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History, Introduction to Ancient Greek Colonies

Introduction to Ancient Greek Colonies

I've always been fascinated by both colonization and diaspora communities, whether conquistadors

conquering the world for gold and god, or the Irish fleeing famine. What makes people

leave their homelands to start a new life in a completely different place? These days,

moving to a new country is easier than ever. We've pretty much mapped the entire surface

of the earth, all of its continents, oceans, mountain ranges, rivers, and even relatively

inaccessible areas such as the heart of the Amazon rainforest or the icy mountains of

Antarctica. With the exception of restrictions due to global pandemics, travel between continents

has never been easier. This, however, was not the case for the people of the country

that we today know as Greece. Despite having few, if any, of the advantages that we have

today, within the span of a few centuries, they had established colonies that in many

cases became some of the greatest cities in all of antiquity. Several of these cities

still thrive today. Let's examine the stories of these brave and highly capable people,

as well as some of the places that they spread out to in this program on Ancient Greek Colonies.

Between roughly the years 750 to about 550 BC, a number of Greek city-states in what's

today mainland Greece, its nearby islands, as well as the west coast of what's today modern

Turkey established trading outposts and separate cities along the shores of the Mediterranean,

Adriatic, and Black Seas. We generally call this process of outward expansion Greek colonization.

What makes these colonies extremely interesting is that they were founded at different times by

the people of different city-states for different reasons. There was no coordinated or centralized

planning amongst city-states. If anything, there was fierce competition for whatever foreign land

might still have been available. Most of the eastern Mediterranean had already been occupied

by the great kingdoms and empires of the Near East. Such places were already too populated and

unsafe for a massive influx of foreign colonists. Thus, early Greek colonies were set up in less

populated and less hostile regions. Places such as southern Italy, large islands such as Sicily,

Sardinia, and Corsica, the southern coasts of what's today France and Spain, northern Africa,

and east to the lands surrounding the Black Sea. Basically, wherever conditions

still remained favorable and any local resistance could be subdued.

Why would people leave their homes and everything they knew to venture into what

was often a distant and relatively unknown land to start a new life? Such a journey

clearly posed many risks as who really knew what was out there. The reasons though for leaving

awfully greatly outweighed those for staying in what was rapidly becoming an untenable situation

in the motherland. One major problem in the 8th century BC was overpopulation. With the Greek

speaking peoples adopting better agricultural techniques and technologies, what little arable

land Greece had became much more productive. This increased crop yields, which provided more food

for consumption and ultimately led to an increase in the population. However, there was only so much

land to go around. If one were to visit or even simply take a look at Greece and some of the

surrounding areas on a map, they'd soon realize that it's not a very big place. What's more,

is that the majority of the terrain is quite rocky, and so the percentage of arable farmland

that can actually be used to grow crops is really quite small, and most of that had been

owned for generations by aristocrats who were not inclined to share it with the general public.

What was able to be used, in time, ended up not being enough to feed the general population,

and so the citizens of many Greek city-states had to look outside their boundaries for good

farmland. In addition, many of the existing farms had been divided and subdivided amongst

sons several times until the plots that remained were too small to support entire families. Such

restrictions though didn't apply overseas, where there was no aristocracy, at least initially,

and second, third, and fourth sons could obtain their own plots of land that could be several

times larger than anything they could have dreamed to have obtained in their home city-state.

Another reason, or perhaps motivation, for seeking one's fortune abroad was for better

trading opportunities and the acquisition of natural resources. Being a maritime people,

the Greeks since Mycenaean times had traveled the seas and come into contact with many different

peoples, several of which they had forged trading relationships with. While these trade networks

had mostly dissolved during Greece's so-called Dark Age, by the 9th and 8th centuries BC,

they had resumed once again and were probably even more extensive and lucrative than in centuries

past. Along with groups of Phoenicians from the Levant, who at any time were either partners or

rivals, Greek-speaking peoples were some of the most successful maritime traders of the Iron Age.

Thus, many chose to take their chances on the high seas rather than to remain on land,

where they had few options for work outside of farming, herding, various craft industries,

or, in many cases, fighting as mercenaries. Given the lucrative international trade

opportunities overseas, it's no surprise that some of the earliest Greek colonies were at the

confluence of popular trade routes. For example, the early colony of Kymi, better known as Koumai,

was at the intersection of a busy trade route that linked the western part of the Italian

peninsula with the mainly Etruscan populated areas to the north. Other colonies established

in southern Italy as well as on the island of Sicily were also near maritime routes that linked

Europe with North Africa and the western Mediterranean. Many of these areas were

ideal for farming and growing olive trees, and this, along with the rich opportunities for trade,

allowed the colonies that were established there to eventually become wealthier than

any city-state or polis on the Greek mainland. The earliest trading outpost that we know of

was Pithecusae on the volcanic island of Istia, about 10 km off the coast of Naples,

Italy. It was founded by Greeks from Chalcis and Eritrea around 775 BC,

and the first of many such settlements to come. There's debate as to whether or not Pithecusae

was just a trading outpost, a full-fledged colony, or little more than a pirate's den.

Regardless, it provided close access to the main trade routes on the Italian mainland,

as well as contact with the wealthy Etruscans who controlled them. In particular, Greek traders were

after raw materials that were in short supply in Greece, specifically tin, silver, and iron ore.

