|inferioridad|podrían|como|con|los|viet|minh nacidos y a pesar de su inferioridad numérica y de equipo, podían, al igual que los Viet Minh

of their homeland. de|su|patria de su tierra natal.

supply lines grew ever longer. las líneas de suministro|crecieron|cada vez|más|largas las líneas de suministro crecían cada vez más largas.

An age-old story. una|||historia Una historia antigua.

The Emishi chieftain Aterui sat atop his fleet horse, his bow as yet unstrung. |||Атеруи||||||||||не натянутый el|emishi|jefe|aterui|se sentó|sobre|su|veloz|caballo|su|arco|como|aún|sin tensar El jefe Emishi Aterui estaba sentado sobre su caballo de guerra, su arco aún sin tensar.

It was the fifth month of 789. (eso)|fue|el|quinto|mes|de Era el quinto mes de 789.

raised as the slow-moving infantry progressed towards their doom, because the flaming homes |||||пехота|||||||| levantadas|mientras|la|||infantería|avanzaba|hacia|su|perdición|porque|las|ardientes|casas que ardían mientras la infantería de movimiento lento avanzaba hacia su perdición, porque los hogares en llamas

An elaborate trap. |сложная| una|elaborada|trampa Una trampa elaborada.

This advance guard had been lured over the Koromo River by easy pickings and the promise |||||завлечена|||Коромо||||добычи||| esta|avanzada|guardia|había|sido|atraída|sobre|el|Koromo|río|por|fáciles|recompensas|y|la|promesa Esta vanguardia había sido atraída sobre el río Koromo por presas fáciles y la promesa

of a seemingly small and easily-defeatable Emishi skirmish force of a mere few hundred. ||||||победимого|||||||| de|una|aparentemente|pequeña|y|||Emishi|escaramuza|fuerza|de|unos|meros|pocos|cientos de una fuerza de escaramuza Emishi aparentemente pequeña y fácilmente derrotable de apenas unos pocos cientos.

earnestly defending their homes. sinceramente|defendiendo|sus|hogares defendiendo sinceramente sus hogares.

They then feigned retreat, withdrawing while keeping up a running battle with the 4,000 ||притворились|||||||||| ellos|entonces|fingieron|retirada|retirándose|mientras|manteniendo|en|una|corrida|batalla|con|los Luego fingieron una retirada, retirándose mientras mantenían una batalla continua con los 4,000

Yamato troops. Yamato|tropas tropas Yamato.

men, to cross the river now, with no Emishi defenders to threaten and thwart their passage. |||||||||||||препятствовать|| hombres|para|cruzar|el|río|ahora|con|ningún|emishi|defensores|que|amenazar|y|frustrar|su|paso hombres, cruzara el río ahora, sin defensores Emishi que amenazaran y obstaculizaran su paso.

But now was Aterui's moment. |||Атеруи| pero|ahora|era|de Aterui|momento Pero ahora era el momento de Aterui.

He and his thousand warriors sounded their battle cry. él|y|sus|mil|guerreros|sonaron|su|batalla|grito Él y sus mil guerreros sonaron su grito de batalla.

Blood-curdling roars echoed throughout the hills and thickly-treed valleys, magnifying |кровавый||||||||лесистых||усиливая ||rugidos|resonaron|por todo|las|colinas|y|||valles|magnificando Rugidos escalofriantes resonaron por las colinas y los valles densamente arbolados, magnificando

their volume to a storm. su|volumen|a|una|tormenta su volumen a una tormenta.

The trampling army below them on the valley floor hesitated. |топчущаяся|||||||| el|pisoteando|ejército|debajo|de ellos|en|el|valle|piso|dudó El ejército que pisoteaba debajo de ellos en el suelo del valle dudó.

A sharp intake of breath sounded, and a proud, Chinese-style war banner drooped slightly |||||||||||||поникло| una|aguda|inhalación|de|aire|sonó|y|una|orgullosa|||guerra|bandera|se inclinó|ligeramente Un agudo suspiro sonó, y una orgullosa bandera de guerra de estilo chino se inclinó levemente

Then Aterui sounded his conch horn. ||||раковина| entonces|Aterui|sonó|su|caracola|cuerno Entonces Aterui sonó su cuerno de caracol.

The men on the valley floor's imaginations ran wild. |||||долины|воображения|| los|hombres|en|el|valle|del suelo|imaginaciones|corrieron|salvaje La imaginación de los hombres en el suelo del valle se desató.

It was too much. eso|fue|demasiado|mucho Era demasiado.

They broke and ran, trampling their once-proud war banners beneath their freezing, sandaled ||||потаптывая|||||||||сандалированных ellos|rompieron|y|corrieron|pisoteando|sus|||guerra|banderas|debajo de|sus|heladas|sandalias Se rompieron y corrieron, pisoteando sus una vez orgullosas banderas de guerra bajo sus frías sandalias.

feet. pies Pies.

Those that managed to reach the river began to wade outwards, towards the safety of the |||||||||перейти|вперед||||| aquellos|que|lograron|a|llegar|el|río|comenzaron|a|vadear|hacia afuera|hacia|la|seguridad|de|la Aquellos que lograron llegar al río comenzaron a vadear hacia afuera, hacia la seguridad de la.

far bank and the troops yet to cross. lejana|orilla|y|las|tropas|aún|por|cruzar orilla lejana y las tropas que aún no habían cruzado.

But these were treacherous waters. |||опасные| pero|estas|eran|traicioneras|aguas Pero estas eran aguas traicioneras.

They flowed fast. ellos|fluyeron|rápido Fluían rápido.

Over a thousand men succumbed to the depths. ||||погибло||| más de|mil|hombres|hombres|sucumbieron|a|las|profundidades Más de mil hombres sucumbieron a las profundidades.

A thousand two hundred and fifty more survived only by discarding their weapons, a sacrifice un|mil|dos|cientos|y|cincuenta|más|sobrevivieron|solo|al|desechar|sus|armas|un|sacrificio Mil doscientos cincuenta más sobrevivieron solo al deshacerse de sus armas, un sacrificio

The commander Kino Kosami issued this report to the emperor. ||Кино|Косами|||||| el|comandante|Kino|Kosami|emitió|este|informe|al|el|emperador El comandante Kino Kosami emitió este informe al emperador.

My staff and I have discussed this, and concluded that our best course is to disband the army, |||||||||||||||распустить|| mi|personal|y|yo|hemos|discutido|esto|y|concluido|que|nuestro|mejor|curso|es|a|disolver|el|ejército Mi personal y yo hemos discutido esto y concluido que nuestro mejor curso es disolver el ejército,

In 811, victory was declared. en|victoria|fue|declarada En 811, se declaró la victoria.

Nothing had changed. nada|había|cambiado Nada había cambiado.

and it would be cultural assimilation rather than conquest. |||||ассимиляция||| y|eso|sería|ser|cultural|asimilación|más bien|que|conquista y sería una asimilación cultural en lugar de una conquista.

However, for now, a conch shell of freedom rang through the mountains and valleys of ||||раковина|||||||||| sin embargo|por|ahora|una|caracola|concha|de|libertad|resonó|por|las|montañas|y|valles|de Sin embargo, por ahora, una concha de libertad resonaba a través de las montañas y valles de

the Emishi's northern homeland. |Эмиси|| la|de los Emishi|del norte|patria la patria del norte de los Emishi.

A Western Hoorie beckons with her white hand, inviting the stranger to intoxicate himself ||Хурия|манит|||||||||опьяниться| una|occidental|Hoorie|hace señas|con|su|blanca|mano|invitando|al|extraño|a|intoxicarse|a sí mismo Una Hoorie del Oeste hace señas con su mano blanca, invitando al extraño a embriagarse

with her white hand. con|su|blanca|mano con su mano blanca.

She stands by the wine warmer and laughs with the breath of spring, laughs with the breath ella|está de pie|junto a|el|vino|calentador|y|ríe|con|el|aliento|de|primavera|ríe|con|el|aliento Ella está junto al calentador de vino y ríe con el aliento de la primavera, ríe con el aliento

of spring, dances with the dress of gauze. |||||||марли de|primavera|baila|con|el|vestido|de|gasa de la primavera, baila con el vestido de gasa.

Will you be going somewhere, milord, now, before you are drunk? |||||милорд||||| (verbo auxiliar futuro)|tú|estar|yendo|a algún lugar|milord|ahora|antes de que|tú|estés|borracho ¿Irás a algún lugar, milord, ahora, antes de que estés borracho?

