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History, Mao Zedong - Chairman Mao Documentary

Mao Zedong - Chairman Mao Documentary

The man known to history as Mao Zedong or Chairman Mao, was born on the 26th of December

1893 in the village of Xiaoshan in the province of Hunan in southern China.

His father was Mao Yichang, who had been raised in a family of poverty-stricken peasants,

however after serving in the Xiang army for a few years in his youth, Yichang had returned

to his native region and begun working as a farmer, he soon acquired enough money to

become a lender in the district, and this, combined with his agricultural work, allowed

him to become one of the more prosperous farmers in the Xiaoshan area, eventually coming into

possession of about 20 acres of land.

Mao's mother was Wen Qimei, a devout Buddhist who had a troubled upbringing, her father

was a poor shoemaker who drank heavily and her mother had been his concubine.

Mao's childhood was less than ideal, his father was a strict disciplinarian, whose

method of parenting primarily involved beating Mao and his three siblings if they did not

do as they were told, their mother tried to temper his outbursts but with little effect,

Young Mao developed an interest in his mother's Buddhism when he was younger, though he soon

became disenchanted with religion, and when he was just eight years old, he was sent to

the local primary school in Xiaoshan, just as the twentieth century was dawning, his

education there was a mixture of traditional Chinese learning centred on Confucianism combined

with the centuries-old values of the Far East, along with a sprinkling of influences from

the encroaching Western world which could not be avoided in China by the 1900s.

Additionally, the young Mao developed an interest early on in history and politics, when he

was thirteen years old, his father arranged for him to be married to Liu Yixiu, the seventeen-year-old

daughter of another prosperous local farmer, but Mao demonstrated his rebellious streak

at a young age and refused to honour the arranged marriage, causing something of a controversy

in the Xiaoshan area, and as a result of this disagreement, the teenage Mao temporarily

left his father's farm, although he returned before very long.

Mao was growing up at a time when China was experiencing momentous change, like Korea

and Japan to the east, China had first come into contact with European traders and religious

missionaries in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, and like them, the Chinese had

quickly become wary of the newcomers and had restricted their contacts with them to

one or two ports in the south-east of the country, where a tiny amount of trade was

conducted.

It continued like this for nearly two centuries, with China remaining largely closed to a world

which was modernizing without it, it remained highly conservative in its religious, social

and political values, changing little, and continuing to be ruled by an emperor and a

closed government of imperial rituals and administrators, as it had been for centuries,

but by the mid-nineteenth century, China again, like Japan and Korea, could no longer prevent

the Europeans, with their modern warships, guns and industrial power, from interfering

in their countries, with the Opium Wars of 1839 to 1842, and 1856 to 1860, Britain forced

China to end its self-imposed isolation, following which, China experienced a flood

of European contact, and with it came not just British opium, but ideas about different

types of government, new economic developments and all manner of technological innovation.

Perhaps the most striking and revolutionary of these new ideas, which arrived into China

from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, was the knowledge that the Europeans and the Americans

were not ruled by powerful monarchs and emperors anymore, many lived under republics governed

by the people, and even where some of these countries still had emperors or empresses

such as Queen Victoria in Britain, she was essentially a figurehead, and it was Parliament

that actually ruled the British Empire, moreover, these democracies were not all alike, some

were very conservative, some were more liberal and some had different degrees of economic

development, and there were also competing ideas about how they should be reformed and

developed, with some wanting the wealthy to hold a great amount of power, and others who

believed that power and wealth should be distributed equally throughout society, and there were

more extreme ideas again, one of these, developed in particular by the German political scientist

Karl Marx in the mid-nineteenth century, argued that all wealth and goods should be held in

communal ownership, he called this communism, in early twentieth century China, these ideas

would soon lead to great change, as many began questioning why they were still ruled by the

emperor of the nearly three hundred year old Qing dynasty.

As Mao entered his teenage years, he was already reading about these political ideas, he was

particularly interested in calls for a democracy to be established in China to replace the

imperial government, and also the republican writings of Sun Yat-sen, who had become a

figurehead for the republican movement within China, he would soon see these desires confirmed,

just as Mao was starting at a new school in Changsha, the country was entering into a

period of rapid change, regional famines had struck parts of China in the late 1900s and

early 1910s, and this, combined with numerous regional uprisings throughout the country,

and growing calls for a more representative government, led to an army revolt in October

1911, at first the imperial government of Emperor Pu Yi, who was just a six-year-old

child, tried to address the grievances of the dissenters, but it soon became apparent

that a more drastic shift would be necessary, after weeks of negotiations it was determined

in February 1912, that the emperor would abdicate and a new republic of China would be established,

with the imperial officer Yuan Shikai serving as its first president of a national government,

thus an empire which had been in existence for centuries had ended, it was however, very

unclear in the mid-1910s, exactly in what direction China's politics would now head.

These were striking developments, and ones which Mao had not been entirely removed from,

when the conflict erupted late in 1911, he had enlisted in the rebel army as an 18-year-old

recruit, now in the spring of 1912, he simply returned to school, and it was around this

time that he first started reading about the idea of socialism and communism as more radical

forms of government, if he remained unconvinced that this was the best approach for China

at that time, meanwhile, his education continued, he determined at some point around 1913, that

he would become a teacher, and so he enrolled in the First Normal School of Hunan, widely

regarded at the time as the best in the province, here he became a popular and accomplished

student, reading widely, being elected secretary of the student society and eventually finishing

as one of the highest-ranked students in the school, more pivotally, in terms of his later

activities, Mao was increasingly exposed to the socialist ideas he had first encountered

a few years earlier, and over time, he began to find that he agreed more with what he read,

particularly so, as the environment of the First Normal School was one of radical political

thought, especially during China's first forays into representative government.

In 1917, Mao moved to Peking, now Beijing, where one of his main influences at this time,

Yang Changji, had taken a job at the Peking University, here Mao also took a job, as a

library assistant, but he was increasingly moving in circles of individuals who favoured

socialism and communism or Marxism as a solution to China's political woes, even with the

establishment of the Republic in 1912, the country had continued to experience turbulence

as conservative and liberal forces fought amongst each other and regional warlords and

power groups exercised quasi-regional independence throughout the country, Marxism appealed to

many at this time, because the Bolsheviks, a branch of Russian communism, had secured

control of the Russian government in the autumn of 1917, just months after the fall of the

autocratic Tsarist government there, perhaps, many thought, communism was also suitable

for China, which had just done away with its own fossilised autocratic imperial government,

Mao was increasingly leaning towards that viewpoint himself in 1918 and 1919, an outlook

which was compounded when he experienced the bourgeois hostility of the Beijing upper and

middle class towards a country boy like himself.

It was in Beijing that Mao's awakening as a political radical fully occurred, China

was drifting ever further into political anarchy in the late 1910s, as a buoyant nationalist

movement led by Sun Yat-sen sought to rejuvenate the Republic in its infancy, which the nationalists

perceived as being governed by a weak, conservative regime, with too many links to the old imperial

past, in parts of the country the government could exercise its authority, but in others

it was little more than a government in name only, this instability was augmented when

the Chinese government failed to secure the former German concession of Shandong at the

Versailles peace negotiations in Paris, following the end of the First World War, the nationalists

considered it an affront to national pride, when this piece of mainland China was instead

granted to Japan, a nation which had been exercising its strength across East Asia

since the late 19th century, when it had modernised in a far more successful manner than China,

and the Shandong controversy was a direct cause of a major student protest which occurred

in Beijing on the 4th of May 1919, this was driven by a younger generation of political

activists like Mao, who were tired of China's seeming impotence on the world stage and disordered

internal politics, the movement would continue afterwards and lead indirectly to the Chinese

civil war many years later.

The May 4th movement, the awakening of China's younger generations to radical politics, is

generally seen as the origins of the Communist Party of China, the events of 1919 led many

young Chinese people who were interested in politics to increasingly turn their backs

on the Western liberals of Britain, France and America, who had betrayed them on Shandong,

and increasingly to turn towards the Marxism and Leninism that was gradually winning the

Russian civil war and cementing its control over Russia, as we have seen, Mao was already

interested in communism by 1919, but it was only in the months following the May 4th protests

that he began to fully commit himself to it, and that summer he organised several student

organisations into an umbrella body to protest against the Japanese presence in Shandong,

this is the first clear sign of his abilities as an organiser, and his writings around this

time and into 1920 began to speak of the Army of the Red Flag and of the victories won by

the Communists in Russia, by the time that the Communist Party of China was formally

established in the summer of 1921, Mao had proclaimed himself to be a communist, believing

that the ideology would be the basis for the coming revolution in China.

It would be a slow ascent towards that revolution, however, in the meantime, Mao married again

in 1920 to Yang Kaihui, the daughter of one of his former teachers, then in July 1921,

he attended the first Congress of the Communist Party of China, a decision was taken early

on by the new party, to accept aid from Russia, but also to establish an alliance with Sun

Yat-sen's nationalist party, the Kuomintang, which would soon be led by a younger nationalist

by the name of Chiang Kai-shek, Mao was one of the first of the Chinese Communists to

also join the Nationalist Party, in the belief that the conservative Chinese political establishment

would only be overthrown if the nationalists and the communists worked in league with each

other, as such, he spent much of the 1920s living in the nationalist stronghold of Guangzhou

province and working as an organiser and propagandist for both the communists and the nationalists

simultaneously, and throughout this period, Mao was gaining a greater appreciation of

the struggles of the Chinese peasantry throughout the country and the strength in sheer numbers

which they had, if they were won over to the communist cause, as such, the early and mid-1920s

were formative, if somewhat unremarkable years in Mao's career.

This all began to change in 1926, with the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925, Chiang Kai-shek

had taken over the leadership of the nationalists, by this time, his party, the Kuomintang, had

control over large parts of southern China, but the country was still highly fragmented,

with the conservative government of the republic holding Beijing and much of the north, and

quasi-independent Chinese warlords, who were vestiges of the imperial past, holding other

parts of the country. In 1926, Chiang determined to force the issue and launched a nationalist

military campaign to seize Beijing. The Northern Expedition, as it has become known, was a

major success, and during the course of 1926 and 1927, the nationalists seized power in

many of the major cities, but the very success of the Northern Expedition also led to civil

war. Now, the loose alliance which the Chinese communists and the nationalists had been in

since 1921, was effectively ended by Chiang Kai-shek, who had grown wary of the expanding

power of the communists and the role Russia wished to play in China. Once the conservative

regime in Beijing was done away with, the result was a split itself within the Nationalist

Party in 1927, between Chiang's right-leaning nationalists and a left-leaning faction which

wished to accommodate the communists. These events are typically seen as the beginning

of the Chinese Civil War, which would last for over 20 years. In the summer of 1927,

Chiang Kai-shek's newly ascendant Kuomintang began a crackdown on communists throughout

China. Thousands were killed, and the party was suppressed in many places. Mao's reaction

to this major setback, and the inception of civil war between the nationalists and the

communists, was to retreat with several hundred followers into the wilderness around the Jingang

Mountains on the border of Hunan province. It was the beginning of a long period of guerrilla

warfare during which the Communist Party, with tacit aid from Russia, sought to disrupt

the rule of the nationalists in anticipation of mass urban revolts by workers throughout

the country against the new government. These were often tough years for Mao. His wife and

sister were beheaded by the nationalists in 1930, though in his new life as a guerrilla

fighter in rural China, he had formed a relationship with He Zijun, whom he married soon after

Yang Kai-hui was killed. It was also around this time that he determined on a new course.

Instead of waiting for a revolt of the Chinese urban proletariat, he would attempt the same

strategy as had brought the Chinese nationalists to power, building up a territory which he

would control and expand outwards. In February 1930, Mao, who by now was one of the senior

commanders of the Chinese Communist movement, established the Southwest Jiangxi Provincial

Soviet Government in Jiangxi province, although the nationalists controlled most of the country.

For a few years here, in the early 1930s, Mao established a Chinese-Soviet state in

Jiangxi with him serving as the chairman. The Red Army had also expanded and was now

under the overall control of Zhou Enlai, with the wider Chinese Communist Party focusing

attentions on Jiangxi as a safe base for them in the early 1930s. Indeed, Mao, Enlai and

the Red Army saw off several efforts by Chiang Kai-shek to wrest control of the province

back from them in the early 1930s by encircling Jiangxi. However, this military response was

limited by the nationalists, in part because it had found itself embroiled in a conflict

on the other side of China in the early 1930s, as the Empire of Japan invaded the northeastern

Chinese provinces of Manchuria and established a puppet state called Manchukuo there. It

was just the beginning of heightened Japanese involvement in China in the 1930s, but once

the initial furore concerning Manchuria died down, Chiang set his sights on finally reclaiming

Jiangxi province from Mao and the Communists in the mid-1930s.

In September 1933, the Chinese nationalists began the fifth encirclement of Mao and the

Communists in Jiangxi province. This effectively involved an enormous siege by the nationalists

and one which would prove too large for the Red Army to repulse. By the summer of 1934,

it was clear that Mao and his followers would either have to surrender or break out of the

besieged area. They chose the latter and the resulting events have become part of Communist

Party law. In October 1934, Communist forces consisting of 86,000 troops, 15,000 personnel

and 35 women broke through nationalist enemy lines and began an epic retreat from their

encircled headquarters in southwest China. The Long March, as it became known, lasted

368 days and covered 6,000 miles. They crossed 24 rivers and 18 mountain ranges. Weapons

and supplies were borne on the backs of fighters or in horse-drawn carts, and at times the

line of marches stretched for 50 miles. Only 4,000 troops completed the journey. Enduring

starvation, aerial bombardment and almost daily skirmishes with nationalist forces,

Mao eventually halted his columns at the foot of the Great Wall of China. The Long March

is regarded as the longest continuous march in the history of warfare and marked the emergence

of Mao Zedong as the undisputed leader of the Chinese Communists.

The months after the Long March saw a curious drift in Chinese politics towards the rapprochement

between the Communists and the Nationalists. For years, the Nationalist government of Chiang

Kai-shek had been dealing with problems on multiple fronts. As well as the Communists,

there was the perhaps greater problem posed by the Empire of Japan and its ambitions to

dominate the Far East politically and militarily. This had already resulted in the invasion

of Manchuria and the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo in the early 1930s,

but as the years went by, it was clear that the Emperor's government in Tokyo had ambitions

for an even greater land grab in China. Accordingly, many within the Nationalist movement believed

it would be best to put aside their differences with the Communists for the foreseeable future

and form a coherent opposition to the impending Japanese attack, and for their part, Mao and

his followers were encouraged to do the same by Moscow. Thus, during the course of 1935

and 1936, Mao's Communists and Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists were once again drifting towards

an alliance of convenience. The drive towards doing so was accelerated in July 1937, when

the Japanese again invaded China and proceeded to militarily occupy many of the major cities

along its eastern coast, massacring tens of thousands of Chinese civilians in cities such

as Nanjing in the process. The Chinese Civil War now morphed into the Second Sino-Japanese

War and in turn, that would become a constituent part of the Second World War in later years.

By the end of 1937, the Communists and the Nationalists were formally allied with each

other again after Chiang Kai-shek caved in to pressure to do so from within his own ranks,

and Mao also married again around this time to Zhang Qing, an actress who would become

his fourth and final wife. As an example of his growing ruthlessness, his former wife

He Tze-chun was packed off to the Soviet Union, where she was placed in a mental asylum.

Meanwhile, the nature of the struggle against Japan, which would play out for the next several

years, was beginning to become clear. The Nationalists moved inland towards central

China as the Japanese occupied the rich cities and farmland of the coastal regions of eastern

China. Here, in the inland provinces, the Nationalists and the Communists would wage

a war of attrition with the Japanese to the east for the next few years, and these were

significant years in terms of the support Mao and the Communists enjoyed. In the course

of the late 1930s and early 1940s, Mao's Red Army ballooned in size from approximately

50,000 to nearly half a million fighters. Thus, the war with Japan was finally creating

the kind of countrywide support for the Communist Party, which Mao and the other leaders had

failed to acquire in the late 1920s and early 1930s.

Already by 1940, there were signs of Mao's Communists being able to win considerable

victories against the Japanese occupation forces. During a campaign which became known

as the Hundred Regiments Campaign, in August 1940, the 400,000-strong Red Army moved against

the Japanese in simultaneous attacks against five of the coastal provinces, attacks which

resulted in the deaths of upwards of 20,000 Japanese troops, as well as a severe disruption

to Japanese supply routes. Late 1941 and early 1942 brought setbacks,

although the Japanese made a series of sweeping conquests across the western Pacific, notably

seizing Singapore and Burma from the British and the Philippines from the United States,

following the declaration of war on the US in December, with the surprise attack on the

American Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. While these conquests initially put

the Japanese in the ascendancy in Eastern Asia, the entry of Japan into the wider Second

World War also ensured that the Nationalists and the Communists now had allies in the shape

of the British and Americans. With increased military, financial and logistical support

being received, they were able to ensure that the Japanese occupation of Eastern China was

never comfortable during the Second World War.

As the war was grinding onwards throughout the first half of the 1940s, the Chinese Communist

Party continued to grow in power and so did Mao as its leader. The nature of the war of

resistance against the Japanese favoured the Communists over the Nationalists. For starters,

the Communists were more attuned to how to wage guerrilla war, having done so for many

years against the Nationalist government in the late 1920s and early 1930s. As a consequence,

they were better prepared for doing so against the Japanese, and as they won a series of

victories against the Japanese, the Red Army became the more attractive option for Chinese

people seeking to oppose the foreign occupation. Moreover, Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang seemed

to many to simply be the Chinese manifestation of the right-wing movements which had brought

Japan into China to begin with, and as the Chinese Communist Party or CPC expanded in

size, Mao also consolidated his control, in 1943 he acquired the chairmanship of both

the Party Secretariat and the Politburo of the Party for the first time. It was also

during these war years that he began affirming that Chinese Communism would have a distinctly

different shape than that which had developed in Russia. Beijing would be no puppet of Moscow

in future years.

The

nature of the war against the Japanese changed from 1943 onwards as Japan suffered a series

of severe setbacks in its struggle against the United States, while its European allies,

Germany and Italy, were also fighting an increasingly doomed war against Russia, Britain and the

US. Once the allies were victorious there, all their resources would be employed against

the Empire of Japan. Consequently, in the final years of the war, thoughts once again

turned to China's politics and who would hold power once the country had been freed

from the Japanese. As early as 1940, there were serious cracks in the alliance between

Mao's Communists and Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists and by 1942, open fighting between

the two had broken out yet again as the Chinese Civil War resumed. It would fully erupt again

following the end of the Pacific War. On the 6th and 9th of August 1945, the United

States dropped two atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Simultaneously,

the Soviet Union invaded Manchuria, which Japan had occupied all the way back in 1931.

As a result, within weeks, the Empire of Japan had formally surrendered to the Allies. The

Second World War was over and the Chinese Civil War once more commenced between the

Nationalists and Mao's Communists. Mao was in a far more advantageous position in 1945

than he had been ten years earlier after the Long March. If the Long March had kept the

Chinese Communist movement alive, then the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 and the

eight years of war with Japan allowed the Communists to strengthen their position immensely

In a curious twist of history, the Japanese invasion of China indirectly led to the Communists

seizing power in the country. Early in 1946, Mao was handed an extra advantage when Stalin

handed over Manchuria to the Chinese Communist Party. Yet it would take three years of further

intense fighting between the Communists and the Nationalists before a breakthrough was

made. In September 1948, the Communists secured full control of East Central China in the

region south of Beijing with the capture of Shandong Province in the Huaihai Campaign.

Then in the winter of 1948, Mao launched the Pingjin Campaign against Chiang Kai-shek's

forces in northern China. Over a two-month campaign, over a half a million Nationalist

troops were killed, captured or wounded, and the north of the country was left in Communist

hands. With northern China largely secured by early 1949, Mao and the Red Army commanders

took the decision that spring to drive south of the Yangtze River into the heartland of

Nationalist-held territory. This was done despite the efforts of the Soviet leader Joseph

Stalin to encourage Mao to form a coalition government with the Nationalists. Stalin did

not want a rival for power amongst the Communist leaders, but he would soon have one. On the

23rd of April 1949, the Red Army seized the Nationalist capital of Nanjing. A series of

further striking gains saw Chiang Kai-shek retreat south with his remaining supporters

to Guangzhou by the autumn of 1949. Just weeks later, he and the remaining Nationalists decided

to make a strategic retreat from the Chinese mainland to the island of Formosa, more commonly

known today as Taiwan. Here the Nationalists formed a government which they proclaimed

as the continuation of the Republic of China, which had been established back in 1911. Meanwhile,

back on the mainland, Mao had proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of

China on the 1st of October 1949. The Chinese civil war between the Communists and the Nationalists

was at an end after more than twenty years of conflict. Mao now entered office as the

first chairman of the Central People's Government. The first measure to be taken was to tidy

up the loose ends of the war. In the spring of 1950, the Red Army launched a campaign

against the island of Hainan off the southeast coast of China. Within weeks, the 100,000

strong Nationalist forces there were forced to surrender. The international community

now expected that Mao would proceed with an invasion of Taiwan, and indeed, even the American

government, a long-time supporter of Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang, had decided not

to recognize his new regime in Taiwan in the belief that it would soon be defeated by Mao

and the Communists. But no invasion came, and despite numerous crises between the two

sides, Taiwan remains self-governing to this day, and this period immediately after the

conclusion of the civil war also saw Mao head to Moscow in the winter of 1949 to 1950. Here,

he secured large injections of Russian financial support for China, as well as technological

advisers, although the agreement came with a tacit admission by Mao of Stalin's primacy

within the Communist world. Mao would have to wait several years before he could attempt

to go his own way. The post-war years in China saw the initiation

of wide-ranging political, social and economic reforms. Firstly, a massive land reform campaign

was initiated to transfer agricultural land out of the hands of large-scale farmers and

landlords and into the hands of poorer peasants. While this reduced economic inequality, it

was not without violence, and there were many, many instances of the former landlords being

attacked or even murdered across China in the early 1950s. In tandem, a huge drive was

initiated to crack down on opium production and consumption across the country, a habit

which was partly a legacy of British meddling into the Chinese economy in the 19th century.

In the 1950s, millions of opium addicts and habitual users were press-ganged into labor

reform camps. They were joined in these by the hundreds of thousands of individuals who

Mao's regime branded as counter-revolutionaries, many of them being former members of the Kuomintang,

and Mao also launched the new People's Republic onto the world stage by entering into the

Korean War, which broke out in the summer of 1950 between a Communist North and an American-backed

North. Massive Chinese aid ensured that the conflict ended in a stalemate three years

later. It also led to a split of relations between Mao's new regime and the United States,

one which involved a trade embargo which lasted for over twenty years.