In exchange, the Greeks supplied the Etruscans with wine, finished metal products, painted pottery,

and ceramics. By around 750 BC, Pithecusae had become quite prosperous, something apparent by

the valuable items and artifacts that have been uncovered there. The most famous of these is the

so-called Cup of Nestor. Dating to between 750 to 700 BC, it's a clay drinking cup painted in

the old geometric style of Greek art, but with one of the earliest surviving examples of Greek

alphabetic writing. However, by around 700 BC, Pithecusae was pretty much abandoned.

So, where did they go? Most likely, just across the water to the Italian mainland and the colony

of Koumai. Unlike Pithecusae, which most believe started out as a simple trading post, Koumai was

intended to be a permanent, full-fledged settlement, and because of this, most historians give it the

honor of being the first true Greek colony. In fact, it's likely that the traders from Pithecusae

were scouting locations for a permanent settlement and chose the site of Koumai for its fertile soil,

access to the natural harbors of the Gulf of Naples, and its relatively close proximity to

the great Etruscan cities further to the north. Within three decades, settlers from Koumai began

to form their own colonies, the most notable being Zancle in Sicily, today the modern city

of Messina, and, about 100 years later, Neopolis, which became Napoli, also known as Naples,

Italy. As the size of Koumai and its satellite settlements grew, so too did tensions with the

Etruscans. These came to a head around 500 BC, when Aristodemus of Koumai fought against and

defeated the Etruscans, and later became Koumai's ruler. In 474 BC, Koumai, which was allied with

another Greek colony, Syracuse, defeated the Etruscans at sea, essentially destroying their

power in that part of Italy. However, just a century later, in 421 BC, Koumai fell to another

Italian people, the Samnites, and, years later, became a possession of the Roman.

However, that was still several centuries in the future. By the 730s BC, word had gotten around

the Greek-speaking world of the success of Koumai, and soon, competing Greek city-states launched

expeditions to establish their own colonies. In fact, between 730 to 700 BC, it's estimated that

a new town was founded in southern Italy or Sicily every other year. There were so many

Greeks in southern Italy that the Romans called the area Magna Graecia. Unlike Pithecusae and

Koumai, which were established primarily for commercial reasons, most of the other colonies

that followed them in southern Italy and Sicily were founded for agricultural purposes, and also

to relocate citizens of overpopulated city-states. These areas were ideal for settlement. The

climate was good, the soil fertile, and their location was close to the busy maritime trade

routes that linked Europe with North Africa. Sicily would go on to become a major part of

the ancient Greek-speaking world. However, before that happened, the island already had its own

native non-Greek population. Thucydides wrote specifically about three groups, the Sycans,

Sycels, and the Ilimians. In addition to these, Strabo mentioned two other groups, the Morghyts

and the Ausoni. Most of the initial colonists came from Corinth, Chalkis, Rhodes, and Crete,

and their settlements were all founded along the eastern coast of the island. The first was Naxos,

followed by Syracuse, Leontini, Catane, and others. In some cases, the colonies were

established peacefully, in others by expelling the indigenous population. Within a short period

of time, more colonies were established, especially along Sicily's southern coast,

many of them starting out as settlements that were founded by other colonies. Some of them

were more like forts whose purpose was initially to protect their mother colonies from the island's

natives, who by now must have greatly resented the Greek presence in their homeland. The indigenous

Sicilians weren't the only groups hostile to the newcomers. On the opposite side of the island were

Phoenicians and Carthaginians. Both were colonizing the other end of Sicily and had also allied with

one of the island's indigenous groups, the Ilimians. While fortune seemed to favor the Greeks in Sicily,

that didn't mean that there weren't any problems. Though they often shared a common rivalry with

both the indigenous peoples as well as the Phoenicians, their greatest enemies were often

themselves. There are many instances of colonies fighting with each other, mostly between cities

inhabited by Dorian Greeks against those that were populated with Ionian Greeks. Shortly after

their establishment, most Greek colonies in southern Italy and Sicily were governed by

oligarchies until about the 6th century BC, after which tyrants seized power, usually by presenting

themselves as the best bet against both anarchy and outside threats, whether they be hostile natives,

Phoenicians, Carthaginians, or rival colonies. Southern Italy and Sicily though were just the

beginning of Greek westward expansion. Soon there were Greek-speaking peoples settling along the

shores of places as far away as southern Spain. Most of these settlements though were not full-fledged

colonies but generally large trading posts. One exception though was Massalia, on the site of the

modern-day city of Marseille, France. Archaeologists have determined that by the mid-7th century BC,

merchants from abroad were trading heavily with the local inhabitants. It's not known for sure

whether or not they were Greek Soritruscans, but objects from both civilizations have been

discovered at indigenous burial sites in the region. Regardless of who was there first, around 600 BC,

Greek settlers from Phokaea established the town of Massalia, supposedly after defeating

Carthaginians in a battle at sea. The local Ligurian tribes supposedly welcomed the new

settlers, and within a short time Massalia began to prosper as a regional commercial hub where

Greeks, Ligurians, and traders from Celtic kingdoms in southern Spain all gathered to exchange their wares.

Similar to colonies in southern Italy, Massalia also sent out missions to establish new colonies,

which eventually included Nicaea and Empurium. These colonies mainly supplied raw materials

such as silver, iron, tin, and lead to Massalia, which were then exported back to mainland Greece

for a hefty profit. The colonies around Massalia also served as bases for trading expeditions

further into the interior. One way they achieved success in this was through exchanging Greek wine

for really whatever they wanted. In the same way that French traders in the 1600s

traded brandy with the indigenous inhabitants of North America for animal pelts, the Greeks took

wine with them into the interior of what was then Gaul and introduced it to the Celtic tribes there.

