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History, OLDEST RELIGIONS- the Entire History (1)

OLDEST RELIGIONS- the Entire History (1)

In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.

Welcome to a journey of trunosis. Today you will be transported back in time

to the ancient world where the gods and goddesses of paganism and nature worship reigned supreme

for thousands of years from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. From there you will witness

the evolution of theology as the syncretic Roman imperial cult emerged from the dust

of the Game of Thrones sparked by Alexander the Great, and after the Augustan Age eventually

giving way to the monotheistic religions of Judeo-Christianity, Neoplatonism, and Islam.

Prepare to be amazed by the rich history and fascinating insights that await you in this

journey.

According to the Bible, Adam and Eve lived 4,000 years before the time of Christ. The

flood occurred around 2,700 years before Christ. Meaning civilization started over during the

time when Noah landed the ark in Anatolia. However, there are some things that seem to

go against this theory. But I'll give the credit where credit is due. If the ark is

going to land anywhere, Anatolia is a great place for it to land. Because this is an ancient

place that goes back millions of years. The Black Sea region was inhabited by people for

hundreds and thousands of years. This is the Anatolian earth mother, Kubaba, later known

as Kybili. If you look at her depiction, seated, heavy set, grandmother figure, there's

something really interesting about Kubaba. Number one, she seems to predate written language,

and even make her way all the way down to the Roman era as Kybili, the great mother,

Her evolution over time is phenomenal. And the reason why it is, is because she is older than

the Bible itself. She's older than the Bible even reports time itself to be. Now, what do I mean by

that? For a long time, we didn't know how old the world was. For many centuries, scholars sort of

went along with the Bible. The Bible says Adam and Eve and Noah, Babylon was the first city.

Around 3500 BCE. All right, let's go with that. But since the Enlightenment, scholarship has

gotten a lot better. And now we know that the earth is millions of years old, and humans have

been around for hundreds of thousands of years. In 1999, in Morocco, a depiction just like Kubaba

was found known as Venus of Tantan. This idol is dated to 300,000 to 500,000 years old. You

didn't hear that wrong. 300,000 to 500,000 years old, according to Robert Bednarik,

an anthropologist who says this is the earliest representation of the human form in existence on

the planet. Discovered in 1999, during an archaeological survey by Lutz Fiedler,

Northwest Africa, in Morocco, according to Bednarik, this was most likely a manuport,

which is an object that appears to look like a shape and then is taken as one. The horizontal

grooves were caused by some sort of carving stone tool. The dating has been a point of controversy,

however, the findings of Bednarik have not been reexamined by other scholars. His statements

have neither been confirmed nor rejected. Stanley Ambrose thinks that the object is as old as they

say it is due to its natural weathering patterns. This is called the Lion Man. The Lion Man was

found in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. It's 40,000 years old, sculpted with mammoth tusk ivory,

a species of mammoth that has been long extinct, dating this thing to clearly 40,000 years old.

It has the head of a cave lion, another extinct animal, with a partly human body, and it stands

upright. What you're staring at right now is an object that is so ancient that it's not even

conceived of being this old before we figured out the age of the earth. Found in 1939, this Lion Man

makes a story that sounds like a myth. The wear on his body was caused by the handling of being

passed around and rubbed as a part of a ritual or religious rites. It's impossible to know what the

story was about him, however, some of the oldest images of the god Mithras depicts him standing

upright with the head of a lion wrapped with a serpent like Phanes, which is the primordial deity,

the oldest myth that people know of in ancient Greece, has the story of a primordial god or

goddess leaping out of chaos wrapped around with a serpent. And here we have one of the oldest gods,

Mithra, who shows up in the Rig Veda as Mitra, and he has the head of a lion wrapped around by a

serpent. Now, it's probably a stretch to say that the Lion Man is connected to Mithras, however,

it is very interesting that we look at Mithra, his story is told all the way in the beginning

as soon as we find writing, and here we are depicted in the same way.

Venus of Willendorf is estimated to be 25,000 to 30,000 years old, found in August of 1908

by Johann Waren in a site near Willendorf in Lower Austria. It is carved from Ulletic limestone that

is not even local to the area and tinted with red ochre. The reason why this figure is dated to

what it is, is its association with upper Paleolithic Gravitan industry, with similar sculptures

exactly like this, dating to the same time. It probably was left on the ground somewhere and

buried around 25,000 years ago, with radiocarbon dating surrounding this exact time.

It seems to be a type of ancient Greek god,

idol, it never had any feet and would not have stood on its own, it might have been

pegged into soft ground and stood up on a pedestal. Notice the similarities between

this Venus and the Kubaba figure from Anatolia, later becomes the model for Kybele.

Venus at Barakat Ram is also dated to 280,000 years ago, it is a small pebble found on the

Golan Heights near Israel, it was excavated by Nama Goren Inbar from the Institute of Archaeology

at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Inbar suggested that the object resembled a female

body and that it was artificially modified by hominids to emphasize its anthropomorphic features.

The object was called the figurine and is currently known as Venus of Barakat Ram,

and it is fascinating how similar these objects turn out to be.

Venus of Hohfels, dated to 40,000 years ago, found in Europe near Germany, this is the oldest

undisputed example of a depiction of a human being, the other two have disputes,

this has no disputes, 40,000 years old. Venus figurine looks almost similar to the other ones

that I have shown, and it is sculpted from a woolly mammoth tusk, an animal that is no longer alive on the planet.

Venus of Dolný Vestonici, 29,000 years ago, found in the Czech Republic at the base of Devon Mountain,

it seems to be a symbol of fertility. Relatively smaller head and little detail, a feature which

no longer remains part of the sculpture, is the fact that it is thought to have been originally

ornamented with four feathers. This is evidenced by the four small holes on the top of the head,

although the type of feather has not been determined, the holes are said to be produced

with a tool that is relatively sharp. In addition to the Venus figurine, figures of a bear, a lion,

and a mammoth, along with horse, fox, rhino, and owls, and more than 2,000 balls of burnt clay

were found in the same general location.

This is the Venus of Gelgenberg, dated to 30,000 years old. Because of the figurine exhibits a

dancing pose, it was nicknamed Fanny after Fanny Elsler, an Austrian ballerina of the 19th century.

It is sculpted from shiny green serpentine rock, which is found

in the immediate vicinity of where the figurine was unearthed.

This beautiful image right here is known as the Venus of La Salle, carved from the limestone rock

in Marquet, France. The figure holds a bison horn in the shape of a crescent moon,

or possibly a cornucopia, which would be held with oil inside of it. It has 13 notches. She

has large breasts and a great stomach, just like the other Venuses do, or later on, Kybele.

This one is dated to 25,000 years old. This is direct evidence of sophisticated Stone Age tool

use. This one was discovered in 1911. The figure and the horn are considered significant in

figurative studies of Palaeolithic art, and it seems to be just right in line with the other

Venus images of around the world. The color and the number of notches on the horn may symbolize

the number of moons in a year and the number of menstrual cycles in a year, connecting the goddess

with the moon and menstrual cycles. Venus of Lesbos dated to 25,000 years ago,

in the foothills of the Pyrenees in France and Spain. This one is 6 inches tall, carved from

tusk ivory, an extinct animal. The carving shows a skirt hanging below the hips, made of twisted

fibers. This statue may display the earliest representation of someone spinning thread.

This one is my favorite, Venus of Brasenpoi, known as the Lady with the Hood, another fragment

of ivory carved from tusk dated to 25,000 years ago, found near Spain. She is wearing a hat,

which is evidence of sophistication and dress from the Stone Age. This Venus is carved with

mammoth ivory, and according to archaeologist Paul Bond, the head is unsexed, although it is usually

called a Venus or a Lady. But the head has a forehead, nose, and brows, carved in relief with

no mouth. On the head is a checkerboard-like pattern formed by two series of shallow incisions

at right angles to each other. The hair is styled in cornrows. It is agreed by scholars that this

Venus also belongs to the Paleolithic material culture of the Gravitean from 22,000 to 29,000

years ago. This one, known as the Venus Figurine of Gagarina, also made with ivory, dating to 20,000

years ago from Russia. The depiction is very similar to the other ones seen all around the

world. This is Venus Zorayisk. Both of these found at the same location, made from mammoth ivory,

dated to 14,000 years ago from Russia. And lastly, the Venus of Monbrous, is another Venus figurine

dated to around 10,000 years ago, right around the time of Gobekli Tepe, when languages are

being developed and a civilization is starting to form. When we're almost entering the Copper Age

and leaving the Stone Age, we see some sophistication. It has a black jet pendant in the

shape of a stylized human body, almost like modern art, discovered in 1991 in Switzerland.

Anatolia

From 12,000 to 10,000 BCE, Anatolia, also known as Asia Minor, transitioning from the late

Paleolithic to the Mesolithic period. During this time, the region was characterized by a

hunter-gatherer lifestyle, with small groups of people living in temporary settlements. The

climate was gradually warming after the last Ice Age, leading to the expansion of forests and the

increased availability of resources, such as plants and animals. As the environment became

more hospitable, the human population in Anatolia began to grow. People started to develop new

technologies and tools to adapt to their surroundings. The inhabitants of this region

relied on hunting, fishing, gathering wild plants for sustenance. They also began to develop

more advanced stone tools, such as microliths, which were small, sharp-edged tools

used for various purposes, including hunting and food processing.

During this period, there is evidence of increased social interaction

and trade between different groups of people in Anatolia. This exchange of ideas and resources

likely played a significant role in the development of new technologies and the

eventual rise of agriculture in the region. It is clear that between the time of 12,000 to 10,000

BCE, significant change and development in Anatolia, setting the stage for the emergence

of more complex societies.

Göbekli Tepe, an archaeological site located in southeastern Turkey near the city of Sanlerfa,

dates back to the pre-pottery Neolithic period, around 10,000 BCE, making it one of the oldest

known human-made religious structures on the planet.

Göbekli Tepe consists of several circular and oval-shaped stone enclosures, with the largest

measuring about 30 meters in diameter. The site is notable for its T-shaped limestone pillars,

some of which are up to 5.5 meters tall and weigh up to 20 tons. Many of these pillars are decorated

with intricate carvings of animals, such as foxes, snakes, scorpions, birds, and other abstract

symbols. The purpose of Göbekli Tepe remains a subject of debate among archaeologists and

philologists. Some believe it was a religious center or sanctuary, while others think it may

have been a social gathering place. The site predates the invention of pottery, metal tools,

and advanced agriculture, which has led some researchers to propose that it may have played

a role in the transition from hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a more settled agricultural

society. One of the most intriguing aspects of Göbekli Tepe is the apparent lack of permanent

habitation. There is little evidence of houses or domestic structures, suggesting that the site

was not a permanent settlement, but rather a place visited periodically for religious

ceremonial purposes, similar to what we see at Stonehenge. The site was intentionally buried

around 8000 BCE, possibly as a means of decommissioning the structure or as a form

of ritual closure. The reasons for this remain unclear, but it has helped to preserve the site

in relatively good condition. Göbekli Tepe has significantly impacted our understanding

of early human societies and the development of religion, art, and architecture. Its discovery

has challenged traditional theories about the origins of civilization and has raised

new questions about the role of religion and ritual in the lives of prehistoric people.

Jericho, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, with evidence of settlements

go back to 9000 BCE. Its first inhabitants were likely a mix of hunter-gatherers,

just like Göbekli Tepe, who settled in an area due to its fertile soil and abundant water sources.

These early inhabitants would have lived as simple mud-brick houses and relied on agricultural

hunting and gathering. Over time, this settlement grew and developed, eventually becoming the

fortified city that we know today. However, a more advanced city or palace known as Nasos in

Crete, which has evidence of people living there, going back to 7000 BCE. This may be the first

real city in the world. Nasos would not have existed as the ancient Minoan palace that we

know of today. However, it does have evidence of some sort of building structure located where the

palace was built, which means that Nasos as a city can be traced back to 7000 BCE. The Minoan

civilization, which was centered on the island of Crete, did not emerge until 2700 BCE. However,

in 7000 BCE, the area was inhabited by Neolithic communities who practiced agriculture.

The Copper Age, also known as the Chalcolithic Period, was a transitional phase between the

Neolithic Stone Age and the Bronze Age. It is generally dated between 4500 and 3300 BCE.

During this time, human societies began to use copper tools and weapons in addition to stone.

The Copper Age was marked by significant advancements in technology, agriculture,

and social organization. As people learned how to smelt and work with copper, they were able to

create more efficient tools and weapons, which in turn allowed for more productive farming and

hunting. This led to an increase in the food population, supporting larger populations than

the growth of settlements which came with the growth of art and ideas, which led to religion.

Trade networks expanded during the Copper Age as communities sought to acquire copper and other

valuable resources. The exchange of goods and ideas facilitated the spread of new technologies

and cultural practices across different regions. Medicines were traded. Metalurgy also had a

profound impact on social structures as specialized craftsmen emerged to produce copper tools and

weapons. These skilled artisans often held a higher status within their communities,

reflecting the growing importance of metalworking in Copper Age societies.

Ritual practices continued to play a central role in the lives of Copper Age people.

Megalithic structures such as Stonehenge in England and the Gontija Temples in Malta

are constructed during this period, demonstrating the sophisticated engineering skills

and religious beliefs of these ancient societies. The emergence of complex burial practices,

including the use of grave goods and elaborate tombs,

also points to a growing concern with the afterlife and the veneration of ancestors.

The Copper Age saw the rise of several important civilizations, including the Sumerians in

Mesopotamia, as well as the Minoans of Crete, and the pre-dynastic Egyptians in the Nile Valley.

These early societies developed complex political systems, monumental architecture,

and sophisticated art and writing systems, laying the groundwork for later Bronze Age

civilizations to follow. As trade networks expanded, the facilitation of goods and ideas

crossed paths from different regions, and religion and ritual practices continued to play

central roles in the lives of people, culturally and politically.

The influence of the Proto-Indo-European pantheon on Vedic and Greco-Roman mythology,

as well as the early Sumerians and pre-dynastic Egyptians, can be traced back to this

transformative period in human history.

The Proto-Indo-European pantheon of gods is believed to have originated in the Pontic-Caspian

Black Sea steppe region, a region that spans from modern-day Ukraine, Russia, and Kazakhstan,

all the way over to Europe. As the Proto-Indo-Europeans migrated and interacted with

other cultures, their religious beliefs spread and evolved. The Vedic religion, which emerged

in ancient India around 1500 BCE, shares many similarities with these Proto-Indo-Europeans.

For example, the Vedic god Indra, the king of the gods, and the god of thunder, is strikingly

similar to the Proto-Indo-European god Perkwanos. Similarly, the Vedic god of fire, Agni, can be

traced back to the Proto-Indo-European god Angwanos. The influence of the Proto-Indo-European

pantheon can also be seen in Greco-Roman mythology. The Greek god Zeus and the Roman god Jupiter

both share characteristics with the sky god, Dias-Petar. Additionally, the Greek god of

the sea, Poseidon, and the Roman god Neptune have similarities with the Proto-Indo-European

god of water, Hypnum Neptulis. The Sumerians, who inhabited modern-day Iraq,

developed one of the earliest known systems of writing, the cuneiform script. This allowed

them to record their religious beliefs, which centered around a pantheon of gods, including

Anu, the god of the sky, and Enlil, the god of wind and storms. These gods would later influence

the religious beliefs of the Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. The Pelasgians, however, were

pre-Hellenic people who inhabited parts of Greece and the Aegean region before the arrival of Greeks.

Little is known about their religion, as there are few surviving records or artifacts. However,

it is believed that they practiced a form of animism or nature worship with a focus on fertility

and agricultural deities. Some scholars suggest that the Pelasgians may have influenced the

development of early Greek religion, in particular the worship of the earth goddess Gaia and other

Chthonic deities. In pre-dynastic Egypt, before the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt around

3000 BCE, various local deities were worshipped. Some of these deities, such as the falcon god

Horus and the cow goddess Hathor, would later be incorporated in the Egyptian pantheon during the

dynastic period. The early Egyptians also believed in the concept of the mat, a cosmic order that

maintained balance and harmony in the universe. The Minoans, centered around the island of Crete,

was another influential Bronze Age culture. These Minoans are best known for the palace

that I mentioned earlier at Knossos, which featured elaborate frescoes depicting religious scenes.

Minoan religion appears to have been centered around a great goddess, who was associated with

fertility, nature, and possibly the underworld. The Minoans also had a male god, depicted as a bull

or a bull-headed man, who, connected with Bacchus, may have been the consort to the great goddess.

Dionysus shows up in the earliest forms of writing, as well as hieroglyphs, predating writing itself.

The Minoan religion was centered around the worship of these various deities,

with a strong emphasis on the female goddess, the serpent goddess. The primary deity was this

mother goddess, who was associated with animals and nature. Other important deities, the master

of animals and Skyfather, were a part of this pantheon. The Minoans practiced rituals involving

animal sacrifices, processions, orgies, and offerings. Their religious symbols

included the double-headed axe, the bull, and the serpent.

The Roman pantheon was influenced by these various cultures, Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome.

Manu and Yemo are figures from Indo-European mythology. Just like Romulus and Remus are the

legendary founders of Rome and Roman mythology, Manu and Yemo are believed to be the first man

and first king, respectively, in the Indo-European mythological tradition. In some versions of the

myth, Yemo is sacrificed by Manu to create the world, just as Romulus kills Remus in order to

build Rome. In the Indian myths, Manu, the first man, and his twin brother Yama is sacrificed and

is the first to die, who becomes the king of the underworld, while Manu becomes the

father of mankind and survives a flood like Noah and Gilgamesh.

The god Mars, the Roman god of war and oaths, is connected to the Proto-Indo-European god

Mawart, the deity of war and storms. This figure is also related to the Greek Ares and the Hindu

Marutas. Neptune, the Roman god of the sea, is linked to the Proto-Indo-European Neptos,

the deity of water and underworld. This figure is also related to the Vedic god Napat and the Irish

god Nechat. Minerva, the Roman goddess of wisdom and war, is associated with the Proto-Indo-European

goddess Hesos, the deity of dawn. This figure is also related to Athena and Eos, the goddess of

Venus. Venus, also related to this goddess as well, is the goddess of love and beauty and fertility,

also the dawn goddess, who is known in Latin as Lucifer, lightbringer. Hawos is the figure in the

Proto-Indo-European pantheon, related to this. There is also Perquanos, the lord of oaks, which

reminds one of Zeus of Dodona, one of the ancient wonders of the world, surrounded by oak trees.