The young embassy member, Abe no Nakamaro, had caught a glimpse of the girl with the ||посольства||Абе||Накамаро||||||||| la|joven|embajada|miembro|Abe|no|Nakamaro|había|atrapado|un|vistazo|de|la|niña|con|el El joven miembro de la embajada, Abe no Nakamaro, había vislumbrado a la chica con el

golden hair in the crowd as the Japanese embassy paraded into the Tang Chinese capital of Chang'an ||||||||||||||||Чанъань dorado|cabello|en|la|multitud|mientras|la|japonesa|embajada|desfiló|hacia|la|tang|china|capital|de|chang'an cabello dorado en la multitud mientras la embajada japonesa desfilaba hacia la capital china Tang de Chang'an

It had been a grueling odyssey from Heijo Kyo in that year of 717. |||||одиссея||Хейдзё||||| (eso)|había|sido|una|agotadora|odisea|desde|Heijo|Kyo|en|ese|año|de Había sido una odisea agotadora desde Heijo Kyo en ese año de 717.

The thought of setting sail from the port of Naniwa with his mother's farewell poem |||||||||Нанива||||| el|pensamiento|de|zarpar|velas|del|el|puerto|de|Naniwa|con|su|madre|despedida|poema El pensamiento de zarpar del puerto de Naniwa con el poema de despedida de su madre

Kyushu. kyushu Kyushu.

Silla's belligerence had put a stop to that. |агрессивность|||||| la beligerancia de silla|beligerancia|había|puesto|un|alto|a|eso la beligerancia de Silla habían puesto fin a eso.

Once in China, though, a thing of true wonder had revealed itself, the road and relay station |||||||||||||||релейная| una vez|en|china|aunque|una|cosa|de|verdadera|maravilla|había|revelado|se|la|carretera|y|estación|de relevo Sin embargo, una vez en China, se había revelado una cosa de verdadero asombro, la red de caminos y estaciones de relevo

network which stretched unhindered to the farthest borders of the realm with standardized |||без препятствий||||||||| red|la cual|se extendía|sin obstáculos|hasta|las|más lejanas|fronteras|del|el|reino|con|estandarizadas que se extendía sin obstáculos hasta las fronteras más lejanas del reino con estandarización.

systems and in great order. sistemas|y|en|gran|orden sistemas y en gran orden.

on stone bridges or regular river-worthy ferries, staying each night in comfortable |||||||паромах||||| en|piedra|puentes|o|regulares|||transbordadores|quedándose|cada|noche|en|cómodas en puentes de piedra o transbordadores regulares, quedándose cada noche en cómodas

relay stations and contemplating the vastness of the countryside as the oxen plodded their релейные|||размышляя||||||||волы|шли| estaciones de retransmisión|estaciones|y|contemplando|la|inmensidad|del|el|campo|mientras|los|bueyes|avanzaban|su estaciones de relevo y contemplando la vastedad del campo mientras los bueyes avanzaban.

than one million from all corners of the earth inside the awe-inspiring fortifications, and que|uno|millón|de|todos|rincones|de|la|tierra|dentro|las|||fortificaciones|y de un millón de personas de todos los rincones de la tierra dentro de las impresionantes fortificaciones, y

yet all he could think of was the revealing dress of gauze, the curve of the body revealed sin embargo|todo|él|podía|pensar|en|era|el|revelador|vestido|de|gasa|la|curva|del|el|cuerpo|revelado sin embargo, todo lo que podía pensar era en el vestido revelador de gasa, la curva del cuerpo revelada

beneath, and the outlandish yet oh-so-enticing hair like fine golden strands woven through |||необычные||||соблазнительные|||||пряди|сплетенные| debajo|y|el|extravagante|sin embargo||||cabello|como|finos|dorados|hilos|tejidos|a través de debajo, y el cabello extravagante pero oh-tan-seductor como finos hilos dorados entrelazados.

silken cloth. de seda|tela tela de seda.

He wondered what type of barbarian she was, whether she had come from the end of the world él|se preguntó|qué|tipo|de|bárbara|ella|era|si|ella|había|venido|de|el|fin|del|el|mundo Se preguntó qué tipo de bárbara era, si había venido del fin del mundo

as he had. como|él|había como él.

In special facilities afforded little movement, a gilded confinement, but he would somehow |||предоставленных|||||конфинация|||| en|especiales|instalaciones|ofrecían|poco|movimiento|una|dorada|confinación|pero|él|podría|de alguna manera En instalaciones especiales que ofrecían poco movimiento, un confinamiento dorado, pero de alguna manera

dress. vestido vestido.

This truly was a city of wonders. esta|verdaderamente|fue|una|ciudad|de|maravillas Esta realmente era una ciudad de maravillas.

He would discover the world in Chang'an and return to Heizhouqiu to recount stories of ||||||||||Хэйчжоуцюй||рассказать|| él|(verbo auxiliar futuro)|descubriría|el|mundo|en|Chang'an|y|regresaría|a|Heizhouqiu|para|contar|historias|de Descubriría el mundo en Chang'an y regresaría a Heizhouqiu para contar historias de

his epic adventures. sus|épicas|aventuras sus épicas aventuras.

Of that he was certain. de|eso|él|estaba|seguro De eso estaba seguro.

Between 607 and 839 AD, 21 missions were dispatched to China. |||||отправлены|| entre|y|dC|misiones|fueron|enviadas|a|China Entre 607 y 839 d.C., se enviaron 21 misiones a China.

The first mission infuriated the Chinese emperor and nearly led to war by insinuating that |||||||||||||намекая| la|primera|misión|enfureció|al|chino|emperador|y|casi|llevó|a|guerra|al|insinuar|que La primera misión enfureció al emperador chino y casi llevó a la guerra al insinuar que

the two nations were equal. las|dos|naciones|eran|iguales las dos naciones eran iguales.

However, his forces were indisposed at the time, engaged in trying to dominate the northern ||||недоступны|||||||||| sin embargo|sus|fuerzas|estaban|indispuestas|en|el|tiempo|comprometidas|en|tratando|de|dominar|el|norteño Sin embargo, sus fuerzas estaban indispuestas en ese momento, comprometidas en tratar de dominar el reino del norte

Korean kingdom of Goguryeo, and he settled for a polite but haughty letter to be delivered |||Гогуро||||||||высокомерное|||| reino|de|Goguryeo|y|él|se|conformó|con|una|educada|pero|altanera|carta|para|ser|entregada coreano de Goguryeo, y se conformó con una carta educada pero altanera que debía ser entregada

Your chief envoy has come and stated in detail your good intentions. ||посланник||||||||| tu|principal|enviado|ha|venido|y|declarado|en|detalle|tus|buenas|intenciones Su enviado principal ha venido y ha declarado en detalle sus buenas intenciones.

We have been graced with reception of the heavenly mandate to rule the universe and |||удостоены||||||||||| nosotros|hemos|sido|agraciados|con|recepción|del|el|celestial|mandato|para|gobernar|el|universo|y Hemos sido agraciados con la recepción del mandato celestial para gobernar el universo y

In our concern to nurture and edify the people, we do not distinguish between near and far. ||||воспитать||воспитать|||||||||| en|nuestra|preocupación|por|nutrir|y|edificar|a|la gente|nosotros|(verbo auxiliar)|no|distinguimos|entre|cerca|y|lejos En nuestra preocupación por nutrir y edificar al pueblo, no distinguimos entre cerca y lejos.

I have heard that the sovereign resides beyond the sea and treats his people with benevolence, ||||||проживает|||||||||доброжелательством yo|he escuchado|que|el|soberano|reside|más allá|del|mar|y|trata|a|su|pueblo|con|benevolencia He oído que el soberano reside más allá del mar y trata a su pueblo con benevolencia,

are of an honest nature. son|de|una|honesta|naturaleza son de una naturaleza honesta.

You have come from afar to bring tribute. ||||далека||| tú|has|venido|de|lejos|para|traer|tributo Has venido de lejos para traer tributo.