It's believed that in time, these people learned how to cultivate grapes and eventually their own

wine. Unlike in some other areas, where colonies were established to the detriment of the indigenous

peoples, the relationship between the Greeks of southern France and Spain with the locals

seems to have been both a peaceful and mutually beneficial one.

Other colonies were much closer to home. On the northern coast of the Aegean was Thrace.

Between the years 720 to about 700 BC, Greeks mainly from Chalcis started to settle there,

ousting many of the Thracians in the process. Renaming the area Chalkidis, meaning Chalkidian

land, the Greeks from Chalkis established at least 30 different settlements there. By the 600s BC,

other arrivals, especially from Corinth, settled in the area and founded the city of Potidaea.

About 10 kilometers off the coast of Thrace is the island of Thassos, which was home to a colony

of the same name. Around 700 BC, it attracted colonists, mostly from the island of Paros,

in the southern Aegean, who were after its rich mineral deposits, including gold, silver,

and marble. The island was also known for its highly prized timber. It was a dangerous life

though, as the colonists had to constantly fight against the fierce, native Thracians,

something mentioned often in the poems of Archilochus.

Colonies were also established directly south of the Greek mainland, across the Mediterranean

in what's today the North African country of Libya. The most famous colony here was Kyrene,

which was established around 630 BC. According to an account by Herodotus,

which has also somewhat been verified by another source, Kyrene's settlers left behind the island

of Thera at the advice of the oracle of Delphi, but only after a severe drought.

Herodotus' tale goes as follows.

Theras, and king of the island of Thera, went to Delphi. He was attended by other citizens,

in particular by Batos, a member of the tribe of the Euphimides, who were Minions.

Although Grinos, king of the Therians, had come to consult the Pythia about other matters,

she instructed him to found a city in Libya. He replied,

But my lord, I am now too weighted down with age to pick up and settle elsewhere.

Please command one of the younger men to go instead. And as he said this, he pointed to Batos.

That was all that happened at the time, and after they had returned home,

they ignored the oracular response. After all, they had no idea where Libya was,

and would not dare to lead a colonial expedition off into the unknown.

But afterward, no rain fell on Thera for seven years, and all the trees on the island

withered away except for one. So, the Therians again consulted the Oracle,

and the Pythia again urged them to colonize Libya. Since they had obtained no solution to their

problem, they sent messengers to Crete in search of a Cretan or resident alien who might have gone

to Libya. The messengers wandered throughout Crete until they came to the city of Itanos,

where they met a Murex fisherman named Korobios, who said he had once been blown off course by the

wind and had come to the Libyan island called Plataea. They persuaded him to help them by

offering him money and took him to Thera. From there, a small party sailed out on a scouting

expedition. Korobios led them to the island of Plataea, and after leaving him there with

provisions sufficient to last a designated number of months,

they quickly sailed back to report to the Therians about the island.

Things had gotten so bad on Thera that each family was required to send at least one son

to join the expedition to found the new colony, or else face harsh consequences.

At a minimum, death and the confiscation of all of their property.

An inscription discovered at Cyrene dating to the 4th century BC, which also contains a copy of

what's called the Oath of the Settlers, describes the plan to colonize Cyrene.

The assembly has resolved. Since Apollo of his own accord told Batos and the Therians to found

Cyrene, the Therians have resolved to send Batos as the first founder and king out to Libya,

and that Therians are to sail as his companions. On equal and like terms are they to sail,

according to household, with one son to be selected, and those who are of age,

and of the other Therians, those who are free, are to sail. If the colonists establish the colony,

then a Therian who sails later shall hold both citizenship and be eligible for office in Cyrene.

But if they do not establish a colony, and the Therians are unable to aid them,

but hardships afflict them for five years, then from that land they are without fear of redress

to depart for Thera, back to their own property, and they are to be citizens of Thera.

But anyone who should refuse to sail when the city sends him out,

shall be liable to the death penalty, and his property shall be confiscated.

Anyone that takes him in, or that hides him, be he a father hiding a son, or a brother

hiding a brother, shall suffer the same things as he that refused to sail.

On these terms, they that remain here on Thera, and they that are sailing to found a colony,

have made a covenant, and they have cursed them that should transgress against it,

and not abide by it, whether amongst them settling in Libya, or amongst them remaining here.

Landing on the Libyan coast, the settlers founded Cyrene.

Cyrene ended up being one of the most prosperous Greek colonies of all, and was governed for

centuries by the Batiat family, named after Batos, the leader of the original expedition.

The colony exported grain, wool, oxides, and a local plant known as silphium, which was used as

a laxative. Later on, the citizens of Cyrene established the nearby colonies of Barca and

Euhesperides, with the entire area eventually adopting the name Cyreneca.

Cyrene is also a good example of the typical relationship that a colony had with its mother

city. As soon as it was founded, the new colony was considered to be a completely independent

state, with its own rulers and government. Thus, the modern definition of a colony, where the

settlement is still part of and controlled by a mother nation, didn't necessarily apply to the

Greek-speaking world. So for example, in the Oath of the Settlers inscription discovered on Cyrene,

the founders of Cyrene ceased to be citizens of Thera the moment that the colony was established.