And like Perquanos, he is a sky god, connected with thunder and lightning. Obvious connections

to Indra as well as Zeus. Keranos, the name of Zeus' thunderbolt. The Hercina, spring nymph,

associated with the river of the same name, identified with Demeter. The name could be

a borrowing as it rather follows a Celtic sound law. Which explains why Indra and Dyas Pitar,

in Hindu mythology, are two distinct gods, unlike how Zeus takes on the role of both,

and is synced with Jupiter. Both related to Dyas, or day father. Jupiter, the king of the gods in

the Roman pantheon, is associated with Dyas Pitar, the sky father. This deity is also the

precursor to Zeus as I have mentioned, and the Hindu god, Dyas Pita. This god, although a sky

father, seems to be connected with an underworld king of Hades, known as Dyspater. Dyspater,

otherwise known as Rex Infernus or Pluto, is a Roman god of the underworld. Dys was

originally associated with fertile agricultural land and mineral wealth, and since those minerals

came from underground, he was later equated with the Chthonic deities Dionysos, Pluto,

Hades, as well as Saturn, who becomes the king of the underworld, and rules the golden age where

everybody has wealth. Tacitus refers to the god Odin as Mercury, Thor as Hercules, and Tyr as

Mars. He calls the Isis of the Swebi, who is known as Freya. I think it should be pointed out that

Herodotus also relates that the Hyperboreans are descended from Hermes, connecting Odin once again

to Mercury, but Julius Caesar himself, who spent many years of his life in Gaul, relates that they

are descended from Dys. This makes sense because the ancient form of Bacchus, who is the frenzy god,

and Odin is the god of the frenzy who possesses, Bacchus is also the god of the frenzy who

possesses. Both Odin and Bacchus are connected to the all-father Dys, the king of the underworld.

This connection between Hades and Bacchus goes back to the Greeks as well. Here we see two

depictions of Bacchus and Hades, both looking identical, black beards, ivy wreath crown,

and holding a Thrysus staff. Saturn's role as the devourer and underworld king can be traced to

Egypt. Sobek, also known as Seb or Geb, is either depicted with the head of a snake or a crocodile,

as he devours the souls of the wicked. In Greco-Roman Egypt, Seb or Geb was equated with

the Greek god Cronos because he held a quite similar position in the Greek pantheon as the

father of the gods, Zeus, Hades, Poseidon, as Seb did in Egyptian mythology. This equation

is particularly well attested in Teptunus in the southern Theia. Seb and Cronos were here

part of a local version of the cult of Sobek, lord of the four corners, the crocodile god.

The equation was shown on the one hand in local iconography of the gods in which Seb is depicted

as a man with attributes of Cronos and Cronos with the attributes of Seb. On the other hand,

the priests of the local main temple identify themselves in Egyptian texts as priests of

Soknotubis Seb or Soknotubis Geb but in Greek texts as priests of Soknotubis Cronos.

Accordingly, Egyptian names formed with the name of the god Seb or Geb were just popular

among local villagers, as Greek names derived from Cronos, especially Cronion.

The Destroyer

In the case of the Egyptians, it was this destroyer,

Seb, who takes on all the traits of the earth shaker, Poseidon, Hades, king of the underworld

and the sky father, Zeus, and he holds a trident like Poseidon but also like Sheba.

Seb, like Sheba, can be connected with the Proto-Indo-European Sewa through this god

Sabatios, who also has a Proto-Indo-European root name, Siwa.

Sheba, one of the principal deities in Hinduism, is indeed associated with time

through his aspect of Kala. Kala, which means time in Sanskrit, is one of the many aspects of Sheba.

In this form, Sheba is considered the lord of time, destruction and change, just as Saturn

has the same traits. He is often depicted as the destroyer of the universe,

who brings about the end of time to make way for new creation.

This cyclical nature of time in the universe is a key concept in Hindu cosmology.

Kalas, or Kali, have similar Proto-Indo-European etymologies. The word for Kalas,

as you can see here on this chart, to call, to cry, is also related to the word calendar,

or the kalans of a month in the Roman calendar. But here we see Kel, to turn, in motion, pivot,

pole star, connecting with time and the cycle nature of the heavens and the sky

that turns in a clockwise nature. Kel and Kali are related through this Proto-Indo-European word.

So the goddess Kali, who is the consort of Sheba, just as Kalas is the father of Saturn

in Roman mythology. Kalas is depicted on the cuirass of Augustus of Prima Porta,

at the very top above the four horses of Helios' quadriga. He is a mature bearded man,

who holds a cloak over his head, so that it billows in the form of an arch.

Conventional sign of deity that recalls the vault of the firmament, he is balanced and paired

with the personification of earth at the bottom of the cuirass. These two figures have also been

identified as Saturn and Magna Mater, to represent the new Saturnian golden age of Augustan ideology.

On the altar of the lairs, now held by the Vatican, Kalas in his chariot appears among

with Mithras, above the figure of Augustus. The name Kalas occurs in dedicatory inscriptions

in connection to the cult of Mithras. The Mithraic Kalas is sometimes depicted allegorically,

as an eagle bending over the sphere of heaven, marked with symbols of the planet or the zodiac.

In the Mithraic context, he is associated with Katas, and can appear as Kalas Aeternus,

eternal sky. A form of a Hora Mazda is invoked in Latin as Kalas Aeternus Jupiter.

The walls of some of the Mithraea feature allegorical depictions of the cosmos with

Oceanus and Kalas. The Mithraeum of Diburg represents the tripartite world of Kalas,

Oceanus and Telus, below Phaeton Heliodromus.

Mithra-Varuna is a deity or dyad of deities that played a significant role in the Proto-Indo-European

religion as well as the Vedic religion. Composed of two distinct elements, Mithra and Varuna,

this divine pair represented different aspects of sovereignty, with Mithra embodying reason,

order, and benevolence, and Varuna symbolizing violence, darkness, and inspiration of the frenzy.

The concept of Mithra as Brahman and Varuna as the king of Gandharva is a particular suggestive

formula. The Gandharva normally live in a mysterious world of their own, beyond the

darkness into which Indra smote the singular Gandharva for the greater good of the Brahman.

In Varuna's legend, the Gandharva intervene at a tragic moment to restore his failed virility

with the magic herb, just as the first Luperci put an end to the sterility of the woman Romulus

had abducted. This Mithra-Varuna dyad can be seen as an ancient form of the Apollonian-Dionysian

dualism that we see in Greek mythology, sky and underworld, dark and light, righteousness and

liberty. In an earlier model, Georges Dumasil proposed that Waranos, also the god in the

Reconstructed Dialogue, is the nocturnal sky and benevolent counterpart of Deus, with possible

cognates the Greek Aranos and Vedic Varuna from the Proto-Indo-European waru, which means to

encompass over. Waranos may have personified the firmament or dwelled in the night sky. In both

Greek and Vedic poetry, Aranos and Varuna are portrayed as wide-looking, bounding or seizing

their victims and having or being heavenly seat. This dyad can be seen in the Thracian religion,

with Clement of Alexandria compared to Jesus being in the bosom of Yahweh when she compared

to Sebasius being the godhead of Bacchus and Zeus or Saturn. Sebasius, a god of the Thracians and

Phrygians, is also known from Greek and Latin sources as Sebatios or Sebaedios, his name

related to the Macedonian word Sadoi or Satyrs. According to some scholars, he was a Thracian

mountain god whose cult was carried by Phrygian emigrants from Thrace to Anatolia. Greek sources

from the 5th century BCE onward mention Sebatios as a Thracian god and Athens his cult's initiation

ceremonies took place by night and the depths were purified by being rubbed by serpents. A

sacramental drink was also involved. The identification of Sebatios with Dionysus, which

occurs regularly in Hellenistic sources, is unquestionable. He might have had the features

of the heavenly god, hence he was later identified with the Semitic god Baal, both of them receiving

Greek epithet Hypsistos or Highest or Supreme. Sebatios' name connected with the Proto-Indo-European

Sea-Woe connected with Shiva as well as Saturn, meaning his own. The idea of freedom which

constantly shows up in the epithets of Dionysus. Franz Kummelt has suggested a relationship with

the Illyrian Tsabae or Tsabaeum, identifying beer extracted from cereals such as we see in the

Eleusinian Mysteries, the Bacchus and Demeter. Sebatios, connected with the Proto-Indo-European

word for sap, is a sap god with his juices and fluids being drunk in the Mysteries. This

translation corresponds well to the pattern of Dionysus who has the divinity of humidity

and such was connected to vegetation and intoxication.

Anatolia identified Sebatios with Tsabaeum. Under the Roman rulers, Sebatios was worshipped in Thrace

where he was often known as Sebatios or in Latin Tsabadeos and where he received such epithets as

Benevolent, Curious, Lord, Majestos, Greatest, and Hypsistos, Most High, and so forth.

He was constantly identified both with Zeus, the Sun and the Moon, sort of a dual

underworld sky father earth sun god head. Sun and Moon in one. The motifs of hands making the

voted gesture are among the distinctive features of his cult. The right hand of God.

According to several Christian writers, Clement, Arnobius, Maternus, the most impressive rite of

initiation into the Mysteries of Sebatios consisted of the adept's contact with the serpent

that was first put over his breast and then pulled down to his genitals.

No less enigmatic than Zalmoxis, Sebatios was worshipped as early as the 4th century BCE,

both as the Chthonic and Heavenly God as I mentioned.

Scholars have often tried to solve this riddle, supposing that Bowerynk from the Jewish religion,

but the Jewish influence was not relevant in Anatolia before the 3rd century BCE.

One should rather consider the Chthonic features determine the character of the Thracian Sebatios

whereas the Phrygian Sebatios was probably connected with the sky father Zeus. This very

sky father was often worshipped side by side with the earth mother, Kubaba, later known as Kybele.

The Sumerians in the 4th century BCE show evidence of knowledge of this very duo.

Zababa, Sumerian god of war and the Tuletary deity of the city of Kish

before it became Babylon in ancient Mesopotamia. He is often depicted as a warrior holding a weapon

just like Sebatios was, such as a mace or a bow and often associated with the protection of the

people. Zababa was often linked with the goddess Inanna, either related as brother and sister or

husband and wife. The goddess Kubaba, mentioned in the legendary Sumerian king list, though due

to her gender, her inclusion is considered unusual. While modern authors refer to her as the

Queen, the Sumerian title applied to her is Lugal, King, which had no feminine counterpart.

A recension from Ur, instead, states that there was no king while Kubaba reigned. A span of 100

years, she is the only ruler from the 3rd dynasty of Kish listed. The list describes her as the

innkeeper and credits her with strengthening the foundation of Kish and attributes 100 years

culminating in a temporary transfer of power from Kish to Akshak before it was regained by Putser

Suin. The latter ruler is said to be Kubaba's son, which makes her the grandfather of Ur-Zababa,

once again Zababa named after the god, a legendary king who reigned for 400 years

and was the legendary opponent of Sargon of Akkad, the founder of the first Akkadian dynasty.

The Sargon legend is a Sumerian text purporting to be Sargon's biography. In this text,

Ur-Zababa, who is the grandson of Kubaba, is mentioned, who often awakes after a dream.

For unknown reasons, Ur-Zababa appoints Sargon as his cupbearer. Soon after this, Ur-Zababa invites

Sargon to his chambers to discuss a dream of Sargon's involving the favor of the goddess Inanna.

Also in the Sargon legend, Ur-Zababa is described as being the brother of holy Inanna.

Just as the god Zababa is the brother of Kubaba, the goddess, and this goddess would end up

replacing Kubaba as the main goddess of Babylon, just as Ninurta would replace Zababa

as the Tuletary deity of Babylon. Ninurta has the same traits as the god Saturn, just as Inanna

has the same features as Venus. Could it be that Sargon's triumph over the Ur-Zababa

shows a polemic against these ancient earlier traditions that we see in Proto-Indo-European?

According to Gonzalo Rubio in the Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Zababa and Kubaba are not

Semitic names and are borrowed from Proto-Indo-Europeans, which is not common with

Sumerian traditions. But we now know that Inanna and Ninurta would replace Kubaba and Zababa

as the Tuletary deities of the city of Kish, which later became the city of Babylon.

Inanna and Ninurta have parallels to Venus and Saturn in Roman mythology.

And it could be how the king and queen, God of Israel, Yahweh and Asherah, became the head of

the pantheon. The golden vines and satyrs in the temple of Yahweh, along with the observance of

the Sabbath, reflect the Babylonian connection to Israelite tradition. In ancient Babylonia,

the Akkadian word Shab-Shabum corresponds to the 15th day of the month, as the day of quieting

God's heart. These are the Akkadian words Shabbatum, meaning 7th day. The Babylonians

observed the full moon as a day of rest and called it the Shabbat. Sabbatios, the Phrygian

descendant of this ancient deity, can be seen with the moon on his forehead.

Possible early connections between Sabbatios and his followers, our indigenous mother goddess

Phrygia Kybeli, may be reflected in Homer's brief reference to the youthful feats of Priam,

who aided the Phrygians in their battles against the Amazons, an aspect of the compromised

religious settlement. Similar to other mythic adjustments throughout the Aegean culture,

can be read in the later Phrygian king Gordias' adoption with Kybeli of Midas.

One of the native religion's creatures was the lunar bull. Sabbatios' relation with the goddess

may be surmised in the way that his horse places a hoof on the head of the bull,

in a Roman marble relief at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

Whether or not this can be shown as direct influences or just indirect passing down of

ideas through the cultural milieu is unknown, but I do think it shows that some aspects of religion

are universal that can be traced back to the beginning of civilization.

Even the word holy itself, the Proto-Indo-European word Hayyg, can be related to both the Greek

Hagios and the Vedic Yagios. So, the word holy being common from one side of the continent to

the other side of the continent shows that the religious rites are universally connected.

The Sumerian Stories

Sumerian stories have had significant influence on various aspects of ancient Near Eastern

literature, including the Hebrew Bible, also called the Torah, and the Tanakh. It's important

to note that the Bible is a collection of texts written by different authors over a long period

of time, and its composition was influenced by various cultural and literary traditions,

including those of the Sumerians. Sumerians were an ancient civilization

that flourished in Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq, around 4000-2000 BCE. They left behind

a rich literary tradition, including mythological and epic texts, some of the Sumerian stories

and motifs that influenced the Bible. The Sumerian creation myth, known as the Enuma Elish,

bears similarities to the creation account found in the book of Genesis. Both narratives

involve the establishment of order from chaos, and the separation of the heavens and the earth.

Genesis 1-2 states that the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the earth,

and the spirit of God was hovering over the waters. Notice how the waters are plural. In

the Enuma Elish, it is two waters known as Apsu and Tiamat. The Hebrew for deep is Tehom. The

word for Tiamat is cognate for deep. So not only is there a connection between the way the story

is written off the rip, but we also have cognates in the language. The two waters being Apsu and

Tiamat, the primeval waters, just as the surface of the deep hovering over the waters.

The Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh contains a flood narrative that predates the biblical account of

Noah's flood by thousands of years. The similarities between the two stories,

such as the construction of an ark, the preservation of animals, and sending out a

dove to find land, suggest that the biblical flood story may have drawn inspiration from the Sumerian

may have drawn inspiration from the Sumerian tradition. Sumerians developed one of the

earliest known legal codes, known as the Code of Ur-Namu. This influenced subsequent legal codes

of the ancient Near East, including the biblical laws found in the books of Exodus, Leviticus,

and Deuteronomy. Similarities in themes and regulations, such as the concept of an eye for

an eye and a tooth for a tooth, the exact same phrase is found in Sumerian law codes. Now this

is a very specific thing to say, an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, which shows up in

the Code of Hammurabi, shows up in Leviticus when Yahweh tells Moses an eye for an eye and a tooth

for a tooth. These regulations regarding property and slavery suggest a shared legal heritage.

The biblical book of Proverbs bears similarities to Sumerian wisdom literature, such as the

instructions of Shurupak, just like the instructions of Amen-Opeh, which I'll get to later. Both of

these texts offer moral and practical advice on various aspects of life. Hebrew authors and

editors transformed and adapted these Sumerian stories to fit the religious and cultural context.

The influence of the Sumerian literature is evident in the themes, motifs, and narrative

structures found in the Hebrew Bible. This influence is a part of a broader cultural

exchange and continuity in the ancient Near East. Ugaritic stories, specifically those discovered

in the ancient city of Ugarit, modern-day Syria, have also had an impact on the development of

biblical literature. Ugarit was a flourishing city-state during the Late Bronze Age, from 1400

to 1200 BCE, and its texts, written in cuneiform script, provide valuable insights into the

religious and cultural milieu of the ancient Near East. The Ugaritic texts contain myths, epic poems,

and ritual texts that have parallels and influences on certain aspects of the Hebrew Bible.

The Ball Cycle, most famous Ugaritic text, a collection of mythological texts about the

Canaanite god Baal. The Ball Cycle shares similarities with biblical narratives,

particularly in the portrayal of a divine conflict between a storm god and the forces of chaos.

These parallels can be seen in passages of the Psalms that describe Yahweh's victory over chaos

and the sea, and descriptions of Yahweh's control over the elements. Baal defeats the Leviathan,

just as Yahweh defeats the Leviathan in Psalms.

Ugaritic texts depict a divine assembly, or a council of gods, with El as the head deity.

This assembly plays a role in divine decision-making and governance. Similar concepts

are found in the Hebrew Bible, where Yahweh provides over a heavenly council, as seen in

like Psalm 82 and Job 1.6. Psalm 82 saying, El presides in the great assembly. He renders judgment

among the gods, the Elohim. But also Job 1.6 states, Now there was a day when the sons of God

came to present themselves before El, and Satan came also among them. Both of these texts are not

hiding the fact that there are lesser gods below the high god, who is El.

Ritual and liturgical texts contain descriptions of religious rituals and liturgies performed in

honor of various Ugaritic deities. These texts offer insights into the religious practices and

beliefs of the ancient Near East. Some scholars suggest the elements of the Ugaritic rituals may

have influenced certain aspects of Israelite worship, such as the structure and content of

Psalms and other poetic texts. The Ugaritic language, closely related to Hebrew, provides

linguistic and lexical parallels that shed light on certain biblical terms and expressions. The

study of Ugaritic has helped scholars better understand and interpret Hebrew words and phrases

found in the Bible. Egyptian stories and cultural influence are evident in various aspects of the

Hebrew Bible. Egypt, a powerful and influential civilization in the Near East, had significant

impact on the development of Israelite culture and religious beliefs. The story of the Exodus,

which describes the liberation of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt, is one of the central

narratives in the Bible. The biblical account shares the same thematic elements and motifs

with the Egyptian literature, such as the idea of the divine deliverer and confrontation between a

powerful ruler and figure chosen by God. While the Exodus story primarily reflects Israelite

perspectives, it is likely that the historical experience of the Hyksos leaving Egypt may have

influenced this narrative. Some Judeo-Christian scholars try to link these as the same event,

however, this is not likely considering the dates are separated by several centuries. Within the

Hyksos period, we don't see a Moses or Joshua or Aaron. And the Exodus story is likely a legend

because even the Pharaoh is not named. If this was a real story, the Pharaoh should just be named

and scholars would be able to point to these events because we have so much data on every

single Pharaoh. We'd be able to know which of these Pharaohs lines up with this story.