In the 1950s, Mao had formed a clear idea of how he believed communism should develop

in China. It would be incorrect to assume that Mao Zedong was simply a power-monger

who used Communist ideology to secure authority in China. Certainly, he was a brutal autocrat,

a fact which would become strikingly clear as his long chairmanship continued on into

the 1960s and 1970s. But he had also read widely on Marxist-Leninist thought and had

a vision for how communism would develop in China. In the early 1950s, that vision involved

the industrial capacity of China's burgeoning cities of the East Coast and its great rivers,

leading the country away from its reliance on agriculture. As Mao described it, the Communists

had come to power by the Red Army encircling the cities, occupied by the Nationalists and

the Japanese, and then absorbing the cities when they were strong enough. Now, the direct

opposite was needed. China's cities would need to expand outward and bring the country

closer to achieving communism as Marx had intended it. To that end, in 1953, the first

Five-Year Plan was initiated in China, in imitation of the Five-Year Plans which the

Soviet Union had begun employing in Russia in the 1920s. The first Five-Year Plan of

1953 to 1957 was geared primarily towards reducing the reliance of the Chinese economy

on agricultural output and moving towards becoming a global power through the creation

of an industrial economy. With Soviet financial support and expertise provided through Russian

advisers, new factories were built across the country during the plan, farms were collectivized

across China and placed under state management, and billions of yuan were spent in total on

completing 595 large and medium-sized infrastructural and economic projects, including railways,

major roads, and new dams, often linking parts of China with each other in ways which had

never been possible before. As a result, Chinese industrial productivity increased by 128 percent,

and steel production alone jumped from 1.35 million tons in 1953 to over 5 million in

1957. Coal extraction doubled during the five years, while in agriculture, yields of grain

and cotton rose by over 30 percent during the same time period. Overall, the first Five-Year

Plan under Mao was a tremendous success in pure economic terms, but in its success were

sown the seeds of destruction, for a hubris now entered into Mao and his colleagues'

thinking, a hubris which would be injected with catastrophic consequences into the second

Five-Year Plan, or as it is more commonly known, the Great Leap Forward. On the 22nd

of May 1957, the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, who had succeeded Stalin on his death in 1953,

delivered a speech at a regional meeting of Soviet representatives, in the course of

which he proclaimed that it was his goal that the Soviet Union should, "...catch up and

overtake America in economic output by 1980." A few months later, in November 1957, at a

gathering in Moscow of international communist leaders to celebrate the 40th anniversary

of the October Revolution, which had brought the Soviets to power in 1917, he repeated

his claim, only now he was even more ambitious. The Soviets would now eclipse the Americans

within 15 years. Mao, who wished for China to rival the Soviet Union, and whose relationship

with Khrushchev was more antagonistic than it had been with Stalin, began pondering this

goal in the aftermath of the Soviet leader's speech. Not to be outdone, he quickly determined

to make similar claims, and made it known that it was China's goal to catch up with

Britain's economy within 15 years, and exceed their production of steel and other

core industrial outputs. With this goal in mind, in 1958, the Chinese Communist Party

initiated the Second Five-Year Plan, or what was soon referred to as the Great Leap Forward,

for the country's economy. It would result in the most catastrophic famine the world

has ever seen. Mao believed that the key indicators of how

China's economy was progressing would be seen in grain and steel production. If these

could be increased rapidly, it would show the Soviets in Moscow, and the world in general,

that China was asserting itself on the world stage. Accordingly, all of the instruments

of the state were deployed in 1958 to begin increasing the rate of grain and steel production,

by establishing new smelting factories, and turning ever greater amounts of agricultural

land over to grain production. Massive amounts of farmland were collectivized into giant

state farms towards this end, and millions of workers were redeployed to different parts

of the economy than they were trained for. Huge amounts of state funding were also given

out to aid in the effort, and party officials were sent out into the countryside and the

towns, charged with maximizing production. However, many of these initiatives were potentially

hazardous to begin with, as the state was employing experimental farming methods, in

some instances, and in others, was turning over land to grain production, which was more

suited to other crops. In other instances, workers were being sent into steel factories

with little or no training in what they were doing. It was an inauspicious beginning in

1958, but one which would get much worse over time.

Despite these structural issues, there were some initial signs of progress. Steel and

iron production did increase in the initial stages of the Great Leap Forward, perhaps

by as much as 30 to 40 percent in 1958, but the mechanism whereby it was being increased

would prove catastrophic in some instances. In their eagerness to show good results, local

party cadres throughout the country were often resorting to unimaginably short-sighted

and brutal tactics. The more cruel methods involved overworking their laborers in the

factories to try to have larger amounts of steel produced. But within a few months, party

officials throughout the country were also setting up what became known as backyard furnaces,

the use of which Mao had actually encouraged. These were essentially makeshift steel furnaces,

which were often set up in the yards of people's homes. Scrap metal was used to produce pig

iron, which was almost totally useless. But the worst thing was that farming tools and

other instruments which were needed for producing food throughout the country were often being

thrown into these backyard furnaces and melted down so that local party officials could record

higher outputs of alleged steel production in their areas. The result was a lack of basic

tools for farming as the months went by. The effect of all this between 1958 and 1961 was

catastrophic, with millions of farmers being press-ganged into working in factories in

the cities and towns. There was not enough people available to produce food throughout

China in a country which was often on a subsistence food level anyway. Added to this was the practice

of party officials destroying basic farming equipment to inflate the amount of steel they

were producing in their areas. Furthermore, the party had begun trying to use experimental

irrigation methods, which had rendered large amounts of farmland temporarily unusable in

some areas. Given all this, it is unsurprising that even by the autumn of 1958, just months

after the Great Leap Forward had started, there were major food shortages in some parts

of the country, and this was further compounded by the fact that the government continued

to export grain and other agricultural products in order to increase its revenue and also

keep up the appearance that productivity was increasing. By late 1958, people in certain

parts of the country were beginning to start foraging for wild foods in the countryside,

and others were starving to death. This was just the beginning though, and by 1959, grain

production had fallen by roughly 15-20% in total across the country.

There is considerable debate as to how much Mao knew about what was unfolding across China

as a result of the Great Leap Forward. It is quite possible that in late 1958 and early

1959, he was unaware of the famine conditions, but evidence has been uncovered which suggests

he knew by at least the late spring of 1959, and yet did not do enough to change course.

By 1960, when he delegated control of certain parts of the Great Leap Forward program to

others, the Central Party members were actively trying to prevent the worst, but by then,

it was too late. The forces which were unleashed in 1958 and 1959 reverberated into 1960 and

1961, and famine struck China over each of these years with varying degrees of severity.

There have been many different estimates of the number of people who died in recent years,

as the opening of certain archives in China has allowed for more accurate assessments,

but scholars are generally agreed that at least 25 million people died in a country,

the population of which was approximately 660 million in 1958. Frank Dicotta, who studied

the period in detail and who saw the Great Leap Forward as Mao's Great Famine in the

title of his study of these events, suggested the death toll was as many as 55 million people,

others would suggest somewhere between 30 and 45 million, making this the most catastrophic

famine in human history in terms of sheer numbers of deaths.

The second five-year plan, advertised as the Great Leap Forward, came to an end in

1962. Curiously, it was relatively under-reported internationally, as much of the information

concerning it was transmitted through the Republic of China's government in Taiwan

or the British enclave of Hong Kong, and many foreign services believed they were exaggerating

the extent of the suffering caused for political purposes. Internally, however, it had badly

compromised Mao's leadership. On the 27th of April 1959, Mao's term as Chairman of the People's

Republic of China came to an end, although he retained his position as Chairman of the Communist

Party and of Military Affairs, he was succeeded by Liu Xiaoqi and by January 1962, the Great

Leap Forward was being wound down. At this time, Liu made a speech at what was to become known as

the 7000 Carters Conference, in which he denounced the Great Leap Forward. It was a

very thinly-veiled public rebuke of Mao, the likes of which would have been unimaginable

five years earlier. Nevertheless, while Mao had lost some of his authority for now, he

was still very much in charge. He would, however, have to govern in a more collective fashion,

with figures such as Xiaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, who had done much to recover the economic

situation in the wake of the disastrous policies of the late 1950s. The 1960s also saw China

increasingly isolated on the world stage. Tensions had been brewing between Mao and

the Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev ever since the latter succeeded Stalin in the mid-1950s.

Mao was particularly perturbed by Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalin's brutal authoritarianism

and more moderate stance towards the Western powers. He also found himself increasingly

ad-loggerheads with Moscow about the two regimes' interpretation of orthodox Marxism. Relations

were bad by the late 1950s, but they became particularly acute in the early 1960s,

especially once the Cuban Missile Crisis inspired Khrushchev to begin working more closely with the

US government of John F. Kennedy to defuse the Cold War in ways which Mao opposed. A sign of the

split was seen in 1961, when Mao denounced the Soviet regime as revisionist traitors. For his

part, Khrushchev was increasingly wary of Mao's attitude towards the possibility of a nuclear war

with the West. Mao once worryingly suggested that if 300 million Chinese people died in a nuclear

war, the other half would still be alive to secure victory, and so the Russian leader must have been

concerned in 1964 when the Chinese successfully tested their first nuclear bomb, but by then,

the Sino-Soviet split was complete. While much is known about the political life of the man who

oversaw this split with Russia and the catastrophes of the Great Leap Forward, the more private Mao

remains something of an enigma. His fourth marriage, that to Zhang Qing in 1938, lasted for

the remainder of his life. Though Mao engaged in a string of extramarital affairs, including most

controversially in his later life with a private secretary, Zhang Yufeng, who was in her early

twenties when she first entered Mao's employ. He had at least ten children, several of whom had

been born in the 1920s and with whom he had very little relationship, as he had had to leave them

with others during the long civil war years. He spent much of his private time writing and was a

prolific composer of political writings and poems, while his reading habits tended to favour traditional

Chinese literature. By temperament, he would become aggressive when challenged, but his demeanour was

certainly not genuinely unhinged like Stalin had been in Russia during the 1930s and 1940s.

For Mao, state violence was engaged in for political rather than personal purposes, but a

great deal about his other personal motivations and inclinations are shrouded behind a public image

which was closely managed during his lifetime. The Sino-Soviet split and the catastrophic

consequences of the Great Leap Forward were the background against which Mao initiated what has

today become known as simply the Cultural Revolution, but the full name of which was the

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. Launched in 1966, the Cultural Revolution was designed to be

a political and social movement which aimed to purify Chinese society and Chinese communism

by removing any of the vestiges of Chinese traditionalism which remained and the capitalist

bourgeois elements within it. Mao claimed that a bourgeois bureaucracy had developed within the

Chinese Communist Party that was leading China in the wrong direction and this, along with communist

revisionists such as those who were now in power in Russia, needed to be stopped and a renewed

dedication to the communist cause developed. In particular, Mao called on the younger generations

of China, those which had been born after the Second World War and who had never known life in

China before communist rule, to bombard the headquarters to purify Chinese society of these

bourgeois capitalist elements and to reinvigorate the communist movement. There has been a widespread

debate as to what Mao's motivations for launching the Cultural Revolution were. Some historians have

argued that he genuinely believed that the Chinese Communist Party and the huge administration which

operated under it throughout China had been compromised by nearly twenty years in power

and that a cultural reawakening was necessary to stop the bureaucratic degeneration of the country.

However, while this might have been a motivating factor for Mao, there is no doubt that the Cultural

Revolution was primarily conceived as a way for the chairman to resuscitate his control

over the Communist Party and the country as a whole. By its very nature, the movement allowed

Mao to use the party's apparatus and wider organs of the state to purge the government of his

opponents and competing factions. These had multiplied in number in the early 1960s as the

catastrophic impact of the Great Leap Forward was felt across the country. Now, Mao would eliminate

those who had dared to cross him in the most brutal purges seen within the Chinese Communist Party.

The result would be years of unrest which turned ordinary Chinese people against each other

and created an environment of fear and suspicion. The Cultural Revolution was initiated in May 1966,

with Mao urging the people and students in particular to act to purify the party ranks.

Within weeks, gangs of students were attacking their teachers, intellectuals, government officials,

and even people who were deemed to be wearing bourgeois clothing. These attacks could range from

being mild to moderately violent, such as when teachers were attacked by gangs of students and

had their heads shaved, to truly bloody acts, such as when government officials were actually murdered

or driven to commit suicide. As the frenzy built up in the summer of 1966, official party newspapers

stoked the flames by calling on the masses to clear away the evil habits of the old society

and attack the monsters and demons. By now, students in classrooms and on college campuses

across China were organizing themselves into bands of so-called Red Guards, committed to preserving

the Communist Revolution and rooting out what were termed the Four Olds, old ideas, old customs,

old habits, and old culture. By the early autumn, gangs of teenagers wearing red armbands roamed the

streets of cities such as Beijing and Shanghai, and the unrest was so visceral that August became

known as Red August. Soon, the initial student-led violence spread to other groups and factory

workers and laborers on collectivized farms began joining what was termed the Red Terror.

Meanwhile, Mao was directing these groups as best they could be directed, against his enemies within

the government and the wider party apparatus. But as a means of purging the party of his opponents,

this was a very unstable method. By 1967, radical elements were threatening to move beyond Mao's

ability to control them, but the Cultural Revolution nevertheless continued. In 1968,

Mao initiated the Down to the Countryside, whereby the children of supposed middle-class bourgeois

urban families were forced into what were effectively re-education camps in the countryside.

Meanwhile, the chairman was building up an ever-greater cult of personality around himself,

in part led by the publication of his Little Red Book, a collection of his sayings and writings

which became central to the concept of Maoism in China around this time. The violence continued

unabated through the late 1960s, but by 1971, even Mao was aware of the need to scale things back,

and though the Cultural Revolution is deemed by some to have only ended with Mao's death in 1976,

the worst of the unrest subsided in the early 1970s. As with the enormous famine created by

the Great Leap Forward ten years earlier, historians have found it difficult to precisely

identify how many people died as a result of the Cultural Revolution. Estimates tend to vary between

500,000 and 2 million people having lost their lives as a result of the violence which swept

through China between 1966 and 1971. Many of these were killed by the Red Guards and other groups,

triggered into fanaticism by Mao's injunctions, however probably the greater proportion of these

lost their lives in instances where the army was called in to quell the unrest or by the army and

the Communist Party being directed to purge certain groups by Mao himself. Just as damaging

was the psychological pain inflicted on a society where people were effectively turned against each

other by the state. Perhaps the most glaring example of this occurred in Guangxi Province

in the south of the country, where between 100,000 and 150,000 lives were lost during the Cultural

Revolution. People here even resorted to burying the persecuted alive or boiling or disemboweling

them and there was systematic cannibalism engaged in in Guangxi as the frenzied masses sought to

literally devour their enemies in their fervor. Ultimately, the Cultural Revolution scarred Chinese

society in ways which are hard to quantify. The early 1970s witnessed a major event in China's

relations on the international stage which has had important implications down to the present day.

Chinese involvement in the Korean War had seen diplomatic ties between the People's Republic

and the United States government effectively shut down with trade sanctions imposed on China

by Washington. However, with the passage of 20 years, both sides were cautiously investigating

the possibility of re-establishing diplomatic ties. During the course of the 1968 US presidential

election, the Republican candidate Richard Nixon had proposed making overtures to China to that

effect and after he entered office, negotiations commenced. In 1971, Nixon's National Security

Advisor Henry Kissinger went on a secret diplomatic mission to Beijing and this was followed in

February 1972 by an official state visit in China by Nixon during the course of which he met Mao.

The first meeting between a Chinese and American head of state since the Second World War which has

grown ever greater in importance since and which is now regarded by many as the most significant

international relationship between two states in the world. Despite the veneer of normality which

was lent to US-Chinese relations by the official state visit of Nixon in 1972, at home the Chinese

government continued to operate in an extreme fashion. By the time Nixon visited, Mao was nearly

80 years of age and owing to years of chain smoking, he was suffering from numerous physical

ailments. It was due to this and the cult of personality which he had built up around himself

that he allowed a number of senior Communist Party members to become immensely influential

in China in his final years. These were known as the Gang of Four which consisted of Mao's wife

Jiang Qing, Jiang Qiongqiao, an ultra-Maoist writer who had come to prominence during the 1960s for

his denunciation of bourgeois elements within Chinese society, a close ally of Chun Qiao's,

Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen, a younger political figure who had risen from within the Shanghai

branch of the Chinese Communist Party to become one of its highest-ranking figures during the

Cultural Revolution. The Gang of Four had done much to promote the worst excesses of the Cultural

Revolution between 1966 and 1971, but even after the most extreme period of the purges ended in

the late 1960s, their influence over Mao's government continued. The last years of Mao's

life and his primacy in the politics of China are hard to characterize, as competing forces were at

work in the halls of power in Beijing. Certainly, Mao remained wedded to the idea of clinging to

power until the very end. As a result, he continued to allow the Gang of Four and their supporters

to hold considerable influence in the country. However, separately, there was a growing clique

of individuals who coalesced around other older stalwarts of the Party, such as the former head

of the Red Army and Premier Zhou Enlai, and the former General Secretary of the Party Dong Xiaoping.

They wished to break from some of the more traditional ideological values of the Party,

espoused by Mao, and introduce a greater degree of professionalism into the running of the government

and the economy. There was also much bitterness within the Party establishment at the damage

wrought by the Cultural Revolution, as individuals who had fought the Japanese and the Nationalists

in the 1930s and 1940s had often been purged from the Party in the late 1960s, only to be

gradually rehabilitated in the 1970s. Acrimony between all these groups characterised the

politics of China in the final years of Mao's life, and it was he himself who was largely

responsible for creating this situation. The political uncertainty of the post-Cultural

Revolution period was still unresolved as Mao entered the final stages of his life.

His health had further deteriorated in the mid-1970s, and he was suffering from several

heart and lung ailments, the latter aggravated considerably by his chain smoking, while there

were unconfirmed rumours of a considerable reliance on sleeping pills which had developed

over the years. On the 27th of May 1976, he met the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto,

on a state visit, at which the last known photo of Mao was taken, but by then he had already

suffered the first of several heart attacks that occurred between the spring and autumn of 1976,

and which left him increasingly incapacitated. The final one on the 5th of September left him

largely unable to move, and he died four days later. A state funeral lasting a week followed,

between the 11th and the 18th of September 1976, during which one million Chinese people

filed past his body. Today, the enormous mausoleum of Mao Zedong housing his embalmed body,

stands in the middle of Tiananmen Square in central Beijing, on the site where the Gate of

China, the southern gate of the old imperial city between the 14th and the 20th centuries,

used to stand, before its destruction in 1954. It is perhaps fitting as a statement of where

ancient China ended and modern China began. Mao's death occurred at a time when the older

leadership of the entire Chinese Communist Party, the generation who had come to political

consciousness during the May 4th movement all the way back in 1919, was fading from Chinese life,

the old leader of the Red Army, and a possible successor to Mao, Zhou Enlai, had pre-deceased

Mao by just a few months. Consequently, Mao had appointed the Minister for Public Security,

Hua Guofeng, as his successor, shortly before his death. He succeeded as chairman of the Chinese

Communist Party in 1976, but he would not last long. Guofeng was outmaneuvered in the years that

followed by Deng Xiaoping, who became the de facto leader of China in 1978. Though Guofeng's brief

period as leader was significant in arresting and charging the Gang of Four as being responsible for

the excesses of the Cultural Revolution, in all but one instance, they subsequently were sentenced

to life in prison under Deng Xiaoping's leadership. Elsewhere, despite his impeccable communist

credentials, Deng Xiaoping quickly moved China away from its planned economy and the more

authoritarian aspects of Mao's reign, setting term limits on the holding of office. It was during

Deng's tenure as Mao's successor that the roots of China's economic miracle can really be found,

as he opened the country up to foreign investment and expertise. Thus, in the end, Mao proved to be

the impediment to China's growth, rather than the deliverer of it. Mao Zedong is one of the most

contentious individuals in Chinese history, and indeed the history of the modern world, to some

he was a brutal tyrant and a mass murderer, under whose rule, between 1949 and 1946, over 50 million

people and perhaps as many as 80 million died prematurely, whether as a result of the catastrophic

failures of the Great Leap Forward, the waves of violence unleashed during the Cultural Revolution,

or government-orchestrated disasters such as the Banqiao Dam failure of 1975, which by some estimates

resulted in the deaths of over 200,000 people. However, to many others, he is one of the great

heroes of modern-day China, the man who ensured that the cause of Chinese communism survived

during the Long March of the 1930s, the commander who led Chinese resistance to the Japanese

occupation during the Second World War, and the individual who thereafter led the Red Army to

victory over the Nationalists. Many who focus on his achievements will also point towards the fact

that life expectancy rates and living standards in China increased dramatically between the 1940s

and the 1970s, and argue that Mao laid the basis for China's economic miracle, which began in the

late 20th century. It is indeed striking that one individual can provoke such widely diverging

opinions. There is no doubting Mao's critical role in ensuring the ascent to power of the Communist

Party in China. Without Mao, the movement might not have survived the 1930s, and his leadership

was also critical in the post-war period, but once he secured power, this individual, who was clearly

possessed of a considerable intellect and ability, became obsessed with retaining and expanding his

control of China, at the expense of lives and social stability. It was his desire to not play

second fiddle to Khrushchev and the Russians, which drove China into the disastrous Great Leap

Forward, and his unwillingness to accept how badly things had gone wrong, which saw the famine which

the second Five-Year Plan created, drag on for years and kill somewhere between 30 and 50 million

Chinese people. It was Mao's pathological desire to reinforce his position as head of the Chinese

state in the mid-1960s, which led to the violence and instability of the Cultural Revolution. The

Mao of the 1950s and 1960s was a different one to the individual who first joined the party in 1921

and initiated the Long March in 1934. Those who knew him over the course of his life often confirmed

that he changed considerably over the years. What do you think of Mao Zedong? Do you think

he was actually committed to the idea of communism? Please let us know in the comment section,

and in the meantime, thank you very much for watching.

on the history chronicles on everything from knightly orders to the battle of the little

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Mao Zedong - Chairman Mao Documentary ||Presidente|| Mao|Zedong|presidente|Mao|documental Mao Zedong - Der Vorsitzende Mao Dokumentarfilm 毛沢東 - 毛主席ドキュメンタリー Mao Zedong - Documentário sobre o Presidente Mao Мао Цзэдун - председатель Мао Документальный фильм Mao Zedong - Başkan Mao Belgeseli 毛泽东 - 毛主席纪录片 Mao Zedong - Documental del Presidente Mao

The man known to history as Mao Zedong or Chairman Mao, was born on the 26th of December el|hombre|conocido|a|historia|como|Mao|Zedong|o|presidente|Mao|fue|nacido|en|el|26|de|diciembre o||||||||||||||||| O homem conhecido pela história como Mao Zedong ou Presidente Mao, nasceu a 26 de dezembro de El hombre conocido por la historia como Mao Zedong o Presidente Mao, nació el 26 de diciembre

1893 in the village of Xiaoshan in the province of Hunan in southern China. ||||萧山村|||||湖南省||| ||||Xiaoshan|||||Hunan||| en|la|aldea|de|Xiaoshan|en|la|provincia|de|Hunan|en|el sur|China de 1893 en la aldea de Xiaoshan en la provincia de Hunan en el sur de China.