The chief envoy, Ono Naomi Imoko, reported that Sui China was an admirable country whose |||Оно||Имоко||||||||| el|jefe|enviado|Ono|Naomi|Imoko|reportó|que|Sui|China|era|un|admirable|país|cuyo El enviado principal, Ono Naomi Imoko, informó que Sui China era un país admirable cuyas

laws are complete and fixed, and set the scene for the next two centuries of exchange, during las leyes|son|completas|y|fijas|y|establecen|el|escenario|para|los|próximos|dos|siglos|de|intercambio|durante leyes son completas y fijas, y prepararon el escenario para los próximos dos siglos de intercambio, durante

which Japan acquired knowledge of religion, laws, technology, cuisine, agriculture, industry, ||приобрела|||||||| la cual|Japón|adquirió|conocimiento|de|religión|leyes|tecnología|cocina|agricultura|industria que Japón adquirió conocimiento sobre religión, leyes, tecnología, cocina, agricultura, industria,

culture, fine Chinese manufactures, and perhaps most importantly, respect on the world stage |||изделия||||||||| cultura|finas|chinas|manufacturas|y|quizás|más|importante|respeto|en|el|mundo|escenario cultura, finas manufacturas chinas, y quizás lo más importante, respeto en el escenario mundial

It, however, had to grit its teeth and accept the barbarian status which the Chinese bestowed. |||||||||||||||даровали ello|sin embargo|tuvo que|a|apretar|sus|dientes|y|aceptar|el|bárbaro|estatus|el cual|los|chinos|otorgaron Sin embargo, tuvo que apretar los dientes y aceptar el estatus de bárbaro que los chinos le otorgaron.

In the end, Abe no Nakamaru never did return home, dying in Chang'an aged 72 and 770. |||||Накамару||||||||| al|el|final|Abe|no|Nakamaru|nunca|(verbo auxiliar)|regresó|a casa|muriendo|en|Chang'an|a la edad de|y Al final, Abe no Nakamaru nunca regresó a casa, muriendo en Chang'an a la edad de 72 y 770.

both China and Japan. ambos|China|y|Japón tanto en China como en Japón.

When I look up into the vast sky tonight, is it the same moon that I saw rising from cuando|yo|miro|hacia arriba|en|el|vasto|cielo|esta noche|es|la|misma|misma|luna|que|yo|vi|saliendo|de Cuando miro hacia el vasto cielo esta noche, ¿es la misma luna que vi elevarse desde

behind Mount Mikasa at Kasuga Shrine all those years ago? ||Микаса||Касуга||||| detrás|monte|Mikasa|en|Kasuga|santuario|todos|esos|años|hace detrás del Monte Mikasa en el Santuario Kasuga hace todos esos años?

In the breeze scatter soft snow flurries, so brief that it's intermittent. |||разлетаются|||пуховики|||||прерывистым en|la|brisa|se dispersan|suaves|nieve|copos|tan|breves|que|es|intermitente En la brisa se dispersan suaves copos de nieve, tan breves que son intermitentes.

Fall is sad, indeed. otoño|es|triste|de hecho El otoño es triste, de hecho.

It was the end of the 10th century, a time of weak central rule and chaos in the countryside. fue|el|fin|del|siglo|el|||||||||||||campo Era el final del siglo X, una época de débil gobierno central y caos en el campo.

Indeed for the past century or more, the entire world had been in turmoil. |||||||||||||смятении de hecho|por|el|pasado|siglo|o|más|el|entero|mundo|había|estado|en|tumulto De hecho, durante el último siglo o más, el mundo entero había estado en tumulto.

The Vikings were ravaging Europe, the Mayan kingdoms and Central America were in swift |Викинги||разоряли|||||||||| los|vikingos|estaban|devastando|europa|los|mayas|reinos|y|central|américa|estaban|en|rápido Los vikingos estaban devastando Europa, los reinos mayas y América Central estaban en rápido

decline. declinar declive.

In Japan, conflict with Silla on the Korean peninsula and the danger of travel in war-torn ||||Силла|||||||||||| en|Japón|conflicto|con|Silla|en|la|coreana|península|y|el|peligro|de|viajar|en|| En Japón, el conflicto con Silla en la península coreana y el peligro de viajar en un país en guerra

China had meant that the once glorious diplomatic missions had ceased. ||||||||||прекратились china|había|querido decir|que|las|una vez|gloriosas|diplomáticas|misiones|habían|cesado significaban que las una vez gloriosas misiones diplomáticas habían cesado.

Immigration similarly dried up, trade faltered and the all-important intellectual exchange, |||||задерживалась|||||| la inmigración|de manera similar|se secó|(verbo auxiliar)|el comercio|flaqueó|y|el|||intelectual|intercambio La inmigración también se secó, el comercio flaqueó y el intercambio intelectual tan importante,

Despite this calamity, however, a great flowering of culture was occurring in the now almost ||бедствие|||||||||||| a pesar de|esta|calamidad|sin embargo|una|gran|florecimiento|de|cultura|estaba|ocurriendo|en|el|ahora|casi A pesar de esta calamidad, sin embargo, estaba ocurriendo una gran floración de la cultura en la ahora casi

ancient 200-year-old capital, Kyoto. antigua|||capital|kioto antigua capital de 200 años, Kioto.

Great volumes of poetry were declaimed for posterity, gorgeous clothing recorded in immortal |||||декламировалось||потомство||||| grandes|volúmenes|de|poesía|fueron|declamados|para|la posteridad|hermosa|vestimenta|grabada|en|inmortal Se declamaron grandes volúmenes de poesía para la posteridad, ropa hermosa registrada en obras de arte inmortales,

artworks, music and dance of great sophistication composed to be handed down the generations произведения искусства||||||сложности||||||| obras de arte|música|y|danza|de|gran|sofisticación|compuestas|para|ser|transmitidas|hacia abajo|las|generaciones música y danza de gran sofisticación compuestas para ser transmitidas a las generaciones.

for a thousand years. por|mil|años| durante mil años.

The world's first ever novel, Murasaki Shikibu's Tale of Genji, was written in serial form |||||Мурасаки|Сикибу|||Генджи||||| la|del mundo|primera|vez|novela|Murasaki|Shikibu|cuento|de|Genji|fue|escrita|en|forma|forma La primera novela del mundo, El cuento de Genji de Murasaki Shikibu, fue escrita en forma de serie

witticisms and ironic reflections into diaries, which are still enjoyed to this day. афоризмы|||||||||||| agudezas|y|irónicas|reflexiones|en|diarios|los cuales|son|todavía|disfrutadas|a|este|día agudezas y reflexiones irónicas en diarios, que todavía se disfrutan en la actualidad.

Prime among these female authors, somewhat akin to trend-setting celebrity influencers |||||||||||инфлюенсеры principal|entre|estas|autoras|autoras|algo|similar|a|||celebridad|influenciadoras Entre estas autoras femeninas, algo parecido a las influyentes celebridades que marcan tendencias

of our modern world, was Sei Shonagon. ||||||Сэй Сёнагон de|nuestro|moderna|mundo|fue|Sei|Shonagon de nuestro mundo moderno, estaba Sei Shonagon.

Fine, then, how to be hard-hearted from me you have learned, but to promise, then not bien|entonces|cómo|a|ser|||de|mí|tú|has|aprendido|pero|a|prometer|entonces|no Bien, entonces, cómo ser de corazón duro de mí has aprendido, pero prometer, luego no

come. ven venir.

Who taught you that, I wonder? quién|te enseñó|a ti|eso|yo|me pregunto ¿Quién te enseñó eso, me pregunto?

clothes threadbare, unperfumed and untrammelled by colour of rank, their children naked and |изношенная|||необременённый|||||||| ropa|raída|sin perfume|y|sin restricciones|por|color|de|rango|sus|niños|desnudos|y ropas raídas, sin perfume y sin las ataduras del color de rango, sus hijos desnudos y

gaping. boquiabierto bocarriba.

Once she had seen a small boy, no doubt abandoned by his commoner mother, much as animals leave ||||||||||||простая женщина||||| una vez|ella|había|visto|un|pequeño|niño|no|duda|abandonado|por|su|plebeya|madre|tanto|como|los animales|dejan Una vez vio a un niño pequeño, sin duda abandonado por su madre plebeya, tal como los animales dejan

their young to fend for themselves, standing and gaping at her from the side of the road. |||прокормить||||||||||||| sus|jóvenes|para|defenderse|por|sí mismos|de pie|y|boquiabiertos|a|ella|desde|el|lado|de|la|carretera sus jóvenes para valerse por sí mismos, de pie y mirando boquiabiertos hacia ella desde el lado de la carretera.

He did not move, simply stared at her carriage the whole time, gawping. ||||||||||||пялясь él|(verbo auxiliar)|no|se movió|simplemente|miró fijamente|a|su|carruaje|todo|todo|el tiempo|boquiabierto Él no se movió, simplemente la miró fijamente durante todo el tiempo, boquiabierto.