Only after five years, and if the colony completely failed, could they regain their

Therian citizenship. Fortunately for them, this was not the case, and Cyrene would go on to become

much more prosperous and powerful than its mother colony, Thera. Though politically independent,

the relationship between the mother city and colony was never completely severed.

After all, the two were related by blood. Colonists still had mothers, fathers, siblings,

cousins, close friends, and many other relationships in the mother city. In many cases, the colonies

also provided surplus food or other items to the mother colony first before selling them on the

open market. This actually was the case with Cyrene, which was able to supply Thera with grain

during its greatest time of need. Finally, we have the Greek colonies that

surrounded the Black Sea, of which there were many. According to Strabo, it was Miletus in

southwestern Asia Minor, today in modern Turkey, that was the mother city of most of them. Miletus

was one of, if not the most prosperous city in the part of the ancient Greek world known as Ionia,

and some scholars have wondered why its leaders felt the need to send settlers to the distant

shores of the Black Sea. This most likely may have been because the interior of Asia Minor

was occupied by other powerful states, the one just bordering Miletus being the Kingdom of Lydia.

Eventually, Miletus was obliged to accept a treaty with Lydia that reduced its territorial

possessions. Initially, Miletus didn't suffer from overpopulation or a lack of farmland like

other Greek city-states, but its traders probably wished to find a way to acquire raw materials

such as copper, tin, silver, and gold from the interior of Asia Minor by bypassing kingdoms

such as Lydia. Thus, they founded the city of Sinope, almost directly at the center of the

southern coast of the Black Sea. Though it had not one but two harbors, it was isolated by mountains

from the interior of Asia Minor. While this helped to protect it, it also meant that the city had to

rely almost exclusively on seaborne trade, which allowed it to export precious metals from the

nearby mountains to its south. Other colonies around the Black Sea and Sea of Marmara included

Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea, Pantykapeum, Kizikos, Istria, Trapezos, and too many others to name.

There were just so many Greek colonies that it's impossible to go over all of them in such a short

program, but in future we'll individually cover some of the more famous ones, so stay tuned!

As always, thanks so much for stopping by, I really appreciate it. I'd also really like to

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Introduction to Ancient Greek Colonies ||||Colonies Introduktion|till|antik|grekiska|kolonier Introducción|a|Antigua|Griega|Colonias Einführung in die griechischen Kolonien der Antike Introdução às colónias da Grécia Antiga Введение в древнегреческие колонии Antik Yunan Kolonilerine Giriş 古希腊殖民地简介 Introduktion till antika grekiska kolonier Introducción a las Colonias Griegas Antiguas

I've always been fascinated by both colonization and diaspora communities, whether conquistadors ||||||||移民社区|||conquistadors Jag har|alltid|varit|fascinerad|av|både|kolonisering|och|diaspora|samhällen|oavsett om|erövrare yo he|siempre|estado|fascinado|por|ambos|colonización|y|diáspora|comunidades|ya sea|conquistadores Jag har alltid varit fascinerad av både kolonisering och diasporasamfund, oavsett om det är conquistadorer Siempre me han fascinado tanto la colonización como las comunidades de diáspora, ya sean conquistadores

conquering the world for gold and god, or the Irish fleeing famine. What makes people ||||||||||escaping|饥荒||| erövra|världen|världen|för|guld|och|Gud|eller|irländarna|irländarna|flyr|svält|Vad|gör|människor ||||||||||||qué|hace|a las personas som erövrar världen för guld och gud, eller irländare som flyr svält. Vad får människor conquistando el mundo por oro y dios, o los irlandeses huyendo de la hambruna. ¿Qué hace que las personas

leave their homelands to start a new life in a completely different place? These days, lämna|deras|hemländer|att|börja|ett|nytt|liv|i|en|helt|annorlunda|plats|Dessa|dagar |||||||||||||estos|días att lämna sina hemländer för att börja ett nytt liv på en helt annan plats? Nuförtiden, dejen sus tierras natales para comenzar una nueva vida en un lugar completamente diferente? En estos días,

moving to a new country is easier than ever. We've pretty much mapped the entire surface ||||||||||||mapped||| flytta|till|ett|nytt|land|är|lättare|än|någonsin|Vi har|ganska|mycket|kartlagt|den|hela|yta mudarse|a|un|nuevo|país|es|más fácil|que|nunca||||||| att flytta till ett nytt land är enklare än någonsin. Vi har i stort sett kartlagt hela ytan mudarse a un nuevo país es más fácil que nunca. Prácticamente hemos mapeado toda la superficie

of the earth, all of its continents, oceans, mountain ranges, rivers, and even relatively av|jorden|jorden|alla|av|dess|kontinenter|hav|berg|kedjor|floder|och|även|relativt |la|||||||||||| av jorden, alla dess kontinenter, hav, bergskedjor, floder och till och med relativt de la tierra, todos sus continentes, océanos, cordilleras, ríos e incluso áreas relativamente

inaccessible areas such as the heart of the Amazon rainforest or the icy mountains of inaccessible|||||||||||||| otillgängliga|områden|sådana|som|den|hjärtat|av|den|Amazonas|regnskog|eller|de|isiga|bergen| ||||la||de|||||||| otillgängliga områden som hjärtat av Amazonas regnskog eller de isiga bergen i inaccesibles como el corazón de la selva amazónica o las montañas heladas de