His father was Mao Yichang, who had been raised in a family of poverty-stricken peasants, ||||宜昌||||||||||贫困| ||||||||||||||verarmten| ||||ييتشونغ||||||||||| ||||||||||||||afligidos| su|padre|fue|Mao|Yichang|quien|había|sido|criado|en|una|familia|de|pobreza|afligidos|campesinos O seu pai era Mao Yichang, que tinha sido criado numa família de camponeses pobres, Su padre fue Mao Yichang, quien había crecido en una familia de campesinos empobrecidos,

however after serving in the Xiang army for a few years in his youth, Yichang had returned |||||||||||||juventude|Yichang|| sin embargo|después de|servir|en|el|Xiang|ejército|por|unos|pocos|años|en|su|juventud|Yichang|había|regresado sin embargo, después de servir en el ejército Xiang durante unos años en su juventud, Yichang había regresado

become a lender in the district, and this, combined with his agricultural work, allowed ||贷款人||||||||||| ||Gläubiger||||||||||| ||credor||||||||||| convertirse|un|prestamista|en|el|distrito|y|esto|combinado|con|su|agrícola|trabajo|permitió convertirse en prestamista en el distrito, y esto, combinado con su trabajo agrícola, le permitió

him to become one of the more prosperous farmers in the Xiaoshan area, eventually coming into |||||||繁荣的|||||||| a él|a|convertirse|uno|de|los|más|prósperos|agricultores|en|la|Xiaoshan|área|eventualmente|llegando|a convertirse en uno de los agricultores más prósperos en el área de Xiaoshan, eventualmente llegando a

possession of about 20 acres of land. |||英亩土地|| |||acres|| posesión de unas 20 acres de tierra.

Mao's mother was Wen Qimei, a devout Buddhist who had a troubled upbringing, her father |||文|其美||虔诚的||||||成长经历|| ||||||||||||Kindheit|| ||||||||||||criação|| de Mao|madre|fue|Wen|Qimei|una|devota|budista|que|tuvo|una|problemática|crianza|su|padre La madre de Mao era Wen Qimei, una budista devota que tuvo una infancia problemática, su padre

was a poor shoemaker who drank heavily and her mother had been his concubine. |||鞋匠||||||||||妾 |||||||||||||Nebenfrau |||sapateiro||||||||||concubina fue|un|pobre|zapatero|que|bebía|en exceso|y|su|madre|había|sido|su|concubina era un zapatero pobre que bebía en exceso y su madre había sido su concubina.

Mao's childhood was less than ideal, his father was a strict disciplinarian, whose ||是||||||||严格的|严厉管教者| |||||ideal||||||Zuchtmeister| ||||||||||rigoroso|| de Mao|infancia|fue|menos|que|ideal|su|padre|fue|un|estricto|disciplinario|cuyo La infancia de Mao fue menos que ideal, su padre era un disciplinario estricto, cuyo

method of parenting primarily involved beating Mao and his three siblings if they did not ||棍棒教育|||||||||||| ||Erziehung||||||||Geschwister|||| ||paternidade|principalmente||palmada|||||irmãos|||| método|de|crianza|principalmente|involucraba|golpear|Mao|y|sus|tres|hermanos|si|ellos|hacían|no el método de crianza principalmente consistía en golpear a Mao y a sus tres hermanos si no lo hacían

do as they were told, their mother tried to temper his outbursts but with little effect, |||||||||||爆发|||| |||||||||||explosões|||| hacían|como|ellos|estaban|dicho|su|madre|trató|a|moderar|sus|estallidos|pero|con|poco|efecto como se les decía, su madre intentó moderar sus arrebatos pero con poco efecto,

Young Mao developed an interest in his mother's Buddhism when he was younger, though he soon ||||||||佛教信仰||||||| |||||||||||||embora|| joven|Mao|desarrolló|un|interés|en|su|madre|budismo|cuando|él|estaba|más joven|aunque|él|pronto El joven Mao desarrolló un interés por el budismo de su madre cuando era más joven, aunque pronto

became disenchanted with religion, and when he was just eight years old, he was sent to |对...失望|||||||||||||| wurde|desillusioniert|||||||||||||| |desencantado|||||||||||||| se volvió|desencantado|con|religión|y|cuando|él|tenía|solo|ocho|años|viejo|él|fue|enviado|a se desilusionó con la religión, y cuando solo tenía ocho años, fue enviado a

the local primary school in Xiaoshan, just as the twentieth century was dawning, his ||||||||||||黎明时分| ||||||||||||começando| la|local|primaria|escuela|en|Xiaoshan|justo|como|el|vigésimo|siglo|estaba|amaneciendo|su la escuela primaria local en Xiaoshan, justo cuando estaba amaneciendo el siglo XX, su

education there was a mixture of traditional Chinese learning centred on Confucianism combined |||||||||以...为中心||儒家思想| |||||||||centrada||o Confucionismo| educación|allí|fue|una|mezcla|de|tradicional|china|aprendizaje|centrado|en|confucianismo|combinado educación allí era una mezcla de aprendizaje tradicional chino centrado en el confucianismo combinado

with the centuries-old values of the Far East, along with a sprinkling of influences from ||||||||||||点缀||| ||||||||||||uma pitada||| con|los|||valores|de|el|Lejano|Oriente|junto|con|una|pizca|de|influencias|de con los valores centenarios del Lejano Oriente, junto con un toque de influencias de

the encroaching Western world which could not be avoided in China by the 1900s. |侵入的|||||||||||| |crescente|Ocidental||||||||||| el|creciente|occidental|mundo|que|podría|no|ser|evitado|en|China|por|los|1900s el mundo occidental en expansión que no se podía evitar en China en la década de 1900.

Additionally, the young Mao developed an interest early on in history and politics, when he 此外|||||||||||||| además|el|joven|Mao|desarrolló|un|interés|temprano|en||historia|y|política|cuando|él Además, el joven Mao desarrolló un interés temprano en la historia y la política, cuando él

was thirteen years old, his father arranged for him to be married to Liu Yixiu, the seventeen-year-old ||||||||||||||刘宜秀|||| |||||||||||||Liu|Yixiu|||| tenía|trece|años|viejo|su|padre|arregló|para|él|a|ser|casado|con|Liu|Yixiu|la|diecisiete|año|vieja tenía trece años, su padre organizó su matrimonio con Liu Yixiu, la hija de diecisiete años

daughter of another prosperous local farmer, but Mao demonstrated his rebellious streak ||||||||||叛逆的|叛逆性格 ||||||||demonstrou||rebelde|tendência |de|||||||||| de otro agricultor local próspero, pero Mao demostró su carácter rebelde

at a young age and refused to honour the arranged marriage, causing something of a controversy a una edad temprana y se negó a honrar el matrimonio arreglado, causando cierta controversia.

in the Xiaoshan area, and as a result of this disagreement, the teenage Mao temporarily ||||||||||||adolescente||temporariamente en|la|Xiaoshan|área|y|como|un|resultado|de|este|desacuerdo|el|adolescente|Mao|temporalmente en el área de Xiaoshan, y como resultado de este desacuerdo, el adolescente Mao temporalmente

left his father's farm, although he returned before very long. ||||虽然|||不久前|| ||||embora||||| dejó|su|padre|granja|aunque|él|regresó|antes|muy|largo dejó la granja de su padre, aunque regresó antes de mucho tiempo.

Mao was growing up at a time when China was experiencing momentous change, like Korea |||||||||||重大||| |||||||||||momentosa||| Mao|estaba|creciendo|arriba|en|un|tiempo|cuando|China|estaba|experimentando|trascendentales|cambios|como|Corea Mao estaba creciendo en un momento en que China estaba experimentando un cambio trascendental, al igual que Corea

and Japan to the east, China had first come into contact with European traders and religious y|||||||||||||||religiosos y Japón al este, China había entrado en contacto por primera vez con comerciantes europeos y religiosos.

missionaries in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, and like them, the Chinese had 传教士||||||||||||| misioneros|en|los|dieciseis|y|principios|diecisiete|siglos|y|como|ellos|los|chinos|habían misioneros en los siglos dieciséis y principios del diecisiete, y al igual que ellos, los chinos habían

quickly become wary of the newcomers and had restricted their contacts with them to schnell|werden|||||||||||| ||cautelosos|||novos|||||||| rápidamente|llegado|cautelosos|de|los|recién llegados|y|habían|restringido|sus|contactos|con|ellos|a rápidamente llegado a ser cautelosos con los recién llegados y habían restringido sus contactos con ellos a

one or two ports in the south-east of the country, where a tiny amount of trade was |||||||||||||pequena|quantidade||| uno|o|dos|puertos|en|el|||de|el|país|donde|una|pequeña|cantidad|de|comercio|fue uno o dos puertos en el sureste del país, donde se realizaba una pequeña cantidad de comercio.

conducted.

which was modernizing without it, it remained highly conservative in its religious, social |||没有||||||||| que|estaba|modernizando|sin|él|eso|permaneció|altamente|conservador|en|sus|religiosas|sociales que se estaba modernizando sin ella, permaneció altamente conservadora en sus valores religiosos, sociales

and political values, changing little, and continuing to be ruled by an emperor and a ||||||||||||皇帝|| y|políticas|valores|cambiando|poco|y|continuando|a|ser|gobernado|por|un|emperador|y|un y políticos, cambiando poco, y continuando siendo gobernada por un emperador y un

closed government of imperial rituals and administrators, as it had been for centuries, |||帝国的|礼仪制度|||||||| cerrado|gobierno|de|imperial|rituales|y|administradores|como|se|había|estado|por|siglos gobierno cerrado de rituales imperiales y administradores, como lo había sido durante siglos,

but by the mid-nineteenth century, China again, like Japan and Korea, could no longer prevent pero|para|el|||siglo|China|otra vez|como|Japón|y|Corea|pudo|no|más|prevenir pero a mediados del siglo diecinueve, China nuevamente, al igual que Japón y Corea, ya no pudo prevenir

the Europeans, with their modern warships, guns and industrial power, from interfering |||||战舰||||||干涉 |||||navios de guerra|||||| los|europeos|con|sus|modernos|buques de guerra|armas|y|industrial|poder|de|interferir a los europeos, con sus modernos buques de guerra, armas y poder industrial, de interferir

in their countries, with the Opium Wars of 1839 to 1842, and 1856 to 1860, Britain forced en|sus|países|con|las|Opio|Guerras|de|a|y|a|Gran Bretaña|forzó en sus países, con las Guerras del Opio de 1839 a 1842, y de 1856 a 1860, Gran Bretaña obligó

China to end its self-imposed isolation, following which, China experienced a flood ||||自我||孤立|||||| ||||||||||||inundação a China|a|poner fin|su|||aislamiento|después de lo cual|lo cual|China|experimentó|una|inundación a China a poner fin a su aislamiento autoimpuesto, tras lo cual, China experimentó una inundación

Perhaps the most striking and revolutionary of these new ideas, which arrived into China ||最||||||||||| |||notável|||||||||| quizás|la|más|impactante|y|revolucionaria|de|estas|nuevas|ideas|que|llegaron|a|China Quizás la más sorprendente y revolucionaria de estas nuevas ideas, que llegó a China

from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, was the knowledge that the Europeans and the Americans 从|||||以后||||||||| |||||adiante||||||||| desde|el|||siglo|en adelante|fue|el|conocimiento|que|los|europeos|y|los|americanos desde mediados del siglo diecinueve en adelante, fue el conocimiento de que los europeos y los estadounidenses

were not ruled by powerful monarchs and emperors anymore, many lived under republics governed |||||monarcas|||||||| eran|no|gobernados|por|poderosos|monarcas|y|emperadores|más|muchos|vivían|bajo|repúblicas|gobernadas já não eram governados por monarcas e imperadores poderosos, muitos viviam em repúblicas governadas por ya no estaban gobernados por poderosos monarcas y emperadores, muchos vivían bajo repúblicas gobernadas

by the people, and even where some of these countries still had emperors or empresses ||||||||||||Könige||Kaiserinnen ||||||||||||||imperatrizes por|el|pueblo|y|incluso|donde|algunos|de|estos|países|todavía|tenían|emperadores|o|emperatrices por el pueblo, e incluso donde algunos de estos países aún tenían emperadores o emperatrices

such as Queen Victoria in Britain, she was essentially a figurehead, and it was Parliament ||||||||||名义元首|||| ||||||||||Figurkopf|||| ||||||||||uma figura decorativa|||| tal|como|reina|Victoria|en|Gran Bretaña|ella|era|esencialmente|un|símbolo|y|eso|era|Parlamento como la Reina Victoria en Gran Bretaña, ella era esencialmente una figura decorativa, y era el Parlamento

that actually ruled the British Empire, moreover, these democracies were not all alike, some |||||||diese|||||| ||||||além disso||||||semelhantes| que|realmente|gobernaba|el|británico|Imperio|además|estas|democracias|eran|no|todas|iguales|algunas el que realmente gobernaba el Imperio Británico, además, estas democracias no eran todas iguales, algunas

believed that power and wealth should be distributed equally throughout society, and there were ||||riqueza|||distribuídas|||||| creían|que|poder|y|riqueza|deberían|ser|distribuidos|equitativamente|a través de|la sociedad|y|allí|había creían que el poder y la riqueza deberían ser distribuidos equitativamente en toda la sociedad, y había

Karl Marx in the mid-nineteenth century, argued that all wealth and goods should be held in ||||meados||||||||bens|deveriam||| Karl|Marx|en|el|||siglo|argumentó|que|toda|riqueza|y|bienes|deberían|ser|mantenidos|en Karl Marx a mediados del siglo diecinueve, argumentó que toda la riqueza y los bienes deberían ser

communal ownership, he called this communism, in early twentieth century China, these ideas 公有制|||||||||||| comunal|propriedade||||||||||| de propiedad comunal, él llamó a esto comunismo, en la China de principios del siglo veinte, estas ideas

would soon lead to great change, as many began questioning why they were still ruled by the pronto llevarían a un gran cambio, ya que muchos comenzaron a cuestionar por qué todavía eran gobernados por el

imperial government, and also the republican writings of Sun Yat-sen, who had become a ||y|también|los|republicanos|escritos|de|Sun|||quien|había|convertido|un gobierno imperial, y también en los escritos republicanos de Sun Yat-sen, quien se había convertido en un

figurehead for the republican movement within China, he would soon see these desires confirmed, 名义领袖|||||||他|||||| cabeza|para|el|republicano|movimiento|dentro|China|él|verbo auxiliar condicional|pronto|ver|estos|deseos|confirmados figura representativa del movimiento republicano dentro de China, pronto vería estos deseos confirmados,

period of rapid change, regional famines had struck parts of China in the late 1900s and |||||饥荒|||||||||| |||||fomes|||||||||| |de|||||||||China|en|los|finales|1900s|y período de cambio rápido, hambrunas regionales habían afectado partes de China a finales de 1900 y

early 1910s, and this, combined with numerous regional uprisings throughout the country, ||||||||起义||| ||||||||levantes|por|| |||esto|combinado|con|numerosos|regional|levantamientos|a lo largo de|el|país principios de 1910, y esto, combinado con numerosos levantamientos regionales en todo el país,

and growing calls for a more representative government, led to an army revolt in October ||||||代表性|||||||| y|crecientes|llamados|por|un|más|representativo|gobierno|llevó|a|una|ejército|revuelta|en|octubre y crecientes llamados a un gobierno más representativo, llevaron a una revuelta del ejército en octubre

1911, at first the imperial government of Emperor Pu Yi, who was just a six-year-old al|principio|el|imperial|gobierno|de|emperador|Pu|Yi|quien|era|solo|un||| de 1911, al principio el gobierno imperial del emperador Pu Yi, que solo tenía seis años

child, tried to address the grievances of the dissenters, but it soon became apparent ||||||||持不同政见者||||| |||||Beschwerden|||Abweichler||||| |||||queixas|||dissidentes||||| niño|trató|de|abordar|las|quejas|de|los|disidentes|pero|eso|pronto|se volvió|evidente de edad, intentó abordar las quejas de los disidentes, pero pronto se hizo evidente

in February 1912, that the emperor would abdicate and a new republic of China would be established, ||||||退位||||||||| ||||||abdizieren||||||||| en|febrero|que|el|emperador|verbo auxiliar condicional|abdicar|y|una|nueva|república|de|China|verbo auxiliar condicional|verbo ser|establecida en febrero de 1912, que el emperador abdicara y se estableciera una nueva república de China,

unclear in the mid-1910s, exactly in what direction China's politics would now head. poco claro|en|los|||exactamente|en|qué|dirección|de China|la política|verbo auxiliar condicional|ahora|dirigirse incierto a mediados de la década de 1910, exactamente en qué dirección iría ahora la política de China.

when the conflict erupted late in 1911, he had enlisted in the rebel army as an 18-year-old ||||||||参军|||叛军||||| ||||||er|||||||||| ||||||||alistado|||||||| cuando|el|conflicto|estalló|tarde|en|él|había|enlistado|en|el|rebelde|ejército|como|un|| cuando estalló el conflicto a finales de 1911, se había alistado en el ejército rebelde como un recluta de 18 años

recruit, now in the spring of 1912, he simply returned to school, and it was around this |ahora|en|la|primavera|de|él|simplemente|regresó|a|la escuela|y|eso|fue|alrededor|este y, ahora en la primavera de 1912, simplemente regresó a la escuela, y fue alrededor de este

time that he first started reading about the idea of socialism and communism as more radical tiempo que comenzó a leer por primera vez sobre la idea del socialismo y el comunismo como algo más radical.

forms of government, if he remained unconvinced that this was the best approach for China ||||||inconvençado|||||||| formas|de|gobierno|si|él|permanecía|inconmovido|que|esto|era|el|mejor|enfoque|para|China formas de gobierno, si él seguía sin estar convencido de que este era el mejor enfoque para China

at that time, meanwhile, his education continued, he determined at some point around 1913, that |||enquanto|||||||||| en|ese|tiempo|mientras tanto|su|educación|continuó|él|determinó|en|algún|punto|alrededor|que en ese momento, mientras tanto, su educación continuaba, él determinó en algún momento alrededor de 1913, que

he would become a teacher, and so he enrolled in the First Normal School of Hunan, widely ||||||||immatrikulierte|||||||| ||||||||matriculou|||||||| él|verbo auxiliar condicional|se convertiría|un|maestro|y|así|él|se inscribió|en|la|Primera|Normal|Escuela|de|Hunan|ampliamente se convertiría en profesor, y así se inscribió en la Primera Escuela Normal de Hunan, ampliamente

regarded at the time as the best in the province, here he became a popular and accomplished considerado|en|el|tiempo|como|el|mejor|en|la|provincia|aquí|él|se convirtió|un|popular|y|destacado considerada en ese momento como la mejor de la provincia, aquí se convirtió en un profesor popular y destacado

as one of the highest-ranked students in the school, more pivotally, in terms of his later |||||||||||更重要的是||||| ||||||||||mehr|entscheidend||||| |||||classificados||||||de forma crucial||||| como|uno|de|los|||estudiantes|en|la|escuela|más|fundamentalmente|en|términos|de|sus|posteriores como uno de los estudiantes mejor clasificados en la escuela, más crucialmente, en términos de sus actividades posteriores,

activities, Mao was increasingly exposed to the socialist ideas he had first encountered |||||a||||él||| Mao fue cada vez más expuesto a las ideas socialistas que había encontrado por primera vez

a few years earlier, and over time, he began to find that he agreed more with what he read, unos años antes, y con el tiempo, comenzó a darse cuenta de que estaba más de acuerdo con lo que leía,

particularly so, as the environment of the First Normal School was one of radical political particularmente|así|como|el|ambiente|de|la|Primera|Normal|Escuela|fue|uno|de|radical|político particularmente, ya que el entorno de la Primera Escuela Normal era uno de pensamiento político radical

thought, especially during China's first forays into representative government. |||||尝试||| |||||Versuchen||| |||||tentativas||| pensamiento|especialmente|durante|de China|primeros|incursiones|en|representativa|gobierno especialmente durante las primeras incursiones de China en el gobierno representativo.