Sei Shonagon, lady-in-waiting, court-chronicler, diarist and social commentator, had reflected |||||||дневниковец||||| sei|shonagon||||||diarista|y|social|comentarista|había|reflexionado Sei Shonagon, dama de compañía, cronista de la corte, diarista y comentarista social, había reflexionado

on this and other events. en|este|y|otros|eventos sobre esto y otros eventos.

As far as the courtier was concerned, it all went to show just why the court should be ||||дворянин||||||||||||| en cuanto|lejos|como|el|cortesano|estaba|preocupado|eso|todo|fue|a|mostrar|justo|por qué|la|corte|debería|estar En lo que respecta al cortesano, todo esto demostraba por qué la corte debería ser

She had even heard that the common people mated without even attempting poetic courting ||||||||сочетаются||||| ella|había|incluso|oído|que|la|común|gente|se apareaban|sin|siquiera|intentar|poético|cortejo Incluso había oído que la gente común se emparejaba sin siquiera intentar un cortejo poético

first. primero primero.

The noble lady simply imagined it to be a free-for-all in their hovels. la|noble|dama|simplemente|imaginó|que|a|ser|un||||en|sus|chozas La noble dama simplemente lo imaginaba como un descontrol en sus chozas.

The males did exhibit a modicum of decency by living with their lover's parents and |||выявлять||некоторое количество||доброты|||||возлюбленной|| los|machos|(verbo auxiliar)|exhibieron|un|poco|de|decencia|al|vivir|con|sus|amantes|padres|y Los machos exhibieron un mínimo de decencia al vivir con los padres de su amante y

their begotten offspring, at least until they had had enough and wandered elsewhere or succumbed |рожденного|||||||||||||погибали su|engendrado|descendencia|por lo menos|lo menos|hasta que|ellos|habían|tenido|suficiente|y|vagaron|en otro lugar|o|sucumbieron su descendencia, al menos hasta que se cansaron y vagaron a otro lugar o sucumbieron

to one of the diseases which were of course rampant among the servile masses. |||||||||распространённой|||рабском| a|una|de|las|enfermedades|las cuales|estaban|por supuesto|curso|rampantes|entre|las|serviles|masas a una de las enfermedades que, por supuesto, eran rampantes entre las masas serviles.

Perhaps most astonishingly, however, the females fed offspring with milk from their own breasts, ||удивительно||||||||||| quizás|más|asombrosamente|sin embargo|las|hembras|alimentaron|crías|con|leche|de|sus|propios|senos Quizás lo más asombroso, sin embargo, es que las hembras alimentaban a sus crías con leche de sus propios pechos,

not even having the wherewithal to hire a team of wet nurses to suckle their young. ||||средств|||||||||кормить|| ni|siquiera|tener|los|recursos|para|contratar|un|equipo|de|húmedas|niñeras|para|amamantar|sus|jóvenes ni siquiera teniendo los recursos para contratar a un equipo de nodrizas que amamantara a sus jóvenes.

Sei herself, who had left a good-for-nothing husband behind when she entered court, had ||||||плохого||||||||| sei|ella misma|quien|había|dejado|un||||esposo|atrás|cuando|ella|entró|corte|había Sei misma, quien había dejado atrás a un esposo inútil cuando entró en la corte, había

a more refined approach to woo or reject her many lovers and courtiers. ||изысканный|||||||||| un|más|refinado|enfoque|para|cortejar|o|rechazar|sus|muchos|amantes|y|cortesanos un enfoque más refinado para cortejar o rechazar a sus muchos amantes y cortesanos.

Exchanges of poetry, perfumed letters, half-feigned modesty, well-planned coquettishness, and |||||||скромность|||кокетство| intercambios|de|poesía|perfumadas|cartas|||modestia|||coquetería|y Intercambios de poesía, cartas perfumadas, modestia medio fingida, coquetería bien planificada, y

the disposal and scorning of favours calculated at just the right moment. |распоряжении||пренебрежение||пользу|||||| la|disposición|y|desprecio|de|favores|calculados|en|justo|el|correcto|momento la disposición y el desprecio de favores calculados en el momento justo.

But even Sei, the master of the game of love, did not always get it right. pero|incluso|Sei|el|maestro|del|el|juego|del|amor|(verbo auxiliar)|no|siempre|acertar|eso|bien Pero incluso Sei, la maestra del juego del amor, no siempre lo hacía bien.

To be abandoned is my fate, I know so well. ser|ser|abandonado|es|mi|destino|yo|sé|tan|bien Ser abandonado es mi destino, lo sé tan bien.

Uncomprehending do my tears fall. непонимающие|||| incomprendiendo|(verbo auxiliar)|mis|lágrimas|caen Incomprensibles caen mis lágrimas.

The razor-sharp sword slashed downwards towards the unmounted warrior's neck. ||||||||непристегнутого|| la|||espada|cortó|hacia abajo|hacia|el|desmontado|guerrero|cuello La espada afilada como una navaja cortó hacia abajo en dirección al cuello del guerrero sin montar.

To finish the job, the rider grabbed the unhelmeted head by its hair and twisted, pulling the ||||||||безшлемной|||||||| para|terminar|el|trabajo|el|jinete|agarró|la|sin casco|cabeza|por|su|cabello|y|giró|tirando|el Para terminar el trabajo, el jinete agarró la cabeza sin casco por el cabello y giró, arrancando la

head from its body. cabeza|de|su|cuerpo cabeza de su cuerpo.

away. lejos .

As she rode off the field of war into the distant mountains, Tomoe Gozen removed her |||||||||||||Гоэмон|| mientras|ella|cabalgaba|fuera|el|campo|de|guerra|hacia|las|distantes|montañas|Tomoe|Gozen|quitó|su Mientras se alejaba del campo de batalla hacia las montañas distantes, Tomoe Gozen se quitó el

helmet and shook her long jet-black hair free. casco|y|sacudió|su|larga|||cabello|libre casco y sacudió su larga cabellera negra azabache.

It billowed in the wind behind her like a battle standard, announcing to all that one |развивалось|||||||||||||| eso|ondeaba|en|el|viento|detrás|de ella|como|un|batalla|estandarte|anunciando|a|todos|que|uno Se ondeaba en el viento detrás de ella como un estandarte de batalla, anunciando a todos que uno

of history's greatest women warriors had fought her last battle and fought it well. |истории|||||||||||| de|la historia|las grandes|mujeres|guerreras|habían|luchado|su|última|batalla|y|luchó|eso|bien de las más grandes guerreras de la historia había luchado su última batalla y la había luchado bien.

While Sei Shonagon and her noble kin lived their closeted existence in Kyoto, over in |||||||||замкнутом||||| mientras|sei|shonagon|y|su|noble|parientes|vivían|su|cerrada|existencia|en|kioto|allá|en Mientras Sei Shonagon y su noble familia vivían su existencia cerrada en Kioto, en

the East, events that would have repercussions reaching to the modern age were evolving. ||||||последствия||||||| el|Este|eventos|que|(verbo auxiliar)|tendrían|repercusiones|alcanzando|hasta|la|moderna|era|estaban|evolucionando el Este, se estaban desarrollando eventos que tendrían repercusiones que llegarían hasta la era moderna.

A class of clans, connected by hereditary service to a military commander, were emerging. |||кланов|||||||||| una|clase|de|clanes|conectados|por|servicio hereditario|servicio|a|un|militar|comandante|estaban|surgiendo Una clase de clanes, conectados por servicio hereditario a un comandante militar, estaba emergiendo.

Samurai. samurái Samurái.

was dawning in Europe, powerful samurai warrior clans were exerting great control over the |||||||||осуществляли|||| estaba|amaneciendo|en|Europa|poderosos|samuráis|guerreros|clanes|estaban|ejerciendo|gran|control|sobre|los estaba surgiendo en Europa, poderosos clanes guerreros samuráis estaban ejerciendo un gran control sobre el

imperial court. imperial|corte tribunal imperial.

One in particular, the Taira, seemed to be in the ascendancy and the leader of the clan, ||||Тайра||||||власть|||||| uno|en|particular|el|Taira|parecía|estar|en|en|la|ascendencia|y|el|líder|del|el|clan Uno en particular, los Taira, parecía estar en ascenso y el líder del clan,

Kiyomori, managed to have his three-year-old grandson installed on the Chrysanthemum throne Кийомори||||||||||||Хризантема| kiyomori|logró|a|tener|su||||nieto|instalado|en|el|crisantemo|trono Kiyomori logró que su nieto de tres años fuera instalado en el trono del Crisantemo

as Emperor Antoku. ||Антоку como|emperador|Antoku como el Emperador Antoku.