that we today know as Greece. Despite having few, if any, of the advantages that we have som|vi|idag|känner till|som|Grekland|Trots|ha|få|om|några|av|de|fördelar|som|vi|har que|nosotros|hoy|conocemos|como|Grecia|a pesar|de tener|pocos|si|alguno|de|las|ventajas|que|nosotros|tenemos som vi idag känner som Grekland. Trots att de hade få, om några, av de fördelar som vi har que hoy conocemos como Grecia. A pesar de tener pocas, si es que alguna, de las ventajas que tenemos

today, within the span of a few centuries, they had established colonies that in many idag|inom|de|spann|av|ett|få|århundraden|de|hade|etablerat|kolonier|som|i|många hoy|en|el|lapso|de|un|pocos|siglos|ellos|habían|establecido|colonias|que|en|muchas idag, hade de inom loppet av några århundraden etablerat kolonier som i många hoy, en el transcurso de unos pocos siglos, habían establecido colonias que en muchos

cases became some of the greatest cities in all of antiquity. Several of these cities ||||||||||ancient times|||| fall|blev|några|av|de|största|städer|i|all|av|antiken|Flera|av|dessa|städer casos|se convirtieron|algunas|de|las|más grandes|ciudades|en|toda|de|la antigüedad|varias|de|estas|ciudades fall blev några av de största städerna i hela antiken. Flera av dessa städer casos se convirtieron en algunas de las ciudades más grandes de toda la antigüedad. Varias de estas ciudades

still thrive today. Let's examine the stories of these brave and highly capable people, |flourish|||||||||||| fortfarande|blomstrar|idag|Låt oss|undersöka|de|berättelser|om|dessa|modiga|och|mycket|kapabla|människor todavía|prosperan|hoy|vamos a|examinar|las|historias|de|estas|valientes|y|altamente|capaces|personas fortfarande blomstra idag. Låt oss undersöka berättelserna om dessa modiga och mycket kapabla människor, todavía prosperan hoy en día. Examinemos las historias de estas personas valientes y altamente capacitadas,

as well as some of the places that they spread out to in this program on Ancient Greek Colonies. så|väl|som|några|av|de|platser|som|de|spred|ut|till|i|det|program|om|antik|grekiska|kolonier así|bien|como|algunos|de|los|lugares|que|ellos|se expandieron|afuera|a|en|este|programa|sobre|antiguas|griegas|colonias såväl som några av de platser som de spred sig till i detta program om antika grekiska kolonier. así como algunos de los lugares a los que se expandieron en este programa sobre las Colonias Griegas Antiguas.

Between roughly the years 750 to about 550 BC, a number of Greek city-states in what's Mellan|ungefär|de|åren|till|omkring|fKr|ett|antal|av|grekiska|||i|vad som entre|aproximadamente|los|años|a|alrededor|aC|un|número|de|griegas|||en|lo que es Mellan ungefär åren 750 till omkring 550 f.Kr. fanns det ett antal grekiska stadsstater i det som är Entre aproximadamente los años 750 y 550 a.C., un número de ciudades-estado griegas en lo que es

today mainland Greece, its nearby islands, as well as the west coast of what's today modern idag|fastland|Grekland|dess|närliggande|öar|såväl som|också||den|västra|kusten|av|vad som|idag|moderna hoy|tierra firme|Grecia|sus|cercanas|islas|así|bien|como|la|costa oeste|costa|de|lo que es|hoy|moderna dagens fastland Grekland, dess närliggande öar, samt västkusten av det som idag är modernt hoy la Grecia continental, sus islas cercanas, así como la costa oeste de lo que hoy es la moderna

Turkey established trading outposts and separate cities along the shores of the Mediterranean, |||trading posts||||||||| Turkiet|etablerade|handels|utposter|och|separata|städer|längs|det|kuster|av|det|Medelhavet Turquía|estableció|comerciales|puestos|y|separadas|ciudades|a lo largo|los|costas|de|el|Mediterráneo Turkiet etablerade handelsstationer och separata städer längs kusterna av Medelhavet, Turquía estableció puestos de comercio y ciudades separadas a lo largo de las costas del Mediterráneo,

Adriatic, and Black Seas. We generally call this process of outward expansion Greek colonization. Adriatiska|och|Svarta|Hav|Vi|vanligtvis|kallar|denna|process|av|utåtriktad|expansion|Grekisk|kolonisation ||||nosotros|generalmente|llamamos|este|proceso|de|hacia afuera|expansión|griega|colonización Adriatiska havet och Svarta havet. Vi kallar vanligtvis denna process av utåtriktad expansion grekisk kolonisering. Adriático y Mar Negro. Generalmente llamamos a este proceso de expansión hacia afuera colonización griega.

the people of different city-states for different reasons. There was no coordinated or centralized de|människor|av|olika|||av|olika|skäl|Det|var|ingen|samordnad|eller|centraliserad |||||||||allí|había|no|coordinada|o|centralizada folket från olika stadsstater av olika skäl. Det fanns ingen koordinerad eller centraliserad las personas de diferentes ciudades-estado por diferentes razones. No hubo un esfuerzo coordinado o centralizado.