The assumption that this was Pharaoh Ramses is not likely due to the fact that Ramses

conquers Canaan. And in the text of the biblical story, he fails to catch up to the Israelites,

which is the opposite of what happens with Ramses. In fact, after Ramses, the land of Canaan

was under Egyptian occupation for another 200 years, which would not make any sense if Moses

and the Israelites were setting up the covenant during this time under Egyptian occupation.

The biblical book of Proverbs contains wisdom sayings and teachings that are similar to those

found in ancient Egyptian wisdom literature, such as the instructions of Amen-Opeh. In fact,

some of the manuscripts from the Septuagint actually still have Amen-Opeh in the text.

Both traditions emphasize ethical conduct, practical advice for daily life, and the pursuit

of wisdom. Egyptian religious symbolism and imagery can be found in certain biblical texts.

For example, in the book of Ezekiel, the prophets use symbols reminiscent of Egyptian religious

motifs to convey his message. The portrayal of Pharaoh as a powerful ruler and the imagery

associated with the Egyptian gods and goddesses also demonstrate the cultural influence of Egypt.

Here on the stone of Hezekiah, you can see an Egyptian Ankh present.

The use of hymnic and liturgical elements in the Hebrew Bible shows similarities to Egyptian

religious practices. The Psalms contain hymns of praise and worship that share structural and

thematic resemblances to ancient Egyptian hymns and prayers. Some of the legal concepts in the

Hebrew Bible bear similarities to Egyptian legal traditions just as the Sumerian and Babylonian

The Canaanites arguably have the most influence on the Hebrew Bible. The Canaanite pantheon of

gods was a diverse and complex system of deities worshipped by the ancient Canaanites. Land that

would be present-day Israel right now, who inhabited the region corresponding to present-day

Israel, was the source of the Canaanites. The Canaanites were the first to establish

corresponding to present-day Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, and parts of Jordan and Syria.

Here are some key gods and goddesses from the Canaanite pantheon.

1. El The same name is the god of the Hebrew Bible.

El is the chief deity in the Canaanite pantheon and was associated with authority, kingship,

and wisdom. He is often depicted as an aged and bearded figure. El presided over a divine council

and held a central position in the Canaanite religious beliefs.

His son was Baal. Baal was one of the most prominent gods in the Canaanite pantheon.

He was associated with the storms, fertility, and agricultural abundance. Baal was depicted

as a powerful warrior wielding a lightning bolt, symbolizing his control over the forces of nature.

El had a wife named Asherah, the consort of El, considered the mother goddess in Canaanite

religion, the queen of heaven. She represented fertility, motherhood, and nurturing. Asherah was

often depicted as the divine mother figure, sometimes portrayed alongside a sacred tree

or pole representing her presence. Anat was a fierce and warlike goddess associated with battle,

violence, protection, and wisdom, like Athena. Anat was depicted as a warrior goddess,

often shown with a bow, a spear, or a shield. Astarte, also known as Asherah, was the goddess

associated with love, beauty, and sexuality. She was considered the patron of fertility,

both in terms of human production and agricultural abundance. Astarte was depicted as a sensual

goddess adorned with jewelry and symbols of fertility. Dagon, associated with agriculture,

grain, and fertility. He was often depicted as a fish-like deity, symbolizing abundance with

fertility linked to water and agricultural prosperity. Last but certainly not least,

Yahweh, often referred to as Yahu, the deity associated with a specific region or tribe,

rather than being a central figure in the broader Canaanite pantheon. The understanding of Yahweh's

role in the Canaanite religion is complex and subject to ongoing scholarly debate. He was a

tribal deity. He is also one of the sons of El. There are some who suggest that Yahweh and Baal

are interchangeable depending on the location, both being the son of El and both being extremely

important as princes of the pantheon. This may play into the later tradition of the Hebrew

Bible where the priests of Yahweh are battling with the priests of Baal, such as the story of

Elijah and Jezebel. Another perspective suggests that Yahweh emerged through a process of syncretism

wherein the worship of Yahweh merged with elements of Canaanite religious beliefs and

practices. This view posits that Yahweh began as a local deity, later absorbed attributes and roles

from other Canaanite gods such as El and Baal. Canaanite stories have significant impact on the

Hebrew Bible given the close historical and cultural connections between the Israelites

and Canaanites. The Canaanites were the indigenous inhabitants of the land of Canaan, which

encompasses modern-day Israel. Canaanite mythology and religious beliefs, cultic practices such as

the sacrifices, offerings, and temple worship. Biblical texts frequently mention Israelite

interactions with Canaanite religious practices, often presenting them negatively that Israelites

should avoid them. The Canaanite practices and the Israelites' response to them are discussed

in the context of idolatry and the centralization of worship in Jerusalem.

The absorption of the Canaanite El into the Yahweh religion is a complex process that took place over

an extended period of time. El, the chief deity in the pantheon associated with the authority,

kingship, and divine counsel, becomes one and the same with his own son Yahweh. And throughout the

Hebrew Bible, Yahweh and El or El Elyon, which means God Most High, are interchangeable and mean

the same thing at some points. The biblical texts even refer to Yahweh as El Elyon, emphasizing his

identification with the supreme deity. This suggests that the early Israelites may have seen

Yahweh as a manifestation or an aspect of El. As the Israelites settled in Canaan, they likely

interacted and assimilated elements of Canaanite culture and religious practices. The worship of El

may have influenced the evolving understanding of Yahweh, with El's attributes and characteristics

merging with those ascribed to Yahweh. The process of syncretism, wherein deities from

different religious traditions are combined or identified with each other, likely played a role.

Over time, the Israelites established their religious identity. There may have been a

merging of El and Yahweh, resulting in the understanding of Yahweh as the primary deity,

supreme authority. El's association with the divine counsel, consisting of subordinate deities,

can be seen in both Canaanite and early Israelite traditions. As the Israelite religion

developed, the concept of divine counsel was retained, but with Yahweh as the head of the counsel.

The Phoenician stories and cultural influences left their mark on certain aspects of the Hebrew

Bible. The Phoenicians, which are the purple people called by the Greeks, are an ancient

seafaring people who inhabited the coastal region of modern-day Lebanon, had significant

interactions with the Israelites, leading to cultural exchanges and influences. With direct

evidence of Phoenician stories in the Bible, the Neoplatonist writer Porphyry, stating that a priest

named Sancho Nathan of Beirut wrote the truest history because he obtained the records from

Hierambolus, priest of Yehweh, that Sancho Nathan dedicated his history to Ababel, king of Beirut,

and it was approved by the king and other investigators, the date of this writing being

1200 BCE. In this text, El, who is also called Kronos, sacrifices his only begotten son,

Yehud, as an offering to his father in heaven, and then circumcises himself, and decreed from that

day forward that all of his offspring must also circumcise themselves in honor of Aranos.

El was deified as the star Saturn, Saturday being the same day as the Sabbath. This story

is clearly borrowed by the Hebrew scribes for the book of Genesis, when Abraham, who

was offering his only begotten son, Isaac, as an offering to El, but in this case an

angel stops him. However, like in the Phoenician myth, it is Abraham who was the first patriarch

to circumcise himself and make this a custom among the Israelites for all males.

The Israelites had a tendency to synthesize elements from neighboring cultures and the

Phoenicians played a role in this process. The worship of Canaanite deities, including

Baal and Asherah, found its way into Israelite religious practices. As described in the Hebrew

Bible, these influences can be seen in the biblical narratives of Israelite idolatry

and their struggle to remain faithful to only Yahweh. Phoenician expertise in craftsmanship

and maritime trade likely influenced the construction of the first temple in Jerusalem,

known as the Solomon Temple. Phoenician artisans and materials were involved in the construction

and some architectural and artistic elements may have been influenced by Phoenician styles.

The Hebrew Bible contains references to Phoenician cities such as Tyre and Sidon

and their cultural practices. For example, the story of King Hiram of Tyre collaborating with

King Solomon in the building of the temple highlights the close relationship between

the Israelites and Phoenicians. The first temple period in ancient Israel refers to the time when

the first temple, also known as Solomon's Temple, stood in Jerusalem. This period spans between

approximately 10th century BCE until its destruction by the Babylonians in 586 BCE.

Understanding the religious landscape during this period is complex and scholarly views vary

regarding the extent of polytheistic practices present during this time. The practice of

monotheism seems to be only after the Israelites returned back from Babylon in the 5th century.

Scholars suggest that polytheistic elements persisted during this period. They argue that

while Yahweh may have been regarded as the primary deity, other gods and goddesses were

still acknowledged in worship alongside Yahweh. The archaeological evidence, including inscriptions

and artifacts found in Jerusalem, indicate the presence of symbols associated with other deities

during this time.

The Elephantine Jews were a Jewish community that resided in the ancient city of Elephantine,

located on an island in the Nile River in Egypt. They lived during the 5th century BCE,

and left behind a corpus of documents known as the Elephantine Papyri, which provides

insights into the religious beliefs and practices of the time. Based on the Elephantine Papyri,

it appears that the religion of the Elephantine Jews was a blend of Yahweh worship and syncretic

elements influenced by the local religious environment. While they acknowledged Yahweh

as the primary deity, they also incorporated certain practices from both Egyptian and Canaanite

religious traditions. These Elephantine Jews built and maintained a temple dedicated to Yahweh

on the island. They considered Yahweh as the supreme deity and sought his guidance and

protection. However, alongside the worship of Yahweh was also other gods and goddesses,

like Asherah. One of the prominent deities mentioned in the Elephantine Papyri is YAHO,

often identified as a synchronistic form of Yahweh fused with Egyptian gods like Amon.

Additionally, Egyptian gods, particularly Qunum, Sathis, and Anuket were worshipped in this

location. These deities were believed to have protective powers and were invoked for various

purposes such as fertility, health, and general well-being. This Elephantine Papyri indicates a

level of polytheism and syncretism, as well as cultural assimilation, where elements of

different religious traditions coexisted. Overall, the Elephantine Jews maintained a distinctive

religious identity centered around Yahweh, but also incorporated beliefs and practices from their

local environment. Their religion demonstrates the complex nature of religious syncretism

and the adaption of religious traditions in a multicultural text.

The exact time frame for the final compilation of the Torah, or the first five books of Moses,

Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, into its current monotheistic

form, is the subject of scholarly debate. Most scholars agree that these texts were written

during post-Babylonian exile. As the Israelites returned to their land, religious leaders and

scribes likely engaged in the process of collecting, editing, and shaping various religious

texts. There is no mention of the Torah by any Greek, Egyptian, Persian, or Syrian sources

before the 5th century BCE. Moses and Noah and Abraham are not mentioned in any text

before the 5th century BCE. Only the kings like David and Omri show up in some steles.

But the stories of the flood, the exodus, and the twelve tribes of Israel show up in popular

culture only after Alexander the Great conquers Persia in the 4th century BCE. There are some

scholars who now suggest that the five books of Moses were compiled in Alexandria during the

Ptolemaic period. Ancient historians like Herodotus, Xenophon, and Thucydides don't

even mention Israel in their writings. This suggests that Israel was not a powerful kingdom,

just a small city-state. It's possible that these texts existed as independent scrolls

during these periods, but they were not known to most of the world outside the Levant until

the 4th century BCE. This is the end of our mythological journey through the ancient realms

of Sumer, Ugarit, Egypt, Canaan, and beyond. As we've explored this rich tapestry of these

captivating civilizations, it became clear that their stories, beliefs, and cultural influences

have left an indelible mark on the biblical world. From the epic tales of Gilgamesh and Sumer,

to the poetic sagas of Baal and Ugarit, from the mystical hymns of the Egyptian gods,

to the intricate pantheon of the Canaanite deities, we find a treasure trove of inspiration

that seeped into the very fabric of the Hebrew Bible. But the skilled weavers, the biblical

authors and editors didn't simply copy and paste from the neighboring mythologies. Oh no,

they expertly blended, transformed, and repurposed these ancient narratives, weaving them into a new

tapestry of faith, history, and moral guidance. Let me give you one more example before I go.

The story of Esther and Mordecai. Esther and Mordecai look a lot like Ishtar and Marduk.

The story of Esther and Mordecai has obvious parallels to the story of Ishtar

descending into the underworld to save Tammuz from his death. In the story of Ishtar and Tammuz,

Tammuz is taken down to the underworld, the lover of Ishtar, and then Ishtar goes and descends down,

and as she goes down from every layer of hell, she has to take off a layer of clothing until

she gets to the bottom layer where she has to face off with the queen of the underworld,

where she stays down there for three days until her galley eunuchs are sent down from heaven

to bring her back to life, where she is able to take Tammuz and raise him out of hell,

and thus springtime ensues. In the story of Esther in the Bible, there's a lot of similarities and

parallels. Instead of Tammuz, it's Mordecai. Now, why would they use Marduk's name instead

of Tammuz's name? Well, it turns out that Marduk and Tammuz are actually synchronized in many texts.

The god Bel is actually a synchronization of Marduk and Demuzi or Tammuz. So, it actually does

make sense for Mordecai to be the name of the Hebrew person who is saved by Esther. In this

text, Mordecai is taken into a dungeon by Haman, and then Esther has to go into the court of the

king of Persia, Xerxes, and she has to plead for the safety of Mordecai, which she is successful

when her eunuch priest, just like the galley eunuchs, her eunuchs actually come to her aid,

and she also has to take off layers of clothing as well. It is a clear mimesis of the story of

the Sumerians. I am of the opinion that these writers did this with no ill intent,

and they were just trying to pass down sacred stories that everyone knew.

The Sumerian floodman finds its counterpart in the story of Noah and the ark. The Canaanite

storm god Baal's conflict with the sea god Yam echoes the biblical portrayal of Yahweh's triumph

over chaos. And the grandeur of Egyptian cosmology lends its majesty to the descriptions of heaven and

earth in Genesis. Yes, this interplay between mythologies goes beyond mere literary borrowings.

It reveals the interconnectedness of ancient civilizations, the vibrant exchange of ideas,

and the eternal quest for humanity to understand the mysteries of the world and our place in it.

Esther, just like Ishtar, is a story that explains the death of the winter and the

resurrection of the spring. Both Ishtar and Esther have their festivals at the same time of the year.

The ancient Pelescians, mentioned by the Greek poet Homer, were a mysterious and enigmatic

people who played a significant role in early Greek mythology and history. Homer describes them

as a prehistoric civilization, often associated with the region of Thessaly and the city of Argos.

However, the exact origins and characteristics of the Pelescians remain a subject of debate

among historians and scholars. According to Homer, the Pelescians were a people who lived

in the time before the Trojan War and were associated with the construction of massive

structures, such as the walls of Mycenae and the palaces of the Minoan Crete and Gnosis.

They were considered skilled builders and were often depicted as a semi-divine or legendary group.

Homer describes the Cretans as an ancient civilization that had 90 city-states

surrounded by the palace at Gnosis. Some ancient Greek writers even suggested that the Pelescians

were the original inhabitants of Greece, predating other Greek-speaking tribes. Among the Pelescians

Among the Pelescians dwelling in Crete were the Dorians, who in Greek is gifted people.

The historical reality of the Pelescians is complex and elusive as they appear in various

ancient Greek texts with different interpretations. Some scholars argue that they were a distinct

ethnic group, while others propose that the term Pelescian was used to refer to a group of

the various indigenous populations of the Aegean region. Ultimately, the true identity and nature

of the Pelescians remain shrouded in the midst of antiquity, leaving us fragments of mythology

and historical accounts that continue to intrigue and fascinate to this day.

Proto-Indo-European ancestors of the Greeks in and around the Black Sea region are generally

believed to be these very people, who are also called Proto-Greeks and Mycenaean Greeks,

even going back to the Minoan Linear A Pre-Greeks. The Mycenaean civilization of the mainland Greece,

which flourished from around the 16th to 12th century BCE, is considered an important precursor

to classical Greek civilization. These Mycenaeans were a part of a broader group of Indo-European

speakers who migrated into the Balkans and Anatolia during the Bronze Age. These migrations

are often associated with the expansion of the Indo-European language family, which includes

Greek as one of its branches. The exact origins of the Proto-Greeks are still a subject of

ongoing research and debate among historians and philologists. The Mycenaeans established

a powerful civilization centered around the southern part of mainland Greece with major

centers such as Mycenae, Pylos, and Tyrannos. They were skilled warriors, traders, and builders

known for their impressive palaces and fortifications. Their culture and language

laid the foundation for the later development of ancient Greek civilization.