In the East, Taira's ancient foe, who had been thought vanquished, the Minamoto clan, |||Тайры|||||||побежденным||Минамото| en|el|Este|de Taira|antiguo|enemigo|quien|había|sido|pensado|vencido|el|Minamoto|clan En el Este, el antiguo enemigo de Taira, que se había pensado vencido, el clan Minamoto,

led by Yoritomo, raised a host and marched west. ||Ёритомо|||||| liderado|por|Yoritomo|levantó|una|multitud|y|marchó|hacia el oeste liderado por Yoritomo, levantó un ejército y marchó hacia el oeste.

When the Taira generals perceived their resurrected foe's strength, they retreated swiftly back ||||увидели|||врага||||| cuando|los|Taira|generales|percibieron|su|resucitado|enemigo|fuerza|ellos|retrocedieron|rápidamente|atrás Cuando los generales Taira percibieron la fuerza de su enemigo resucitado, se retiraron rápidamente de vuelta

to Kyoto without engaging. a|Kioto|sin|involucrarse a Kioto sin involucrarse.

suffered natural disaster, famine and pestilence. |||||чума sufrió|natural|desastre|hambre|y|peste sufrieron desastres naturales, hambruna y peste.

However, they remained undefeated and safe in their Kyoto base, biding their time to ||||||||||ждать||| sin embargo|ellos|permanecieron|invictos|y|seguros|en|su|kioto|base|esperando|su|tiempo|para Sin embargo, permanecieron invictos y a salvo en su base de Kioto, esperando su momento para

strike. huelga huelga.

A huge force of 100,000 was levied and the men of the capital region made a leisurely |||||собрана|||||||||| una|enorme|fuerza|de|fue|reclutada|y|los|hombres|de|la|capital|región|hicieron|un|relajado Se reclutó una enorme fuerza de 100,000 y los hombres de la región capital hicieron un

On June 2nd, 1184, battle was joined at Kurikara. |||||||Курикара el|junio|2|batalla|fue|unida|en|Kurikara El 2 de junio de 1184, se inició la batalla en Kurikara.

Melees were fought between picked champions, warriors called out their lineage before engaging Меле|||||||||||| las meleas|fueron|luchadas|entre|elegidos|campeones|guerreros|llamaron|fuera|su|linaje|antes de|involucrarse Se luchó en combates entre campeones elegidos, los guerreros proclamaban su linaje antes de participar.

Until night fell. hasta que|la noche|cayó Hasta que cayó la noche.

The heavily outnumbered Minamoto sent flaming bulls, enraged and in mortal panic, running ||||||быков|||||| los|fuertemente|superados|Minamoto|enviaron|ardientes|toros|enfurecidos|y|en|mortal|pánico|corriendo Los Minamoto, que estaban en gran desventaja numérica, enviaron toros en llamas, enfurecidos y en pánico mortal, corriendo.

through the Taira troops. a través de|los|Taira|tropas a través de las tropas Taira.

In the chaos, the camp was abandoned and it is said, thus did 70,000 horsemen of the Taira en|el|caos|el|campamento|fue|abandonado|y|se|dice|que|así|hicieron|jinetes|de|los|Taira En el caos, el campamento fue abandonado y se dice que así perecieron 70,000 jinetes de los Taira.

perish. погибнуть perecer .

Buried in this one deep valley, the mountain streams ran with their blood and the mound enterrado|en|este|un|profunda|valle|los|montaña|arroyos|corrían|con|su|sangre|y|el|montículo Enterrados en este profundo valle, los arroyos de montaña corrían con su sangre y el montículo

The Taira fled Kyoto, taking the young Emperor Antoku, his treasury, the imperial regalia |||||||||||||регалии los|Taira|huyeron|Kyoto|llevando|al|joven|emperador|Antoku|su|tesorería|las|imperiales|regalias Los Taira huyeron de Kioto, llevando al joven emperador Antoku, su tesorería, la regalia imperial

Final battle was enjoined at a place called Danno-ura. ||||||||Данно|Ура batalla|fue|enjuiciada|en|un|lugar|llamado|Danno-ura|| La batalla final se libró en un lugar llamado Danno-ura.

The fighting took place with ships' decks forming a treacherous, swaying battlefield. ||||||палубы|||опасное|| la|lucha|tuvo|lugar|con|barcos|cubiertas|formando|un|traicionero|oscilante|campo de batalla La lucha tuvo lugar con las cubiertas de los barcos formando un campo de batalla traicionero y oscilante.

to watery deaths. a|acuosas|muertes a muertes acuáticas.

so that while the Minamoto concentrated their arrow fire on the flagship, he remained safe. |||||||||||корабль флагман||| para que|que|mientras|los|Minamoto|concentraron|su|flecha|fuego|en|el|buque insignia|él|permaneció|a salvo para que mientras los Minamoto concentraban su fuego de flechas en el buque insignia, él permaneciera a salvo.

But a traitor, Taguchi Shigeyoshi, defected and revealed the ruse. ||||Сигеёси|перешёл на сторону врага||||уловка pero|un|traidor|Taguchi|Shigeyoshi|desertó|y|reveló|la|artimaña Pero un traidor, Taguchi Shigeyoshi, desertó y reveló el engaño.

The battle was reigned down on the rough-hewn boat which formed the last few feet of Emperor |||обрушилась|||||||||||||| la|batalla|fue|desatada|sobre|en|la|||barco|la cual|formó|los|últimos|pocos|pies|del|emperador La batalla se desató sobre el barco de madera tosca que formaba los últimos pies del emperador.

Antoku's once glorious realm. Антоку||| |una vez|glorioso|reino El una vez glorioso reino de Antoku.

in her arms. en|sus|brazos en sus brazos.

Finally she jumped. finalmente|ella|saltó Finalmente, ella saltó.

Minamoto Yoritomo was granted the title of Shogun and his warrior-ruled samurai administration |||||||Сёгун|||||| minamoto|yoritomo|fue|otorgado|el|título|de|shogun|y|su|||samurái|administración Minamoto Yoritomo recibió el título de Shogun y su administración samurái gobernada por guerreros

swiftly removed political power from Kyoto's hands. |||||Киото| rápidamente|quitó|poder político|poder|de|Kyoto|manos eliminó rápidamente el poder político de las manos de Kioto.

Henceforth, true power would be wielded from Kamakura in the east. отныне|||||||||| de ahora en adelante|verdadero|poder|sería|ejercido|manejado|desde|Kamakura|en|el|este De ahora en adelante, el verdadero poder se ejercerá desde Kamakura en el este.

Samurai power, largely based in the east at Kamakura and later Edo, would last 700 years |||||||||||Эдо||| samuráis|poder|en gran medida|basado|en|el|este|en|Kamakura|y|luego|Edo|duraría|duraría|años El poder samurái, basado en gran medida en el este en Kamakura y más tarde en Edo, duraría 700 años.

his new capital of Tokyo. su|nueva|capital|de|Tokio su nueva capital de Tokio.

Monks and priests today are fawning and devious and they confuse the people and lead them |||||подхалимствующие||лукавые|||сбивают||||| los monjes|y|los sacerdotes|hoy|están|aduladores|y|engañosos|y|ellos|confunden|a la|gente|y|guían|a ellos Los monjes y sacerdotes hoy en día son aduladores y engañosos y confunden a la gente y los llevan

astray. ошибке extraviado por el mal camino.

There will be nothing but binding and enslaving, killing and injuring, anger and contention. |||||||порабощения||||||раздор habrá|(verbo auxiliar futuro)|ser|nada|más que|ataduras|y|esclavitud|muerte||heridas|ira||contención No habrá más que ataduras y esclavitud, muerte y lesiones, ira y contención.

Pestilence will become rampant, comets will appear again and again, two suns will come Смерть|||вспыхнет|||||||||| la peste|se|volverá|rampante|cometas|aparecerán|aparecer|de nuevo|y|de nuevo|dos|soles|vendrán|vendrán La peste se volverá rampante, los cometas aparecerán una y otra vez, dos soles surgirán

forth side by side and eclipses will occur with unaccustomed frequency. |||||||||непривычной| adelante|lado|junto a|lado|y|eclipses|ocurrirán|ocurrirán|con|inusitada|frecuencia uno al lado del otro y los eclipses ocurrirán con una frecuencia inusitada.