planning amongst city-states. If anything, there was fierce competition for whatever foreign land planering|bland|||Om|något|det|var|hård|konkurrens|om|vilket som helst|utländskt|land planificación|entre|||si|algo|había|había|feroz|competencia|por|cualquier|extranjero|tierra planering mellan stadsstater. Om något, fanns det en hård konkurrens om vilken utländsk mark planificación entre las ciudades-estado. Si acaso, había una feroz competencia por cualquier tierra extranjera

might still have been available. Most of the eastern Mediterranean had already been occupied kunde|fortfarande|ha|varit|tillgänglig|Det mesta|av|det|östra|Medelhavet|hade|redan|varit|ockuperat podría|aún|haber|estado|||de|la|oriental|Mediterráneo|había|ya|sido|ocupado som fortfarande kunde vara tillgänglig. Största delen av östra Medelhavet hade redan blivit ockuperat que aún pudiera estar disponible. La mayor parte del Mediterráneo oriental ya había sido ocupada

by the great kingdoms and empires of the Near East. Such places were already too populated and av|de|stora|kungadömen|och|imperier|i|de|Nära|Östern|Sådana|platser|var|redan|för|befolkade| por|los|grandes|reinos|y|imperios|del||Cercano|Oriente||||||| av de stora kungadömena och imperierna i Mellanöstern. Sådana platser var redan för befolkade och por los grandes reinos y imperios del Cercano Oriente. Tales lugares ya estaban demasiado poblados y

unsafe for a massive influx of foreign colonists. Thus, early Greek colonies were set up in less ||||arrival|||||||||||| osäkert|för|en|massiv|inflöde|av|utländska|kolonisatörer|Så|tidiga|grekiska|kolonier|var|satta|upp|i|mindre inseguros|para|un|masivo|afluencia|de|extranjeros|colonos|así|tempranas|griegas|colonias|fueron|establecidas|arriba|en|menos osäkra för en massiv tillströmning av utländska kolonisatörer. Därför etablerades tidiga grekiska kolonier i mindre inseguros para una afluencia masiva de colonos extranjeros. Así, las primeras colonias griegas se establecieron en menos

populated and less hostile regions. Places such as southern Italy, large islands such as Sicily, befolkade|och|mindre|fientliga|regioner|Platser|sådana|som|södra|Italien|stora|öar|sådana|som|Sicilien pobladas|y|menos|hostiles|regiones|lugares|como||sur|Italia|grandes|islas|como||Sicilia befolkade och mindre fientliga regioner. Platser som södra Italien, stora öar som Sicilien, regiones pobladas y menos hostiles. Lugares como el sur de Italia, grandes islas como Sicilia,

and east to the lands surrounding the Black Sea. Basically, wherever conditions och|öster|till|de|länder|som omger|det|Svarta|Hav|I grund och botten|var som helst|förhållanden y|este|a|las|tierras|que rodean|el|Negro|||dondequiera|condiciones och österut till länderna runt Svarta havet. I grund och botten, varhelst förhållandena y hacia el este hasta las tierras que rodean el Mar Negro. Básicamente, donde las condiciones

still remained favorable and any local resistance could be subdued. ||有利|||||||suppressed fortfarande|förblev|gynnsam|och|någon|lokal|motstånd|kunde|bli|underkuvad aún|permanecieron|favorables|y|cualquier|local|resistencia|podría|ser|sometida fortfarande förblev gynnsamma och eventuell lokal motstånd kunde krossas. seguían siendo favorables y cualquier resistencia local podía ser sometida.

Why would people leave their homes and everything they knew to venture into what |||||||||||journey|| Varför|skulle|människor|lämna|sina|hem|och|allt|de|visste|att|våga|in i|vad por qué|verbo auxiliar condicional|las personas|dejarían|sus|hogares|y|todo|lo|conocían|para|aventurarse|en|lo que Varför skulle människor lämna sina hem och allt de kände för att ge sig ut i vad ¿Por qué la gente dejaría sus hogares y todo lo que conocía para aventurarse en lo que

was often a distant and relatively unknown land to start a new life? Such a journey var|ofta|ett|avlägset|och|relativt|okänt|land|att|börja|ett|nytt|liv|Sådan|en|resa estaba|a menudo|una|distante|y|relativamente|desconocida|tierra|para|comenzar|una|nueva|vida||| som ofta var ett avlägset och relativt okänt land för att börja ett nytt liv? En sådan resa a menudo era una tierra distante y relativamente desconocida para comenzar una nueva vida? Tal viaje

clearly posed many risks as who really knew what was out there. The reasons though for leaving tydligt|ställde|många|risker|eftersom|vem|verkligen|visste|vad|var|ute|där|De|skälen|dock|för|att lämna claramente|planteaba|muchos|riesgos|ya que|quién|realmente|sabía|qué|estaba|afuera|allí||||| innebar uppenbarligen många risker eftersom vem visste egentligen vad som fanns där ute. Anledningarna till att lämna sin duda planteaba muchos riesgos, ya que ¿quién sabía realmente qué había allá afuera? Sin embargo, las razones para irse

awfully greatly outweighed those for staying in what was rapidly becoming an untenable situation ||||||||||||unsustainable| fruktansvärt|mycket|övervägde|de|för|att stanna|i|vad|var|snabbt|bliande|en|ohållbar|situation terriblemente|mucho|superaban|esas|por|quedarse|en|lo que|estaba|rápidamente|convirtiéndose|una|insostenible|situación övervägde dock kraftigt de för att stanna i vad som snabbt blev en ohållbar situation. superaban con creces las de quedarse en lo que se estaba convirtiendo rápidamente en una situación insostenible.