OLDEST RELIGIONS- the Entire History (1) |||celá| tertua|agama|seluruh|keseluruhan|sejarah |||Complete| ÄLTESTE RELIGIONEN - die gesamte Geschichte (1) Παλαιότερες Θρησκείες - όλη η ιστορία (1) OLDEST RELIGIONS- the Entire History (1) RELIGIONES MÁS ANTIGUAS- Toda la Historia (1) RELIGIONS LES PLUS ANCIENNES - toute l'histoire (1) RELIGIONI PIÙ VECCHIE - Tutta la storia (1) 最古の宗教-その全歴史 (1) 가장 오래된 종교 - 전체 역사 (1) Seniausios religijos - visa istorija (1) NAJSTARSZE RELIGIE - cała historia (1) RELIGIÕES MAIS ANTIGAS - toda a história (1) Древнейшие религии - вся история (1) EN ESKİ DİNLER - Tüm Tarih (1) НАЙДАВНІШІ РЕЛІГІЇ - вся історія (1) 最古老的宗教 - 整个历史 (1) 最古老的宗教 - 整個歷史 (1) AGAMA TERTUA - Seluruh Sejarah (1)

Welcome to a journey of trunosis. Today you will be transported back in time selamat datang|ke|sebuah|perjalanan|dari|trunosis|hari ini|kamu|akan|menjadi|diangkut|kembali|ke|waktu |||||truth discovery|||||||| Welcome to a journey of trunosis. Today you will be transported back in time Bienvenido a un viaje de trunosis. Hoy se transportará atrás en el tiempo Selamat datang di perjalanan trunosis. Hari ini Anda akan dibawa kembali ke masa lalu

to the ancient world where the gods and goddesses of paganism and nature worship reigned supreme ke|dunia|kuno||di mana|para|dewa|dan|dewi|dari|paganisme|dan|alam|penyembahan|memerintah|tertinggi al mundo antiguo, donde reinaban los dioses y diosas del paganismo y el culto a la naturaleza ke dunia kuno di mana dewa dan dewi paganisme dan penyembahan alam berkuasa.

giving way to the monotheistic religions of Judeo-Christianity, Neoplatonism, and Islam. memberikan|jalan|kepada|agama|monoteistik|agama|dari|||Neoplatonisme|dan|Islam dando paso a las religiones monoteístas del judeocristianismo, el neoplatonismo y el islam. memberikan jalan bagi agama-agama monoteistik Yudaisme-Kristen, Neoplatonisme, dan Islam.

journey. perjalanan perjalanan.

flood occurred around 2,700 years before Christ. Meaning civilization started over during the ||||||artinya|peradaban|dimulai|kembali|selama| inundación ocurrió unos 2.700 años antes de Cristo. Lo que significa que la civilización comenzó de nuevo durante el terjadi sekitar 2.700 tahun sebelum Kristus. Artinya peradaban dimulai kembali selama

go against this theory. But I'll give the credit where credit is due. If the ark is ||||Tapi|saya akan|memberikan|kredit|kredit|di mana|kredit|adalah|layak|Jika|bahtera|bahtera|adalah van en contra de esta teoría. Pero daré crédito a quien lo merece. Si el arca es bertentangan dengan teori ini. Tapi saya akan memberikan kredit di mana kredit itu diberikan. Jika bahtera itu

going to land anywhere, Anatolia is a great place for it to land. Because this is an ancient |||||adalah|||tempat||||||||| akan mendarat di mana pun, Anatolia adalah tempat yang bagus untuk mendarat. Karena ini adalah tempat kuno

place that goes back millions of years. The Black Sea region was inhabited by people for |||||||Wilayah|Hitam|Laut|daerah|telah|dihuni|oleh|orang| yang sudah ada sejak jutaan tahun yang lalu. Wilayah Laut Hitam dihuni oleh orang-orang selama

and even make her way all the way down to the Roman era as Kybili, the great mother, dan|bahkan|membuat|jalannya|jalan|sepenuhnya|ke|jalan|ke bawah|ke|era|Romawi||sebagai|Kybili|sang|besar|ibu dan bahkan menjangkau hingga era Romawi sebagai Kybili, ibu yang agung,

Her evolution over time is phenomenal. And the reason why it is, is because she is older than dia|evolusi|selama|waktu|adalah|fenomenal|||||||||||| Evolusinya seiring waktu sangat fenomenal. Dan alasan mengapa demikian adalah karena dia lebih tua dari

the Bible itself. She's older than the Bible even reports time itself to be. Now, what do I mean by alasan||||lebih tua|dari|||||||||||||| Alkitab itu sendiri. Dia lebih tua dari Alkitab bahkan melaporkan waktu itu sendiri. Sekarang, apa yang saya maksud dengan

that? For a long time, we didn't know how old the world was. For many centuries, scholars sort of ||||waktu|||||||||||||| itu? Selama waktu yang lama, kami tidak tahu seberapa tua dunia ini. Selama berabad-abad, para cendekiawan semacamnya

gotten a lot better. And now we know that the earth is millions of years old, and humans have |sebuah||||||||||||dari||||| menjadi jauh lebih baik. Dan sekarang kita tahu bahwa bumi berusia jutaan tahun, dan manusia telah

been around for hundreds of thousands of years. In 1999, in Morocco, a depiction just like Kubaba |||||||tahun|||||||| ada selama ratusan ribu tahun. Pada tahun 1999, di Maroko, sebuah penggambaran yang mirip dengan Kubaba

was found known as Venus of Tantan. This idol is dated to 300,000 to 500,000 years old. You |||||||||||||||kamu ditemukan yang dikenal sebagai Venus dari Tantan. Patung ini diperkirakan berusia antara 300.000 hingga 500.000 tahun.

the planet. Discovered in 1999, during an archaeological survey by Lutz Fiedler, ||ditemukan|pada|selama|sebuah|arkeologis|survei|oleh|Lutz|Fiedler planet ini. Ditemukan pada tahun 1999, selama survei arkeologi oleh Lutz Fiedler,

which is an object that appears to look like a shape and then is taken as one. The horizontal yang|adalah|sebuah|objek|yang|tampak|untuk|terlihat|seperti|sebuah|bentuk|dan|kemudian|diambil|diambil|sebagai|satu||horizontal yang merupakan objek yang tampak seperti bentuk dan kemudian dianggap sebagai satu. Horizontal

grooves were caused by some sort of carving stone tool. The dating has been a point of controversy, |||oleh||||||||||di|||| alur-alur tersebut disebabkan oleh semacam alat pahat batu. Penanggalan telah menjadi titik kontroversi,

however, the findings of Bednarik have not been reexamined by other scholars. His statements namun, temuan Bednarik belum diperiksa ulang oleh para sarjana lain. Pernyataannya

have neither been confirmed nor rejected. Stanley Ambrose thinks that the object is as old as they belum dikonfirmasi maupun ditolak. Stanley Ambrose berpikir bahwa objek tersebut seumur dengan mereka

found in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. It's 40,000 years old, sculpted with mammoth tusk ivory, ditemukan|di|||Jerman|Itu|tahun|tua|dipahat|dengan|mammoth|gading|gading di Baden-Wurttemberg, Jerman. Usianya 40.000 tahun, dipahat dengan gading mamut,

upright. What you're staring at right now is an object that is so ancient that it's not even tegak. Apa yang kamu tatap sekarang adalah sebuah objek yang begitu kuno sehingga bahkan tidak

conceived of being this old before we figured out the age of the earth. Found in 1939, this Lion Man terbayangkan seumurnya sebelum kita mengetahui usia bumi. Ditemukan pada tahun 1939, Manusia Singa ini

makes a story that sounds like a myth. The wear on his body was caused by the handling of being membuat sebuah cerita yang terdengar seperti mitos. Kerusakan pada tubuhnya disebabkan oleh penanganan yang

passed around and rubbed as a part of a ritual or religious rites. It's impossible to know what the dilakukan dengan cara dipindahkan dan digosok sebagai bagian dari ritual atau upacara keagamaan. Tidak mungkin untuk mengetahui apa yang

goddess leaping out of chaos wrapped around with a serpent. And here we have one of the oldest gods, |||dari|||||||||||||dewa-dewa|tertua|dewa-dewa dewi primordial yang melompat keluar dari kekacauan dibelit oleh ular. Dan di sini kita memiliki salah satu dewa tertua,

as soon as we find writing, and here we are depicted in the same way. |||kita||||||ada|digambarkan|dalam|cara|yang sama|cara segera setelah kita menemukan tulisan, dan di sini kita digambarkan dengan cara yang sama.

by Johann Waren in a site near Willendorf in Lower Austria. It is carved from Ulletic limestone that oleh|Johann|Waren|di|sebuah|situs|dekat|Willendorf|di|Lower|Austria||||||| oleh Johann Waren di sebuah situs dekat Willendorf di Austria Bawah. Patung ini diukir dari batu kapur Ulletic yang

is not even local to the area and tinted with red ochre. The reason why this figure is dated to adalah|tidak|bahkan|lokal|ke|daerah|area|dan|diwarnai|dengan|merah|oker|||||||| bahkan tidak berasal dari daerah tersebut dan diwarnai dengan oker merah. Alasan mengapa sosok ini diberi tanggal seperti

exactly like this, dating to the same time. It probably was left on the ground somewhere and persis|seperti|ini|penanggalan|ke|waktu|yang sama||itu|mungkin|adalah|ditinggalkan|di|tanah|tanah|di suatu tempat|dan persis seperti ini, berasal dari waktu yang sama. Kemungkinan besar ditinggalkan di tanah di suatu tempat dan

Golan Heights near Israel, it was excavated by Nama Goren Inbar from the Institute of Archaeology Dataran Tinggi Golan dekat Israel, yang digali oleh Nama Goren Inbar dari Institut Arkeologi.

that I have shown, and it is sculpted from a woolly mammoth tusk, an animal that is no longer alive on the planet. yang telah saya tunjukkan, dan itu dipahat dari taring mammoth berbulu, hewan yang sudah tidak ada lagi di planet ini.

Venus of Dolný Vestonici, 29,000 years ago, found in the Czech Republic at the base of Devon Mountain, Venus|dari|Dolný|Vestonici|tahun|yang lalu|ditemukan|di||Ceko|Republik|di||dasar|dari|Devon|Gunung Venus dari Dolný Vestonici, 29.000 tahun yang lalu, ditemukan di Republik Ceko di dasar Gunung Devon,

no longer remains part of the sculpture, is the fact that it is thought to have been originally tidak|lagi|tersisa|bagian|dari||patung|adalah||fakta|bahwa|itu|adalah|diperkirakan|untuk|memiliki|telah|awalnya tidak lagi menjadi bagian dari patung tersebut, adalah fakta bahwa diperkirakan awalnya

ornamented with four feathers. This is evidenced by the four small holes on the top of the head, dihias|dengan|empat|bulu|Ini|adalah|dibuktikan|oleh||empat|kecil|lubang|di||atas|dari||kepala dihiasi dengan empat bulu. Ini dibuktikan dengan empat lubang kecil di bagian atas kepala,

dancing pose, it was nicknamed Fanny after Fanny Elsler, an Austrian ballerina of the 19th century. ||itu|telah|||||||||||| Karena patung tersebut menunjukkan pose menari, ia dijuluki Fanny setelah Fanny Elsler, seorang ballerina Austria dari abad ke-19.

It is sculpted from shiny green serpentine rock, which is found Patung ini diukir dari batu serpentin hijau yang mengkilap, yang ditemukan

in the immediate vicinity of where the figurine was unearthed. di sekitar lokasi di mana patung tersebut digali.

in Marquet, France. The figure holds a bison horn in the shape of a crescent moon, di|Marquet|Prancis||||||||||||| Di Marquet, Prancis. Figur ini memegang tanduk bison yang berbentuk bulan sabit,

use. This one was discovered in 1911. The figure and the horn are considered significant in |ini|satu|adalah|ditemukan|pada||||||||| Penggunaan. Ini ditemukan pada tahun 1911. Figur dan tanduk ini dianggap signifikan dalam

Venus images of around the world. The color and the number of notches on the horn may symbolize ||dari||tanduk|||||||||||tanduk|mungkin|melambangkan Warna dan jumlah lekukan pada tanduk mungkin melambangkan

the number of moons in a year and the number of menstrual cycles in a year, connecting the goddess si|jumlah|dari|bulan|dalam|satu|tahun|dan||||menstruasi|siklus||||menghubungkan||dewi jumlah bulan dalam setahun dan jumlah siklus menstruasi dalam setahun, menghubungkan dewi

in the foothills of the Pyrenees in France and Spain. This one is 6 inches tall, carved from di|kaki|lereng|dari|si|Pirenia|di|Prancis|dan|Spanyol||||||| di kaki pegunungan Pyrenees di Prancis dan Spanyol. Yang ini tingginya 6 inci, diukir dari

of ivory carved from tusk dated to 25,000 years ago, found near Spain. She is wearing a hat, dari||diukir|||||||||||||| dari gading yang diukir dari taring yang diperkirakan berusia 25.000 tahun, ditemukan dekat Spanyol. Dia mengenakan topi,

which is evidence of sophistication and dress from the Stone Age. This Venus is carved with yang merupakan bukti dari kecanggihan dan pakaian dari Zaman Batu. Venus ini diukir dengan

no mouth. On the head is a checkerboard-like pattern formed by two series of shallow incisions tidak ada|mulut|di|itu|kepala|ada|sebuah|||pola|dibentuk|oleh|dua|rangkaian|dari|dangkal|sayatan tanpa mulut. Di kepala terdapat pola seperti papan catur yang dibentuk oleh dua rangkaian goresan dangkal

Venus also belongs to the Paleolithic material culture of the Gravitean from 22,000 to 29,000 Venus|juga|termasuk|ke|budaya|Paleolitik|material|budaya|dari|Gravitean||dari|hingga Venus juga termasuk dalam budaya material Paleolitik dari Gravitean dari 22.000 hingga 29.000

years ago. This one, known as the Venus Figurine of Gagarina, also made with ivory, dating to 20,000 tahun|yang lalu||||||||||||||| tahun yang lalu. Yang ini, dikenal sebagai Patung Venus Gagarina, juga terbuat dari gading, berasal dari 20.000

years ago from Russia. The depiction is very similar to the other ones seen all around the ||||gambaran|penggambaran|adalah|sangat|mirip|dengan|yang lain|lainnya|yang|terlihat|di seluruh|sekitar|dunia tahun yang lalu dari Rusia. Penggambarannya sangat mirip dengan yang lain yang terlihat di seluruh

world. This is Venus Zorayisk. Both of these found at the same location, made from mammoth ivory, |ini|adalah|Venus|Zorayisk|keduanya|dari|ini|ditemukan|di|lokasi|yang sama||dibuat|dari|mammoth|gading dunia. Ini adalah Venus Zorayisk. Keduanya ditemukan di lokasi yang sama, terbuat dari gading mammoth,

being developed and a civilization is starting to form. When we're almost entering the Copper Age ||dan|||||||||||zaman||Zaman sedang dikembangkan dan sebuah peradaban mulai terbentuk. Ketika kita hampir memasuki Zaman Tembaga

and leaving the Stone Age, we see some sophistication. It has a black jet pendant in the |||||||||Itu|memiliki|sebuah|hitam|jet|liontin|di| dan meninggalkan Zaman Batu, kita melihat beberapa kecanggihan. Ini memiliki liontin jet hitam di

Anatolia Anatolia Anatolia

Paleolithic to the Mesolithic period. During this time, the region was characterized by a ||wilayah|||||||daerah|adalah|dicirikan|oleh| Paleolitik ke periode Mesolitik. Selama waktu ini, wilayah tersebut dicirikan oleh sebuah

hunter-gatherer lifestyle, with small groups of people living in temporary settlements. The ||gaya hidup|dengan|kecil|kelompok|orang|orang-orang|yang tinggal|di|sementara|pemukiman| gaya hidup pemburu-pengumpul, dengan kelompok kecil orang yang tinggal di pemukiman sementara. Yang

climate was gradually warming after the last Ice Age, leading to the expansion of forests and the iklim|menjadi|secara bertahap|menghangat|setelah||terakhir|Es|Zaman|yang mengarah|ke||perluasan|dari|hutan|dan| iklim secara bertahap menghangat setelah Zaman Es terakhir, yang menyebabkan perluasan hutan dan

increased availability of resources, such as plants and animals. As the environment became meningkatnya|ketersediaan|dari|sumber daya|seperti|sebagai|tumbuhan|dan|hewan|Ketika||lingkungan|menjadi peningkatan ketersediaan sumber daya, seperti tumbuhan dan hewan. Ketika lingkungan menjadi

more hospitable, the human population in Anatolia began to grow. People started to develop new lebih|ramah||manusia|populasi|di|Anatolia|mulai|untuk|tumbuh|orang-orang|mulai|untuk|mengembangkan|baru lebih ramah, populasi manusia di Anatolia mulai tumbuh. Orang-orang mulai mengembangkan yang baru

more advanced stone tools, such as microliths, which were small, sharp-edged tools lebih|maju|batu|alat|seperti|sebagai|mikrolit|yang|adalah|kecil|||alat alat batu yang lebih canggih, seperti mikrolit, yang merupakan alat kecil dengan tepi tajam

eventual rise of agriculture in the region. It is clear that between the time of 12,000 to 10,000 ||dari|||||||||||||hingga kebangkitan pertanian di wilayah tersebut. Jelas bahwa antara waktu 12.000 hingga 10.000

of more complex societies. dari|lebih|kompleks|masyarakat masyarakat yang lebih kompleks.

dates back to the pre-pottery Neolithic period, around 10,000 BCE, making it one of the oldest berasal|kembali|ke|periode|||Neolitik|periode|sekitar|SM|menjadikannya|itu|salah satu|dari|yang|tertua berasal dari periode Neolitik pra-piring, sekitar 10.000 SM, menjadikannya salah satu yang tertua

known human-made religious structures on the planet. dikenal|||religius|struktur|di|| struktur religius buatan manusia yang dikenal di planet ini.

Göbekli Tepe consists of several circular and oval-shaped stone enclosures, with the largest Göbekli|Tepe|terdiri|dari|beberapa|lingkaran|dan|||batu|pagar|dengan|yang|terbesar Göbekli Tepe terdiri dari beberapa pagar batu berbentuk lingkaran dan oval, dengan yang terbesar

measuring about 30 meters in diameter. The site is notable for its T-shaped limestone pillars, mengukur|sekitar|meter|dalam|diameter|||adalah|terkenal|karena||||kapur|pilar berukuran sekitar 30 meter dalam diameter. Situs ini terkenal karena pilar-pilar batu kapur berbentuk T-nya,

have been a social gathering place. The site predates the invention of pottery, metal tools, ||||||Situs|situs|mendahului|penemuan|penemuan|dari|tembikar|logam|alat telah menjadi tempat berkumpul secara sosial. Situs ini lebih tua dari penemuan tembikar, alat logam,

a role in the transition from hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a more settled agricultural sebuah|peran|dalam|transisi|peralihan|dari|||gaya hidup|ke|sebuah|lebih|menetap|pertanian peran dalam transisi dari gaya hidup pemburu-pengumpul ke masyarakat pertanian yang lebih menetap.

ceremonial purposes, similar to what we see at Stonehenge. The site was intentionally buried seremonial|tujuan|mirip|dengan|apa|kita|lihat|di|Stonehenge||||| seremonial, mirip dengan apa yang kita lihat di Stonehenge. Situs ini sengaja dikubur

around 8000 BCE, possibly as a means of decommissioning the structure or as a form ||||||||Situs||||| sekitar 8000 SM, mungkin sebagai cara untuk menonaktifkan struktur tersebut atau sebagai bentuk

has challenged traditional theories about the origins of civilization and has raised ||||tentang|peran||tentang||dan|| telah menantang teori-teori tradisional tentang asal-usul peradaban dan telah mengangkat

new questions about the role of religion and ritual in the lives of prehistoric people. pertanyaan baru tentang peran agama dan ritual dalam kehidupan orang-orang prasejarah.

Jericho, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, with evidence of settlements Jericho|salah satu|dari|kota|tertua|terus-menerus|dihuni|kota|di|dunia||dengan|bukti|dari|pemukiman Yerikho, salah satu kota tertua yang terus dihuni di dunia, dengan bukti pemukiman

go back to 9000 BCE. Its first inhabitants were likely a mix of hunter-gatherers, kembali|ke|ke|SM|Para|pertama|penghuni|adalah|kemungkinan|campuran|campuran|dari|| yang kembali ke 9000 SM. Penduduk pertamanya kemungkinan merupakan campuran pemburu-pengumpul,

These early inhabitants would have lived as simple mud-brick houses and relied on agricultural Para|awal|penghuni|akan|memiliki|tinggal|sebagai|sederhana|||rumah|dan|bergantung|pada|pertanian Para penduduk awal ini kemungkinan tinggal di rumah-rumah sederhana dari bata lumpur dan bergantung pada pertanian.