Black arcs and white arcs will span the sky as harbingers of ill fortune. ||||||||||предвестники||| negras|arcos|y|blancos|arcos|(verbo auxiliar futuro)|abarcarán|el|cielo|como|heraldos|de|mala|fortuna Arcos negros y arcos blancos cruzarán el cielo como presagios de mala fortuna.

Torrential rains and violent winds will come out of season, famine will constantly occur ливневые||||||||||||| lluvias|y|vientos|violentos|vendrán|fuera|de|temporada|la|fuera|hambre|constantemente|ocurrir| Lluvias torrenciales y vientos violentos vendrán fuera de temporada, la hambruna ocurrirá constantemente.

and grains and fruits will not ripen. ||||||созреют y|granos|y|frutas|(verbo auxiliar futuro)|no|madurar y los granos y frutas no madurarán.

Marauders from many other regions will invade and plunder the nation. Мародёры||||||||разграбить|| los merodeadores|de|muchas|otras|regiones|(verbo auxiliar futuro)|invadirán|y|saquearán|la|nación Los merodeadores de muchas otras regiones invadirán y saquearán la nación.

The people will suffer all manner of pain and affliction and no place will exist where |||||||||бедствие|||||| la|gente|(verbo auxiliar futuro)|sufrirán|toda|clase|de|dolor|y|aflicción|y|ningún|lugar|(verbo auxiliar futuro)|existirá|donde El pueblo sufrirá todo tipo de dolor y aflicción y no existirá un lugar donde

one may live in safety. uno|puede|vivir|en|seguridad uno puede vivir en seguridad.

The priest Nichiren placed down his pen, knelt on the hard earthen floor of his hut and gazed ||Николай||||||||||||||| el|sacerdote|Nichiren|colocó|abajo|su|pluma|se arrodilló|en|el|duro|de tierra|suelo|de|su|choza|y|miró El sacerdote Nichiren dejó su pluma, se arrodilló en el duro suelo de tierra de su cabaña y miró

through the open door down his green pine-coloured valley. a través de|la|abierta|puerta|hacia abajo|su|verde|||valle a través de la puerta abierta hacia su valle de color verde pino.

He had said his peace. él|había|dicho|su|paz Él había expresado su opinión.

ones who live in fear of invasions predicted by raving holier-than-thou priests. ||||||вторжений|||бредущими|святее||ты| los que|que|viven|en|miedo|de|invasiones|predichas|por|gritando||||sacerdotes los que viven con miedo a las invasiones predichas por sacerdotes fanáticos y moralistas.

Rival priests with the ruler's ear do not like to be described as fawning and devious, |||||||||||||подхалимствующими||коварными rivales|sacerdotes|con|el|gobernante|oído|(verbo auxiliar)|no|les gusta|a|ser|descritos|como|aduladores|y|engañosos Los sacerdotes rivales con la oreja del gobernante no les gusta ser descritos como aduladores y engañosos,

and no one likes to think that marauders from beyond the sea will appear over the horizon y|nadie|uno|le gusta|a|pensar|que|los merodeadores|de|más allá|el|mar|van a|aparecer|sobre|el|horizonte y a nadie le gusta pensar que los merodeadores de más allá del mar aparecerán en el horizonte

And so Nichiren was condemned to death and dragged out of town to the execution grounds ||||осужден||||||||||| y|así|nichiren|fue|condenado|a|muerte|y|arrastrado|fuera|de|la ciudad|a|los|ejecución|terrenos Y así, Nichiren fue condenado a muerte y arrastrado fuera de la ciudad hacia el lugar de ejecución.

at Katase. |Катасе en|Katase en Katase.

In the dark of night he frantically threw his holy vestments on the branch of a tree ||||||||||одежды|||||| en|la|oscuridad|de|noche|él|frenéticamente|lanzó|sus|sagrados|vestiduras|sobre|la|rama|de|un|árbol En la oscuridad de la noche, arrojó frenéticamente sus vestiduras sagradas sobre la rama de un árbol

The calm sea shimmered in the light of the moon and soft waves bathed the beach with el|calma|mar|brillaba|en|la|luz|de|la|luna|y|suaves|olas|bañaban|la|playa|con El mar tranquilo brillaba a la luz de la luna y suaves olas bañaban la playa con

their gentle ebb and flow. ||прилив|| su|suave|flujo|y|corriente su suave vaivén.

raised his face and despite himself, he swiftly composed a prayer to the god of the moon. levantó|su|rostro|y|a pesar de|sí mismo|él|rápidamente|compuso|una|oración|al|el|dios|de|la|luna levantó su rostro y a pesar de sí mismo, rápidamente compuso una oración al dios de la luna.

Suddenly the sky was rent in two by a brilliant light. de repente|el|cielo|fue|rasgado|en|dos|por|una|brillante|luz De repente, el cielo se rasgó en dos por una luz brillante.

Nichiren heard the dull yet sonorous sound as the sword fell from his would-be killer's |||||звонкий||||||||||убийцы nichiren|oyó|el|sordo|pero|sonoro|sonido|mientras|la|espada|cayó|de|su|||asesino Nichiren escuchó el sonido sordo pero sonoro cuando la espada cayó de las manos de su posible asesino

grasp and the patter of running feet on the sandy beach. |||шум||||||| agarra|y|el|el sonido|de|corriendo|pies|en|la|arenosa|playa y el repiqueteo de pies corriendo sobre la playa de arena.

The execution corps fled. ||корпус|убежало el|de ejecución|cuerpo|huyó El cuerpo de ejecución huyó.

Soon the holy man was alone with the sea, the stars and the moon, his saviour. |||||||||||||||спаситель pronto|el|santo|hombre|estaba|solo|con|el|mar|las|estrellas|y|la|luna|su|salvador Pronto el hombre santo estaba solo con el mar, las estrellas y la luna, su salvador.

walked up to where the grass met the sand, retrieved his vestments from the beach where |||||||||||одежды|||| caminó|hacia arriba|a|donde|la|hierba|se encontró con|la|arena|recuperó|sus|vestimentas|de|la|playa|donde caminó hasta donde la hierba se encontraba con la arena, recuperó sus vestimentas de la playa donde

The divine being had vouched for his virtuosity, saved him from death to continue his mission ||||заступился|||виртуозность|||||||| el|divino|ser|había|garantizado|por|su|virtuosidad|salvado|a él|de|muerte|para|continuar|su|misión El ser divino había garantizado su virtuosismo, lo salvó de la muerte para continuar su misión

on earth. en|la tierra en la tierra.

And Nichiren was right. y|nichiren|estaba|correcto Y Nichiren tenía razón.

After the relative stability of the shogunate's early years, environmental catastrophe, natural ||||||сёгуната||||| después|la|relativa|estabilidad|del|el|shogunato|primeros|años|ambiental|catástrofe|natural Después de la relativa estabilidad de los primeros años del shogunato, la catástrofe ambiental, desastres naturales

to be ushering in the end of days. ||возвещать||||| para|ser|anunciando|en|el|el fin|de|días para estar anunciando el fin de los días.

But all of that was nothing. pero|todo|de|eso|fue|nada Pero todo eso no era nada.

Japanese isles. japonesas|islas archipiélago japonés.

Mongols. mongoles mongoles.

We by the grace and decree of heaven, emperor of great Mongolia present a letter to the |||||указе||||||||||| nosotros|por|la|gracia|y|decreto|del|cielo|emperador|de|gran|Mongolia|presentamos|una|carta|a|el Nosotros, por la gracia y decreto del cielo, emperador de la gran Mongolia, presentamos una carta al

king of Japan. rey|de|Japón rey de Japón.

We have pondered that from ancient times even the princes of small states have striven to ||подумали||||||||||||стремились| nosotros|hemos|ponderado|que|desde|antiguas|tiempos|incluso|los|príncipes|de|pequeños|estados|han|luchado|por Hemos reflexionado que desde tiempos antiguos incluso los príncipes de pequeños estados han luchado por

cultivate friendly intercourse with those of adjoining territories. поддерживать||отношения||||соседних| cultiva|amistosa|relación|con|aquellos|de|adyacentes|territorios cultivar una relación amistosa con aquellos de territorios adyacentes.