in the motherland. One major problem in the 8th century BC was overpopulation. With the Greek i|det|moderland|Ett|stort|problem|i|det|8e|århundrade|fKr|var|överbefolkning|Med|de|grekiska en|la|||importante|problema|en|el|octavo|siglo|antes de Cristo|fue|||los|griegos i moderlandet. Ett stort problem under 700-talet f.Kr. var överpopulation. Med de grekiska en la patria. Un problema importante en el siglo VIII a.C. fue la sobrepoblación. Con los

speaking peoples adopting better agricultural techniques and technologies, what little arable ||||||||||arable talande folken som antog bättre jordbrukstekniker och teknologier, blev det lilla odlingsbara pueblos de habla griega adoptando mejores técnicas y tecnologías agrícolas, lo poco de tierra cultivable

land Greece had became much more productive. This increased crop yields, which provided more food ||||||||||rendimientos|||| landet som Grekland hade mycket mer produktivt. Detta ökade skördarna, vilket gav mer mat que tenía Grecia se volvió mucho más productiva. Esto aumentó los rendimientos de los cultivos, lo que proporcionó más comida

for consumption and ultimately led to an increase in the population. However, there was only so much för konsumtion och ledde i slutändan till en ökning av befolkningen. Men det fanns bara så mycket para el consumo y, en última instancia, llevó a un aumento en la población. Sin embargo, solo había tanto

land to go around. If one were to visit or even simply take a look at Greece and some of the land|att|gå|runt|Om|man|var|att|besöka|eller|även|helt enkelt|ta|en|titt|på|Grekland|och|några|av|de tierra|para|ir|alrededor|si|uno|fuera|a|visitar|o|incluso|simplemente|tomar|un|vistazo|a|Grecia|y|algunas|de|las land att åka runt. Om man skulle besöka eller till och med bara ta en titt på Grekland och några av de tierra para recorrer. Si uno visitara o incluso simplemente echara un vistazo a Grecia y algunas de las

surrounding areas on a map, they'd soon realize that it's not a very big place. What's more, omgivande|områden|på|en|karta|de skulle|snart|inse|att|det är|inte|en|särskilt|stor|plats|Vad är|mer ||||||||que|||||||| omgivande områdena på en karta, skulle de snart inse att det inte är en särskilt stor plats. Vad som är mer, áreas circundantes en un mapa, pronto se daría cuenta de que no es un lugar muy grande. Además,

is that the majority of the terrain is quite rocky, and so the percentage of arable farmland ||||||land|||||||||可耕种的| är|att|det|majoriteten|av|terrängen|terrängen|är|ganska|stenig|och|så|den|procenten|av|odlingsbar|jordbruksmark es|eso||||||||||||||| är att majoriteten av terrängen är ganska stenig, och så procentandelen av odlingsbar mark la mayoría del terreno es bastante rocoso, por lo que el porcentaje de tierras agrícolas

that can actually be used to grow crops is really quite small, and most of that had been som faktiskt kan användas för att odla grödor är verkligen ganska liten, och det mesta av det hade blivit que realmente se pueden utilizar para cultivar es realmente bastante pequeño, y la mayor parte de eso ya ha sido

owned for generations by aristocrats who were not inclined to share it with the general public. ägt|i|generationer|av|aristokrater|som|var|inte|benägna|att|dela|det|med|den|allmänna|allmänheten poseído|durante|generaciones|por|aristócratas|que|estaban|no|inclinados|a|compartir|eso|con|el|general|público ägt i generationer av aristokrater som inte var benägna att dela det med allmänheten. propiedad durante generaciones por aristócratas que no estaban dispuestos a compartirla con el público en general.

and so the citizens of many Greek city-states had to look outside their boundaries for good och|så|de|medborgarna|av|många|grekiska|||var tvungna|att|se|utanför|deras|gränser|efter|välstånd y|así|los|ciudadanos|de|muchas|griegas|||tuvieron|que|buscar|fuera|sus|límites|por|buena och så var medborgarna i många grekiska stadsstater tvungna att se utanför sina gränser efter bra y así los ciudadanos de muchas ciudades-estado griegas tuvieron que mirar fuera de sus fronteras en busca de buenas

farmland. In addition, many of the existing farms had been divided and subdivided amongst ||||||||||||分割| jordbruksmark|I|tillägg|många|av|de|existerande|gårdar|hade|varit|delade|och|underdelade|bland tierra agrícola|en|adición|muchas|de|las|existentes|granjas|habían|sido|divididas|y|subdivididas|entre åker. Dessutom hade många av de befintliga gårdarna delats och underdelats bland tierras agrícolas. Además, muchas de las granjas existentes habían sido divididas y subdivididas entre

times larger than anything they could have dreamed to have obtained in their home city-state. gånger|större|än|något|de|kunde|ha|drömt|att|ha|fått|i|deras|hem|| veces|más grandes|que|cualquier cosa|ellos|podrían|haber|soñado|a|tener|obtenido|en|su|hogar|| gånger större än vad de någonsin kunnat drömma om att få i sin hemstad. veces más grandes que cualquier cosa que hubieran podido soñar obtener en su ciudad-estado natal.