Crete, which has evidence of people living there, going back to 7000 BCE. This may be the first Kreta|yang|memiliki|bukti|tentang|orang-orang|tinggal|di sana|kembali|ke|ke|SM||||| Kreta, yang memiliki bukti adanya orang yang tinggal di sana, kembali ke 7000 SM. Ini mungkin adalah yang pertama

real city in the world. Nasos would not have existed as the ancient Minoan palace that we nyata|kota|di|dunia||Nasos|akan|tidak|memiliki|ada|sebagai|istana|kuno|Minoan|istana|yang|kita kota nyata di dunia. Nasos tidak akan ada sebagai istana Minoa kuno yang kita

palace was built, which means that Nasos as a city can be traced back to 7000 BCE. The Minoan |adalah|||||||||||||||| istana dibangun, yang berarti bahwa Nasos sebagai sebuah kota dapat ditelusuri kembali ke 7000 SM. Peradaban Minoan

civilization, which was centered on the island of Crete, did not emerge until 2700 BCE. However, yang berpusat di pulau Kreta, tidak muncul hingga 2700 SM. Namun,

in 7000 BCE, the area was inhabited by Neolithic communities who practiced agriculture. pada 7000 SM, daerah tersebut dihuni oleh komunitas Neolitik yang mempraktikkan pertanian.

Neolithic Stone Age and the Bronze Age. It is generally dated between 4500 and 3300 BCE. |||dan||||||||||SM Zaman Batu Neolitik dan Zaman Perunggu. Umumnya, periode ini berlangsung antara 4500 dan 3300 SM.

and social organization. As people learned how to smelt and work with copper, they were able to dan|sosial|organisasi|||||||||||||| dan organisasi sosial. Ketika orang-orang belajar bagaimana cara melebur dan bekerja dengan tembaga, mereka mampu untuk

valuable resources. The exchange of goods and ideas facilitated the spread of new technologies ||pertukaran|pertukaran|barang|barang|dan|gagasan|memfasilitasi|penyebaran|penyebaran|teknologi|baru|teknologi Pertukaran barang dan ide memfasilitasi penyebaran teknologi baru dan praktik budaya di berbagai wilayah.

and cultural practices across different regions. Medicines were traded. Metalurgy also had a ||||||obat-obatan|di|perdagangkan|||| Obat-obatan diperdagangkan. Metalurgi juga memiliki dampak yang mendalam pada struktur sosial saat pengrajin khusus muncul untuk memproduksi alat-alat tembaga dan

weapons. These skilled artisans often held a higher status within their communities, senjata|para|terampil|pengrajin|sering|memegang|status|lebih tinggi||di dalam|komunitas|komunitas senjata. Para pengrajin terampil ini sering kali memiliki status yang lebih tinggi dalam komunitas mereka,

and religious beliefs of these ancient societies. The emergence of complex burial practices, dan|||||||||||| dan kepercayaan religius dari masyarakat kuno ini. Munculnya praktik pemakaman yang kompleks,

including the use of grave goods and elaborate tombs, |kehidupan||kepada||||| termasuk penggunaan barang-barang kubur dan makam yang rumit,

also points to a growing concern with the afterlife and the veneration of ancestors. juga menunjukkan kekhawatiran yang semakin besar terhadap kehidupan setelah mati dan penghormatan kepada nenek moyang.

The Copper Age saw the rise of several important civilizations, including the Sumerians in Zaman|Tembaga|Perunggu|melihat|kebangkitan|kebangkitan|dari|beberapa|penting|peradaban|termasuk|||di Zaman Tembaga menyaksikan munculnya beberapa peradaban penting, termasuk Sumeria di

Mesopotamia, as well as the Minoans of Crete, and the pre-dynastic Egyptians in the Nile Valley. Mesopotamia|serta|juga|serta|||dari|Kreta|dan||||Mesir|di||Nil| Mesopotamia, serta Minoan di Kreta, dan Mesir pra-dinasti di Lembah Nil.

civilizations to follow. As trade networks expanded, the facilitation of goods and ideas peradaban|untuk|diikuti|Ketika|perdagangan|jaringan|berkembang||fasilitasi|dari|barang|dan|ide peradaban untuk diikuti. Seiring dengan berkembangnya jaringan perdagangan, fasilitasi barang dan ide

central roles in the lives of people, culturally and politically. |||Pengaruh||dari|||dan| peran sentral dalam kehidupan orang-orang, secara budaya dan politik.

The influence of the Proto-Indo-European pantheon on Vedic and Greco-Roman mythology, Pengaruh panteon Proto-Indo-Eropa pada mitologi Veda dan Greco-Romawi,

as well as the early Sumerians and pre-dynastic Egyptians, can be traced back to this juga|baik|juga|para|awal|Sumeria|dan|||Mesir|dapat|di|dilacak|kembali|ke|ini serta Sumeria awal dan Mesir pra-dinasti, dapat ditelusuri kembali ke ini

transformative period in human history. transformatif|periode|dalam|manusia|sejarah periode transformasi dalam sejarah manusia.

The Proto-Indo-European pantheon of gods is believed to have originated in the Pontic-Caspian Panteon||||panteon|dari|dewa-dewa|adalah|diyakini|untuk|telah|berasal|di|wilayah|| Panteon dewa Proto-Indo-Eropa diyakini berasal dari Pontic-Caspian

Black Sea steppe region, a region that spans from modern-day Ukraine, Russia, and Kazakhstan, Laut|Hitam|stepa|wilayah|sebuah|wilayah|yang|membentang|dari|||Ukraina|Rusia|dan|Kazakhstan wilayah stepa Laut Hitam, sebuah wilayah yang membentang dari Ukraina modern, Rusia, dan Kazakhstan,

all the way over to Europe. As the Proto-Indo-Europeans migrated and interacted with semua|itu|jalan|ke|ke|Eropa||||||||| seluruh jalan ke Eropa. Ketika Proto-Indo-Eropa bermigrasi dan berinteraksi dengan

other cultures, their religious beliefs spread and evolved. The Vedic religion, which emerged budaya lain|budaya|kepercayaan|agama|kepercayaan|menyebar|dan|berevolusi||||| budaya lain, keyakinan agama mereka menyebar dan berkembang. Agama Veda, yang muncul

in ancient India around 1500 BCE, shares many similarities with these Proto-Indo-Europeans. di India kuno sekitar 1500 SM, memiliki banyak kesamaan dengan Proto-Indo-Eropa ini.

For example, the Vedic god Indra, the king of the gods, and the god of thunder, is strikingly Sebagai contoh, dewa Veda Indra, raja para dewa, dan dewa petir, sangat mencolok

similar to the Proto-Indo-European god Perkwanos. Similarly, the Vedic god of fire, Agni, can be mirip|kepada|si||||dewa|Perkwanos|Demikian pula|si|Veda|dewa|dari|api|Agni|bisa|menjadi mirip dengan dewa Proto-Indo-Eropa Perkwanos. Demikian pula, dewa api Veda, Agni, dapat

traced back to the Proto-Indo-European god Angwanos. The influence of the Proto-Indo-European dilacak|kembali|kepada|si||||dewa|Angwanos|Pengaruh|pengaruh|dari|si||| ditelusuri kembali ke dewa Proto-Indo-Eropa Angwanos. Pengaruh dewa-dewa Proto-Indo-Eropa

pantheon can also be seen in Greco-Roman mythology. The Greek god Zeus and the Roman god Jupiter |||||||Romawi||si||dewa|||||| juga dapat dilihat dalam mitologi Greko-Romawi. Dewa Yunani Zeus dan dewa Romawi Jupiter

both share characteristics with the sky god, Dias-Petar. Additionally, the Greek god of ||||si||dewa|||||||dari keduanya memiliki karakteristik yang sama dengan dewa langit, Dias-Petar. Selain itu, dewa Yunani dari

the sea, Poseidon, and the Roman god Neptune have similarities with the Proto-Indo-European itu|laut|Poseidon|dan|dewa|Romawi|dewa|Neptunus|memiliki|kesamaan|dengan|||| laut, Poseidon, dan dewa Romawi Neptune memiliki kesamaan dengan Proto-Indo-Eropa

god of water, Hypnum Neptulis. The Sumerians, who inhabited modern-day Iraq, dewa|dari|air|Hypnum|Neptulis|Para|Sumeria|yang|menghuni|||Irak dewa air, Hypnum Neptulis. Sumeria, yang mendiami Irak modern,

developed one of the earliest known systems of writing, the cuneiform script. This allowed mengembangkan|salah satu|dari|sistem|paling awal|dikenal|sistem|dari|penulisan|skrip|paku||Ini|memungkinkan mengembangkan salah satu sistem penulisan paling awal yang dikenal, yaitu aksara paku. Ini memungkinkan

Anu, the god of the sky, and Enlil, the god of wind and storms. These gods would later influence Anu|si|dewa|dari|si|langit|dan|Enlil||dewa|dari|angin|dan|badai|dewa-dewa ini||akan|kemudian|mempengaruhi Anu, dewa langit, dan Enlil, dewa angin dan badai. Para dewa ini kemudian akan mempengaruhi

pre-Hellenic people who inhabited parts of Greece and the Aegean region before the arrival of Greeks. ||orang-orang|yang|menghuni|bagian|dari|Yunani|dan|si|Aegea|wilayah|sebelum|kedatangan|kedatangan|dari|orang Yunani bangsa pra-Helen yang mendiami bagian-bagian Yunani dan wilayah Aegea sebelum kedatangan orang Yunani.

and agricultural deities. Some scholars suggest that the Pelasgians may have influenced the dan|pertanian|dewa-dewa|||||||||| dan dewa-dewi pertanian. Beberapa cendekiawan menyarankan bahwa Pelasgians mungkin telah mempengaruhi

Chthonic deities. In pre-dynastic Egypt, before the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt around |dewa-dewa||||||||||||| Di Mesir pra-dinasti, sebelum penyatuan Mesir Hulu dan Mesir Hilir sekitar

Horus and the cow goddess Hathor, would later be incorporated in the Egyptian pantheon during the |dan|alam||||||||||||| Horus dan dewi sapi Hathor, kemudian akan dimasukkan ke dalam panteon Mesir selama

dynastic period. The early Egyptians also believed in the concept of the mat, a cosmic order that ||Para||||||pulau||dari|||||| periode dinasti. Orang Mesir awal juga percaya pada konsep mat, suatu tatanan kosmik yang

maintained balance and harmony in the universe. The Minoans, centered around the island of Crete, mempertahankan keseimbangan dan harmoni di alam semesta. Minoan, yang berpusat di sekitar pulau Kreta,

or a bull-headed man, who, connected with Bacchus, may have been the consort to the great goddess. atau|seorang|||pria|yang|terhubung|dengan|Bacchus|mungkin|telah|menjadi|pasangan|pasangan|dari|dewa|besar|dewi atau seorang pria bertanduk banteng, yang, terhubung dengan Bacchus, mungkin telah menjadi pasangan bagi dewi besar.

of animals and Skyfather, were a part of this pantheon. The Minoans practiced rituals involving ||dan|||||||||||| hewan dan Bapa Langit, adalah bagian dari panteon ini. Masyarakat Minoa melakukan ritual yang melibatkan

animal sacrifices, processions, orgies, and offerings. Their religious symbols ||||dan|||| pengorbanan hewan, prosesi, orgi, dan persembahan. Simbol-simbol keagamaan mereka

included the double-headed axe, the bull, and the serpent. termasuk kapak berkepala ganda, banteng, dan ular.

Manu and Yemo are figures from Indo-European mythology. Just like Romulus and Remus are the Manu|dan|Yemo|adalah|tokoh|dari|||mitologi|sama|seperti|Romulus|dan|Remus|adalah| Manu dan Yemo adalah tokoh dari mitologi Indo-Eropa. Sama seperti Romulus dan Remus adalah

and first king, respectively, in the Indo-European mythological tradition. In some versions of the dan|pertama|raja|masing-masing|dalam|tradisi|||mitologis|tradisi|Dalam|beberapa|versi|dari| dan raja pertama, masing-masing, dalam tradisi mitologis Indo-Eropa. Dalam beberapa versi dari

myth, Yemo is sacrificed by Manu to create the world, just as Romulus kills Remus in order to mitos|Yemo|adalah|dikorbankan|oleh|Manu|untuk|menciptakan|dunia||sama|seperti|Romulus|membunuh|Remus|dalam|rangka|untuk mitos, Yemo dikorbankan oleh Manu untuk menciptakan dunia, sama seperti Romulus membunuh Remus untuk

build Rome. In the Indian myths, Manu, the first man, and his twin brother Yama is sacrificed and membangun|Roma|Dalam|mitos|India||Manu|pertama||manusia|dan|saudaranya|kembar|Yama||adalah|dikorbankan|dan membangun Roma. Dalam mitos India, Manu, manusia pertama, dan saudara kembarnya Yama dikorbankan dan

is the first to die, who becomes the king of the underworld, while Manu becomes the adalah|pertama||untuk|mati|yang|menjadi|raja|raja|dari|dunia|bawah tanah|sementara|Manu|menjadi| adalah yang pertama mati, yang menjadi raja dunia bawah, sementara Manu menjadi

The god Mars, the Roman god of war and oaths, is connected to the Proto-Indo-European god si|dewa|Mars|si|Romawi|dewa|dari|perang|dan|sumpah|adalah|terhubung|ke|si||||dewa Dewa Mars, dewa perang dan sumpah Romawi, terhubung dengan dewa Proto-Indo-Eropa

Marutas. Neptune, the Roman god of the sea, is linked to the Proto-Indo-European Neptos, Marutas|Neptunus|si|Romawi|dewa|dari|si|laut|adalah|terhubung|ke|si||||Neptos Marutas. Neptunus, dewa laut Romawi, terhubung dengan Neptos Proto-Indo-Eropa,

god Nechat. Minerva, the Roman goddess of wisdom and war, is associated with the Proto-Indo-European dewa|Nechat|Minerva|si|Romawi|dewi|dari|kebijaksanaan|dan|perang|adalah|diasosiasikan|dengan|si||| dewa Nechat. Minerva, dewi Romawi kebijaksanaan dan perang, dikaitkan dengan Proto-Indo-Eropa

goddess Hesos, the deity of dawn. This figure is also related to Athena and Eos, the goddess of dewi|Hesos|si|dewa|dari|fajar|Figur ini||adalah|juga|terkait|dengan|Athena|dan|Eos|si|dewi|dari dewi Hesos, dewa fajar. Sosok ini juga terkait dengan Athena dan Eos, dewi dari

Venus. Venus, also related to this goddess as well, is the goddess of love and beauty and fertility, Venus|Venus|juga|terkait|dengan|dewi ini|dewi||||||dari|cinta|dan|keindahan|dan|kesuburan Venus. Venus, yang juga terkait dengan dewi ini, adalah dewi cinta dan kecantikan serta kesuburan,

Proto-Indo-European pantheon, related to this. There is also Perquanos, the lord of oaks, which |||panteon|terkait|dengan|ini|Ada|ada|juga|Perquanos|sang|dewa|dari|pohon ek|yang Panteon Proto-Indo-Eropa, terkait dengan ini. Ada juga Perquanos, tuan pohon ek, yang

reminds one of Zeus of Dodona, one of the ancient wonders of the world, surrounded by oak trees. mengingatkan|seseorang|akan|Zeus|dari|Dodona|salah satu|dari|keajaiban|kuno|keajaiban|dari|dunia||dikelilingi|oleh|pohon ek|pohon-pohon mengingatkan pada Zeus dari Dodona, salah satu keajaiban kuno dunia, dikelilingi oleh pohon ek.

associated with the river of the same name, identified with Demeter. The name could be terkait|dengan|sungai||dari|nama|yang sama|nama||||||bisa|menjadi terkait dengan sungai yang memiliki nama yang sama, diidentifikasi dengan Demeter. Nama itu bisa jadi

in Hindu mythology, are two distinct gods, unlike how Zeus takes on the role of both, dalam||||||||||||||| dalam mitologi Hindu, adalah dua dewa yang berbeda, tidak seperti bagaimana Zeus mengambil peran keduanya,

and is synced with Jupiter. Both related to Dyas, or day father. Jupiter, the king of the gods in dan disinkronkan dengan Jupiter. Keduanya terkait dengan Dyas, atau ayah hari.

came from underground, he was later equated with the Chthonic deities Dionysos, Pluto, ||||||||raja|||| berasal dari bawah tanah, ia kemudian disamakan dengan dewa-dewa Chthonic Dionysos, Pluto,

Hades, as well as Saturn, who becomes the king of the underworld, and rules the golden age where |sebagai||sebagai|||||||||dan||||| Hades, serta Saturnus, yang menjadi raja dunia bawah, dan memerintah pada zaman keemasan di mana

everybody has wealth. Tacitus refers to the god Odin as Mercury, Thor as Hercules, and Tyr as semua orang memiliki kekayaan. Tacitus merujuk pada dewa Odin sebagai Merkurius, Thor sebagai Herkules, dan Tyr sebagai

to Mercury, but Julius Caesar himself, who spent many years of his life in Gaul, relates that they ||tetapi|Julius|Caesar|sendiri|yang|menghabiskan|banyak|tahun|dari|hidupnya|hidup|di|Gaul|menceritakan|bahwa|mereka ke Mercury, tetapi Julius Caesar sendiri, yang menghabiskan banyak tahun hidupnya di Gaul, menyatakan bahwa mereka

are descended from Dys. This makes sense because the ancient form of Bacchus, who is the frenzy god, adalah|keturunan|dari|Dys|Ini|membuat|masuk akal|karena|bentuk|kuno||dari|Bacchus|yang|adalah|si|kegilaan|dewa adalah keturunan Dys. Ini masuk akal karena bentuk kuno Bacchus, yang merupakan dewa kegilaan,

possesses. Both Odin and Bacchus are connected to the all-father Dys, the king of the underworld. |Keduanya|Odin|dan|Bacchus|adalah|terhubung|ke|sang|||Dys|sang|raja|dari|dunia bawah|dunia bawah memiliki. Baik Odin maupun Bacchus terhubung dengan ayah segala sesuatu Dys, raja dunia bawah.

This connection between Hades and Bacchus goes back to the Greeks as well. Here we see two Ini|hubungan|antara|Hades|dan|Bacchus|kembali|ke|ke|para|Yunani|juga|baik|||| Koneksi ini antara Hades dan Bacchus juga kembali ke Yunani. Di sini kita melihat dua

as he devours the souls of the wicked. In Greco-Roman Egypt, Seb or Geb was equated with saat|dia|menghisap|jiwa|jiwa|dari|si|jahat|||||||||| saat ia melahap jiwa-jiwa yang jahat. Di Mesir Greko-Romawi, Seb atau Geb disamakan dengan

is particularly well attested in Teptunus in the southern Theia. Seb and Cronos were here terutama tercatat dengan baik di Teptunus di Theia selatan. Seb dan Cronos di sini

part of a local version of the cult of Sobek, lord of the four corners, the crocodile god. merupakan bagian dari versi lokal kultus Sobek, tuan dari empat penjuru, dewa buaya.