In 1917, Mao moved to Peking, now Beijing, where one of his main influences at this time, ||||Peking||||||||||| en|Mao|se mudó|a|Peking|ahora|Beijing|donde|uno|de|sus|principales|influencias|en|este|tiempo En 1917, Mao se mudó a Peking, ahora Beijing, donde una de sus principales influencias en ese momento,

socialism and communism or Marxism as a solution to China's political woes, even with the |||||||||||困境||| |||||||||Chinas||Probleme||| socialismo|y|comunismo|o|marxismo|como|una|solución|a|China|política|problemas|incluso|con|la socialismo|||||||||||dificuldades||| el socialismo y el comunismo o el marxismo como solución a los problemas políticos de China, incluso con la

establishment of the Republic in 1912, the country had continued to experience turbulence |||||||||||Unruhen ||el||||país|había|continuado|a|experimentar|turbulencia fundación de la República en 1912, el país había continuado experimentando turbulencias

as conservative and liberal forces fought amongst each other and regional warlords and |||||||||||地方军阀| |||||||||||os senhores da guerra| mientras|conservadoras|y|liberales|fuerzas|lucharon|entre|cada|uno|y|regional|señores de la guerra|y mientras fuerzas conservadoras y liberales luchaban entre sí y los señores de la guerra regionales y

power groups exercised quasi-regional independence throughout the country, Marxism appealed to |||准|||||||吸引| |Machtgruppen|ausübten|quasi||Unabhängigkeit||||der Marxismus|| poder|grupos|ejercieron|||independencia|a lo largo de|el|país|el marxismo|apeló|a los grupos de poder ejercieron una independencia cuasi-regional en todo el país, el marxismo apelaba a

many at this time, because the Bolsheviks, a branch of Russian communism, had secured ||||||||||||已经| |||Zeit|||||||||| muchos|en|este|tiempo|porque|los|bolcheviques|una|rama|de|ruso|comunismo|había|asegurado muchos en este momento, porque los bolcheviques, una rama del comunismo ruso, habían asegurado

control of the Russian government in the autumn of 1917, just months after the fall of the 控制||||||||||||||| control|del|el|ruso|gobierno|en|el|otoño|de|justo|meses|después|la|caída|de|el el control del gobierno ruso en el otoño de 1917, solo meses después de la caída del

autocratic Tsarist government there, perhaps, many thought, communism was also suitable ||||quizás|muchos|pensaron|el comunismo|estaba|también|adecuado gobierno autocrático zarista allí, quizás, muchos pensaron, el comunismo también era adecuado

for China, which had just done away with its own fossilised autocratic imperial government, ||||||||||僵化的|专制的|| ||||||||||fossilizada||| para|China|que|había|justo|deshecho|con|su|propio|propio|fosilizado|autocrático|imperial|gobierno para China, que acababa de deshacerse de su propio gobierno imperial autocrático y fossilizado,

Mao was increasingly leaning towards that viewpoint himself in 1918 and 1919, an outlook |||倾向于|||||||| |||||||||||Aussicht |||||||||||perspectiva Mao|estaba|cada vez más|inclinándose|hacia|ese|punto de vista|él mismo|en|y|una|perspectiva Mao se inclinaba cada vez más hacia ese punto de vista en 1918 y 1919, una perspectiva

which was compounded when he experienced the bourgeois hostility of the Beijing upper and |||||||资产阶级|敌意||||| ||verstärkt|||||bürgerliche|||||| que|fue|agravado|cuando|él|experimentó|la|burguesa|hostilidad|de|la|Beijing|alta|y que se vio agravada cuando experimentó la hostilidad burguesa de la alta y

middle class towards a country boy like himself. media clase de Pekín hacia un chico del campo como él.

was drifting ever further into political anarchy in the late 1910s, as a buoyant nationalist ||||||无政府状态|||||||充满活力的| ||||||Anarchie|||||||lebendiger| estaba|derivando|cada|vez más lejos|en|política|anarquía|en|los|finales|1910|como|un|enérgico|nacionalista se estaba deslizando cada vez más hacia la anarquía política a finales de la década de 1910, mientras un movimiento nacionalista

movement led by Sun Yat-sen sought to rejuvenate the Republic in its infancy, which the nationalists ||||||||振兴|||||||| ||||||||erneuern|||||Kindheit||| ||por|||||a||los||||||| vibrante liderado por Sun Yat-sen buscaba rejuvenecer la República en su infancia, que los nacionalistas

perceived as being governed by a weak, conservative regime, with too many links to the old imperial percibían como gobernada por un régimen débil y conservador, con demasiados vínculos con el antiguo imperial

it was little more than a government in name only, this instability was augmented when |||||||||||||加剧| ||||||||||diese|||| eso|fue|poco|más|que|un|gobierno|en|nombre|solo|esta|inestabilidad|fue|aumentada|cuando era poco más que un gobierno solo de nombre, esta inestabilidad se agravó cuando

the Chinese government failed to secure the former German concession of Shandong at the |||||||||租借地|||| el|chino|gobierno|fracasó|en|asegurar|la|antigua|alemana|concesión|de|Shandong|en|las el gobierno chino no logró asegurar la antigua concesión alemana de Shandong en las

Versailles peace negotiations in Paris, following the end of the First World War, the nationalists 凡尔赛|||||||||||||| ||||||el||||||||nacionalistas negociaciones de paz de Versalles en París, tras el final de la Primera Guerra Mundial, los nacionalistas

considered it an affront to national pride, when this piece of mainland China was instead |||侮辱||||||||||| consideraron|eso|un|agravio|a|nacional|orgullo|cuando|esta|pieza|de|China||fue|en cambio lo consideraron una afrenta al orgullo nacional, cuando esta parte de China continental fue en su lugar

in Beijing on the 4th of May 1919, this was driven by a younger generation of political en|Beijing|en|el|4|de|mayo|esto|fue|impulsado|por|una|joven|generación|de|políticos en Pekín el 4 de mayo de 1919, esto fue impulsado por una generación más joven de políticos

activists like Mao, who were tired of China's seeming impotence on the world stage and disordered |||||||||无能|||||| activistas|como|Mao|quien|estaban|cansados|de|China|aparente|impotencia|en|el|mundo|escenario|y|desordenada activistas como Mao, que estaban cansados de la aparente impotencia de China en el escenario mundial y de la desordenada

internal politics, the movement would continue afterwards and lead indirectly to the Chinese |内部政治||||||||||| ||el|movimiento|verbo auxiliar condicional|continuaría|después|y|llevaría|indirectamente|a|la|china política interna, el movimiento continuaría después y llevaría indirectamente a la guerra civil china

civil war many years later. muchos años después.

The May 4th movement, the awakening of China's younger generations to radical politics, is El|||movimiento|el|despertar|de|China|jóvenes|generaciones|a|radical|política|es El movimiento del 4 de mayo, el despertar de las generaciones más jóvenes de China hacia la política radical, es

generally seen as the origins of the Communist Party of China, the events of 1919 led many generalmente|visto|como|los|orígenes|del|los|||de|||||llevaron|muchos generalmente visto como los orígenes del Partido Comunista de China, los eventos de 1919 llevaron a muchos

Russian civil war and cementing its control over Russia, as we have seen, Mao was already ||||巩固||||||||||| |||||||||como|nosotros|hemos|visto|Mao|estaba|ya guerra civil rusa y consolidando su control sobre Rusia, como hemos visto, Mao ya estaba

interested in communism by 1919, but it was only in the months following the May 4th protests |||||ello|||||||||| interesado en el comunismo en 1919, pero fue solo en los meses posteriores a las protestas del 4 de mayo

that he began to fully commit himself to it, and that summer he organised several student que comenzó a comprometerse plenamente con ello, y ese verano organizó varios grupos de estudiantes

organisations into an umbrella body to protest against the Japanese presence in Shandong, |||伞形||||||||| organizaciones|en|un|paraguas|cuerpo|para|protestar|contra|la|japonesa|presencia|en|Shandong organizaciones en un organismo paraguas para protestar contra la presencia japonesa en Shandong,

this is the first clear sign of his abilities as an organiser, and his writings around this este|es|el|primer|claro|signo|de|sus|habilidades|como|un|organizador|y|sus|escritos|alrededor|este este es el primer signo claro de sus habilidades como organizador, y sus escritos alrededor de este

time and into 1920 began to speak of the Army of the Red Flag and of the victories won by tiempo||||||de|||||||||||| tiempo y hasta 1920 comenzaron a hablar del Ejército de la Bandera Roja y de las victorias ganadas por

the Communists in Russia, by the time that the Communist Party of China was formally los comunistas en Rusia, para cuando el Partido Comunista de China fue formalmente

established in the summer of 1921, Mao had proclaimed himself to be a communist, believing establecido|en|el|verano|de|Mao|había|proclamado|a sí mismo|a|ser|un|comunista|creyendo establecido en el verano de 1921, Mao se había proclamado comunista, creyendo

that the ideology would be the basis for the coming revolution in China. que|la|ideología|sería|la|la||||próxima|revolución|en|China que la ideología sería la base para la próxima revolución en China.

It would be a slow ascent towards that revolution, however, in the meantime, Mao married again Eso|sería|un||lento|ascenso|hacia|esa|revolución|sin embargo|en|el|entre tanto|Mao|se casó|otra vez Sin embargo, sería un ascenso lento hacia esa revolución, mientras tanto, Mao se casó de nuevo

in 1920 to Yang Kaihui, the daughter of one of his former teachers, then in July 1921, en|con|Yang|Kaihui|la|hija|de|uno|de|sus|antiguos|maestros|entonces|en|julio en 1920 con Yang Kaihui, la hija de uno de sus antiguos maestros, luego en julio de 1921,

Yat-sen's nationalist party, the Kuomintang, which would soon be led by a younger nationalist ||nacionalista|partido|el|Kuomintang|que|verbo auxiliar condicional|pronto|sería|dirigido|por|un|más joven|nacionalista Yat-sen, el partido nacionalista, el Kuomintang, que pronto sería liderado por un nacionalista más joven

by the name of Chiang Kai-shek, Mao was one of the first of the Chinese Communists to por|el|nombre|de|Chiang|||Mao|fue|uno|de|los|primeros|de|los|chinos|comunistas|verbo infinitivo con el nombre de Chiang Kai-shek, Mao fue uno de los primeros de los comunistas chinos en

would only be overthrown if the nationalists and the communists worked in league with each |||推翻||||||||||| ||||||||||arbeiteten|||| verbo auxiliar condicional|solo|sería|derrocado|si|los|nacionalistas|y|los|comunistas|trabajaran|en|alianza|con|cada solo sería derrocado si los nacionalistas y los comunistas trabajaban en conjunto

other, as such, he spent much of the 1920s living in the nationalist stronghold of Guangzhou otro|como|tal|él|pasó|mucho|de|los|años 1920|viviendo|en|el|nacionalista|bastión|de|Guangzhou así, pasó gran parte de la década de 1920 viviendo en el bastión nacionalista de la provincia de Guangzhou

province and working as an organiser and propagandist for both the communists and the nationalists |||||||宣传员||||||| provincia|y|trabajando|como|un|organizador|y|propagandista|para|ambos|los|comunistas|y|los|nacionalistas y trabajando como organizador y propagandista tanto para los comunistas como para los nacionalistas

the struggles of the Chinese peasantry throughout the country and the strength in sheer numbers |||||农民阶级||||||||单纯的| las|luchas|de|los|chinos|campesinos|en todo|el|país|y|la|fuerza|en|pura|números las luchas de la campesinado chino en todo el país y la fuerza en el mero número

which they had, if they were won over to the communist cause, as such, the early and mid-1920s la cual|ellos|tenían|si|ellos|eran|ganados|a|a|la|comunista|causa|como|tal|los|principios|y|| que tenían, si se les ganaba para la causa comunista, así, los años de principios y mediados de 1920

were formative, if somewhat unremarkable years in Mao's career. fueron años formativos, aunque algo poco notables en la carrera de Mao.

This all began to change in 1926, with the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925, Chiang Kai-shek esto|todo|comenzó|a|cambiar|en|con|la|muerte|de|Sun|||en|Chiang|| Todo esto comenzó a cambiar en 1926, con la muerte de Sun Yat-sen en 1925, Chiang Kai-shek

quasi-independent Chinese warlords, who were vestiges of the imperial past, holding other ||chinos|señores de la guerra|que|eran|vestigios|del|el|imperial|pasado|controlando|otras warlords chinos cuasi independientes, que eran vestigios del pasado imperial, controlando otras

parts of the country. In 1926, Chiang determined to force the issue and launched a nationalist partes|de|el|país|en|Chiang|determinó|a|forzar|el|asunto|y|lanzó|una|nacionalista partes del país. En 1926, Chiang decidió forzar la situación y lanzó una campaña militar nacionalista

military campaign to seize Beijing. The Northern Expedition, as it has become known, was a |||||la|del Norte|Expedición|como|se|ha|convertido|conocido|fue|un para apoderarse de Pekín. La Expedición del Norte, como se le conoce, fue un

major success, and during the course of 1926 and 1927, the nationalists seized power in gran éxito, y durante el transcurso de 1926 y 1927, los nacionalistas tomaron el poder en

since 1921, was effectively ended by Chiang Kai-shek, who had grown wary of the expanding |||||||||||||el| de los comunistas y el papel que Rusia deseaba desempeñar en China. Una vez que los conservadores

power of the communists and the role Russia wished to play in China. Once the conservative

regime in Beijing was done away with, the result was a split itself within the Nationalist 政权||||||||||||||| régimen|en|Pekín|fue|eliminado|fuera|con|el|resultado|fue|una|división|mismo|dentro|el|Nacionalista el régimen en Pekín fue abolido, el resultado fue una división dentro del Partido Nacionalista

Party in 1927, between Chiang's right-leaning nationalists and a left-leaning faction which Partido|en|entre|Chiang|||nacionalistas|y|una|||facción| en 1927, entre los nacionalistas de tendencia derecha de Chiang y una facción de tendencia izquierda que

wished to accommodate the communists. These events are typically seen as the beginning |||el||||||||la| deseaba acomodar a los comunistas. Estos eventos son típicamente vistos como el comienzo

of the Chinese Civil War, which would last for over 20 years. In the summer of 1927, de|||||||||||||| de la Guerra Civil China, que duraría más de 20 años. En el verano de 1927,

Chiang Kai-shek's newly ascendant Kuomintang began a crackdown on communists throughout ||||||||镇压行动||| Chiang|||recién|ascendente|Kuomintang|comenzó|una|represión|contra|comunistas|en todo El Kuomintang, recién ascendido de Chiang Kai-shek, comenzó una represión contra los comunistas en toda

China. Thousands were killed, and the party was suppressed in many places. Mao's reaction |miles|fueron|asesinados|y|el|partido|fue|suprimido|en|muchos|lugares|| China. Miles fueron asesinados, y el partido fue suprimido en muchos lugares. La reacción de Mao

to this major setback, and the inception of civil war between the nationalists and the |||挫折|||爆发|||||||| a|este|importante|revés|y|la|inicio|de|civil|guerra|entre|los|nacionalistas|y|los ante este gran revés, y el inicio de la guerra civil entre los nacionalistas y los

communists, was to retreat with several hundred followers into the wilderness around the Jingang |||撤退||||||||||金刚 |fue|a|retirarse|con|varios|cientos|seguidores|en|la|wilderness|alrededor|el|Jingang comunistas, fue retirarse con varios cientos de seguidores a la wilderness alrededor del Jingang.

Mountains on the border of Hunan province. It was the beginning of a long period of guerrilla ||||||||||||||||游击战 montañas|en|la|frontera|de|Hunan|provincia|Eso|fue|el|comienzo|de|un|largo|período|de|guerrilla Montañas en la frontera de la provincia de Hunan. Fue el comienzo de un largo período de guerrilla

warfare during which the Communist Party, with tacit aid from Russia, sought to disrupt 战争|||||||默许的|||||| guerra|durante|el cual|el|Comunista|Partido|con|tácito|ayuda|de|Rusia|buscó|a|interrumpir durante el cual el Partido Comunista, con la ayuda tácita de Rusia, buscó interrumpir

the rule of the nationalists in anticipation of mass urban revolts by workers throughout ||||||预期||||抗议||| el|gobierno|de|los|nacionalistas|en|anticipación|de|masivas|urbanas|revueltas|por|trabajadores|en todo el gobierno de los nacionalistas en anticipación a revueltas urbanas masivas por parte de los trabajadores en todo

the country against the new government. These were often tough years for Mao. His wife and |||||||||||||su|esposa|y el país contra el nuevo gobierno. Estos fueron años difíciles para Mao. Su esposa y

sister were beheaded by the nationalists in 1930, though in his new life as a guerrilla ||被斩首|||||||||||| hermana|fueron|decapitados|por|los|nacionalistas|en|aunque|en|su|nueva|vida|como|un|guerrillero su hermana fue decapitada por los nacionalistas en 1930, aunque en su nueva vida como guerrillero

Yang Kai-hui was killed. It was also around this time that he determined on a new course. Yang|||fue|asesinado|eso|fue|también|alrededor|este|tiempo|que|él|determinó|en|un|nuevo|curso de que Yang Kai-hui fuera asesinada. También fue alrededor de este tiempo que decidió un nuevo rumbo.

Instead of waiting for a revolt of the Chinese urban proletariat, he would attempt the same ||||||||||无产阶级||||| en lugar|de|esperar|por|una|revuelta|de|el|chino|urbano|proletariado|él|verbo auxiliar condicional|intentaría|la|misma En lugar de esperar una revuelta del proletariado urbano chino, intentaría lo mismo

would control and expand outwards. In February 1930, Mao, who by now was one of the senior verbo auxiliar condicional|controlaría|y|expandiría|hacia afuera|en|febrero|Mao|quien|para|ahora|era|uno|de|los|altos controlaría y expandiría hacia afuera. En febrero de 1930, Mao, que para entonces era uno de los altos

commanders of the Chinese Communist movement, established the Southwest Jiangxi Provincial ||||||||||江西省 |de|el|||||||| comandantes del movimiento comunista chino, estableció el Gobierno Soviético Provincial del Jiangxi del Suroeste en la provincia de Jiangxi, aunque los nacionalistas controlaban la mayor parte del país.

Soviet Government in Jiangxi province, although the nationalists controlled most of the country.

For a few years here, in the early 1930s, Mao established a Chinese-Soviet state in por|unos|pocos|años|aquí|en|los|principios|1930|Mao|estableció|un|||estado|en Durante unos años aquí, a principios de la década de 1930, Mao estableció un estado chino-soviético en

Jiangxi with him serving as the chairman. The Red Army had also expanded and was now Jiangxi|con|él|sirviendo|como|el|||Ejército|Rojo|había|también|expandido|y|estaba|ahora Jiangxi, con él como presidente. El Ejército Rojo también se había expandido y ahora estaba

under the overall control of Zhou Enlai, with the wider Chinese Communist Party focusing ||总体||||||||||| bajo|el|control|general|de|Zhou|Enlai|con|el|más amplio|chino|Comunista|Partido|enfocándose bajo el control general de Zhou Enlai, con el Partido Comunista Chino más amplio enfocando

attentions on Jiangxi as a safe base for them in the early 1930s. Indeed, Mao, Enlai and su atención en Jiangxi como una base segura para ellos a principios de la década de 1930. De hecho, Mao, Enlai y

the Red Army saw off several efforts by Chiang Kai-shek to wrest control of the province ||||||||||||夺取|||| el|Rojo|Ejército|vio|fuera|varios|esfuerzos|de|Chiang|||para|arrebatar|control|de|la|provincia el Ejército Rojo frustró varios intentos de Chiang Kai-shek por recuperar el control de la provincia

back from them in the early 1930s by encircling Jiangxi. However, this military response was ||||||||包围|||||| atrás|de|ellos|en|los|primeros|1930|al|rodeando|Jiangxi|sin embargo|esta|respuesta|respuesta|fue de ellos a principios de la década de 1930 al rodear Jiangxi. Sin embargo, esta respuesta militar fue

limited by the nationalists, in part because it had found itself embroiled in a conflict |||||||||||卷入||| limitada|por|los|nacionalistas|en|parte|porque|esto|había|encontrado|a sí mismo|envuelto|en|un|conflicto limitada por los nacionalistas, en parte porque se había visto envuelta en un conflicto

on the other side of China in the early 1930s, as the Empire of Japan invaded the northeastern en|el|otro|lado|de|China|en|los|primeros|1930s|como|el|Imperio|de|Japón|invadió|el|noreste en el otro lado de China a principios de la década de 1930, cuando el Imperio de Japón invadió el noreste

Chinese provinces of Manchuria and established a puppet state called Manchukuo there. It |||满洲|||||||满洲国|| chino|provincias|de|Manchuria|y|estableció|un|títere|estado|llamado|Manchukuo|allí| Las provincias chinas de Manchuria y establecieron un estado títere llamado Manchukuo allí. Fue

the initial furore concerning Manchuria died down, Chiang set his sights on finally reclaiming ||轰动||||||||||| los||||||||||||| la furia inicial sobre Manchuria se calmó, Chiang puso su mirada en finalmente recuperar

Jiangxi province from Mao and the Communists in the mid-1930s. la provincia de Jiangxi de Mao y los comunistas a mediados de la década de 1930.