We beg that hereafter you, oh king, will establish friendly relations with us so that the sages |||в дальнейшем||||||||||||| nosotros|suplicamos|que|en adelante|usted|oh|rey|(verbo auxiliar futuro)|establezca|amistosas|relaciones|con|nosotros|para que|que|los|sabios Te rogamos que de ahora en adelante, oh rey, establezcas relaciones amistosas con nosotros para que los sabios

Is it reasonable to refuse intercourse with each other? |||||секса||| es|razonable|razonable|a|rechazar|relaciones sexuales|entre|cada|uno ¿Es razonable rechazar el intercambio entre ellos?

Think on this, oh king. piensa|en|esto|oh|rey Piensa en esto, oh rey.

storming through the surf at Hakata Bay in 1274. |||приливе|||| asaltando|a través de|las|olas|en|Hakata|Bahía|en asaltaran la costa en la bahía de Hakata en 1274.

The defender's arrow flew shore. |защитника||| la|del defensor|flecha|voló|costa La flecha del defensor voló hacia la orilla.

Then the enemy paused. entonces|el|enemigo|pausó Entonces el enemigo hizo una pausa.

As one, the men in the rear ranks raised strange-looking short bows. como|uno|los|hombres|en|las|traseras|filas|levantaron|||cortos|arcos Como uno solo, los hombres en las filas traseras levantaron arcos cortos de aspecto extraño.

A great wave of arrows darkened the sky and shieldless as was their way, the defending |||||||||без щитов|||||| una|gran|ola|de|flechas|oscureció|el|cielo|y|sin escudos|como|era|su|manera|los|defensores Una gran ola de flechas oscureció el cielo y, sin escudos como era su costumbre, los defensores

samurai fell in droves. |||толпами samuráis|cayeron|en|multitudes samuráis cayeron en masa.

These Mongol devils seemed somehow to have enlisted the very heavens to fight on their ||дьяволы|||||||||||| estos|mongoles|demonios|parecían|de alguna manera|a|haber|reclutado|los|mismos|cielos|para|luchar|en|su Estos demonios mongoles parecían de alguna manera haber reclutado a los mismos cielos para luchar a su

side. lado lado.

The samurai turned and fled. el|samurái|se dio la vuelta|y|huyó Los samuráis se dieron la vuelta y huyeron.

They would fight men to the death, but dueling with deities was a very different proposition. ||||||||||богами|||||предложение ellos|(verbo auxiliar)|lucharían|hombres|hasta|la|muerte|pero|el duelo|con|deidades|era|una|muy|diferente|proposición Lucharían contra hombres hasta la muerte, pero el duelo con deidades era una proposición muy diferente.

propelling their grenade-like bombs asunder. |||||врозь propulsando|sus|||bombas|separadamente propulsando sus bombas similares a granadas.

of the country, a heaven-sent typhoon had consigned many of the enemy's ships to the ||||||тайфун||поручил||||||| del|el|país|un|||tifón|había|consignado|muchos|de|los|enemigo|barcos|a|el del país, un tifón enviado por el cielo había enviado muchos de los barcos enemigos al

bottom of the ocean and the rest scuttling for the safety of Korean harbours. |||||||бегущие||||||портов fondo|del|el|océano|y|el|resto|huyendo|por|la|seguridad|de|coreanas|puertos fondo del océano y el resto se apresuraba a buscar la seguridad de los puertos coreanos.

Perhaps they were looking for an easier landing place, maybe it had only been a reconnaissance |||||||||||||||разведка quizás|ellos|estaban|buscando|por|un|más fácil|lugar de aterrizaje|lugar|tal vez|eso|había|solo|sido|una|reconocimiento Quizás estaban buscando un lugar de desembarco más fácil, tal vez solo había sido una misión de reconocimiento.

mission. misión

Everybody knew they would return and so Shiken Hojo Tokimune ordered a frenzy of defensive |||||||Шикен||||||| todos|sabían|ellos|(verbo auxiliar futuro)|regresar|y|entonces|Shiken|Hojo|Tokimune|ordenó|una|frenética|de|defensiva Todo el mundo sabía que regresarían y por eso Shiken Hojo Tokimune ordenó una frenética defensa

measures. medidas de medidas.

All along the eastern coast walls were to be built, lookouts to be permanently posted, ||||||||||смотровые площадки|||| todas|a lo largo de|la|oriental|costa|muros|iban a ser|que|ser|construidos|miradores|que|ser|permanentemente|asignados A lo largo de la costa este se iban a construir muros, se iban a colocar vigías de forma permanente,

troop numbers multiplied, even weapons to be redesigned to counter this new threat. ||умножились|||||переработать||||| tropas|números|multiplicadas|incluso|armas|para|ser|rediseñadas|para|contrarrestar|esta|nueva|amenaza se multiplicarían los números de tropas, incluso se rediseñarían las armas para contrarrestar esta nueva amenaza.

These snakes, these worms, these dwarvish barbarians of the east. |||||дворфийские|||| estas|serpientes|estos|gusanos|estos|enanos|bárbaros|del|este|este Estas serpientes, estos gusanos, estos bárbaros enanos del este.

They had performed relatively well against one puny reconnaissance mission in the previous |||||||маленькой|разведка|||| ellos|habían|actuado|relativamente|bien|contra|una|pequeña|reconocimiento|misión|en|la|anterior Se habían desempeñado relativamente bien contra una misión de reconocimiento insignificante en el año anterior.

year and now they thought they could behead his peace envoys with impunity. ||||||||||||безнаказанно año|y|ahora|ellos|pensaban|que|podían|decapitar|sus|paz|enviados|con|impunidad Y ahora pensaban que podían decapitar a sus enviados de paz con impunidad.

No action could be more heinous. |||||гнусным ninguna|acción|podría|ser|más|atroz Ninguna acción podría ser más atroz.

They would pay dearly. ellos|(verbo auxiliar condicional)|pagarían|caro Pagarían caro.

Kublai's generals, flush from having reunited China under his rule with their recent victory Хубилая||||||||||||| |generales|satisfechos|de|haber|reunificado|china|bajo|su|mando|con|su|reciente|victoria Los generales de Kublai, satisfechos por haber reunificado China bajo su mando con su reciente victoria

over the southern provinces, now turned their faces eastwards. ||||||||на восток sobre|las|del sur|provincias|ahora|volvieron|sus|caras|hacia el este sobre las provincias del sur, ahora volvieron sus rostros hacia el este.

Lacking knowledge of the sea and remembering the storms that had plagued the first exploratory ||||||||||||||экспедиционный careciendo|conocimiento|del|el|mar|y|recordando|las|tormentas|que|habían|azotado|la|primera|exploratoria Careciendo de conocimiento del mar y recordando las tormentas que habían atormentado la primera exploración

expedition in 1274, they turned to two Yangtze river pirates, named Juching and Zhengxian ||||||Янцзы||||Ючжун||Чжэнсянь expedición|en|ellos|se volvieron|hacia|dos|Yangtsé|río|piratas|llamados|Juching|y|Zhengxian expedición en 1274, se volvieron hacia dos piratas del río Yangtsé, llamados Juching y Zhengxian

for their expertise. por|su|experiencia por su experiencia.

from southern China. de|sur|china del sur de China.

They would carry 142,000 men, the biggest invasion force in history, not to be exceeded |||||||||||||превышено ellos|(verbo auxiliar)|llevarían|hombres|la|más grande|invasión|fuerza|en|la historia|no|a|ser|superada Llevarían 142,000 hombres, la mayor fuerza de invasión en la historia, que no sería superada.

Shigen Hojo Tokimune was petrified. Сиген||||поражен Shigen|Hojo|Tokimune|estaba|petrificado Shigen Hojo Tokimune estaba petrificado.

It was well known that the Mongols refused to spill monarch's blood, but Tokimune, although ||||||||||монарха|||| (eso)|fue|bien|conocido|que|los|mongoles|se negaron|a|derramar|sangre del monarca|sangre|pero|tokimune|aunque Era bien sabido que los mongoles se negaban a derramar la sangre de un monarca, pero Tokimune, aunque

a ruler, was in truth merely a regent, not of royal blood. un|gobernante|era|en|verdad|meramente|un|regente|no|de|sangre real|sangre un gobernante, era en verdad meramente un regente, no de sangre real.

His family had usurped both emperor and shogun. |||узурпировала|||| su|familia|había|usurpado|tanto|emperador|y|shogun Su familia había usurpado tanto al emperador como al shogun.

enjoy a degree of creativity in their disposal of him. |||||||распоряжении|| disfrutan|un|grado|de|creatividad|en|su|disposición|de|él disfrutarían de un grado de creatividad en su eliminación.