The equation was shown on the one hand in local iconography of the gods in which Seb is depicted Persamaan ini ditunjukkan di satu sisi dalam ikonografi lokal para dewa di mana Seb digambarkan

as a man with attributes of Cronos and Cronos with the attributes of Seb. On the other hand, sebagai|seorang|pria|dengan|atribut|dari|Cronos|dan|Cronos|dengan|atribut||dari|Seb|Di|sisi|lain|tangan sebagai seorang pria dengan atribut Cronos dan Cronos dengan atribut Seb. Di sisi lain,

Accordingly, Egyptian names formed with the name of the god Seb or Geb were just popular Oleh karena itu|Mesir|nama|dibentuk|dengan|nama||dari|dewa||Seb|atau|Geb|adalah|hanya|populer Dengan demikian, nama-nama Mesir yang dibentuk dengan nama dewa Seb atau Geb hanyalah populer

The Destroyer Sang|Penghancur Si Penghancur

Seb, who takes on all the traits of the earth shaker, Poseidon, Hades, king of the underworld Seb|yang|mengambil|pada|semua|sifat|sifat|dari|pengguncang|bumi||Poseidon|Hades|raja|dari|dunia|bawah tanah Seb, yang mengambil semua sifat dari pengguncang bumi, Poseidon, Hades, raja dunia bawah.

Seb, like Sheba, can be connected with the Proto-Indo-European Sewa through this god Seb|seperti|Sheba|bisa|di-|hubungkan|dengan|si||||Sewa|melalui|dewa ini| Seb, seperti Sheba, dapat dihubungkan dengan Sewa Proto-Indo-Eropa melalui dewa ini.

Sabatios, who also has a Proto-Indo-European root name, Siwa. Sabatios|yang|juga|memiliki|sebuah||||akar|nama|Siwa Sabatios, yang juga memiliki nama akar Proto-Indo-Eropa, Siwa.

through his aspect of Kala. Kala, which means time in Sanskrit, is one of the many aspects of Sheba. melalui|aspeknya|aspek|dari|Kala||yang|berarti|waktu|dalam|Sansekerta|adalah|salah satu|dari|banyak|banyak|aspek|dari|Sheba melalui aspeknya Kala. Kala, yang berarti waktu dalam bahasa Sansekerta, adalah salah satu dari banyak aspek Sheba.

has the same traits. He is often depicted as the destroyer of the universe, |sebagai||||||||alam semesta||||alam semesta memiliki sifat yang sama. Dia sering digambarkan sebagai penghancur alam semesta,

Kalas, or Kali, have similar Proto-Indo-European etymologies. The word for Kalas, Kalas|atau|Kali|memiliki|mirip||||etimologi|Kata|kata|untuk|Kalas Kalas, atau Kali, memiliki etimologi Proto-Indo-Eropa yang serupa. Kata untuk Kalas,

or the kalans of a month in the Roman calendar. But here we see Kel, to turn, in motion, pivot, atau|kalans||dari|sebuah|bulan|di|kalender|Romawi||tetapi|di sini|kita|melihat|Kel|untuk|berputar|di|gerakan|pivot atau kalans dari sebulan dalam kalender Romawi. Tetapi di sini kita melihat Kel, untuk berputar, dalam gerakan, pivot,

that turns in a clockwise nature. Kel and Kali are related through this Proto-Indo-European word. yang|berputar|dalam|sifat|searah jarum jam|sifat|Kel|dan|Kali|adalah|terkait|melalui|kata ini||||kata yang berputar dalam sifat searah jarum jam. Kel dan Kali terkait melalui kata Proto-Indo-Eropa ini.

with the personification of earth at the bottom of the cuirass. These two figures have also been dengan|personifikasi|personifikasi|dari|bumi|di|bagian|bawah|dari|cuirass||Kedua|dua|sosok|telah|juga|menjadi dengan personifikasi bumi di bagian bawah baju zirah. Kedua sosok ini juga telah

On the altar of the lairs, now held by the Vatican, Kalas in his chariot appears among Di|altar||dari|gua|sarang|sekarang|dipegang|oleh|Vatikan||Kalas|di|kereta|kereta|muncul|di antara Di altar gua, yang sekarang dipegang oleh Vatikan, Kalas dalam keretanya muncul di antara

in connection to the cult of Mithras. The Mithraic Kalas is sometimes depicted allegorically, di|hubungan|dengan|kultus|kultus|dari|Mithras|Kalas|Mithraik||adalah|kadang-kadang|digambarkan|alegoris sehubungan dengan kultus Mithras. Kalas Mithraik kadang-kadang digambarkan secara alegoris,

as an eagle bending over the sphere of heaven, marked with symbols of the planet or the zodiac. sebagai|seekor|elang|membungkuk|di atas|bola|bola|dari|surga|ditandai|dengan|simbol|dari|planet|planet|atau|| sebagai elang yang membungkuk di atas bola langit, ditandai dengan simbol planet atau zodiak.

In the Mithraic context, he is associated with Katas, and can appear as Kalas Aeternus, Dalam|konteks|Mithraik||dia|adalah|diasosiasikan|dengan|Katas|dan|bisa|muncul|sebagai|Kalas|Aeternus Dalam konteks Mithraik, ia diasosiasikan dengan Katas, dan dapat muncul sebagai Kalas Aeternus,

The walls of some of the Mithraea feature allegorical depictions of the cosmos with Dinding|dinding|dari|beberapa|dari|kosmos|||||||kosmos|dengan Dinding beberapa Mithraea menampilkan penggambaran alegoris kosmos dengan

Mithra-Varuna is a deity or dyad of deities that played a significant role in the Proto-Indo-European ||adalah|sebuah|dewa|atau|dyad|dari|dewa-dewa|yang|memainkan|peran|signifikan|peran|dalam|agama||| Mithra-Varuna adalah dewa atau dyad dewa yang memainkan peran penting dalam agama Proto-Indo-Eropa

religion as well as the Vedic religion. Composed of two distinct elements, Mithra and Varuna, agama|sebagai|juga|serta|agama|Veda||Terdiri|dari|dua|berbeda|elemen|Mithra|dan|Varuna serta agama Veda. Terdiri dari dua elemen yang berbeda, Mithra dan Varuna,

order, and benevolence, and Varuna symbolizing violence, darkness, and inspiration of the frenzy. |dan|||Varuna||||||dari|| tata, dan kebaikan, dan Varuna yang melambangkan kekerasan, kegelapan, dan inspirasi dari kegilaan.

The concept of Mithra as Brahman and Varuna as the king of Gandharva is a particular suggestive Konsep Mithra sebagai Brahman dan Varuna sebagai raja Gandharva adalah formula yang sangat sugestif.

had abducted. This Mithra-Varuna dyad can be seen as an ancient form of the Apollonian-Dionysian ||Ini|||dyad|dapat|dilihat||sebagai|sebuah|kuno|bentuk|dari|si|| Dua entitas Mithra-Varuna ini dapat dilihat sebagai bentuk kuno dari Apollonian-Dionysian.

dualism that we see in Greek mythology, sky and underworld, dark and light, righteousness and dualisme|yang|kita|lihat|dalam|Yunani|mitologi|langit|dan|dunia bawah|gelap|dan||| dualism yang kita lihat dalam mitologi Yunani, langit dan dunia bawah, gelap dan terang, kebenaran dan

Reconstructed Dialogue, is the nocturnal sky and benevolent counterpart of Deus, with possible Dialog yang Direkonstruksi, adalah langit malam dan pasangan baik dari Deus, dengan kemungkinan

cognates the Greek Aranos and Vedic Varuna from the Proto-Indo-European waru, which means to kognat Aranos Yunani dan Varuna Veda dari waru Proto-Indo-Eropa, yang berarti untuk

Greek and Vedic poetry, Aranos and Varuna are portrayed as wide-looking, bounding or seizing Yunani|dan|Veda|puisi|Aranos|dan|Varuna|adalah|digambarkan|sebagai|||melompati|atau|menangkap puisi Yunani dan Veda, Aranos dan Varuna digambarkan sebagai sosok yang luas, membatasi atau menangkap

their victims and having or being heavenly seat. This dyad can be seen in the Thracian religion, ||||||||Ini|dyad|dapat|menjadi|dilihat|di|agama|Thracia| korban mereka dan memiliki atau menjadi tempat surgawi. Dua entitas ini dapat dilihat dalam agama Thracia,

Phrygians, is also known from Greek and Latin sources as Sebatios or Sebaedios, his name Phrygians, juga dikenal dari sumber-sumber Yunani dan Latin sebagai Sebatios atau Sebaedios, namanya

related to the Macedonian word Sadoi or Satyrs. According to some scholars, he was a Thracian terkait dengan kata Makedonia Sadoi atau Satyrs. Menurut beberapa sarjana, dia adalah dewa gunung Thracian

mountain god whose cult was carried by Phrygian emigrants from Thrace to Anatolia. Greek sources yang kultusnya dibawa oleh para emigran Phrygian dari Thrace ke Anatolia. Sumber-sumber Yunani

sacramental drink was also involved. The identification of Sebatios with Dionysus, which sakramental|minuman|terlibat|juga|terlibat||||||| minuman sakramental juga terlibat. Identifikasi Sebatios dengan Dionysus, yang

Greek epithet Hypsistos or Highest or Supreme. Sebatios' name connected with the Proto-Indo-European Yunani|julukan|Hypsistos|atau|Tertinggi|atau|Agung|nama Sebatios|nama|terhubung|dengan|bahasa||| epitet Yunani Hypsistos atau Tertinggi atau Utama. Nama Sebatios terhubung dengan Proto-Indo-Eropa

Sea-Woe connected with Shiva as well as Saturn, meaning his own. The idea of freedom which ||terhubung|dengan|Shiva|sebagai|juga|sebagai|Saturnus|berarti|miliknya|sendiri||||| Sea-Woe yang terhubung dengan Shiva serta Saturnus, yang berarti miliknya sendiri. Ide kebebasan yang

Eleusinian Mysteries, the Bacchus and Demeter. Sebatios, connected with the Proto-Indo-European ||si|Bacchus|dan|Demeter||||||| Misteri Eleusinian, Bacchus dan Demeter. Sebatios, yang terkait dengan kata Proto-Indo-Eropa

word for sap, is a sap god with his juices and fluids being drunk in the Mysteries. This kata|untuk|getah|adalah|seorang|getah|dewa|dengan|jus||dan|cairan|yang|diminum|di|si|Misteri| untuk getah, adalah dewa getah dengan jus dan cairannya yang diminum dalam Misteri. Ini

underworld sky father earth sun god head. Sun and Moon in one. The motifs of hands making the dunia bawah|langit|ayah|bumi|dewa matahari|dewa|kepala|Matahari|dan|Bulan|dalam|satu|||||| ayah langit dunia bawah, dewa matahari, kepala. Matahari dan Bulan dalam satu. Motif tangan yang membuat

voted gesture are among the distinctive features of his cult. The right hand of God. suara|isyarat|adalah|di antara|fitur|khas|fitur|dari|kultusnya|||||| gerakan yang dipilih adalah di antara ciri khas dari kultusnya. Tangan kanan Tuhan.

According to several Christian writers, Clement, Arnobius, Maternus, the most impressive rite of Menurut|kepada|beberapa|Kristen|penulis|Clement|Arnobius|Maternus|rite|paling|mengesankan||dari Menurut beberapa penulis Kristen, Clement, Arnobius, Maternus, ritus yang paling mengesankan dari

No less enigmatic than Zalmoxis, Sebatios was worshipped as early as the 4th century BCE, tidak|kurang|misterius|daripada|Zalmoxis|Sebatios|adalah|disembah|sebagai|awal|sebagai|Tuhan||| Tidak kurang misterius daripada Zalmoxis, Sebatios disembah sejak abad ke-4 SM,

The Sumerians in the 4th century BCE show evidence of knowledge of this very duo. para|Sumeria|di|abad|ke-4|abad|SM|menunjukkan|bukti|akan|pengetahuan|tentang|duo ini|| Orang Sumeria pada abad ke-4 SM menunjukkan bukti pengetahuan tentang pasangan ini.

husband and wife. The goddess Kubaba, mentioned in the legendary Sumerian king list, though due |||dewi|dewi|Kubaba|disebutkan|dalam|daftar|legendaris|Sumeria|raja|daftar|meskipun|karena suami dan istri. Dewi Kubaba, yang disebutkan dalam daftar raja Sumeria legendaris, meskipun karena

to her gender, her inclusion is considered unusual. While modern authors refer to her as the kepada|dia|||||||||||||sebagai| jenis kelaminnya, keterlibatannya dianggap tidak biasa. Sementara penulis modern merujuk padanya sebagai

years, she is the only ruler from the 3rd dynasty of Kish listed. The list describes her as the tahun|||||||||||||||||| tahun, dia adalah satu-satunya penguasa dari dinasti ke-3 Kish yang terdaftar. Daftar tersebut menggambarkannya sebagai

innkeeper and credits her with strengthening the foundation of Kish and attributes 100 years ||||||||||||tahun pemilik penginapan dan memberinya kredit karena memperkuat fondasi Kish dan mengatributkan 100 tahun

Suin. The latter ruler is said to be Kubaba's son, which makes her the grandfather of Ur-Zababa, Suin|Sang|terakhir|penguasa|adalah|dikatakan|untuk|menjadi|Kubaba|anak|yang|menjadikannya|dia|kakek|kakek|dari|| Suin. Penguasa yang terakhir ini dikatakan sebagai putra Kubaba, yang menjadikannya kakek dari Ur-Zababa,

Ur-Zababa, who is the grandson of Kubaba, is mentioned, who often awakes after a dream. ||yang|adalah|cucu|cucu|dari|Kubaba|disebutkan|disebutkan|yang|sering|terbangun|setelah|sebuah|mimpi Ur-Zababa, yang merupakan cucu Kubaba, disebutkan, yang sering terbangun setelah bermimpi.

For unknown reasons, Ur-Zababa appoints Sargon as his cupbearer. Soon after this, Ur-Zababa invites Untuk|tidak diketahui|alasan|||mengangkat|Sargon|sebagai|pelayannya|juru minum|Segera|setelah|ini|||mengundang Dengan alasan yang tidak diketahui, Ur-Zababa mengangkat Sargon sebagai juru minumnya. Segera setelah itu, Ur-Zababa mengundang

Also in the Sargon legend, Ur-Zababa is described as being the brother of holy Inanna. juga|dalam|legenda|Sargon||||adalah|dijelaskan|sebagai|menjadi|saudara||dari|suci|Inanna Juga dalam legenda Sargon, Ur-Zababa digambarkan sebagai saudara dari dewi suci Inanna.

Just as the god Zababa is the brother of Kubaba, the goddess, and this goddess would end up sama|seperti|dewa||Zababa|adalah|saudara||dari|Kubaba|dewi||dan|dewi||akan|berakhir|pada akhirnya Sama seperti dewa Zababa adalah saudara dari Kubaba, dewi, dan dewi ini akan menggantikan

replacing Kubaba as the main goddess of Babylon, just as Ninurta would replace Zababa menggantikan|Kubaba|sebagai|dewi|utama||dari|Babilonia|sama|seperti|Ninurta|akan|menggantikan|Zababa Kubaba sebagai dewi utama Babilonia, sama seperti Ninurta akan menggantikan Zababa

as the Tuletary deity of Babylon. Ninurta has the same traits as the god Saturn, just as Inanna sebagai|dewa|Tuletary|dewa|dari|Babilonia|Ninurta|memiliki|sifat|yang sama|sifat|seperti|dewa||Saturn|sama|seperti|Inanna sebagai dewa Tuletary Babilonia. Ninurta memiliki sifat yang sama dengan dewa Saturnus, sama seperti Inanna.

has the same features as Venus. Could it be that Sargon's triumph over the Ur-Zababa memiliki|fitur|sama|fitur|seperti|Venus|bisa|itu|menjadi|bahwa|Sargon|kemenangan|atas||| memiliki fitur yang sama dengan Venus. Mungkinkah kemenangan Sargon atas Ur-Zababa

shows a polemic against these ancient earlier traditions that we see in Proto-Indo-European? menunjukkan|sebuah|polemik|terhadap|tradisi|kuno|lebih awal|tradisi|yang|kita|lihat|dalam||| menunjukkan polemik terhadap tradisi kuno sebelumnya yang kita lihat dalam Proto-Indo-Eropa?

Semitic names and are borrowed from Proto-Indo-Europeans, which is not common with nama Semit dan dipinjam dari Proto-Indo-Eropa, yang tidak umum dengan

the Sabbath, reflect the Babylonian connection to Israelite tradition. In ancient Babylonia, |||||||||di|kuno|Babilonia Sabat, mencerminkan hubungan Babilonia dengan tradisi Israel. Di Babilonia kuno,

the Akkadian word Shab-Shabum corresponds to the 15th day of the month, as the day of quieting kata|Akkadia|kata|||sesuai|dengan|hari|ke-15|hari|dari|bulan|bulan|sebagai|hari|hari|dari|menenangkan kata Akkadia Shab-Shabum sesuai dengan hari ke-15 bulan, sebagai hari menenangkan

God's heart. These are the Akkadian words Shabbatum, meaning 7th day. The Babylonians ||ini|adalah|kata|Akkadia|kata|Shabbatum|berarti|ke-7|hari|para|Babilonia hati Tuhan. Ini adalah kata-kata Akkadia Shabbatum, yang berarti hari ke-7. Orang Babilonia

observed the full moon as a day of rest and called it the Shabbat. Sabbatios, the Phrygian mengamati|bulan|purnama||sebagai|hari|istirahat|dan|memanggil|dan|menyebutnya|itu|Shabbat||Sabbatios|keturunan|Phrygia mengamati bulan purnama sebagai hari istirahat dan menyebutnya Shabbat. Sabbatios, keturunan Phrygia dari dewa kuno ini,

descendant of this ancient deity, can be seen with the moon on his forehead. |||||dapat|dilihat|terlihat|dengan|bulan|bulan|di|dahinya|dahi dapat dilihat dengan bulan di dahinya.

Phrygia Kybeli, may be reflected in Homer's brief reference to the youthful feats of Priam, Phrygia Kybeli, mungkin tercermin dalam referensi singkat Homer tentang prestasi muda Priam,

religious settlement. Similar to other mythic adjustments throughout the Aegean culture, ||mirip|dengan|lainnya|mitologis|penyesuaian|di seluruh|budaya|Aegean| agama yang terkompromi. Mirip dengan penyesuaian mitos lainnya di seluruh budaya Aegean,

ideas through the cultural milieu is unknown, but I do think it shows that some aspects of religion |||||||tetapi|saya|memang|berpikir|itu|menunjukkan|bahwa|beberapa|aspek|dari|agama ide-ide melalui lingkungan budaya tidak diketahui, tetapi saya pikir ini menunjukkan bahwa beberapa aspek agama

Even the word holy itself, the Proto-Indo-European word Hayyg, can be related to both the Greek bahkan|kata|kata|suci|itu sendiri|kata||||kata|Hayyg|dapat|di|hubungkan|ke|baik|kata|Yunani Bahkan kata suci itu sendiri, kata Proto-Indo-Eropa Hayyg, dapat dikaitkan dengan baik dengan kata Yunani

Hagios and the Vedic Yagios. So, the word holy being common from one side of the continent to ||kata||||kata|||||||sisi|dari|kata|benua| Hagios dan Vedic Yagios. Jadi, kata suci yang umum dari satu sisi benua ke

the other side of the continent shows that the religious rites are universally connected. sisi lain benua menunjukkan bahwa ritus keagamaan terhubung secara universal.