In September 1933, the Chinese nationalists began the fifth encirclement of Mao and the ||||||||围剿|||| en|septiembre|los|chinos|nacionalistas|comenzaron|el|quinto|cerco|de|Mao|y|los En septiembre de 1933, los nacionalistas chinos comenzaron el quinto cerco a Mao y a los

Communists in Jiangxi province. This effectively involved an enormous siege by the nationalists |||||||||围攻||| ||||esto|efectivamente|involucró|un|enorme|asedio|por|los|nacionalistas comunistas en la provincia de Jiangxi. Esto involucró efectivamente un enorme asedio por parte de los nacionalistas

and one which would prove too large for the Red Army to repulse. By the summer of 1934, ||||||||||||击退|||| y|uno|que|verbo auxiliar condicional|probaría|demasiado|grande|para|el|Ejército|Rojo|a|repeler|||| y uno que resultaría demasiado grande para que el Ejército Rojo pudiera repeler. Para el verano de 1934,

besieged area. They chose the latter and the resulting events have become part of Communist 被围困的|||||||||||||| sitiado|área|ellos|eligieron|el|último|y|los|resultantes|eventos|han|convertido|parte|de|comunista zona sitiada. Eligieron lo último y los eventos resultantes se han convertido en parte de la

Party law. In October 1934, Communist forces consisting of 86,000 troops, 15,000 personnel |||||||||人员 ||en|octubre|comunista|fuerzas|consistiendo|de|tropas|personal ley del Partido Comunista. En octubre de 1934, las fuerzas comunistas, que consistían en 86,000 tropas, 15,000 personal

and 35 women broke through nationalist enemy lines and began an epic retreat from their ||||民族主义者||||||||| y|mujeres|rompieron|a través de|nacionalista|enemigo|líneas|y|comenzaron|una|épica|retirada|de|su y 35 mujeres, rompieron las líneas del enemigo nacionalista y comenzaron una épica retirada de su

encircled headquarters in southwest China. The Long March, as it became known, lasted |||||la|Larga|Marcha|como|se|convirtió|conocido|duró cuartel general sitiado en el suroeste de China. La Larga Marcha, como se le conoció, duró

and supplies were borne on the backs of fighters or in horse-drawn carts, and at times the ||wurden||||||||||||||| y|suministros|fueron|llevados|en|los|espaldas|de|luchadores|o|en|||carretas|y|a|veces|la y suministros fueron transportados en las espaldas de los combatientes o en carros tirados por caballos, y a veces la

line of marches stretched for 50 miles. Only 4,000 troops completed the journey. Enduring |||||||Truppen|||| línea|de|marchas|se extendió|por|millas|solo|tropas|completaron|el|viaje|soportando línea de marchas se extendía por 50 millas. Solo 4,000 tropas completaron el viaje. Soportando

starvation, aerial bombardment and almost daily skirmishes with nationalist forces, |空中|轰炸||||小规模冲突||| |||||täglichen|||| hambre|aérea|bombardeo|y|casi|diarias|escaramuzas|con|nacionalistas|fuerzas hambre, bombardeos aéreos y casi diarios enfrentamientos con fuerzas nacionalistas,

Mao eventually halted his columns at the foot of the Great Wall of China. The Long March ||停止||队伍|||||||||||| Mao||hielt|||||||||||||| Mao|eventualmente|detuvo|sus|columnas|en|el|pie|de|la|Gran|Muralla|de|China||| Mao finalmente detuvo sus columnas al pie de la Gran Muralla China. La Larga Marcha

is regarded as the longest continuous march in the history of warfare and marked the emergence |||||||||||||||出现 es|considerado|como|el|más largo|continuo|marcha|en|la|historia|de|la guerra|y|marcó|la|aparición es considerada la marcha continua más larga en la historia de la guerra y marcó la aparición

The months after the Long March saw a curious drift in Chinese politics towards the rapprochement |||||||||趋势|||政治|||接近 |||||März|sah|||||||||Annäherung los|meses|después|de|Largo|Marcha|vieron|un|curioso|cambio|en|la política china|política|hacia|el|acercamiento Los meses posteriores a la Larga Marcha vieron una curiosa deriva en la política china hacia el acercamiento

between the Communists and the Nationalists. For years, the Nationalist government of Chiang entre|los|comunistas|y|los|nacionalistas|por|años|el|nacionalista|gobierno|de|Chiang entre los comunistas y los nacionalistas. Durante años, el gobierno nacionalista de Chiang

Kai-shek had been dealing with problems on multiple fronts. As well as the Communists, ||||||||||así|también|como|los|comunistas Kai-shek había estado lidiando con problemas en múltiples frentes. Además de los comunistas,

there was the perhaps greater problem posed by the Empire of Japan and its ambitions to ||la||||||||||||| había el quizás mayor problema planteado por el Imperio de Japón y sus ambiciones de

dominate the Far East politically and militarily. This had already resulted in the invasion dominar el Lejano Oriente política y militarmente. Esto ya había resultado en la invasión

of Manchuria and the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo in the early 1930s, de|Manchuria|y|el|establecimiento|de|el|títere|estado|de|Manchukuo|en|los|principios|de 1930 de Manchuria y el establecimiento del estado títere de Manchukuo a principios de la década de 1930,

but as the years went by, it was clear that the Emperor's government in Tokyo had ambitions pero|a medida que|los|años|pasaron|por|eso|fue|claro|que|el|del emperador|gobierno|en|Tokio|tenía|ambiciones pero a medida que pasaban los años, estaba claro que el gobierno del Emperador en Tokio tenía ambiciones

it would be best to put aside their differences with the Communists for the foreseeable future ||||||||||||||可预见的| eso|verbo auxiliar condicional|sería|mejor|para|poner|a un lado|sus|diferencias|con|los|comunistas|por|el|previsible|futuro que sería mejor dejar de lado sus diferencias con los Comunistas por el futuro previsible.

and form a coherent opposition to the impending Japanese attack, and for their part, Mao and |||||||即将到来的|||||||| y|forman|una|coherente|oposición|a|el|inminente|japonés|ataque|y|por|su|parte|Mao|y y formar una oposición coherente al inminente ataque japonés, y por su parte, Mao y

his followers were encouraged to do the same by Moscow. Thus, during the course of 1935 ||estaban|||||||||||| sus seguidores fueron alentados a hacer lo mismo por Moscú. Así, durante el transcurso de 1935

and 1936, Mao's Communists and Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists were once again drifting towards ||||||||||||hacia y 1936, los comunistas de Mao y los nacionalistas de Chiang Kai-shek estaban una vez más acercándose a

an alliance of convenience. The drive towards doing so was accelerated in July 1937, when una alianza de conveniencia. El impulso hacia ello se aceleró en julio de 1937, cuando

as Nanjing in the process. The Chinese Civil War now morphed into the Second Sino-Japanese ||en|la|||||Guerra||||||| Nanjing en el proceso. La Guerra Civil China ahora se transformó en la Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa

War and in turn, that would become a constituent part of the Second World War in later years. y, a su vez, eso se convertiría en una parte constitutiva de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en años posteriores.

By the end of 1937, the Communists and the Nationalists were formally allied with each para|el|fin|de|los|comunistas|y|los|nacionalistas|estaban|formalmente|aliados|con|cada A finales de 1937, los comunistas y los nacionalistas estaban formalmente aliados entre sí nuevamente

other again after Chiang Kai-shek caved in to pressure to do so from within his own ranks, ||||||nachgab||||||||||| otro|otra vez|después de|Chiang|||cedió|adentro|a|presión|para|hacer|eso|de|dentro|sus|propios|filas después de que Chiang Kai-shek cediera a la presión para hacerlo desde dentro de sus propias filas,

his fourth and final wife. As an example of his growing ruthlessness, his former wife |||||||||||无情||| |||||||||||Rücksichtslosigkeit||| su||||esposa|||||||||| en su cuarta y última esposa. Como un ejemplo de su creciente crueldad, su exesposa

He Tze-chun was packed off to the Soviet Union, where she was placed in a mental asylum. |||||||||||||||||精神病院 |||wurde|abgeschickt||||||||||||psychiatrischen| él|||fue|enviado|fuera|a|la|soviética|Unión|donde|ella|fue|colocada|en|un|mental|asilo He Tze-chun fue enviada a la Unión Soviética, donde fue recluida en un asilo mental.

years, was beginning to become clear. The Nationalists moved inland towards central ||||||los|nacionalistas|se movieron|hacia el interior|hacia|central años, comenzaba a hacerse clara. Los nacionalistas se movieron hacia el interior, hacia el centro

China as the Japanese occupied the rich cities and farmland of the coastal regions of eastern de China, mientras los japoneses ocupaban las ricas ciudades y tierras agrícolas de las regiones costeras del este.

China. Here, in the inland provinces, the Nationalists and the Communists would wage |||||||||||würden| China|aquí|en|las|interiores|provincias|los|Nacionalistas|y|los|Comunistas|verbo auxiliar condicional|librar China. Aquí, en las provincias del interior, los Nacionalistas y los Comunistas librarían

a war of attrition with the Japanese to the east for the next few years, and these were |||消耗战|||||||||||||| ein|Krieg||Abnutzung|||||||||||||| una|guerra|de|desgaste|con|los|japoneses|al|este||por|los|próximos|pocos|años|y|estos|fueron una guerra de desgaste con los japoneses al este durante los próximos años, y estos fueron

significant years in terms of the support Mao and the Communists enjoyed. In the course significativos|años|en|términos|de|el|apoyo|Mao|y|los|Comunistas|disfrutaron|en|el|transcurso años significativos en términos del apoyo que Mao y los Comunistas disfrutaron. En el transcurso

of the late 1930s and early 1940s, Mao's Red Army ballooned in size from approximately ||||||||||膨胀|||| de|los|finales|1930|y|principios|1940|de Mao|Rojo|Ejército|se expandió|en|tamaño|de|aproximadamente de finales de la década de 1930 y principios de la de 1940, el Ejército Rojo de Mao creció en tamaño de aproximadamente

the kind of countrywide support for the Communist Party, which Mao and the other leaders had |||全国范围的|||||||||||| el|tipo|de|a nivel nacional|apoyo|para|el|Comunista|Partido|el cual|Mao|y|los|otros|líderes|habían el tipo de apoyo a nivel nacional para el Partido Comunista, que Mao y los otros líderes habían

failed to acquire in the late 1920s and early 1930s. fracasado en adquirir a finales de la década de 1920 y principios de la de 1930.

as the Hundred Regiments Campaign, in August 1940, the 400,000-strong Red Army moved against |||团||||||||| como|la|Cien|Regimientos|Campaña|en|agosto|el|fuerte en 400000|Roja|Ejército|se movió|contra como la Campaña de los Cien Regimientos, en agosto de 1940, el Ejército Rojo de 400,000 hombres se movió contra

to Japanese supply routes. Late 1941 and early 1942 brought setbacks, ||||||||Rückschläge a|japoneses|suministro|rutas|finales|y|principios|trajeron|reveses a las rutas de suministro japonesas. A finales de 1941 y principios de 1942 se produjeron reveses,

although the Japanese made a series of sweeping conquests across the western Pacific, notably obwohl|||||||umfassenden||||||insbesondere aunque|los|japoneses|hicieron|una|serie|de|amplias|conquistas|a través del||oeste|Pacífico|notablemente aunque los japoneses realizaron una serie de conquistas contundentes en el Pacífico occidental, notablemente

seizing Singapore and Burma from the British and the Philippines from the United States, apoderándose|Singapur|y|Birmania|de|los|británicos|y|las|Filipinas|de|los|Unidos|Estados apoderándose de Singapur y Birmania de los británicos y de Filipinas de los Estados Unidos,

following the declaration of war on the US in December, with the surprise attack on the tras|la|declaración|de|guerra|contra|los|Estados Unidos|en|diciembre|con|el|sorpresivo|ataque|a|los tras la declaración de guerra a los EE. UU. en diciembre, con el ataque sorpresa a la

the Japanese in the ascendancy in Eastern Asia, the entry of Japan into the wider Second ||||Vormachtstellung||||||||||| los|japoneses|en|la|ascendencia|en|Asia|Asia|la|entrada|de|Japón|en|la|más amplia|Segunda a los japoneses en la ascendencia en Asia Oriental, la entrada de Japón en la Segunda

World War also ensured that the Nationalists and the Communists now had allies in the shape |||sicherte|||||||||||| |||||los||y|||||||| Guerra Mundial también aseguró que los Nacionalistas y los Comunistas ahora tenían aliados en la forma

of the British and Americans. With increased military, financial and logistical support |||y|||||||logístico|apoyo de los británicos y estadounidenses. Con un aumento en el apoyo militar, financiero y logístico

being received, they were able to ensure that the Japanese occupation of Eastern China was siendo|recibido|ellos|pudieron|capaces|a|asegurar|que|la|japonesa|ocupación|de|||estuvo al ser recibidos, pudieron asegurar que la ocupación japonesa de China Oriental fue

As the war was grinding onwards throughout the first half of the 1940s, the Chinese Communist ||||持续进行||||||||||| a medida que|la|guerra|estaba|desgastando|adelante|a lo largo de|la|primera|mitad|de|los|1940||| A medida que la guerra avanzaba durante la primera mitad de la década de 1940, el Partido Comunista Chino

Party continued to grow in power and so did Mao as its leader. The nature of the war of Partido|continuó|a|crecer|en|poder|y|así|lo hizo|Mao|como|su|líder|la|naturaleza|de|la|guerra|de continuó creciendo en poder y también lo hizo Mao como su líder. La naturaleza de la guerra de

resistance against the Japanese favoured the Communists over the Nationalists. For starters, |||||||||||zunächst resistencia|contra|los|japoneses|favoreció|a|los comunistas|sobre|los|nacionalistas|para|empezar la resistencia contra los japoneses favoreció a los comunistas sobre los nacionalistas. Para empezar,

the Communists were more attuned to how to wage guerrilla war, having done so for many ||||eingestellt||wie||||||||| los|comunistas|estaban|más|sintonizados|a|cómo|a|librar|guerrilla|guerra|habiendo|hecho|eso|por|muchos los comunistas estaban más sintonizados con cómo librar una guerra de guerrillas, habiéndolo hecho durante muchos

years against the Nationalist government in the late 1920s and early 1930s. As a consequence, ||||||||||frühen|||| |contra|los|||||||||||| años contra el gobierno nacionalista a finales de la década de 1920 y principios de la de 1930. Como consecuencia,

they were better prepared for doing so against the Japanese, and as they won a series of ellos|||||||||||||ganaron|una|serie|de estaban mejor preparados para hacerlo contra los japoneses, y a medida que ganaron una serie de

people seeking to oppose the foreign occupation. Moreover, Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang seemed personas|que buscan|a|oponerse|la|extranjera|ocupación|además|Chiang|||Kuomintang|parecía que buscaban oponerse a la ocupación extranjera. Además, el Kuomintang de Chiang Kai-shek parecía

to many to simply be the Chinese manifestation of the right-wing movements which had brought ||||||||||||||hatten| a|muchos|a|simplemente|ser|la|china|manifestación|de|los|||movimientos|que|habían|traído para muchos ser simplemente la manifestación china de los movimientos de derecha que habían traído

Japan into China to begin with, and as the Chinese Communist Party or CPC expanded in Japan||||||||||||||| Japón|a|China|para|comenzar|con|y|a medida que|el|Partido|Comunista|Comunista|o|CPC|se expandió|en Japón a China para empezar.

size, Mao also consolidated his control, in 1943 he acquired the chairmanship of both |||巩固||||||||| tamaño|Mao|también|consolidó|su|control|en|él|adquirió|la|presidencia|de|ambos tamaño, Mao también consolidó su control, en 1943 adquirió la presidencia de ambos

the Party Secretariat and the Politburo of the Party for the first time. It was also |||||政治局|||||||||| el|Partido|Secretaría|y|el|Politburó|del|Partido||por|la|primera|vez|eso|fue|también el Secretariado del Partido y el Politburó del Partido por primera vez. También fue

during these war years that he began affirming that Chinese Communism would have a distinctly ||||||||||||||deutlich durante|estos|guerra|años|que|él|comenzó|afirmando|que|chino|comunismo|verbo auxiliar condicional|tendría|una|distintivamente durante estos años de guerra que comenzó a afirmar que el comunismo chino tendría una forma

different shape than that which had developed in Russia. Beijing would be no puppet of Moscow |||||||||Pekín|verbo auxiliar condicional|sería|no|marioneta|de|Moscú distintamente diferente a la que se había desarrollado en Rusia. Pekín no sería un títere de Moscú

in future years. en|futuros|años en los años futuros.

The La El

of severe setbacks in its struggle against the United States, while its European allies, de reveses severos en su lucha contra los Estados Unidos, mientras que sus aliados europeos,

Germany and Italy, were also fighting an increasingly doomed war against Russia, Britain and the ||||||||verlorenes|||||| Alemania|y|Italia|estaban|también|luchando|una|cada vez más|condenada|guerra|contra|Rusia|Gran Bretaña|y|los Alemania e Italia también estaban librando una guerra cada vez más condenada contra Rusia, Gran Bretaña y los

US. Once the allies were victorious there, all their resources would be employed against |||||胜利的|||||||| |una vez que|los|aliados|estuvieron|victoriosos|allí|todos|sus|recursos|verbo auxiliar condicional|serían|empleados|contra EE. UU. Una vez que los aliados fueran victoriosos allí, todos sus recursos se emplearían contra

the Empire of Japan. Consequently, in the final years of the war, thoughts once again el|Imperio|de|Japón||||||||||| el Imperio de Japón. En consecuencia, en los últimos años de la guerra, los pensamientos una vez más

Mao's Communists and Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists and by 1942, open fighting between de Mao|comunistas|y|Chiang|||nacionalistas|y|para|abierta|lucha|entre los comunistas de Mao y los nacionalistas de Chiang Kai-shek y para 1942, la lucha abierta entre

the two had broken out yet again as the Chinese Civil War resumed. It would fully erupt again ||||||||||||wiederaufgenommen||||| los|dos|había|roto|afuera|otra|vez|como|la|china|Civil|Guerra|reanudó||||| los dos había estallado una vez más a medida que la Guerra Civil China se reanudaba. Volvería a estallar completamente

following the end of the Pacific War. On the 6th and 9th of August 1945, the United después de|el|fin|de|la|Pacífico|Guerra|en|el|sexto|y|noveno|de|agosto|los|Unidos tras el final de la Guerra del Pacífico. El 6 y 9 de agosto de 1945, los Estados Unidos

States dropped two atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Simultaneously, |||原子||||||||||| Estados|lanzó|dos|atómicas|bombas|sobre|las|ciudades|de|Hiroshima|y|Nagasaki|en|Japón|simultáneamente Los Estados Unidos lanzaron dos bombas atómicas sobre las ciudades de Hiroshima y Nagasaki en Japón. Simultáneamente,

the Soviet Union invaded Manchuria, which Japan had occupied all the way back in 1931. ||||满洲||||||||| la|soviética|Unión|invadió|Manchuria|la que|Japón|había|ocupado|todo|el|camino|atrás|en la Unión Soviética invadió Manchuria, que Japón había ocupado desde 1931.

Second World War was over and the Chinese Civil War once more commenced between the Segunda Guerra Mundial había terminado y la Guerra Civil China comenzó una vez más entre los

than he had been ten years earlier after the Long March. If the Long March had kept the que|él|había|estado|diez|años|antes|después|la|Larga|Marcha||||||| de lo que había estado diez años antes después de la Larga Marcha. Si la Larga Marcha había mantenido a los

eight years of war with Japan allowed the Communists to strengthen their position immensely ocho años de guerra con Japón permitieron a los comunistas fortalecer su posición inmensamente.

seizing power in the country. Early in 1946, Mao was handed an extra advantage when Stalin ||||||||||||||斯大林 apoderarse|poder|en|el|país|a principios|en|Mao|fue|entregado|una|extra|ventaja|cuando|Stalin tomaran el poder en el país. A principios de 1946, Mao recibió una ventaja adicional cuando Stalin

intense fighting between the Communists and the Nationalists before a breakthrough was luchas entre los comunistas y los nacionalistas antes de que se produjera un avance.

region south of Beijing with the capture of Shandong Province in the Huaihai Campaign. ||de|||la|||||en||| región al sur de Pekín con la captura de la provincia de Shandong en la Campaña de Huaihai.

Then in the winter of 1948, Mao launched the Pingjin Campaign against Chiang Kai-shek's |||||||||campaña|||| Luego, en el invierno de 1948, Mao lanzó la Campaña Pingjin contra las fuerzas de Chiang Kai-shek en el

forces in northern China. Over a two-month campaign, over a half a million Nationalist norte de China. Durante una campaña de dos meses, más de medio millón de nacionalistas

troops were killed, captured or wounded, and the north of the country was left in Communist tropas|fueron|asesinadas|capturadas|o|heridas|y|el|norte|de|el|país|fue|dejado|en|comunista las tropas fueron asesinadas, capturadas o heridas, y el norte del país quedó en manos comunistas.

took the decision that spring to drive south of the Yangtze River into the heartland of tomaron|la|decisión|que|primavera|para|avanzar|al sur|de|el|Yangtsé|Río|en|el|corazón|de tomaron la decisión esa primavera de avanzar al sur del río Yangtsé hacia el corazón del

Nationalist-held territory. This was done despite the efforts of the Soviet leader Joseph ||领土||||||||||| |||esto|fue|hecho|a pesar de|los|esfuerzos|de|el|soviético|líder|Joseph territorio controlado por los nacionalistas. Esto se hizo a pesar de los esfuerzos del líder soviético Joseph

Stalin to encourage Mao to form a coalition government with the Nationalists. Stalin did Stalin|a|alentar|Mao|a|formar|un|coalición|gobierno|con|los|Nacionalistas|| Stalin animó a Mao a formar un gobierno de coalición con los nacionalistas. Stalin no

not want a rival for power amongst the Communist leaders, but he would soon have one. On the |||竞争对手|||||||||||||| no|quería|un|rival|por|poder|entre|los|comunistas|líderes|sino|él|verbo auxiliar futuro|pronto|tendría|uno|| quería un rival por el poder entre los líderes comunistas, pero pronto tendría uno. El

23rd of April 1949, the Red Army seized the Nationalist capital of Nanjing. A series of ||||||攻占了|||||||| 23|de|abril|el|Ejército|Rojo|tomó|la|Nacionalista|capital|de|Nanjing||| 23 de abril de 1949, el Ejército Rojo tomó la capital nacionalista de Nanjing. Una serie de

further striking gains saw Chiang Kai-shek retreat south with his remaining supporters más|impactantes|ganancias|vio|Chiang|||retirarse|al sur|con|sus|restantes|partidarios ganancias sorprendentes hizo que Chiang Kai-shek se retirara al sur con sus restantes seguidores.

to make a strategic retreat from the Chinese mainland to the island of Formosa, more commonly |||||||||||||台湾|| a|hacer|una|estratégica|retirada|de|la|china|tierra firme|a|la|isla|de|Formosa|más|comúnmente hacer una retirada estratégica del continente chino a la isla de Formosa, más comúnmente

known today as Taiwan. Here the Nationalists formed a government which they proclaimed ||||aquí|los|nacionalistas|formaron|un|gobierno|el cual|ellos|proclamaron conocida hoy como Taiwán. Aquí los nacionalistas formaron un gobierno que proclamaron

back on the mainland, Mao had proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of de regreso|en|el|continente|Mao|había|proclamado|la|fundación|de|la|del Pueblo|República|de de vuelta en el continente, Mao había proclamado la fundación de la República Popular de