For once, the young, hot-headed shogunal regent knew fear. ||||||сегунский||| por|una vez|el|joven|||shogunal|regente|conoció|miedo Por una vez, el joven y temperamental regente shogunal conocía el miedo.

To calm him, Tokimune's spiritual counselor, a recent refugee from southern China, the |||Токимунэ||советник||||||| para|calmar|él|de Tokimune|espiritual|consejero|un|reciente|refugiado|de|del sur|China|el Para calmarlo, el consejero espiritual de Tokimune, un reciente refugiado del sur de China, el

Zen master Mugaku Sogen, told him the story of when the stinking barbaric nomads had reached Дзен||Мугаку||||||||||||| zen|maestro|Mugaku|Sogen|le contó|a él|la|historia|de|cuando|los|apestosos|bárbaros|nómadas|habían|llegado maestro zen Mugaku Sogen, le contó la historia de cuando los apestosos nómadas bárbaros habían llegado

his temple in China. su|templo|en|china a su templo en China.

Mugaku, ignoring the stench of horse and human sweat, raised his voice to a little over a mugaku|ignorando|el|hedor|de|caballo|y|humano|sudor|levantó|su|voz|a|un|poco|más de|un Mugaku, ignorando el hedor del sudor de caballo y humano, elevó su voz a un poco más de un

whisper and looked the rough-looking rider in the eye. susurrar|y|miró|al|||jinete|en|los|ojos susurro y miró al jinete de aspecto rudo a los ojos.

revered. уважаемый reverenciado era reverenciada.

Having done so, Tokimune allegedly screamed, Katsu! ||||якобы||Кацү habiendo|hecho|eso|Tokimune|supuestamente|gritó|Katsu Habiendo hecho esto, Tokimune supuestamente gritó, ¡Katsu!

Victory! victoria ¡Victoria!

Mugaku smiled. mugaku|sonrió Mugaku sonrió.

Tokimune sent messengers to the court to request that all temples and shrines pray for victory. ||||||||||||святилища||| tokimune|envió|mensajeros|a|la|corte|para|solicitar|que|todos|templos|y|santuarios|oren|por|victoria Tokimune envió mensajeros a la corte para solicitar que todos los templos y santuarios oraran por la victoria.

Japan was on high alert. japón|estaba|en|alta|alerta Japón estaba en alta alerta.

Kikuchi Takefusa, mounted atop a fine steed, bound in purple armor, crimson cape billowing Кикучи|Такефуса||||||||||||развивающийся kikuchi|takefusa|montado|sobre|un|fino|corcel|atado|en|púrpura|armadura|carmesí|capa|ondeando Kikuchi Takefusa, montado sobre un magnífico corcel, ataviado con armadura púrpura, capa carmesí ondeando

Until now. hasta|ahora Hasta ahora.

The Mongols had brought their Korean, Jurchen and Chinese vassals to subjugate and add yet ||||||Цзюньчжун|||вассалов||порабощать||| los|mongoles|habían|traído|sus|coreanos|jurchen|y|chinos|vasallos|a|subyugar|y|añadir|aún Los mongoles habían traído a sus vasallos coreanos, jurchen y chinos para someter y añadir aún

Would they never be satisfied? (verbo auxiliar)|ellos|nunca|estarán|satisfechos ¿Nunca estarían satisfechos?

The Korea-based fleet had ravaged the outer islands of Tsushima and Iki again and on the |||||опустошила||||||||||| la|||flota|había|devastado|las|exteriores|islas|de|tsushima|y|iki|otra_vez|y|en|el La flota basada en Corea había devastado nuevamente las islas exteriores de Tsushima e Iki y en el

The fighting was fierce in Hakata Bay, but all attempts at landing had been foiled by ||||||||||||||сорваны| la|lucha|fue|feroz|en|Hakata|Bahía|pero|todos|intentos|de|desembarcar|habían|sido|frustrados|por La lucha fue feroz en la bahía de Hakata, pero todos los intentos de desembarco habían sido frustrados por

the Samurai forces. las|samuráis|fuerzas las fuerzas samuráis.

mortal blow. mortal|golpe golpe mortal.

A pandemic broke out. una|pandemia|estalló| Se desató una pandemia.

Thousands of the invaders perished. ||||погибло miles|de|los|invasores|perecieron Miles de los invasores perecieron.

The ships started to rot. los|barcos|empezaron|a|pudrirse Los barcos comenzaron a pudrirse.

Then the China fleet arrived, months late but glorious in its great multitude. ||||||||||||множество entonces|la|china|flota|llegó|meses|tarde|pero|gloriosa|en|su|gran|multitud Entonces llegó la flota de China, meses tarde pero gloriosa en su gran multitud.

The retired Emperor Kamiyama sent an offering to his divine ancestor Amaterasu in her chief |||Камияма||||||||||| el|retirado|emperador|Kamiyama|envió|una|ofrenda|a|su|divina|ancestro|Amaterasu|en|su|jefa El emperador retirado Kamiyama envió una ofrenda a su ancestro divino Amaterasu en su principal

shrine at Ise, imploring her to intervene to save her children. ||Исе|умоляя||||||| santuario|en|Ise|implorando|ella|que|intervenga|para|salvar|sus|hijos santuario en Ise, implorándole que interviniera para salvar a sus hijos.

Susanoo, god of storms, was doing his sister's Amaterasu's bidding at last. ||||||||Аматэрасу||| susanoo|dios|de|tormentas|estaba|haciendo|su|hermana||orden|a|por fin Susanoo, dios de las tormentas, finalmente estaba cumpliendo con el mandato de su hermana Amaterasu.

were nothing more than throngs of forlorn bodies and an abundance of driftwood, gently ||||толпы||||||изобилие||плавник| eran|nada|más|que|multitudes|de|desamparados|cuerpos|y|una|abundancia|de|madera a la deriva|suavemente no eran más que multitudes de cuerpos desolados y una abundancia de madera a la deriva, suavemente

lapping against the quiet Kyushu shores in Amaterasu's bright, soft summer radiance. плещется||||||||||| lamiendo|contra|las|tranquilas|Kyushu|costas|en|Amaterasu|brillante|suave|verano|radiancia acariciando las tranquilas costas de Kyushu bajo el brillante y suave resplandor del verano de Amaterasu.

When the wicked invaders again arrived in 1281 and all persons, believing that the expulsion |||||||||||||изгнание cuando|los|malvados|invasores|nuevamente|llegaron|en|y|todas|las personas|creyendo|que|la|expulsión Cuando los malvados invasores llegaron de nuevo en 1281 y todas las personas, creyendo que la expulsión

of the enemy could be effected only by divine will and never by human power, reverently |||||достигнуто||||||||||с благоговением del|el|enemigo|podría|ser|realizado|solo|por|divina|voluntad|y|nunca|por|humana|poder|reverentemente del enemigo solo podría ser efectuada por la voluntad divina y nunca por el poder humano, reverentemente

and the enemy perished all at once. |||погиб||| y|el|enemigo|pereció|todos|a|la vez y el enemigo pereció de una vez.

In China, the Mongols never totally recovered from the massive material and morale-seeping en|china|los|mongoles|nunca|totalmente|se recuperaron|de|la|masiva|material|y|| En China, los mongoles nunca se recuperaron totalmente de la masiva derrota material y moral que

her good-for-nothing storm god brother, had won the day. su||||tormenta|dios|hermano|había|ganado|el|día su hermano dios de la tormenta inútil, había ganado el día.

The island country of rival clans, competing power centers and riven factions that had ||||||||||разделённые||| la|isla|país|de|rivales|clanes|compitiendo|poder|centros|y|divididas|facciones|que|habían El país insular de clanes rivales, centros de poder en competencia y facciones desgarradas que habían

disintegrated into banditry and disunity 400 years before and only in the last century ||||раздробленность|||||||| se desintegró|en|bandidaje|y|desunión|años|antes|y|solo|en|el|último|siglo se desintegró en bandidaje y desunión 400 años antes y solo en el último siglo

Japan would remain Japan. japón|permanecería|como|japón Japón seguiría siendo Japón.

SENT_CWT:ANplGLYU=13.65 PAR_TRANS:gpt-4o-mini=13.13 es:ANplGLYU openai.2025-01-22 ai_request(all=1176 err=0.00%) translation(all=980 err=0.51%) cwt(all=10814 err=1.60%)