The Sumerian Stories si|Sumeria|cerita Kisah Sumeria

literature, including the Hebrew Bible, also called the Torah, and the Tanakh. It's important sastra|termasuk|Alkitab|Ibrani||juga|disebut|si|Taurat|dan|si|Tanakh|| sastra, termasuk Alkitab Ibrani, yang juga disebut Torah, dan Tanakh. Penting

to note that the Bible is a collection of texts written by different authors over a long period untuk|dicatat|bahwa|Alkitab||adalah|sebuah|kumpulan|dari|teks|ditulis|oleh|berbeda|penulis|selama|periode|panjang| untuk dicatat bahwa Alkitab adalah kumpulan teks yang ditulis oleh berbagai penulis selama periode yang panjang

that flourished in Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq, around 4000-2000 BCE. They left behind yang|berkembang|di|Mesopotamia|||Irak|sekitar|SM|Mereka|meninggalkan|di belakang yang berkembang di Mesopotamia, Irak modern, sekitar 4000-2000 SM. Mereka meninggalkan

and motifs that influenced the Bible. The Sumerian creation myth, known as the Enuma Elish, dan|motif|yang|mempengaruhi|Alkitab||Mitos|Sumeria|penciptaan|mitos|dikenal|sebagai|Enuma||Elish dan motif yang mempengaruhi Alkitab. Mitos penciptaan Sumeria, yang dikenal sebagai Enuma Elish,

bears similarities to the creation account found in the book of Genesis. Both narratives memiliki|kesamaan|dengan|akun|penciptaan|kisah|ditemukan|di|buku||Kejadian||| memiliki kesamaan dengan kisah penciptaan yang ditemukan dalam kitab Kejadian. Kedua narasi

Genesis 1-2 states that the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the earth, Kejadian|menyatakan|bahwa|bumi|bumi|adalah|kosong|dan|hampa|kegelapan|ada|di atas|permukaan|permukaan|dari|| Kejadian 1-2 menyatakan bahwa bumi tidak berbentuk dan kosong, kegelapan meliputi permukaan bumi,

the Enuma Elish, it is two waters known as Apsu and Tiamat. The Hebrew for deep is Tehom. The Enuma||Elish|itu|adalah|dua|air|dikenal|sebagai|Apsu|dan|Tiamat||||||| Enuma Elish, ada dua air yang dikenal sebagai Apsu dan Tiamat. Dalam bahasa Ibrani, kata untuk kedalaman adalah Tehom. Kata

word for Tiamat is cognate for deep. So not only is there a connection between the way the story |untuk||adalah||||||||||||||| untuk Tiamat memiliki hubungan dengan kedalaman. Jadi tidak hanya ada hubungan antara cara cerita ini

is written off the rip, but we also have cognates in the language. The two waters being Apsu and adalah||dari|awal|awal|tetapi|kita|juga|memiliki|kognat|dalam|bahasa||Dua|dua|air|yang|Apsu|dan ditulis sejak awal, tetapi kita juga memiliki kata-kata yang berkaitan dalam bahasa tersebut. Dua air tersebut adalah Apsu dan

Noah's flood by thousands of years. The similarities between the two stories, ||||dari||pelestarian||||| banjir Nuh selama ribuan tahun. Kesamaan antara kedua cerita,

such as the construction of an ark, the preservation of animals, and sending out a seperti pembangunan sebuah bahtera, pelestarian hewan, dan mengirimkan sebuah

may have drawn inspiration from the Sumerian tradition. Sumerians developed one of the mungkin|telah|menarik|inspirasi|dari|tradisi|Sumeria||orang-orang Sumeria|mengembangkan|salah satu|dari|kode mungkin terinspirasi dari tradisi Sumeria. Sumeria mengembangkan salah satu kode hukum yang paling awal, yang dikenal sebagai Kode Ur-Namu. Ini mempengaruhi kode hukum selanjutnya

earliest known legal codes, known as the Code of Ur-Namu. This influenced subsequent legal codes ||hukum|kode|||Timur Dekat||dari||||||| di Timur Dekat kuno, termasuk hukum-hukum dalam Alkitab yang ditemukan dalam kitab Keluaran, Imamat,

of the ancient Near East, including the biblical laws found in the books of Exodus, Leviticus, dari||||||||||||||Keluaran|Imamat

an eye and a tooth for a tooth, the exact same phrase is found in Sumerian law codes. Now this mata dan gigi untuk gigi, frasa yang persis sama ditemukan dalam kode hukum Sumeria. Sekarang ini

is a very specific thing to say, an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, which shows up in adalah hal yang sangat spesifik untuk dikatakan, mata untuk mata dan gigi untuk gigi, yang muncul di

the Code of Hammurabi, shows up in Leviticus when Yahweh tells Moses an eye for an eye and a tooth Kode Hammurabi, muncul di Imamat ketika Yahweh memberitahu Musa mata untuk mata dan gigi

instructions of Shurupak, just like the instructions of Amen-Opeh, which I'll get to later. Both of instruksi-instruksi|dari|Shurupak|tepat|seperti|instruksi|instruksi-instruksi|dari|||yang|saya akan|sampai|ke|nanti|| petunjuk Shurupak, sama seperti petunjuk Amen-Opeh, yang akan saya bahas nanti. Keduanya

structures found in the Hebrew Bible. This influence is a part of a broader cultural |ditemukan|dalam|Alkitab|Ibrani||Pengaruh ini|pengaruh|adalah|bagian|bagian|dari|pertukaran|lebih luas|budaya struktur yang ditemukan dalam Alkitab Ibrani. Pengaruh ini merupakan bagian dari pertukaran budaya yang lebih luas

in the ancient city of Ugarit, modern-day Syria, have also had an impact on the development of di|kota|kuno|kota|dari|Ugarit|||Suriah|telah|juga|memiliki|sebuah|dampak|terhadap|perkembangan|perkembangan|dari di kota kuno Ugarit, yang sekarang adalah Suriah, juga telah berdampak pada perkembangan

biblical literature. Ugarit was a flourishing city-state during the Late Bronze Age, from 1400 ||Ugarit|adalah|sebuah|berkembang|||selama|zaman|Akhir|Perunggu|Zaman|dari literatur alkitab. Ugarit adalah kota-negara yang makmur selama Zaman Perunggu Akhir, dari 1400

to 1200 BCE, and its texts, written in cuneiform script, provide valuable insights into the ||dan|teksnya|teks|ditulis|dalam|paku|aksara|memberikan|berharga|wawasan|ke dalam|lingkungan hingga 1200 SM, dan teks-teksnya, yang ditulis dalam aksara paku, memberikan wawasan berharga tentang

religious and cultural milieu of the ancient Near East. The Ugaritic texts contain myths, epic poems, |||||Teks|||||Ugarit|teks|mengandung|mitos|epik|puisi lingkungan religius dan budaya di Timur Dekat kuno. Teks-teks Ugarit mengandung mitos, puisi epik,

and the sea, and descriptions of Yahweh's control over the elements. Baal defeats the Leviathan, dan|lautan|laut||deskripsi|tentang|pengendalian Yahweh atas|pengendalian|atas|elemen|unsur|||| dan laut, serta deskripsi tentang kendali Yahweh atas elemen-elemen. Baal mengalahkan Leviathan,

This assembly plays a role in divine decision-making and governance. Similar concepts ini|pertemuan|memainkan|sebuah|peran|dalam|ilahi|||dan|pemerintahan|konsep|konsep Majelis ini memainkan peran dalam pengambilan keputusan ilahi dan pemerintahan. Konsep serupa

are found in the Hebrew Bible, where Yahweh provides over a heavenly council, as seen in ||dalam|pertemuan|||||||||||| dapat ditemukan dalam Alkitab Ibrani, di mana Yahweh memimpin dewan surgawi, seperti yang terlihat di

like Psalm 82 and Job 1.6. Psalm 82 saying, El presides in the great assembly. He renders judgment |||Ayub||||||para||||| seperti Mazmur 82 dan Ayub 1.6. Mazmur 82 mengatakan, El memimpin dalam majelis besar. Dia memberikan keputusan

among the gods, the Elohim. But also Job 1.6 states, Now there was a day when the sons of God di antara para dewa, yaitu Elohim. Tetapi juga Ayub 1.6 menyatakan, Sekarang ada suatu hari ketika anak-anak Tuhan

came to present themselves before El, and Satan came also among them. Both of these texts are not datang|untuk|mempersembahkan|diri mereka|di hadapan|El|dan|Satan|datang|juga|di antara|mereka|Kedua|dari|teks ini||adalah|tidak datang untuk mempersembahkan diri mereka di hadapan El, dan Satan juga datang di antara mereka. Kedua teks ini tidak

honor of various Ugaritic deities. These texts offer insights into the religious practices and |||||teks-teks ini||menawarkan|wawasan|ke dalam|praktik|keagamaan|praktik|dan menghormati berbagai dewa Ugarit. Teks-teks ini menawarkan wawasan tentang praktik keagamaan dan

beliefs of the ancient Near East. Some scholars suggest the elements of the Ugaritic rituals may kepercayaan di Timur Dekat kuno. Beberapa cendekiawan menyarankan bahwa elemen-elemen ritual Ugarit mungkin

have influenced certain aspects of Israelite worship, such as the structure and content of telah mempengaruhi aspek-aspek tertentu dari ibadah Israel, seperti struktur dan isi dari

Psalms and other poetic texts. The Ugaritic language, closely related to Hebrew, provides Mazmur dan teks-teks puitis lainnya. Bahasa Ugarit, yang sangat terkait dengan Ibrani, menyediakan

linguistic and lexical parallels that shed light on certain biblical terms and expressions. The paralel linguistik dan leksikal yang memberikan wawasan tentang istilah dan ungkapan alkitabiah tertentu. The

found in the Bible. Egyptian stories and cultural influence are evident in various aspects of the ditemukan|di|dalam|Alkitab|||||||||||| yang ditemukan dalam Alkitab. Cerita-cerita Mesir dan pengaruh budaya terlihat dalam berbagai aspek dari

Hebrew Bible. Egypt, a powerful and influential civilization in the Near East, had significant Ibrani||||||||||||| Alkitab Ibrani. Mesir, sebuah peradaban yang kuat dan berpengaruh di Timur Dekat, memiliki dampak yang signifikan

narratives in the Bible. The biblical account shares the same thematic elements and motifs narasi|di|Alkitab||Kisah|alkitabiah|catatan|berbagi|elemen|yang sama|tematik|elemen|dan|motif narasi dalam Alkitab. Akun alkitabiah berbagi elemen tematik dan motif yang sama

powerful ruler and figure chosen by God. While the Exodus story primarily reflects Israelite |||||||Sementara|kisah|Exodus|cerita|terutama|mencerminkan|Israel penguasa yang kuat dan sosok yang dipilih oleh Tuhan. Sementara cerita Keluaran terutama mencerminkan orang Israel

influenced this narrative. Some Judeo-Christian scholars try to link these as the same event, |||Beberapa|||cendekiawan|mencoba|untuk|menghubungkan|ini|sebagai|peristiwa|sama|peristiwa mempengaruhi narasi ini. Beberapa cendekiawan Judeo-Kristen mencoba mengaitkan ini sebagai peristiwa yang sama,

however, this is not likely considering the dates are separated by several centuries. Within the namun|ini|adalah|tidak|mungkin|mempertimbangkan|tanggal|tanggal|adalah|terpisah|oleh|beberapa|abad|| namun, ini tidak mungkin mengingat tanggalnya terpisah oleh beberapa abad. Dalam

found in ancient Egyptian wisdom literature, such as the instructions of Amen-Opeh. In fact, ditemukan|dalam|kuno|Mesir|kebijaksanaan|sastra|seperti|sebagai|petunjuk|instruksi|dari|||Dalam|fakta ditemukan dalam sastra kebijaksanaan Mesir kuno, seperti petunjuk Amen-Opeh. Sebenarnya,

some of the manuscripts from the Septuagint actually still have Amen-Opeh in the text. ||pencarian|||||||||||| beberapa manuskrip dari Septuaginta sebenarnya masih memiliki Amen-Opeh dalam teks.

Both traditions emphasize ethical conduct, practical advice for daily life, and the pursuit Kedua tradisi menekankan perilaku etis, nasihat praktis untuk kehidupan sehari-hari, dan pencarian

of wisdom. Egyptian religious symbolism and imagery can be found in certain biblical texts. kebijaksanaan. Simbolisme dan citra religius Mesir dapat ditemukan dalam teks-teks alkitabiah tertentu.

For example, in the book of Ezekiel, the prophets use symbols reminiscent of Egyptian religious Sebagai contoh, dalam kitab Yehezkiel, para nabi menggunakan simbol-simbol yang mengingatkan pada religius Mesir

motifs to convey his message. The portrayal of Pharaoh as a powerful ruler and the imagery untuk menyampaikan pesannya. Penggambaran Firaun sebagai penguasa yang kuat dan citra

associated with the Egyptian gods and goddesses also demonstrate the cultural influence of Egypt. yang terkait dengan dewa dan dewi Mesir juga menunjukkan pengaruh budaya Mesir.

The use of hymnic and liturgical elements in the Hebrew Bible shows similarities to Egyptian Penggunaan|penggunaan|dari|himnik|dan|liturgi|elemen|di|Alkitab|Ibrani||menunjukkan|kesamaan|dengan|Mesir Penggunaan elemen himne dan liturgi dalam Alkitab Ibrani menunjukkan kesamaan dengan Mesir.

thematic resemblances to ancient Egyptian hymns and prayers. Some of the legal concepts in the ||||||||Beberapa|dari|konsep|hukum|konsep|di| tematik dengan himne dan doa Mesir kuno. Beberapa konsep hukum dalam

The Canaanites arguably have the most influence on the Hebrew Bible. The Canaanite pantheon of Para|Kanaan|bisa dibilang|memiliki|pengaruh|paling|pengaruh|terhadap|Alkitab|Ibrani||||| Orang Kanaan bisa dibilang memiliki pengaruh terbesar pada Alkitab Ibrani. Panteon dewa-dewa Kanaan

gods was a diverse and complex system of deities worshipped by the ancient Canaanites. Land that dewa-dewa|adalah|sebuah|beragam|dan|kompleks|sistem|dari|dewa-dewa|disembah|oleh|para|kuno|Kanaan|| adalah sistem dewa yang beragam dan kompleks yang disembah oleh orang Kanaan kuno. Tanah yang

would be present-day Israel right now, who inhabited the region corresponding to present-day akan|menjadi|||Israel|tepat|sekarang|yang|menghuni|wilayah|daerah|yang sesuai|dengan|| sekarang menjadi Israel, yang dihuni oleh orang-orang yang mendiami wilayah yang sesuai dengan

corresponding to present-day Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, and parts of Jordan and Syria. yang sesuai|dengan|||Israel|Palestina|Lebanon|dan|bagian|dari|Yordania|dan|Suriah yang sesuai dengan Israel, Palestina, Lebanon, dan sebagian Yordania dan Suriah saat ini.

religion, the queen of heaven. She represented fertility, motherhood, and nurturing. Asherah was |||||dia|melambangkan|kesuburan|keibuan|dan|pengasuhan|Asherah|adalah yang merupakan ratu surga. Dia melambangkan kesuburan, keibuan, dan perawatan. Asherah adalah

goddess adorned with jewelry and symbols of fertility. Dagon, associated with agriculture, ||dengan||dan|||kesuburan|||dengan| yang dihiasi perhiasan dan simbol-simbol kesuburan. Dagon, yang terkait dengan pertanian,

grain, and fertility. He was often depicted as a fish-like deity, symbolizing abundance with biji-bijian, dan kesuburan. Dia sering digambarkan sebagai dewa yang mirip ikan, melambangkan kelimpahan dengan

role in the Canaanite religion is complex and subject to ongoing scholarly debate. He was a peran Yahweh dalam agama Kanaan adalah kompleks dan menjadi subjek perdebatan ilmiah yang sedang berlangsung. Dia adalah seorang

are interchangeable depending on the location, both being the son of El and both being extremely dapat dipertukarkan tergantung pada lokasi, keduanya adalah putra El dan keduanya sangat

important as princes of the pantheon. This may play into the later tradition of the Hebrew penting sebagai pangeran dari panteon. Ini mungkin berperan dalam tradisi selanjutnya dari Alkitab Ibrani

Bible where the priests of Yahweh are battling with the priests of Baal, such as the story of di mana para imam Yahweh bertarung dengan para imam Baal, seperti dalam kisah

wherein the worship of Yahweh merged with elements of Canaanite religious beliefs and di mana|penyembahan|ibadah|kepada||bergabung|dengan|elemen|dari|Kanaan|agama|kepercayaan|dan di mana penyembahan terhadap Yahweh bergabung dengan elemen-elemen kepercayaan dan

and Canaanites. The Canaanites were the indigenous inhabitants of the land of Canaan, which dan||pengorbanan||||||||||| dan Kanaan. Orang Kanaan adalah penduduk asli tanah Kanaan, yang

encompasses modern-day Israel. Canaanite mythology and religious beliefs, cultic practices such as meliputi wilayah modern Israel. Mitologi Kanaan dan kepercayaan religius, praktik kultus seperti

the sacrifices, offerings, and temple worship. Biblical texts frequently mention Israelite pengorbanan, persembahan, dan ibadah di kuil. Teks-teks Alkitab sering menyebut orang Israel

should avoid them. The Canaanite practices and the Israelites' response to them are discussed ||mereka|konteks|||dan|sentralisasi|||||| harus menghindarinya. Praktik Kanaan dan respons orang Israel terhadapnya dibahas

in the context of idolatry and the centralization of worship in Jerusalem. |Penyerapan||dari|||Kanaanite||||| dalam konteks penyembahan berhala dan sentralisasi ibadah di Yerusalem.