China on the 1st of October 1949. The Chinese civil war between the Communists and the Nationalists ||la||de||||||||||| China el 1 de octubre de 1949. La guerra civil china entre los comunistas y los nacionalistas

was at an end after more than twenty years of conflict. Mao now entered office as the |||||||||de|||||||el había terminado después de más de veinte años de conflicto. Mao ahora asumió el cargo como el

first chairman of the Central People's Government. The first measure to be taken was to tidy primera|||||||||medida|para|ser|tomada|fue|a|ordenar primer presidente del Gobierno Popular Central. La primera medida a tomar fue organizar

up the loose ends of the war. In the spring of 1950, the Red Army launched a campaign arriba|los|sueltos|extremos|de|la|guerra|||||||||| resolver los cabos sueltos de la guerra. En la primavera de 1950, el Ejército Rojo lanzó una campaña

against the island of Hainan off the southeast coast of China. Within weeks, the 100,000 contra|la|isla|de|Hainan|frente a|la|sureste|costa|de|China||| contra la isla de Hainan, frente a la costa sureste de China. En cuestión de semanas, las 100,000

strong Nationalist forces there were forced to surrender. The international community fuertes|nacionalistas|fuerzas|allí|fueron|forzadas|a|rendirse||| fuertes fuerzas nacionalistas allí se vieron obligadas a rendirse. La comunidad internacional

now expected that Mao would proceed with an invasion of Taiwan, and indeed, even the American ahora|esperaba|que|Mao|verbo auxiliar condicional|procedería|con|una|invasión|de|Taiwán|y|de hecho|incluso|el|americano ahora esperaba que Mao procediera con una invasión de Taiwán, y de hecho, incluso los estadounidenses

government, a long-time supporter of Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang, had decided not gobierno|un|||partidario|de|Chiang|||y|el|Kuomintang|había|decidido|no el gobierno, un antiguo partidario de Chiang Kai-shek y el Kuomintang, había decidido no

to recognize his new regime in Taiwan in the belief that it would soon be defeated by Mao ||||政权||||||||||||| a|reconocer|su|nuevo|régimen|en|Taiwán|en|la|creencia|que|este|verbo auxiliar condicional|pronto|sería|derrotado|por|Mao reconocer su nuevo régimen en Taiwán con la creencia de que pronto sería derrotado por Mao

sides, Taiwan remains self-governing to this day, and this period immediately after the ||||||este||||período|inmediatamente|después de|la lados, Taiwán sigue siendo autogobernado hasta el día de hoy, y este período inmediatamente después del

conclusion of the civil war also saw Mao head to Moscow in the winter of 1949 to 1950. Here, conclusión|de|la|civil|guerra|también|vio|Mao|dirigirse|a|Moscú|en|el|invierno|de|a|aquí la conclusión de la guerra civil también vio a Mao dirigirse a Moscú en el invierno de 1949 a 1950. Aquí,

he secured large injections of Russian financial support for China, as well as technological |获得|||||||||||| él|aseguró|grandes|inyecciones|de|ruso|financiero|apoyo|para|China|así|también|como|tecnológicos aseguró grandes inyecciones de apoyo financiero ruso para China, así como asesores tecnológicos,

advisers, although the agreement came with a tacit admission by Mao of Stalin's primacy |||||||默示的||||||首要地位 |||||||stillschweigend|||||Stalins| ||el||||||||Mao||| aunque el acuerdo vino con una admisión tácita por parte de Mao de la primacía de Stalin

within the Communist world. Mao would have to wait several years before he could attempt dentro del mundo comunista. Mao tendría que esperar varios años antes de que pudiera intentar

to go his own way. The post-war years in China saw the initiation a|ir|su|propio|camino|los|||años|en|China|vio|la|iniciación seguir su propio camino. Los años de posguerra en China vieron la iniciación

of wide-ranging political, social and economic reforms. Firstly, a massive land reform campaign de|||políticas|sociales|y|económicas|reformas|primero|una|masiva|tierra|reforma|campaña de reformas políticas, sociales y económicas de gran alcance. En primer lugar, se inició una masiva campaña de reforma agraria

was initiated to transfer agricultural land out of the hands of large-scale farmers and fue|iniciada|para|transferir|agrícola|tierra|fuera|de|las|manos|de|||agricultores|y para transferir tierras agrícolas de las manos de los grandes agricultores y

landlords and into the hands of poorer peasants. While this reduced economic inequality, it ||||||||mientras|esto|redujo|económica|desigualdad|esto terratenientes a las manos de los campesinos más pobres. Si bien esto redujo la desigualdad económica, lo

was not without violence, and there were many, many instances of the former landlords being fue|no|sin|violencia|y|allí|hubo|muchos||instancias|de|los|antiguos|terratenientes|siendo no estuvo exenta de violencia, y hubo muchos, muchos casos de antiguos terratenientes siendo

attacked or even murdered across China in the early 1950s. In tandem, a huge drive was |||||||||||同时|||| ||||||||||In|Zusammenarbeit|||| atacados|o|incluso|asesinados|en|China|en|los|principios|años 1950|||||| atacados o incluso asesinados en toda China a principios de la década de 1950. Al mismo tiempo, se inició una gran campaña para

initiated to crack down on opium production and consumption across the country, a habit ||verhaften||||||||||| iniciada|para|reprimir|abajo|en|opio|producción|y|consumo|en||país|un|hábito reprimir la producción y el consumo de opio en todo el país, un hábito

which was partly a legacy of British meddling into the Chinese economy in the 19th century. |||||||干预|||||||| |||||||Einmischung|||||||| que|fue|en parte|un|legado|de|británico|intromisión|en|la|china|economía|en|el|siglo 19|siglo que era en parte un legado de la intromisión británica en la economía china en el siglo XIX.

In the 1950s, millions of opium addicts and habitual users were press-ganged into labor ||||||||习惯性||||强迫征召|| en|los|1950|millones|de|opio|adictos|y|habituales|usuarios|fueron|||a|trabajo En la década de 1950, millones de adictos a la morfina y usuarios habituales fueron forzados a trabajar

Mao's regime branded as counter-revolutionaries, many of them being former members of the Kuomintang, de Mao|régimen|etiquetó|como|||muchos|de|ellos|siendo|ex|miembros|de|el|Kuomintang el régimen de Mao etiquetó como contrarrevolucionarios, muchos de ellos ex miembros del Kuomintang,

Korean War, which broke out in the summer of 1950 between a Communist North and an American-backed coreano|guerra|que|estalló|afuera|en|el|verano|de|entre|un|comunista|norte|y|un|| La Guerra de Corea, que estalló en el verano de 1950 entre un Norte Comunista y un

North. Massive Chinese aid ensured that the conflict ended in a stalemate three years |||||||||||僵局|| ||||||||endete||||| norte|masiva|china|ayuda|aseguró|que|el|conflicto|terminó|en|un|empate|tres|años Norte respaldado por Estados Unidos. La masiva ayuda china aseguró que el conflicto terminara en un punto muerto tres años

one which involved a trade embargo which lasted for over twenty years. |||||禁运|||||| una|que|involucró|un|comercio|embargo|que|duró|por|más de|veinte|años una que involucró un embargo comercial que duró más de veinte años.

in China. It would be incorrect to assume that Mao Zedong was simply a power-monger |||||||||||||||权力追求者 ||||||||||||||Macht|monger en|China|eso|sería|sería|incorrecto|a|asumir|que|Mao|Zedong|era|simplemente|un|| en China. Sería incorrecto asumir que Mao Zedong era simplemente un ansioso de poder

who used Communist ideology to secure authority in China. Certainly, he was a brutal autocrat, ||||||||||||||独裁者 quien|usó|comunista|ideología|para|asegurar|autoridad|en|||él|fue|un|brutal|autócrata que utilizó la ideología comunista para asegurar su autoridad en China. Ciertamente, era un autócrata brutal,

the 1960s and 1970s. But he had also read widely on Marxist-Leninist thought and had los|1960|y|1970|pero|él|había|también|leído|ampliamente|sobre|||pensamiento|y|tenía los años 1960 y 1970. Pero también había leído ampliamente sobre el pensamiento marxista-leninista y tenía

the industrial capacity of China's burgeoning cities of the East Coast and its great rivers, |||||蓬勃发展的||||||||| ||||Chinas|wachsenden||||||||| la|industrial|capacidad|de|China|en crecimiento|ciudades|de|la|costa|Este|y|sus|grandes|ríos la capacidad industrial de las ciudades en crecimiento de la costa este de China y sus grandes ríos,

leading the country away from its reliance on agriculture. As Mao described it, the Communists llevando|al|país|lejos|de|su|dependencia|en|agricultura|como|Mao|describió|eso|los|comunistas llevando al país a alejarse de su dependencia de la agricultura. Como lo describió Mao, los comunistas

the Japanese, and then absorbing the cities when they were strong enough. Now, the direct los|japoneses|y|entonces|absorbiendo|las|ciudades|cuando|ellos|estaban|fuertes|||lo|directo los japoneses, y luego absorbía las ciudades cuando eran lo suficientemente fuertes. Ahora, se necesitaba lo contrario directo.

closer to achieving communism as Marx had intended it. To that end, in 1953, the first |||||马克思||||||||| más cerca|a|lograr|comunismo|como|Marx|había|pretendido|||eso|fin|en|el|primer más a lograr el comunismo tal como Marx lo había concebido. Con ese fin, en 1953, el primero

Five-Year Plan was initiated in China, in imitation of the Five-Year Plans which the El Plan Quinquenal fue iniciado en China, imitando los Planes Quinquenales que la

Soviet Union had begun employing in Russia in the 1920s. The first Five-Year Plan of Unión Soviética había comenzado a emplear en Rusia en la década de 1920. El primer Plan Quinquenal de

1953 to 1957 was geared primarily towards reducing the reliance of the Chinese economy 1953 a 1957 estaba orientado principalmente a reducir la dependencia de la economía china

on agricultural output and moving towards becoming a global power through the creation de la producción agrícola y avanzar hacia convertirse en una potencia global a través de la creación

of an industrial economy. With Soviet financial support and expertise provided through Russian |||||苏联||||||| de|una|industrial|economía|Con|soviético|financiero|apoyo|y|experiencia|proporcionada|a través de|rusos de una economía industrial. Con el apoyo financiero soviético y la experiencia proporcionada a través de asesores rusos

advisers, new factories were built across the country during the plan, farms were collectivized |||||||||||||集体化 asesores|nuevas|fábricas|fueron|construidas|a lo largo de|el|país|durante|el|plan|granjas|fueron|colectivizadas se construyeron nuevas fábricas en todo el país durante el plan, las granjas fueron colectivizadas

completing 595 large and medium-sized infrastructural and economic projects, including railways, |||||基础设施的||||| completar|grandes|y|||infraestructurales|y|económicos|proyectos|incluyendo|ferrocarriles completar 595 proyectos de infraestructura y económicos de gran y mediana escala, incluyendo ferrocarriles,

major roads, and new dams, often linking parts of China with each other in ways which had ||||大坝|经常||||||||||| ||||Dämme|||||||||||| principales|carreteras|y|nuevas|represas|a menudo|conectando|partes|de|China|con|cada|uno|en|maneras|que|habían carreteras principales y nuevas represas, a menudo conectando partes de China entre sí de maneras que nunca

1957. Coal extraction doubled during the five years, while in agriculture, yields of grain ||||||||||产量|| carbón|extracción|se duplicó|durante|los|cinco|años|mientras|en|agricultura|rendimientos|de|grano 1957. La extracción de carbón se duplicó durante los cinco años, mientras que en agricultura, los rendimientos de grano

and cotton rose by over 30 percent during the same time period. Overall, the first Five-Year y|algodón|subió|más de|más de|por ciento|durante|el|mismo|tiempo|periodo||||| y el algodón aumentó más del 30 por ciento durante el mismo período. En general, el primer

sown the seeds of destruction, for a hubris now entered into Mao and his colleagues' 播下|||||||傲慢||||||| säte|||||||Hochmut||||||| sembrados|las|semillas|de|destrucción|porque|un|arrogancia|ahora|entró|en|Mao|y|sus|colegas sembraron las semillas de la destrucción, pues una arrogancia ahora entró en el pensamiento de Mao y sus colegas,

thinking, a hubris which would be injected with catastrophic consequences into the second una arrogancia que sería inyectada con consecuencias catastróficas en el segundo

Five-Year Plan, or as it is more commonly known, the Great Leap Forward. On the 22nd cinco|año|plan|o|como|se|es|más|comúnmente|conocido|el|Gran|Salto|Adelante|en|el|22 Plan Quinquenal, o como se le conoce más comúnmente, el Gran Salto Adelante. El 22 de

delivered a speech at a regional meeting of Soviet representatives, in the course of dio|un|discurso|en|una|regional|reunión|de|soviéticos|representantes|en|el|transcurso|de pronunció un discurso en una reunión regional de representantes soviéticos, en el transcurso de

overtake America in economic output by 1980." A few months later, in November 1957, at a superar|a América|en|producción económica|producción|para|||||||| superar a América en producción económica para 1980." Unos meses después, en noviembre de 1957, en una

within 15 years. Mao, who wished for China to rival the Soviet Union, and whose relationship ||||||||比肩|||||| dentro|años|Mao|quien|deseaba|que|China|a|rivalizar|el|soviético|Unión|y|cuya|relación dentro de 15 años. Mao, que deseaba que China rivalizara con la Unión Soviética, y cuya relación

with Khrushchev was more antagonistic than it had been with Stalin, began pondering this ||||对抗性||||||||思考| ||||antagonistisch||||||||| con|Jruschov|era|más|antagonista|que|esta|había|sido|con|Stalin|comenzó|reflexionando|este con Jruschov era más antagónica de lo que había sido con Stalin, comenzó a reflexionar sobre este

goal in the aftermath of the Soviet leader's speech. Not to be outdone, he quickly determined ||||||||||||不甘示弱||| ||||||||||||übertreffen||| objetivo|en|el|aftermath|de|el|soviético|líder|discurso|no|a|ser|superado|él|rápidamente|determinó objetivo tras el discurso del líder soviético. Para no ser superado, rápidamente determinó

initiated the Second Five-Year Plan, or what was soon referred to as the Great Leap Forward, inició|el|Segundo|||Plan|o|lo que|fue|pronto|referido|a|como|el|Gran|Salto|Adelante inició el Segundo Plan Quinquenal, o lo que pronto se conoció como el Gran Salto Adelante,

could be increased rapidly, it would show the Soviets in Moscow, and the world in general, podrían|ser|aumentados|rápidamente|eso|verbo auxiliar condicional|mostraría|a los|soviéticos|en|Moscú|y|el|mundo|| pudieran aumentarse rápidamente, mostraría a los soviéticos en Moscú, y al mundo en general,

that China was asserting itself on the world stage. Accordingly, all of the instruments |||behauptete|||||||||| que|China|estaba|afirmando|sí mismo|en|el|mundo|escenario|en consecuencia|todos|de|los|instrumentos que China se estaba afirmando en el escenario mundial. En consecuencia, todos los instrumentos

of the state were deployed in 1958 to begin increasing the rate of grain and steel production, ||||部署||||||||||| de|el|estado|fueron|desplegados|en|para|comenzar|aumentar|la|tasa|de|grano|y|acero|producción del estado fueron desplegados en 1958 para comenzar a aumentar la tasa de producción de granos y acero,

by establishing new smelting factories, and turning ever greater amounts of agricultural ||neue|Verhüttung|||||||| mediante|estableciendo|nuevas|fundición|fábricas|y|convirtiendo|cada|mayor|cantidades|de|agrícola estableciendo nuevas fábricas de fundición y convirtiendo cada vez mayores cantidades de tierras agrícolas

land over to grain production. Massive amounts of farmland were collectivized into giant |||||masivas|cantidades|de|tierras agrícolas|fueron|colectivizadas|en|gigantes en producción de granos. Se colectivizaron enormes cantidades de tierras agrícolas en gigantescas

state farms towards this end, and millions of workers were redeployed to different parts ||||||||||重新部署||| |||||y|millones|de|trabajadores|fueron|redeployados|a|diferentes|partes granjas estatales con este fin, y millones de trabajadores fueron redistribuidos a diferentes partes

towns, charged with maximizing production. However, many of these initiatives were potentially ||con||||||||| pueblos, encargados de maximizar la producción. Sin embargo, muchas de estas iniciativas eran potencialmente

hazardous to begin with, as the state was employing experimental farming methods, in peligrosas para empezar, ya que el estado estaba empleando métodos agrícolas experimentales, en

some instances, and in others, was turning over land to grain production, which was more |||||||||||Produktion||| algunos|casos|y|en|otros|estaba|convirtiendo|sobre|la tierra|a|grano|producción|la cual|estaba|más en algunos casos, y en otros, se estaba cediendo tierras a la producción de granos, que era más

with little or no training in what they were doing. It was an inauspicious beginning in |||||||||||||不吉利的|| ||||||||||es|||ungünstig|| con|poco|o|ningún|entrenamiento|en|lo que|ellos|estaban|haciendo|eso|fue|un|desafortunado|comienzo|en con poca o ninguna capacitación en lo que estaban haciendo. Fue un comienzo poco auspicioso en

1958, but one which would get much worse over time. 1958, pero uno que empeoraría mucho con el tiempo.

iron production did increase in the initial stages of the Great Leap Forward, perhaps ||||en|el|||||||| la producción de hierro sí aumentaron en las etapas iniciales del Gran Salto Adelante, quizás

by as much as 30 to 40 percent in 1958, but the mechanism whereby it was being increased ||||para|||||||||| en un 30 a 40 por ciento en 1958, pero el mecanismo por el cual se estaba aumentando

would prove catastrophic in some instances. In their eagerness to show good results, local resultaría catastrófico en algunos casos. En su afán por mostrar buenos resultados, los locales

party cadres throughout the country were often resorting to unimaginably short-sighted |干部|||||||||| |Kader|im ganzen|||waren|oft||||kurzsichtig| partido|cuadros|en todo|el|país|estaban|a menudo|recurriendo|a|inimaginablemente|| los cuadros del partido en todo el país a menudo recurrían a tácticas inimaginablemente cortas de miras

and brutal tactics. The more cruel methods involved overworking their laborers in the ||战术|||残酷的||||||| y|brutales|tácticas|los|más|crueles|métodos|involucraban|sobrecargando|a sus|trabajadores|en|las y brutales. Los métodos más crueles involucraban sobrecargar a sus trabajadores en las

factories to try to have larger amounts of steel produced. But within a few months, party ||||||||||pero|dentro|unos|pocos|meses|partido fábricas para intentar producir mayores cantidades de acero. Pero en unos pocos meses, los

officials throughout the country were also setting up what became known as backyard furnaces, funcionarios del partido en todo el país también estaban estableciendo lo que se conoció como hornos de patio,

the use of which Mao had actually encouraged. These were essentially makeshift steel furnaces, |||||||||||临时的|| |||||||ermutigt||||provisorischen|| el|uso|de|el cual|Mao|había|en realidad|alentado|estos|eran|esencialmente|improvisados|acero|hornos el uso del cual Mao había alentado en realidad. Estos eran esencialmente hornos de acero improvisados,

which were often set up in the yards of people's homes. Scrap metal was used to produce pig |||||||||||废料|||||| |||||||||||||||||Schweine los cuales|eran|a menudo|establecidos|arriba|en|los|patios|de|las personas|casas|chatarra|metal|fue|usado|para|producir|hierro que a menudo se instalaban en los patios de las casas de las personas. Se utilizaba chatarra para producir hierro

other instruments which were needed for producing food throughout the country were often being otros instrumentos que se necesitaban para producir alimentos en todo el país a menudo estaban siendo

higher outputs of alleged steel production in their areas. The result was a lack of basic |||声称的|||||||||||| |||angeblichen|||||||||||| mayores|producciones|de|supuesta|acero|producción|en|sus|áreas|el|resultado|fue|una|falta|de|básicos mayores producciones de supuesta producción de acero en sus áreas. El resultado fue una falta de herramientas básicas

tools for farming as the months went by. The effect of all this between 1958 and 1961 was ||||el|||||efecto|de|todo|esto|entre|y|fue para la agricultura a medida que pasaban los meses. El efecto de todo esto entre 1958 y 1961 fue

catastrophic, with millions of farmers being press-ganged into working in factories in catastrófico, con millones de agricultores siendo reclutados a la fuerza para trabajar en fábricas en

China in a country which was often on a subsistence food level anyway. Added to this was the practice |||||||||Existenzminimum||||||||| China|en|un|país|el cual|estaba|a menudo|en|un|subsistencia|alimento|nivel|de todos modos|añadido|a|esto|fue|la|práctica China en un país que a menudo estaba en un nivel de subsistencia alimentaria de todos modos. A esto se sumaba la práctica

of party officials destroying basic farming equipment to inflate the amount of steel they ||||||||增加||||| de|partido|funcionarios|destruyendo|básico|agrícola|equipo|para|inflar|la|cantidad|de|acero|ellos de los funcionarios del partido destruyendo equipos agrícolas básicos para inflar la cantidad de acero que

were producing in their areas. Furthermore, the party had begun trying to use experimental estaban produciendo en sus áreas. Además, el partido había comenzado a intentar usar experimentales

irrigation methods, which had rendered large amounts of farmland temporarily unusable in ||||||||||无法使用| Bewässerung||||unbrauchbar gemacht||||||| riego|métodos|los cuales|habían|hecho|grandes|cantidades|de|tierras agrícolas|temporalmente|inutilizables|en métodos de riego, que habían dejado grandes cantidades de tierras agrícolas temporalmente inutilizables en

some areas. Given all this, it is unsurprising that even by the autumn of 1958, just months ||||||||||||Herbst||| algunas|áreas|dado|todo|esto|eso|es|sorprendente|que|incluso|para|el|otoño|de|solo|meses algunas áreas. Dado todo esto, no es sorprendente que incluso en el otoño de 1958, apenas unos meses

of the country, and this was further compounded by the fact that the government continued de|el|país|y|esto|fue|aún|agravado|por|el|hecho|que|el|gobierno|continuó del país, y esto se vio agravado por el hecho de que el gobierno continuaba

keep up the appearance that productivity was increasing. By late 1958, people in certain mantener|arriba|la|apariencia|que|productividad|estaba|aumentando||||| mantener la apariencia de que la productividad estaba aumentando. A finales de 1958, la gente en ciertas

parts of the country were beginning to start foraging for wild foods in the countryside, ||||||||觅食|||||| partes|de|el|país|estaban|comenzando|a|buscar|forrajear|por|alimentos|alimentos|en|el|campo partes del país comenzaba a buscar alimentos silvestres en el campo,

as a result of the Great Leap Forward. It is quite possible that in late 1958 and early como|un|resultado|de|el|Gran|Salto|Adelante|eso|es|bastante|posible|que|en|finales|y|principios como resultado del Gran Salto Adelante. Es bastante posible que a finales de 1958 y principios de

1959, he was unaware of the famine conditions, but evidence has been uncovered which suggests |||||饥荒|||||||| |||||||pero|evidencia|ha|sido|descubierta|la cual|sugiere 1959, él no estuviera al tanto de las condiciones de hambruna, pero se ha descubierto evidencia que sugiere

it was too late. The forces which were unleashed in 1958 and 1959 reverberated into 1960 and |||||||||||回响|| |||||||||||hallten|| eso|estaba|demasiado|tarde|las|fuerzas|que|fueron|desatadas|en|y|reverberaron|en|y ya era demasiado tarde. Las fuerzas que se desataron en 1958 y 1959 reverberaron hasta 1960 y

1961, and famine struck China over each of these years with varying degrees of severity. |||||||||||||严重程度 y|hambre|golpeó|China|durante|cada|de|estos|años|con|variados|grados|de|severidad 1961, y la hambruna golpeó a China en cada uno de estos años con diferentes grados de severidad.

the population of which was approximately 660 million in 1958. Frank Dicotta, who studied la|población|de|la cual|fue|aproximadamente|millones|en|||| la población de la cual era aproximadamente 660 millones en 1958. Frank Dicotta, quien estudió

the period in detail and who saw the Great Leap Forward as Mao's Great Famine in the ||||||||||||||饥荒|| el|período|en|detalle|y|quien|vio|el|Gran|Salto|Adelante|como|de Mao|Gran|Hambruna|en|el el período en detalle y quien vio el Gran Salto Adelante como la Gran Hambruna de Mao en el

title of his study of these events, suggested the death toll was as many as 55 million people, |||||||||Todes-||||||| ||||||||el|||||||| título de su estudio sobre estos eventos, sugirió que el número de muertes fue de hasta 55 millones de personas,

others would suggest somewhere between 30 and 45 million, making this the most catastrophic otros sugerirían que estaba entre 30 y 45 millones, convirtiendo esto en el más catastrófico

famine in human history in terms of sheer numbers of deaths. ||||的|||绝对的||| ||||in||||||Toten hambre|en|humana|historia|en|términos|de|puro|números|de|muertes hambruna en la historia humana en términos de números absolutos de muertes.

The second five-year plan, advertised as the Great Leap Forward, came to an end in el|segundo|||plan|publicitado|como|el|Gran|Salto|Adelante|llegó|a|un|fin|en El segundo plan quinquenal, publicitado como el Gran Salto Adelante, llegó a su fin en

1962. Curiously, it was relatively under-reported internationally, as much of the information curiosamente|esto|fue|relativamente|||internacionalmente|ya que|mucha|de|la|información 1962. Curiosamente, fue relativamente poco reportado a nivel internacional, ya que gran parte de la información

concerning it was transmitted through the Republic of China's government in Taiwan concerniente|esto|fue|transmitida|a través de|el|República|de||gobierno|en|Taiwán relacionada con ello fue transmitida a través del gobierno de la República de China en Taiwán.

or the British enclave of Hong Kong, and many foreign services believed they were exaggerating |||飞地||||||||||| ||||||||||||||übertreiben o|el|británico|enclave|de|Hong|Kong|y|muchos|extranjeros|servicios|creían|ellos|estaban|exagerando o el enclave británico de Hong Kong, y muchos servicios extranjeros creían que estaban exagerando

the extent of the suffering caused for political purposes. Internally, however, it had badly |||||||||内部|||| la|magnitud|de|el|sufrimiento|causado|por|motivos|propósitos|internamente|sin embargo|eso|había|mal la magnitud del sufrimiento causado con fines políticos. Internamente, sin embargo, había comprometido gravemente

compromised Mao's leadership. On the 27th of April 1959, Mao's term as Chairman of the People's |de Mao|||la||de|||||||| el liderazgo de Mao. El 27 de abril de 1959, el mandato de Mao como Presidente de la República

Republic of China came to an end, although he retained his position as Chairman of the Communist |de||||||||||||||la|Comunista Popular de China llegó a su fin, aunque mantuvo su posición como Presidente del Partido Comunista

Party and of Military Affairs, he was succeeded by Liu Xiaoqi and by January 1962, the Great Partido|y|de|Asuntos|Militares|él|fue|sucedido|por|Liu|Xiaoqi|y|por|enero|el|Gran Partido y de Asuntos Militares, fue sucedido por Liu Xiaoqi y en enero de 1962, el Gran

Leap Forward was being wound down. At this time, Liu made a speech at what was to become known as ||war||||||||||||||||| Salto|Adelante|fue|siendo|terminado|abajo|en|este|tiempo|Liu|hizo|un|discurso|en|lo que|fue|a|convertirse|conocido|como Salto Adelante estaba siendo desmantelado. En este momento, Liu hizo un discurso en lo que se conocería como

the 7000 Carters Conference, in which he denounced the Great Leap Forward. It was a |卡特|||||谴责||||||| la|Carters|Conferencia|en|la cual|él|denunció|el|Gran|Salto|Adelante|eso|fue|un la Conferencia de los 7000 Carter, en la que denunció el Gran Salto Adelante. Fue un

very thinly-veiled public rebuke of Mao, the likes of which would have been unimaginable |轻微地|隐晦的|||||||||||| |dünn|||Tadel|||||||||| muy|tenuemente|velado|público|reproche|de|Mao|el|semejantes|de|los cuales|habría|tenido|sido|inimaginable reproche público muy velado a Mao, algo que habría sido inimaginable.

was still very much in charge. He would, however, have to govern in a more collective fashion, estaba|todavía|muy|mucho|a|cargo|él|verbo auxiliar condicional|sin embargo|tendría|que|gobernar|en|una|más|colectiva|manera seguía estando muy a cargo. Sin embargo, tendría que gobernar de una manera más colectiva,

with figures such as Xiaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, who had done much to recover the economic |||||||||||||||经济 con|figuras|tales|como|Xiaoqi|y|Deng|Xiaoping|quien|había|hecho|mucho|para|recuperar|la| con figuras como Xiaoqi y Deng Xiaoping, quienes habían hecho mucho para recuperar la situación económica

situation in the wake of the disastrous policies of the late 1950s. The 1960s also saw China ||||||灾难性的|||||||||| ||||||katastrophalen|||||||||| ||los|||||||||1960|||también|vieron|China tras las desastrosas políticas de finales de la década de 1950. La década de 1960 también vio a China

the Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev ever since the latter succeeded Stalin in the mid-1950s. el|soviético|premier|Nikita|Jrushchov|desde|que|el|este|sucedió|Stalin|en|la|| el Premier soviético Nikita Jrushchov desde que este último sucedió a Stalin a mediados de la década de 1950.

Mao was particularly perturbed by Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalin's brutal authoritarianism |||感到不安|||谴责||||专制主义 |||verärgert|||Verurteilung||||Autoritarismus Mao|estaba|particularmente|perturbado|por|Khrushchev|denuncia|de|Stalin|brutal|autoritarismo A Mao le perturbaba especialmente la denuncia de Jrushchov sobre el brutal autoritarismo de Stalin

and more moderate stance towards the Western powers. He also found himself increasingly ||温和的|立场||||||||| ||mäßige|Haltung||||||||| y|más|moderada|postura|hacia|las|occidentales|potencias|él|también|encontró|a sí mismo|cada vez más y su postura más moderada hacia las potencias occidentales. También se encontró cada vez más

ad-loggerheads with Moscow about the two regimes' interpretation of orthodox Marxism. Relations |对峙||||||政权|||正统的|| |Kopf-an-Kopf||||||||||| ||con|Moscú|sobre|la|dos|regímenes|interpretación|de|ortodoxo|marxismo| en desacuerdo con Moscú sobre la interpretación del marxismo ortodoxo de los dos regímenes. Las relaciones

US government of John F. Kennedy to defuse the Cold War in ways which Mao opposed. A sign of the |||||||entschärfen|||||||||||| ||de||||||la||||||||||| gobierno de EE. UU. de John F. Kennedy para desactivar la Guerra Fría de maneras que Mao se opuso. Una señal de la

split was seen in 1961, when Mao denounced the Soviet regime as revisionist traitors. For his |||||||||||修正主义者|叛徒|| |||||Mao||||||||| división|fue|visto|en|cuando|Mao|denunció|el|soviético|régimen|como|revisionista|traidores|por|su la división se vio en 1961, cuando Mao denunció al régimen soviético como traidores revisionistas. Por su

part, Khrushchev was increasingly wary of Mao's attitude towards the possibility of a nuclear war |Chruschtschow||||||||||||| |Jruschov|estaba|cada vez más|cauteloso|de|Mao|actitud|hacia|la|posibilidad|de|una|nuclear|guerra parte, Jruschov estaba cada vez más cauteloso con la actitud de Mao hacia la posibilidad de una guerra nuclear

with the West. Mao once worryingly suggested that if 300 million Chinese people died in a nuclear |la|||||||||||||| con Occidente. Mao una vez sugirió preocupantemente que si 300 millones de chinos morían en una guerra nuclear,

war, the other half would still be alive to secure victory, and so the Russian leader must have been |el|||||||||||||ruso|líder|debe|haber|estado la otra mitad aún estaría viva para asegurar la victoria, y así el líder ruso debió haber estado

the Sino-Soviet split was complete. While much is known about the political life of the man who |中|||||||||||||||| el|||división|estaba|completa|mientras|mucho|es|conocido|sobre|la|política|vida|de|el|hombre|que la ruptura sino-soviética estaba completa. Aunque se sabe mucho sobre la vida política del hombre que

oversaw this split with Russia and the catastrophes of the Great Leap Forward, the more private Mao 监督了|||||||||||||||| |||||||||||||den||| supervisó|esta|división|con|Rusia|y|las|catástrofes|del|el|Gran|Salto|Adelante|el|más|privado|Mao supervisó esta ruptura con Rusia y las catástrofes del Gran Salto Adelante, el Mao más privado

remains something of an enigma. His fourth marriage, that to Zhang Qing in 1938, lasted for ||||Rätsel|||||||||| |||||su|cuarto|matrimonio|ese|a|Zhang|Qing|en|duró|por sigue siendo algo enigmático. Su cuarto matrimonio, con Zhang Qing en 1938, duró

the remainder of his life. Though Mao engaged in a string of extramarital affairs, including most |余生|||||||||||婚外的||| |||||||verwickelte|||||||| el|resto|de|su|vida||||||||||| el resto de su vida. Aunque Mao participó en una serie de aventuras extramatrimoniales, incluyendo la más

controversially in his later life with a private secretary, Zhang Yufeng, who was in her early 有争议地||||||||||||||| de manera controvertida|en|su|posterior|vida|con|una|privada|secretaria|Zhang|Yufeng|que|estaba|en|su|principios controvertida en su vida posterior con una secretaria privada, Zhang Yufeng, que tenía poco más de

twenties when she first entered Mao's employ. He had at least ten children, several of whom had |||||||él|tuvo|al|menos|diez|hijos|varios|de|quienes|habían veinte años cuando comenzó a trabajar para Mao. Tuvo al menos diez hijos, varios de los cuales habían

been born in the 1920s and with whom he had very little relationship, as he had had to leave them ||||||||él|había||||||tenido||que|dejar|ellos nacido en la década de 1920 y con los que tuvo muy poca relación, ya que tuvo que dejarlos.

prolific composer of political writings and poems, while his reading habits tended to favour traditional 多产的|作家||||||||||||偏好| prolific|||||||||||||| prolífico|compositor|de|políticos|escritos|y|poemas|mientras|sus|lectura|hábitos|tendían|a|favorecer|tradicional compositor prolífico de escritos políticos y poemas, mientras que sus hábitos de lectura tendían a favorecer la literatura

Chinese literature. By temperament, he would become aggressive when challenged, but his demeanour was ||根据||||||||||举止| ||von||||||||||Verhalten| ||por|temperamento|él|verbo auxiliar condicional|se volvería|agresivo|cuando|desafiado|pero|su|comportamiento|fue china tradicional. Por temperamento, se volvía agresivo cuando se le desafiaba, pero su comportamiento no era

certainly not genuinely unhinged like Stalin had been in Russia during the 1930s and 1940s. ciertamente genuinamente desequilibrado como había sido Stalin en Rusia durante las décadas de 1930 y 1940.

great deal about his other personal motivations and inclinations are shrouded behind a public image ||||||||倾向|||||| ||||||||Neigungen||verborgen|||| gran|cantidad|sobre|sus|otros|personales|motivaciones|e|inclinaciones|están|cubiertas|detrás|una|pública|imagen gran parte de sus otras motivaciones e inclinaciones personales están envueltas en una imagen pública

which was closely managed during his lifetime. The Sino-Soviet split and the catastrophic ||||||||Sino||||| la cual|fue|de cerca|manejada|durante|su|vida|el|||cisma|y|las|catastróficas que fue cuidadosamente gestionada durante su vida. La ruptura sino-soviética y las catastróficas

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. Launched in 1966, the Cultural Revolution was designed to be |无产阶级||||||||||| Gran|Proletaria|Cultural|Revolución|Lanzada|en|la|Cultural|Revolución|fue|diseñada|para|ser Gran Revolución Cultural Proletaria. Lanzada en 1966, la Revolución Cultural fue diseñada para ser

by removing any of the vestiges of Chinese traditionalism which remained and the capitalist |Entfernen|||||||Traditionalismus||||| al|eliminar|cualquier|de|los|vestigios|de|chino|tradicionalismo|que|permanecieron|y|el|capitalista eliminando cualquier vestigio del tradicionalismo chino que quedara y el capitalismo.

Chinese Communist Party that was leading China in the wrong direction and this, along with communist |||||||||||并且|||| |||||||||||||||Kommunismus |||||||en|las||||||| Partido Comunista Chino que estaba llevando a China en la dirección equivocada y esto, junto con los

revisionists such as those who were now in power in Russia, needed to be stopped and a renewed revisionistas comunistas como aquellos que ahora estaban en el poder en Rusia, necesitaba ser detenido y se requería una renovada

dedication to the communist cause developed. In particular, Mao called on the younger generations dedicación a la causa comunista. En particular, Mao hizo un llamado a las generaciones más jóvenes.

China before communist rule, to bombard the headquarters to purify Chinese society of these |||||轰炸|||||||| |||||bombardieren|||||||| China|antes|comunista|régimen|para|bombardear|las|sedes|para|purificar|china|sociedad|de|estos China antes del régimen comunista, para bombardear la sede y purificar la sociedad china de estos

bourgeois capitalist elements and to reinvigorate the communist movement. There has been a widespread 资产阶级|||||重振|||||||| |||||wiederbeleben|||||||| burgueses|capitalistas|elementos|y|para|reinvigorizar|el|comunista|movimiento|allí|ha|habido|un|amplio elementos capitalistas burgueses y revitalizar el movimiento comunista. Ha habido un amplio

debate as to what Mao's motivations for launching the Cultural Revolution were. Some historians have ||||||||||||algunos|historiadores|han debate sobre cuáles fueron las motivaciones de Mao para lanzar la Revolución Cultural. Algunos historiadores han

and that a cultural reawakening was necessary to stop the bureaucratic degeneration of the country. ||||文化重振||||||官僚主义的|衰退||| |||||||||||Degeneration||| y|que|un|cultural|reavivamiento|fue|necesario|para|detener|la|burocrática|degeneración|de|el|país y que un renacimiento cultural era necesario para detener la degeneración burocrática del país.

However, while this might have been a motivating factor for Mao, there is no doubt that the Cultural |||||||激励因素|||||||||| sin embargo|mientras|esto|podría|haber|sido|un|motivador|factor|para|Mao|allí|está|no|duda|que|la|Cultural Sin embargo, aunque esto podría haber sido un factor motivador para Mao, no hay duda de que la Cultural

Revolution was primarily conceived as a way for the chairman to resuscitate his control |||||||||||恢复|| |||||||||||wiederherzustellen|| Revolución|fue|principalmente|concebida|como|una|manera|para|el|presidente|a|resucitar|su|control La Revolución fue concebida principalmente como una forma para que el presidente resucitara su control

over the Communist Party and the country as a whole. By its very nature, the movement allowed sobre|el|Comunista|Partido|y|el|país|como|un|todo||||||| sobre el Partido Comunista y el país en su conjunto. Por su propia naturaleza, el movimiento permitió

Mao to use the party's apparatus and wider organs of the state to purge the government of his |||||机构|||||||||||| |||die||||||||||säubern|||| Mao|a|usar|el|del partido|aparato|y|más amplios|órganos|del|el|estado|para|purgar|el|gobierno|de|sus a Mao utilizar el aparato del partido y los órganos más amplios del estado para purgar al gobierno de sus

opponents and competing factions. These had multiplied in number in the early 1960s as the |||派系||||||||||| ||konkurrierenden||||||||den|||| ||||estos|habían|multiplicado|en|número|en|los|principios|años 60|como|los oponentes y facciones competidoras. Estas se habían multiplicado en número a principios de la década de 1960, ya que el

catastrophic impact of the Great Leap Forward was felt across the country. Now, Mao would eliminate catastrófico|impacto|de|el|Gran|Salto|Adelante|fue|sentido|a través de|el|país|||| el impacto catastrófico del Gran Salto Adelante se sintió en todo el país. Ahora, Mao eliminaría

those who had dared to cross him in the most brutal purges seen within the Chinese Communist Party. |||||||||||清洗|||||| aquellos|que|habían|osado|a|cruzar|él|en|las|más|brutal|purgas|vistas|dentro|el|chino|Comunista|Partido a aquellos que se habían atrevido a desafiarlo en las purgas más brutales vistas dentro del Partido Comunista Chino.

The result would be years of unrest which turned ordinary Chinese people against each other ||||||Unruhen|||||||| el|resultado|verbo auxiliar condicional|sería|años|de|agitación|que|volvió|ordinarios|chinos|personas|en contra|cada|uno El resultado serían años de disturbios que volvieron a los chinos comunes unos contra otros

and created an environment of fear and suspicion. The Cultural Revolution was initiated in May 1966, |||||||Misstrauen||||||| ||||||||la|Cultural|Revolución|fue|iniciada|en|mayo y crearon un ambiente de miedo y desconfianza. La Revolución Cultural se inició en mayo de 1966,

and even people who were deemed to be wearing bourgeois clothing. These attacks could range from |||||被认为|||||||||| y|incluso|personas|que|eran|consideradas|a|estar|usando|burguesa|ropa|estos|ataques|podrían|variar|de e incluso a personas que se consideraban vestidas con ropa burguesa. Estos ataques podían variar desde

being mild to moderately violent, such as when teachers were attacked by gangs of students and |mild|||||||||||||| ser|leves|a|moderadamente|violentos|tal|como|cuando|maestros|fueron|atacados|por|pandillas|de|estudiantes|y ser leves hasta moderadamente violentos, como cuando los maestros eran atacados por pandillas de estudiantes y

or driven to commit suicide. As the frenzy built up in the summer of 1966, official party newspapers |||||||Wahnsinn||||||||| o|llevados|a|cometer|suicidio|a medida que|el|frenesí|se construyó|arriba|en|el|verano|de|oficial|partido|periódicos o llevados a suicidarse. A medida que la locura aumentaba en el verano de 1966, los periódicos oficiales del partido

stoked the flames by calling on the masses to clear away the evil habits of the old society schürte||||||||||||||||| avivaron|las|llamas|al|llamar|a|las|masas|a|limpiar|lejos|los|males|hábitos|de|la|vieja|sociedad avivaron las llamas al llamar a las masas a deshacerse de los malos hábitos de la vieja sociedad

and attack the monsters and demons. By now, students in classrooms and on college campuses |||||恶魔|||||||||大学校园 ||||||||||||auf|| y|atacar|a|monstruos|y|demonios|para|ahora|estudiantes|en|aulas|y|en|colegios|campus y atacar a los monstruos y demonios. Para entonces, los estudiantes en las aulas y en los campus universitarios

across China were organizing themselves into bands of so-called Red Guards, committed to preserving a través de|China|estaban|organizando|a sí mismos|en|bandas|de|||Rojo|Guardias|comprometidos|a|preservar en toda China se estaban organizando en bandas de los llamados Guardias Rojos, comprometidos a preservar

old habits, and old culture. By the early autumn, gangs of teenagers wearing red armbands roamed the |||||||||一群|||||红色臂章|| viejos|hábitos|y|vieja|cultura|por|el|temprano|otoño|pandillas|de|adolescentes|que llevaban|rojo|brazaletes|vagaban|las viejos hábitos y vieja cultura. A principios del otoño, pandillas de adolescentes con brazaletes rojos recorrían las

streets of cities such as Beijing and Shanghai, and the unrest was so visceral that August became calles de ciudades como Pekín y Shanghái, y el descontento era tan visceral que agosto se convirtió en

known as Red August. Soon, the initial student-led violence spread to other groups and factory conocido|como|Rojo|Agosto|pronto|la|inicial|||violencia|se extendió|a|otros|grupos|y|fábricas conocido como Agosto Rojo. Pronto, la violencia inicial liderada por estudiantes se extendió a otros grupos y fábricas

workers and laborers on collectivized farms began joining what was termed the Red Terror. |y||||||||||el|| los trabajadores y labradores en granjas colectivizadas comenzaron a unirse a lo que se denominó el Terror Rojo.

Meanwhile, Mao was directing these groups as best they could be directed, against his enemies within ||||||como|||||||sus|| Mientras tanto, Mao estaba dirigiendo estos grupos lo mejor que podía, contra sus enemigos dentro

the government and the wider party apparatus. But as a means of purging the party of his opponents, del gobierno y el aparato del partido más amplio. Pero como un medio para purgar el partido de sus oponentes,

this was a very unstable method. By 1967, radical elements were threatening to move beyond Mao's |||||方法||||||||| este|fue|un|muy|inestable|método|para|radical|elementos|estaban|amenazando|a|moverse|más allá|de Mao este era un método muy inestable. Para 1967, elementos radicales amenazaban con ir más allá del

ability to control them, but the Cultural Revolution nevertheless continued. In 1968, |a||||las|||||en control de Mao, pero la Revolución Cultural continuó de todos modos. En 1968,

Mao initiated the Down to the Countryside, whereby the children of supposed middle-class bourgeois Mao inició el Movimiento de Ir al Campo, por el cual los hijos de supuestas familias burguesas de clase media

urban families were forced into what were effectively re-education camps in the countryside. urbanas fueron forzados a lo que eran efectivamente campos de reeducación en el campo.