The absorption of the Canaanite El into the Yahweh religion is a complex process that took place over Penyerapannya El Kanaan ke dalam agama Yahweh adalah proses kompleks yang terjadi selama

kingship, and divine counsel, becomes one and the same with his own son Yahweh. And throughout the |dan|||||dan|hal|sama|||||||| kerajaan, dan nasihat ilahi, menjadi satu dan sama dengan putranya sendiri, Yahweh. Dan di seluruh

Hebrew Bible, Yahweh and El or El Elyon, which means God Most High, are interchangeable and mean ||Yahweh||El|||Elyon||||||||| Alkitab Ibrani, Yahweh dan El atau El Elyon, yang berarti Tuhan Yang Mahatinggi, dapat dipertukarkan dan berarti

the same thing at some points. The biblical texts even refer to Yahweh as El Elyon, emphasizing his hal yang sama pada beberapa titik. Teks-teks alkitab bahkan merujuk kepada Yahweh sebagai El Elyon, menekankan sifatnya

interacted and assimilated elements of Canaanite culture and religious practices. The worship of El ||||kepada||||||pemahaman||tentang| berinteraksi dan mengasimilasi elemen-elemen budaya dan praktik keagamaan Kanaan. Penyembahan El

may have influenced the evolving understanding of Yahweh, with El's attributes and characteristics ||||||||dengan|El|atribut|dan|karakteristik mungkin telah mempengaruhi pemahaman Yahweh yang berkembang, dengan atribut dan karakteristik El

different religious traditions are combined or identified with each other, likely played a role. |agama|||||||||||penggabungan| tradisi keagamaan yang berbeda digabungkan atau diidentifikasi satu sama lain, kemungkinan memainkan peran.

Over time, the Israelites established their religious identity. There may have been a Seiring waktu, orang Israel membangun identitas religius mereka. Mungkin ada

merging of El and Yahweh, resulting in the understanding of Yahweh as the primary deity, penggabungan antara El dan Yahweh, yang menghasilkan pemahaman tentang Yahweh sebagai dewa utama,

can be seen in both Canaanite and early Israelite traditions. As the Israelite religion dapat|dilihat|terlihat|dalam|baik|Kanaan|dan|awal|Israel|tradisi|||| dapat dilihat dalam tradisi Kanaan dan Israel awal. Seiring perkembangan agama Israel,

seafaring people who inhabited the coastal region of modern-day Lebanon, had significant pelaut|orang|yang|mendiami|daerah|pesisir|wilayah|dari|||Lebanon|memiliki|signifikan bangsa pelaut kuno yang mendiami wilayah pesisir Lebanon modern, memiliki interaksi yang signifikan

interactions with the Israelites, leading to cultural exchanges and influences. With direct interaksi|dengan|orang-orang|Israel|yang mengarah|ke|budaya|pertukaran|dan|pengaruh|| dengan orang Israel, yang mengarah pada pertukaran budaya dan pengaruh. Dengan bukti langsung

evidence of Phoenician stories in the Bible, the Neoplatonist writer Porphyry, stating that a priest bukti|dari|Fenisia|cerita|di|Alkitab||penulis|Neoplatonis|penulis|Porfirios|menyatakan|bahwa|seorang|imam cerita Fenisia dalam Alkitab, penulis Neoplatonis Porphyry, menyatakan bahwa seorang imam

Yehud, as an offering to his father in heaven, and then circumcises himself, and decreed from that Yehud|sebagai|sebuah|persembahan|kepada|ayahnya||di|surga|dan|kemudian|mengkhitan|dirinya|dan|memutuskan|sejak|bahwa Yehud, sebagai persembahan kepada ayahnya di surga, dan kemudian mengkhitan dirinya sendiri, dan menetapkan dari hari itu

El was deified as the star Saturn, Saturday being the same day as the Sabbath. This story El|adalah|didewakan|sebagai|bintang|bintang|Saturnus|Sabtu|adalah|hari||hari|dengan|hari|Sabat|Kisah ini|cerita El dijadikan dewa sebagai bintang Saturnus, hari Sabtu adalah hari yang sama dengan Sabat. Kisah ini

angel stops him. However, like in the Phoenician myth, it is Abraham who was the first patriarch |||Namun|seperti|dalam|mitos|Fenisia|mitos|itu|adalah|Abraham|yang|adalah|patriark|pertama| malaikat menghentikannya. Namun, seperti dalam mitos Fenisia, Abraham adalah patriark pertama

to circumcise himself and make this a custom among the Israelites for all males. untuk|||dan||||||dan|||| yang mengkhitan dirinya sendiri dan menjadikan ini sebagai kebiasaan di antara orang Israel untuk semua laki-laki.

The Israelites had a tendency to synthesize elements from neighboring cultures and the Orang Israel memiliki kecenderungan untuk mensintesis elemen dari budaya tetangga dan

Phoenicians played a role in this process. The worship of Canaanite deities, including orang-orang Fenisia|memainkan|sebuah|peran|dalam|proses ini||||||| Orang Fenisia memainkan peran dalam proses ini. Penyembahan dewa-dewa Kanaan, termasuk

Baal and Asherah, found its way into Israelite religious practices. As described in the Hebrew |||||||||||||penyembahan| Baal dan Asherah, masuk ke dalam praktik keagamaan Israel. Seperti yang dijelaskan dalam Alkitab Ibrani,

Bible, these influences can be seen in the biblical narratives of Israelite idolatry |||||||||||praktik-praktik| pengaruh ini dapat dilihat dalam narasi-narasi alkitabiah tentang penyembahan berhala Israel

The Hebrew Bible contains references to Phoenician cities such as Tyre and Sidon Alkitab|Ibrani||mengandung|referensi|kepada|Fenisia|kota|seperti|sebagai|Tirus|dan|Sidon Alkitab Ibrani mengandung referensi ke kota-kota Fenisia seperti Tirus dan Sidon

regarding the extent of polytheistic practices present during this time. The practice of mengenai|sejauh|tingkat|dari|politeistik|praktik|yang ada|selama|waktu ini|||| mengenai sejauh mana praktik politeisme yang ada selama waktu ini. Praktik

Scholars suggest that polytheistic elements persisted during this period. They argue that para sarjana|menyarankan|bahwa|politeistik|elemen|bertahan|selama|periode ini|||| Para cendekiawan menyarankan bahwa elemen politeistik bertahan selama periode ini. Mereka berpendapat bahwa

still acknowledged in worship alongside Yahweh. The archaeological evidence, including inscriptions masih|diakui|dalam|ibadah|bersamaan dengan|Yahweh||||| diakui dalam ibadah bersama Yahweh. Bukti arkeologis, termasuk prasasti

during this time. selama|ini|waktu selama waktu ini.

and left behind a corpus of documents known as the Elephantine Papyri, which provides dan|meninggalkan|di belakang|sebuah|kumpulan|dokumen||dikenal|sebagai|Papyri|Elephantine||yang|menyediakan dan meninggalkan sekumpulan dokumen yang dikenal sebagai Papirus Elephantine, yang menyediakan

on the island. They considered Yahweh as the supreme deity and sought his guidance and di|pulau||mereka|menganggap|Yahweh|sebagai|dewa|tertinggi|dewa|dan|mencari|petunjuk|petunjuk|dan di pulau itu. Mereka menganggap Yahweh sebagai dewa tertinggi dan mencari bimbingan serta

like Asherah. One of the prominent deities mentioned in the Elephantine Papyri is YAHO, ||Salah satu|dari|dewa-dewa|terkemuka|dewa|disebutkan|dalam|papirus|Elephantine||adalah|YAHO seperti Asherah. Salah satu dewa yang disebutkan dalam Papirus Elephantine adalah YAHO,

location. These deities were believed to have protective powers and were invoked for various lokasi|Deity-deity ini||adalah|diyakini|untuk|memiliki|pelindung|kekuatan|dan|adalah|dipanggil|untuk|berbagai Dewa-dewa ini diyakini memiliki kekuatan pelindung dan dipanggil untuk berbagai tujuan.

purposes such as fertility, health, and general well-being. This Elephantine Papyri indicates a |||||||||Ini|Elephantine|Papyri|menunjukkan|sebuah seperti kesuburan, kesehatan, dan kesejahteraan umum. Papyri Elephantine ini menunjukkan sebuah

different religious traditions coexisted. Overall, the Elephantine Jews maintained a distinctive |agama||||||||| tradisi keagamaan yang berbeda hidup berdampingan. Secara keseluruhan, orang Yahudi Elephantine mempertahankan

religious identity centered around Yahweh, but also incorporated beliefs and practices from their agama|||||||||||| identitas keagamaan yang khas yang berpusat pada Yahweh, tetapi juga menggabungkan keyakinan dan praktik dari

local environment. Their religion demonstrates the complex nature of religious syncretism lingkungan lokal mereka. Agama mereka menunjukkan sifat kompleks dari sinkretisme keagamaan.

The exact time frame for the final compilation of the Torah, or the first five books of Moses, Waktu|tepat|waktu|kerangka|untuk|kompilasi|akhir||dari|Torah||atau|lima|pertama||buku|dari|Musa Kerangka waktu yang tepat untuk kompilasi akhir dari Taurat, atau lima buku pertama Musa,

during post-Babylonian exile. As the Israelites returned to their land, religious leaders and selama|||pengasingan|Ketika|para|Israel|kembali|ke|tanah mereka|tanah|religius|pemimpin|dan selama pembuangan pasca-Babilonia. Ketika orang Israel kembali ke tanah mereka, para pemimpin agama dan

texts. There is no mention of the Torah by any Greek, Egyptian, Persian, or Syrian sources |Tidak ada|ada|tidak|penyebutan|tentang|Torah||oleh|sumber|Yunani|Mesir|Persia|atau|Suriah|sumber Tidak ada penyebutan tentang Taurat oleh sumber-sumber Yunani, Mesir, Persia, atau Suriah

before the 5th century BCE. Moses and Noah and Abraham are not mentioned in any text |||||Musa|dan|Nuh|dan|Ibrahim|tidak|tidak|disebutkan|dalam|teks|teks sebelum abad ke-5 SM. Musa, Nuh, dan Abraham tidak disebutkan dalam teks manapun.

culture only after Alexander the Great conquers Persia in the 4th century BCE. There are some ||||lima||||di||||||| hanya setelah Alexander Agung menaklukkan Persia pada abad ke-4 SM. Ada beberapa

scholars who now suggest that the five books of Moses were compiled in Alexandria during the ilmuwan yang sekarang menyarankan bahwa lima buku Musa disusun di Alexandria selama

even mention Israel in their writings. This suggests that Israel was not a powerful kingdom, ||Israel||||||||adalah|tidak|sebuah|kuat|kerajaan bahkan menyebutkan Israel dalam tulisan mereka. Ini menunjukkan bahwa Israel bukanlah kerajaan yang kuat,

just a small city-state. It's possible that these texts existed as independent scrolls |||||Itu adalah|mungkin|bahwa|ini|teks|ada|sebagai|independen|gulungan hanya sebuah kota-negara kecil. Ada kemungkinan bahwa teks-teks ini ada sebagai gulungan independen

during these periods, but they were not known to most of the world outside the Levant until selama periode ini, tetapi mereka tidak dikenal oleh sebagian besar dunia di luar Levant sampai

have left an indelible mark on the biblical world. From the epic tales of Gilgamesh and Sumer, telah|meninggalkan|sebuah|tak terhapuskan|jejak|di|dunia|alkitabiah||Dari|kisah|epik|kisah|dari|Gilgamesh|dan|Sumer telah meninggalkan jejak yang tak terhapuskan di dunia alkitabiah. Dari kisah epik Gilgamesh dan Sumer,

that seeped into the very fabric of the Hebrew Bible. But the skilled weavers, the biblical yang|meresap|ke|dalam|sangat|kain|dari|Alkitab|Ibrani||tetapi|para|terampil|penenun|para|biblis yang meresap ke dalam struktur Alkitab Ibrani. Namun para penenun yang terampil, penulis dan

authors and editors didn't simply copy and paste from the neighboring mythologies. Oh no, penulis|dan|editor|tidak|hanya|menyalin|dan|menempel|dari|mitologi|tetangga||oh|tidak editor alkitabiah tidak sekadar menyalin dan menempel dari mitologi tetangga. Oh tidak,

make sense for Mordecai to be the name of the Hebrew person who is saved by Esther. In this |||Mordecai|untuk||pengadilan||dari|||||||||| masuk akal bagi Mordecai untuk menjadi nama orang Ibrani yang diselamatkan oleh Esther. Dalam teks ini,

text, Mordecai is taken into a dungeon by Haman, and then Esther has to go into the court of the Mordecai dibawa ke dalam penjara oleh Haman, dan kemudian Esther harus masuk ke dalam pengadilan

when her eunuch priest, just like the galley eunuchs, her eunuchs actually come to her aid, ketika|pelayannya|kasim|imam|hanya|seperti|para|galai|kasim|pelayannya||sebenarnya|datang|untuk|membantunya|bantuan ketika pendeta kastratinya, sama seperti kastrasi di kapal, kastratinya benar-benar datang membantunya,

the Sumerians. I am of the opinion that these writers did this with no ill intent, pendapat||||||pendapat|bahwa|ini|penulis|melakukan|ini|dengan|tanpa|buruk|niat Sumeria. Saya berpendapat bahwa para penulis ini melakukannya tanpa niat buruk,

storm god Baal's conflict with the sea god Yam echoes the biblical portrayal of Yahweh's triumph |||||keagungan|||||deskripsi|||tentang|| konflik dewa badai Baal dengan dewa laut Yam menggema penggambaran alkitabiah tentang kemenangan Yahweh

over chaos. And the grandeur of Egyptian cosmology lends its majesty to the descriptions of heaven and atas kekacauan. Dan kemegahan kosmologi Mesir memberikan keagungannya pada deskripsi surga dan

resurrection of the spring. Both Ishtar and Esther have their festivals at the same time of the year. kebangkitan|dari|musim|semi|Keduanya|Ishtar|dan|Esther|memiliki|||pada|waktu|yang sama|waktu|dari|tahun|tahun kebangkitan musim semi. Baik Ishtar maupun Esther memiliki festival mereka pada waktu yang sama dalam setahun.

in the time before the Trojan War and were associated with the construction of massive |pembangunan|||||||||||konstruksi|dari|besar di zaman sebelum Perang Troya dan dikaitkan dengan pembangunan struktur besar

They were considered skilled builders and were often depicted as a semi-divine or legendary group. mereka|dianggap|dianggap|terampil|pembangun|dan|mereka|sering|digambarkan|sebagai|sebuah|||atau|legendaris|kelompok Mereka dianggap sebagai pembangun yang terampil dan sering digambarkan sebagai kelompok semi-dewa atau legendaris.

Homer describes the Cretans as an ancient civilization that had 90 city-states Homer|menggambarkan|para|Kreta|sebagai|sebuah|kuno|peradaban|yang|memiliki|| Homer menggambarkan orang Kreta sebagai peradaban kuno yang memiliki 90 negara kota.

were the original inhabitants of Greece, predating other Greek-speaking tribes. Among the Pelescians adalah|para|asli|penduduk|dari|Yunani|mendahului|suku-suku|||suku|di antara|para|Pelescians adalah penduduk asli Yunani, mendahului suku-suku berbahasa Yunani lainnya. Di antara Pelescians

ancient Greek texts with different interpretations. Some scholars argue that they were a distinct ||||||beberapa|cendekiawan|berpendapat|bahwa|mereka|adalah|sebuah|terpisah teks Yunani kuno dengan interpretasi yang berbeda. Beberapa cendekiawan berpendapat bahwa mereka adalah kelompok etnis yang berbeda,

ethnic group, while others propose that the term Pelescian was used to refer to a group of sementara yang lain mengusulkan bahwa istilah Pelescians digunakan untuk merujuk pada sekelompok

the various indigenous populations of the Aegean region. Ultimately, the true identity and nature para|berbagai|penduduk asli|populasi|dari|wilayah|Aegean|region|pada akhirnya|identitas|sejati||dan|sifat berbagai populasi pribumi di wilayah Aegean. Pada akhirnya, identitas dan sifat sebenarnya

of the Pelescians remain shrouded in the midst of antiquity, leaving us fragments of mythology dari|kabut||||||tengah|dari|zaman kuno|meninggalkan|kita|fragmen|dari|mitologi dari Pelescians tetap diselimuti oleh masa kuno, meninggalkan kita fragmen-fragmen mitologi

Proto-Indo-European ancestors of the Greeks in and around the Black Sea region are generally |||nenek moyang|dari|orang-orang|Yunani|di|dan|sekitar|wilayah|Laut Hitam|region||umumnya| Nenek moyang Proto-Indo-Eropa dari orang Yunani di dalam dan sekitar wilayah Laut Hitam umumnya

believed to be these very people, who are also called Proto-Greeks and Mycenaean Greeks, diyakini|untuk|menjadi|ini|sangat|orang-orang|yang|juga||disebut||Yunani||| dipercaya sebagai orang-orang ini, yang juga disebut Proto-Yunani dan Yunani Mykenai,

even going back to the Minoan Linear A Pre-Greeks. The Mycenaean civilization of the mainland Greece, bahkan|pergi|kembali|ke|yang|Minoa|Linear|A|||Peradaban|Mykenai|peradaban|dari|yang|daratan|Yunani bahkan kembali ke Pra-Yunani Linear A Minoan. Peradaban Mykenai di daratan Yunani,

to classical Greek civilization. These Mycenaeans were a part of a broader group of Indo-European untuk|klasik|Yunani|peradaban|Ini|Mykenai|adalah|sebuah|bagian|dari|sebuah|lebih luas|kelompok|dari|| untuk peradaban Yunani klasik. Orang-orang Mykenai ini adalah bagian dari kelompok yang lebih luas dari Indo-Eropa

speakers who migrated into the Balkans and Anatolia during the Bronze Age. These migrations penutur|yang|bermigrasi|ke||Balkan|dan|Anatolia|selama||Perunggu|Zaman|migrasi ini| penutur yang bermigrasi ke Balkan dan Anatolia selama Zaman Perunggu. Migrasi ini

are often associated with the expansion of the Indo-European language family, which includes sering|sering|diasosiasikan|dengan||ekspansi|dari||||bahasa|keluarga|yang|mencakup sering dikaitkan dengan ekspansi keluarga bahasa Indo-Eropa, yang mencakup

Greek as one of its branches. The exact origins of the Proto-Greeks are still a subject of Yunani|sebagai|salah satu|dari||cabang||tepat|asal-usul|dari||||masih|masih|sebuah|subjek|dari Bahasa Yunani sebagai salah satu cabangnya. Asal usul pasti Proto-Yunani masih menjadi subjek

ongoing research and debate among historians and philologists. The Mycenaeans established |||||||||Mykenai|mendirikan penelitian dan perdebatan yang sedang berlangsung di antara sejarawan dan filolog.

centers such as Mycenae, Pylos, and Tyrannos. They were skilled warriors, traders, and builders |||||dan||||||||pembangun seperti Mycenae, Pylos, dan Tyrannos. Mereka adalah pejuang, pedagang, dan pembangun yang terampil

known for their impressive palaces and fortifications. Their culture and language dikenal|karena|mereka|mengesankan|istana|dan|benteng|||| dikenal karena istana dan benteng mereka yang mengesankan. Budaya dan bahasa mereka

laid the foundation for the later development of ancient Greek civilization. meletakkan|dasar|fondasi|untuk|perkembangan|selanjutnya||dari|kuno|Yunani|peradaban meletakkan dasar bagi perkembangan peradaban Yunani kuno selanjutnya.

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