Meanwhile, the chairman was building up an ever-greater cult of personality around himself, |||||||||个人崇拜|||| mientras tanto|el|presidente|estaba|construyendo|un|un|||culto|de|personalidad|alrededor|sí mismo Mientras tanto, el presidente estaba construyendo un culto de personalidad cada vez mayor a su alrededor,

in part led by the publication of his Little Red Book, a collection of his sayings and writings ||||||||kleines||||||||| en|parte|liderado|por|la|publicación|de|su|pequeño|rojo|libro|una|colección|de|sus|dichos|y|escritos en parte impulsado por la publicación de su Pequeño Libro Rojo, una colección de sus dichos y escritos

unabated through the late 1960s, but by 1971, even Mao was aware of the need to scale things back, 不减弱|||||||||||||||缩减|| unvermindert||||1960er||||||||||||| sin cesar|a través|los|finales|años 60|pero|para|incluso|Mao|estaba|consciente|de|la|necesidad|de|reducir|las cosas|atrás sin cesar a través de finales de la década de 1960, pero para 1971, incluso Mao era consciente de la necesidad de reducir las cosas,

and though the Cultural Revolution is deemed by some to have only ended with Mao's death in 1976, ||||||认为|||||||||| y|aunque|la|Cultural|Revolución|es|considerado|por|algunos|a|haber|solo|terminado|con|Mao|muerte|en y aunque algunos consideran que la Revolución Cultural solo terminó con la muerte de Mao en 1976,

the worst of the unrest subsided in the early 1970s. As with the enormous famine created by |||||平息||||||||||| |||||legte sich||||||||||| la|peor|de|la|agitación|disminuyó|en|los|principios|años 70||||||| lo peor de la agitación se calmó a principios de la década de 1970. Al igual que con la enorme hambruna creada por

identify how many people died as a result of the Cultural Revolution. Estimates tend to vary between ||||||||||||estimaciones|tienden|a|variar|entre cuántas personas murieron como resultado de la Revolución Cultural. Las estimaciones tienden a variar entre

triggered into fanaticism by Mao's injunctions, however probably the greater proportion of these ||狂热主义|||||||||| ||Fanatismus|||Anweisungen||||||| desencadenados|en|fanatismo|por|Mao|instrucciones|sin embargo|probablemente|la|mayor|proporción|de|estos incitados al fanatismo por las instrucciones de Mao, sin embargo, probablemente la mayor parte de estos

lost their lives in instances where the army was called in to quell the unrest or by the army and ||||||||||||镇压||||||| ||||||||||||bekämpfen||||||| perdieron|sus|vidas|en|instancias|donde|el|ejército|fue|llamado|en|a|sofocar|el|disturbio|o|por|el|ejército|y perdieron la vida en casos donde se llamó al ejército para sofocar el desorden o por el ejército y

was the psychological pain inflicted on a society where people were effectively turned against each ||||施加的|||||||||| fue|el|psicológico|dolor|infligido|a|una|sociedad|donde|las personas|fueron|efectivamente|vueltas|en contra|cada fue el dolor psicológico infligido a una sociedad donde las personas fueron efectivamente puestas en contra de cada

other by the state. Perhaps the most glaring example of this occurred in Guangxi Province |||||||auffällig||||||| ||el|||el||||||||| uno por el estado. Quizás el ejemplo más evidente de esto ocurrió en la provincia de Guangxi

in the south of the country, where between 100,000 and 150,000 lives were lost during the Cultural en el sur del país, donde entre 100,000 y 150,000 vidas se perdieron durante la Revolución Cultural.

Revolution. People here even resorted to burying the persecuted alive or boiling or disemboweling |||||||||||活煮||剖腹 ||||griffen|||||||kochen||Eviszierung Revolución|la gente|aquí|incluso|recurrieron|a|enterrar|a los|perseguidos|vivos|o|hirviendo|o|desentrañando Revolución. La gente aquí incluso llegó a enterrar a los perseguidos vivos o a hervirlos o desentrañarlos.

them and there was systematic cannibalism engaged in in Guangxi as the frenzied masses sought to |||||食人行为|||||||||| |||||Kannibalismus|||||||verrückten||| a ellos|y|allí|hubo|sistemático|canibalismo|involucrado|en|en||||||| Y hubo canibalismo sistemático en Guangxi mientras las masas frenéticas buscaban

literally devour their enemies in their fervor. Ultimately, the Cultural Revolution scarred Chinese |吞噬||||||||||给留下伤痕| |verschlingen|||||Eifer|||||geprägt| ||||de|||||||| literalmente devorar a sus enemigos en su fervor. En última instancia, la Revolución Cultural dejó cicatrices en la sociedad china

society in ways which are hard to quantify. The early 1970s witnessed a major event in China's |||||||||||erlebte||||| |en|||||||||||||||de China de maneras que son difíciles de cuantificar. A principios de la década de 1970 se produjo un evento importante en China.

relations on the international stage which has had important implications down to the present day. |||||||||影响||||| relaciones|en|el|internacional|escenario|que|ha|tenido|importantes|implicaciones|hasta|el|el|presente|día las relaciones en el escenario internacional que han tenido importantes implicaciones hasta el día de hoy.

by Washington. However, with the passage of 20 years, both sides were cautiously investigating ||||||||||||调查 |||||||||||vorsichtig| ||sin embargo|con|el|paso|de|años|ambos|lados|estaban|con cautela|investigando por Washington. Sin embargo, con el paso de 20 años, ambas partes estaban investigando con cautela

the possibility of re-establishing diplomatic ties. During the course of the 1968 US presidential |||Wieder|||||||||| la|posibilidad|de|||diplomáticos|lazos||||||| la posibilidad de restablecer relaciones diplomáticas. Durante el transcurso de las elecciones presidenciales de EE. UU. de 1968,

election, the Republican candidate Richard Nixon had proposed making overtures to China to that |||||||||接触|||| |||||||||Angebote|||| elección|el|republicano|candidato|Richard|Nixon|había|propuesto|hacer|acercamientos|a|China|para|eso el candidato republicano Richard Nixon había propuesto hacer acercamientos a China para ese

effect and after he entered office, negotiations commenced. In 1971, Nixon's National Security efecto|y|después|él|asumió|el cargo|negociaciones|comenzaron|||| efecto y después de que asumió el cargo, comenzaron las negociaciones. En 1971, el Asesor de Seguridad Nacional de Nixon,

international relationship between two states in the world. Despite the veneer of normality which ||||||||||表面||| ||||||||||Fassade||| internacional|relación|entre|dos|estados|en|el|mundo|a pesar|del|velo|de|normalidad|que entre dos estados en el mundo. A pesar de la apariencia de normalidad que

was lent to US-Chinese relations by the official state visit of Nixon in 1972, at home the Chinese fue|prestado|a||chino||||||||||||| fue prestado a las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y China por la visita oficial del estado de Nixon en 1972, en casa el chino

80 years of age and owing to years of chain smoking, he was suffering from numerous physical ||||||||||||||zahlreichen| años|de|edad|y|debido|a|años|de|cadena|fumar|él|estaba|sufriendo|de|numerosos|físicos 80 años y debido a años de fumar en cadena, estaba sufriendo de numerosas enfermedades físicas.

ailments. It was due to this and the cult of personality which he had built up around himself 疾病|||||||这个|||||||||| Krankheiten||||||||||||||||| problemas|eso|fue|debido|a|esto|y|el|culto|de|personalidad|que|él|había|construido|arriba|alrededor|sí mismo Fue debido a esto y al culto de la personalidad que había construido a su alrededor.

in China in his final years. These were known as the Gang of Four which consisted of Mao's wife en|China|en|sus|últimos|años|estos|fueron|conocidos|como|el|Banda|de|Cuatro||||| en China en sus últimos años. Estos eran conocidos como la Banda de los Cuatro, que consistía en la esposa de Mao

Jiang Qing, Jiang Qiongqiao, an ultra-Maoist writer who had come to prominence during the 1960s for Jiang|Qing||||||||||||||| Jiang Qing, Jiang Qiongqiao, un escritor ultra-maoísta que había ganado prominencia durante la década de 1960 por

his denunciation of bourgeois elements within Chinese society, a close ally of Chun Qiao's, |指控|||||||||||| su|denuncia|de|burgueses|elementos|dentro|china|sociedad|un|cercano|aliado|de|Chun|Qiao su denuncia de los elementos burgueses dentro de la sociedad china, un aliado cercano de Chun Qiao,

branch of the Chinese Communist Party to become one of its highest-ranking figures during the |de|los|||||||de||||||la rama del Partido Comunista Chino para convertirse en una de sus figuras de más alto rango durante la

Cultural Revolution. The Gang of Four had done much to promote the worst excesses of the Cultural ||Die|||||||||||||| ||el||de|||||||las||||| Revolución Cultural. La Banda de los Cuatro había hecho mucho para promover los peores excesos de la

Revolution between 1966 and 1971, but even after the most extreme period of the purges ended in Revolución Cultural entre 1966 y 1971, pero incluso después de que el período más extremo de las purgas terminó en

life and his primacy in the politics of China are hard to characterize, as competing forces were at |||Vorrang|||||||||||||| ||||en|los||de|||||||||| vida de Mao y su primacía en la política de China son difíciles de caracterizar, ya que fuerzas en competencia estaban en

work in the halls of power in Beijing. Certainly, Mao remained wedded to the idea of clinging to ||la||de|poder||||||||el|||| acción en los pasillos del poder en Pekín. Ciertamente, Mao seguía aferrándose a la idea de aferrarse a

power until the very end. As a result, he continued to allow the Gang of Four and their supporters ||el|||||||||||grupo|de|Cuatro|y|sus|partidarios el poder hasta el final. Como resultado, continuó permitiendo que la Banda de los Cuatro y sus seguidores

to hold considerable influence in the country. However, separately, there was a growing clique |||||||||||||小集团 para|sostener|considerable|influencia|en|el|país|sin embargo|por separado|allí|había|una|creciente|clique tener una influencia considerable en el país. Sin embargo, por separado, había un grupo creciente

of individuals who coalesced around other older stalwarts of the Party, such as the former head |||聚集|||||||||||| |||sich zusammenschlossen||||Größen|||||||| de|individuos|que|se unieron|alrededor|otros|mayores|leales|de|el|Partido|como|como|el|ex|jefe de individuos que se unieron alrededor de otros viejos baluartes del Partido, como el antiguo jefe

They wished to break from some of the more traditional ideological values of the Party, ellos|deseaban|a|romper|de|algunos|de|los|más|tradicionales|ideológicos|valores|de|el|Partido Deseaban romper con algunos de los valores ideológicos más tradicionales del Partido,

espoused by Mao, and introduce a greater degree of professionalism into the running of the government |||||||||专业性|||||| verfochten||||||||||||||| defendida por Mao, e introducir un mayor grado de profesionalismo en la gestión del gobierno

wrought by the Cultural Revolution, as individuals who had fought the Japanese and the Nationalists 受到|||||||||||||| geprägt|||||||||||||| causado|por|la|Cultural|Revolución|como|individuos|que|habían|luchado|a|japoneses|y|los|Nacionalistas causado por la Revolución Cultural, ya que individuos que habían luchado contra los japoneses y los nacionalistas

in the 1930s and 1940s had often been purged from the Party in the late 1960s, only to be ||||||||清除|||||||||| en|los|1930|y|1940|habían|a menudo|sido|purgados|de|el|Partido|en|el|finales|1960|solo|para|ser en las décadas de 1930 y 1940 a menudo habían sido purgados del Partido a finales de la década de 1960, solo para ser

gradually rehabilitated in the 1970s. Acrimony between all these groups characterised the |||||敌意|||||| |||||Feindseligkeit|||||| gradualmente|rehabilitado|en|los|años setenta|acritud|entre|todos|estos|grupos|caracterizó|la rehabilitado gradualmente en la década de 1970. La acrimonia entre todos estos grupos caracterizó la

politics of China in the final years of Mao's life, and it was he himself who was largely ||||||||||y|eso|fue|él|mismo|quien|fue|en gran medida política de China en los últimos años de la vida de Mao, y fue él mismo quien fue en gran parte

responsible for creating this situation. The political uncertainty of the post-Cultural |||||la|política|incertidumbre|de|la|| responsable de crear esta situación. La incertidumbre política del período posterior a la Revolución Cultural

His health had further deteriorated in the mid-1970s, and he was suffering from several ||||恶化|||||||||| ||||verschlechtert|||||||||| su|salud|había|más|deteriorado|en|los|||y|él|estaba|sufriendo|de|varios Su salud había empeorado aún más a mediados de la década de 1970, y estaba sufriendo de varios

heart and lung ailments, the latter aggravated considerably by his chain smoking, while there ||||||加重||||||| corazón|y|pulmonares|enfermedades|las|últimas|agravadas|considerablemente|por|su|cadena|fumar|mientras|allí problemas cardíacos y pulmonares, estos últimos agravados considerablemente por su hábito de fumar en cadena, mientras que había

were unconfirmed rumours of a considerable reliance on sleeping pills which had developed |||de||||||||| rumores no confirmados de una considerable dependencia de pastillas para dormir que se había desarrollado

over the years. On the 27th of May 1976, he met the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, a lo largo de los años. El 27 de mayo de 1976, se reunió con el Primer Ministro de Pakistán, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto,

and which left him increasingly incapacitated. The final one on the 5th of September left him |||||失能|||||||||| |||||handlungsunfähig|||||||||| y|que|lo dejó|a él|cada vez más|incapacitado|||||||||| y que lo dejaron cada vez más incapacitado. El último, el 5 de septiembre, lo dejó

between the 11th and the 18th of September 1976, during which one million Chinese people entre|el|11|y||18|de|septiembre|durante|el cual|un|millón|chino|personas entre el 11 y el 18 de septiembre de 1976, durante el cual un millón de personas chinas

filed past his body. Today, the enormous mausoleum of Mao Zedong housing his embalmed body, |||||||陵墓||||||遗体| pasaron|junto a|su|cuerpo|hoy|el|enorme|mausoleo|de|Mao|Zedong|que alberga|su|embalsamado|cuerpo pasaron junto a su cuerpo. Hoy, el enorme mausoleo de Mao Zedong que alberga su cuerpo embalsamado,

stands in the middle of Tiananmen Square in central Beijing, on the site where the Gate of se encuentra|en|la|mitad|de|Tiananmen|Plaza|en|central|Beijing|en|el|sitio|donde|la|puerta|de se encuentra en el medio de la Plaza de Tiananmen en el centro de Pekín, en el sitio donde estaba la Puerta de

China, the southern gate of the old imperial city between the 14th and the 20th centuries, China|la|sur|puerta|de|la|antigua|imperial|ciudad|entre|los|14|y|el|20|siglos China, la puerta sur de la antigua ciudad imperial entre los siglos XIV y XX,

used to stand, before its destruction in 1954. It is perhaps fitting as a statement of where usado|a|estar|antes|su|destrucción|en|eso|es|quizás|apropiado|como|una|declaración|de|donde solía estar, antes de su destrucción en 1954. Quizás sea apropiado como una declaración de dónde

consciousness during the May 4th movement all the way back in 1919, was fading from Chinese life, durante el movimiento del 4 de mayo de 1919, estaba desvaneciéndose de la vida china,

the old leader of the Red Army, and a possible successor to Mao, Zhou Enlai, had pre-deceased |||||||||||||||||verstorben el|viejo|líder|del|el|Rojo|Ejército|y|un|posible|sucesor|a|Mao|Zhou|Enlai|había|| el antiguo líder del Ejército Rojo, y un posible sucesor de Mao, Zhou Enlai, había fallecido antes

Hua Guofeng, as his successor, shortly before his death. He succeeded as chairman of the Chinese ||||继任者||||||||||| Hua|Guofeng|como|su|sucesor|poco|antes|su|muerte|él|sucedió|como|presidente|del|el|chino Hua Guofeng, como su sucesor, poco antes de su muerte. Sucedió como presidente del Partido

Communist Party in 1976, but he would not last long. Guofeng was outmaneuvered in the years that |||||||||||被超越|||| ||en|||||||||||los|años|que Comunista Chino en 1976, pero no duraría mucho. Guofeng fue superado en los años que

followed by Deng Xiaoping, who became the de facto leader of China in 1978. Though Guofeng's brief seguido|por|Deng|Xiaoping|quien|se convirtió|el|de|facto|líder|de|China|en||| seguido por Deng Xiaoping, quien se convirtió en el líder de facto de China en 1978. Aunque el breve

period as leader was significant in arresting and charging the Gang of Four as being responsible for ||||||逮捕|||||||||| período|como|líder|fue|significativo|en|arrestar|y|acusando|a|Banda|de|Cuatro|como|siendo|responsables|por período de Guofeng como líder fue significativo para arrestar y acusar a la Banda de los Cuatro como responsables de

to life in prison under Deng Xiaoping's leadership. Elsewhere, despite his impeccable communist |||||||||||makellosen| a|cadena|en|prisión|bajo|Deng|Xiaoping|liderazgo|en otros lugares|a pesar de|su|impecable|comunista a cadena perpetua bajo el liderazgo de Deng Xiaoping. En otros lugares, a pesar de su impecable comunista

credentials, Deng Xiaoping quickly moved China away from its planned economy and the more 凭证||||||||||||| credenciales|Deng|Xiaoping|rápidamente|movió|China|lejos|de|su|planificada|economía|y|los|más credenciales, Deng Xiaoping rápidamente alejó a China de su economía planificada y de los aspectos más

authoritarian aspects of Mao's reign, setting term limits on the holding of office. It was during 专制的||||||||||||||| ||de||||||||||||| autoritarios del reinado de Mao, estableciendo límites de mandato en el ejercicio del cargo. Fue durante

Deng's tenure as Mao's successor that the roots of China's economic miracle can really be found, ||como||||el||||||||| el mandato de Deng como sucesor de Mao que realmente se pueden encontrar las raíces del milagro económico de China,

as he opened the country up to foreign investment and expertise. Thus, in the end, Mao proved to be |||el|||a||||||||||||ser ya que abrió el país a la inversión y la experiencia extranjera. Así, al final, Mao demostró ser

the impediment to China's growth, rather than the deliverer of it. Mao Zedong is one of the most |障碍|||||||||||||||| |Hindernis|||||||||||||einer||| el|impedimento|al|crecimiento de China||más bien|que|el|entregador|de|eso|Mao|Zedong|es|uno|de|los|más el impedimento para el crecimiento de China, en lugar de su impulsor. Mao Zedong es uno de los más

contentious individuals in Chinese history, and indeed the history of the modern world, to some 有争议的|||||||||||||| umstrittene|||||||||||||| contenciosos|individuos|en|la historia china|historia|y|de hecho|la|historia|de|el|moderno|mundo|a|algunos contenciosos individuos en la historia china, y de hecho en la historia del mundo moderno, para algunos

people and perhaps as many as 80 million died prematurely, whether as a result of the catastrophic |||||||||||||||灾难性的 personas|y|quizás|tan|muchos|como|millones|murieron|prematuramente|ya sea|como|un|resultado|de|la|catastrófica de personas y quizás hasta 80 millones murieron prematuramente, ya sea como resultado de la catastrófica

or government-orchestrated disasters such as the Banqiao Dam failure of 1975, which by some estimates ||策划的|||||板桥||||||| o|||desastres|como|el||Banqiao|represa|fallo|de|que|por|algunos|estimaciones o desastres orquestados por el gobierno como el colapso de la represa de Banqiao en 1975, que según algunas estimaciones

resulted in the deaths of over 200,000 people. However, to many others, he is one of the great resultó|en|las|muertes|de|más de|personas|sin embargo|a|muchos|otros|él|es|uno|de|los|grandes resultó en la muerte de más de 200,000 personas. Sin embargo, para muchos otros, él es uno de los grandes

heroes of modern-day China, the man who ensured that the cause of Chinese communism survived |||||||||||||中国|| héroes|de|||China|el|hombre|que|aseguró|que|la|causa|del|chino|comunismo|sobrevivió héroes de la China moderna, el hombre que aseguró que la causa del comunismo chino sobreviviera.

during the Long March of the 1930s, the commander who led Chinese resistance to the Japanese ||||||||指挥官||||||| durante|la|Larga|Marcha|de|los|años 30|el|comandante|que|lideró|chino|resistencia|a|los|japoneses durante la Larga Marcha de la década de 1930, el comandante que lideró la resistencia china contra los japoneses

victory over the Nationalists. Many who focus on his achievements will also point towards the fact ||el|||||||||||||hecho la victoria sobre los Nacionalistas. Muchos que se centran en sus logros también señalarán el hecho

and the 1970s, and argue that Mao laid the basis for China's economic miracle, which began in the y|la|década de 1970|y|argumentan|que|Mao|sentó|la|base|para|el milagro económico de China|||que|comenzó|en|el y la década de 1970, y argumentan que Mao sentó las bases para el milagro económico de China, que comenzó en el

late 20th century. It is indeed striking that one individual can provoke such widely diverging ||||||||||||||分歧 |||eso|es|de hecho|sorprendente|que|un|individuo|puede|provocar|tales|ampliamente|divergentes final del siglo XX. Es realmente sorprendente que un individuo pueda provocar opiniones tan divergentes.

opinions. There is no doubting Mao's critical role in ensuring the ascent to power of the Communist |es|||Zweifel gibt|||||||||||| |allí|está|no|dudando|de Mao|crítico|papel|en|asegurar|el|ascenso|al|poder|del|el|Comunista No hay duda del papel crítico de Mao en asegurar el ascenso al poder del Partido Comunista

Party in China. Without Mao, the movement might not have survived the 1930s, and his leadership |||sin|Mao|el|movimiento|podría|no|haber|sobrevivido|la|década de 1930|y|su|liderazgo en China. Sin Mao, el movimiento podría no haber sobrevivido a la década de 1930, y su liderazgo

was also critical in the post-war period, but once he secured power, this individual, who was clearly fue|también|crítico|en|el|||período|pero|una vez|él|aseguró|poder|este|individuo|que|estaba|claramente también fue crítico en el período de posguerra, pero una vez que aseguró el poder, este individuo, que claramente

control of China, at the expense of lives and social stability. It was his desire to not play control|de|China|a|el|costo|de|vidas|y|social|estabilidad|eso|fue|su|deseo|a|no|jugar control sobre China, a expensas de vidas y estabilidad social. Era su deseo no ser

second fiddle to Khrushchev and the Russians, which drove China into the disastrous Great Leap un segundo violín para Jruschov y los rusos, lo que llevó a China al desastroso Gran Salto

Forward, and his unwillingness to accept how badly things had gone wrong, which saw the famine which adelante|y|su|renuencia|a|aceptar|cuán|mal|las cosas|habían|ido|mal|que|vio|la|hambruna|que Adelante, y su renuencia a aceptar cuán mal habían salido las cosas, lo que vio la hambruna que

the second Five-Year Plan created, drag on for years and kill somewhere between 30 and 50 million el|segundo||||creó|se prolongó|en|por|años|y|mató|en algún lugar|entre|y|millones el segundo Plan Quinquenal creó, prolongarse durante años y matar a entre 30 y 50 millones

Chinese people. It was Mao's pathological desire to reinforce his position as head of the Chinese |||||pathologische|||||||||| chino|||||||a||||||de|la| de personas chinas. Era el deseo patológico de Mao de reforzar su posición como jefe del estado chino

state in the mid-1960s, which led to the violence and instability of the Cultural Revolution. The ||la|||||||||||||| a mediados de la década de 1960, lo que llevó a la violencia y la inestabilidad de la Revolución Cultural. El

Mao of the 1950s and 1960s was a different one to the individual who first joined the party in 1921 Mao|de|los|1950|y|1960|fue|un|diferente|uno|a|el|individuo|que|primero|se unió|el|partido|en Mao de los años 50 y 60 era diferente al individuo que se unió al partido por primera vez en 1921.

that he changed considerably over the years. What do you think of Mao Zedong? Do you think que|él|cambió|considerablemente|a través|los|años|qué|verbo auxiliar|tú|piensas|de|Mao|Zedong|verbo auxiliar|tú|piensas que cambió considerablemente a lo largo de los años. ¿Qué piensas de Mao Zedong? ¿Crees que

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