trading opportunities and the acquisition of natural resources. Being a maritime people, ||||acquisition||||||海洋的| handels-|möjligheter|och|den|förvärv|av|naturliga|resurser|Att vara|ett|maritimt|folk comerciales|oportunidades|y|la|adquisición|de|recursos|naturales|siendo|un|marítimo|pueblo handelsmöjligheter och förvärv av naturresurser. Som ett maritimt folk, oportunidades comerciales y la adquisición de recursos naturales. Siendo un pueblo marítimo,

had mostly dissolved during Greece's so-called Dark Age, by the 9th and 8th centuries BC, hade|mestadels|upplösts|under|Greklands|||mörka|ålder|vid|de|9e|och|8e|århundradena|fKr había|mayormente|disuelto|durante|Grecia|||Oscuro|Edad|por|el|noveno|y|octavo|siglos|aC hade mestadels upplösts under Greklands så kallade mörka tidsålder, under 800- och 700-talet f.Kr., se había disuelto en su mayoría durante la llamada Edad Oscura de Grecia, en los siglos IX y VIII a.C.,

they had resumed once again and were probably even more extensive and lucrative than in centuries ||重新开始||||||||widespread||profitable||| de|hade|återupptagit|en gång|igen|och|var|troligen|ännu|mer|omfattande|och|lönsamma|än|i|århundraden ellos|habían|reanudado|una|vez|y|estaban|probablemente|incluso|más|extensos|y|lucrativos|que|en|siglos hade de återupptagits igen och var förmodligen ännu mer omfattande och lönsamma än under århundradena habían reanudado una vez más y probablemente eran incluso más extensos y lucrativos que en siglos

rivals, Greek-speaking peoples were some of the most successful maritime traders of the Iron Age. rivaler|||folk|var|några|av|den|mest|framgångsrika|maritima|handlare|av|den|järn|åldern |||pueblos|eran|algunos|de|los|más|exitosos|marítimos|comerciantes|de|la|Hierro|Edad rivaler, var grekisktalande folk några av de mest framgångsrika sjöhandlarna under järnåldern. rivales, los pueblos de habla griega fueron algunos de los comerciantes marítimos más exitosos de la Edad del Hierro.

Thus, many chose to take their chances on the high seas rather than to remain on land, Så|många|valde|att|ta|sina|chanser|på|de|höga|haven|hellre|än|att|stanna|på|land así|muchos|eligieron|a|tomar|sus|oportunidades|en|los|altos|mares|en lugar|que|a|quedarse|en|tierra Så många valde att ta sina chanser på de höga haven istället för att stanna på land, Así, muchos optaron por arriesgarse en alta mar en lugar de quedarse en tierra,

where they had few options for work outside of farming, herding, various craft industries, ||||||||||herding||| där|de|hade|få|alternativ|för|arbete|utanför|av|jordbruk|boskapsskötsel|olika|hantverks|industrier donde|ellos|tenían|pocas|opciones|para|trabajo|fuera|de|agricultura|pastoreo|varias|artesanías|industrias där de hade få alternativ för arbete utanför jordbruk, boskapsskötsel, olika hantverksindustrier, donde tenían pocas opciones de trabajo fuera de la agricultura, la ganadería, diversas industrias artesanales,

opportunities overseas, it's no surprise that some of the earliest Greek colonies were at the möjligheter|utomlands|det är|ingen|överraskning|att|några|av|de|tidigaste|grekiska|kolonier|var|vid| ||es|ninguna|sorpresa|que|algunos|de|las|más tempranas|griegas|colonias|estaban|en|los utomlands är det ingen överraskning att några av de tidigaste grekiska kolonierna låg vid en el extranjero, no es sorprendente que algunas de las primeras colonias griegas estuvieran en el

confluence of popular trade routes. For example, the early colony of Kymi, better known as Koumai, konvergens av populära handelsvägar. Till exempel, den tidiga kolonin Kymi, bättre känd som Koumai, confluencia de rutas comerciales populares. Por ejemplo, la primera colonia de Kymi, mejor conocida como Koumai,

was at the intersection of a busy trade route that linked the western part of the Italian låg vid korsningen av en livlig handelsväg som kopplade samman den västra delen av den italienska estaba en la intersección de una ruta comercial concurrida que unía la parte occidental de la

peninsula with the mainly Etruscan populated areas to the north. Other colonies established halvön med de huvudsakligen etruskiskt befolkade områdena norrut. Andra kolonier som etablerades península italiana con las áreas principalmente pobladas por etruscos al norte. Otras colonias establecidas

in southern Italy as well as on the island of Sicily were also near maritime routes that linked i södra Italien såväl som på ön Sicilien låg också nära maritima rutter som kopplade en el sur de Italia, así como en la isla de Sicilia, también estaban cerca de rutas marítimas que unían

ideal for farming and growing olive trees, and this, along with the rich opportunities for trade, idealisk|för|jordbruk|och|odling|oliv|träd||detta|tillsammans|med|de|rika|möjligheterna|för|handel ideales|para|la agricultura|y|el cultivo|olivos|árboles|y|esto|junto|con|las|ricas|oportunidades|para|comercio idealiska för jordbruk och odling av olivträd, och detta, tillsammans med de rika möjligheterna för handel, ideales para la agricultura y el cultivo de olivos, y esto, junto con las ricas oportunidades de comercio,

any city-state or polis on the Greek mainland. The earliest trading outpost that we know of någon|||eller|polis|på|den|grekiska|fastlandet|Den|tidigaste|handels|utpost|som|vi|vet|om cualquier|||o|polis|en|la|griega|tierra firme|||||||| någon stadsstat eller polis på det grekiska fastlandet. Den tidigaste handelsutposten som vi känner till cualquier ciudad-estado o polis en el continente griego. El primer puesto comercial que conocemos

was Pithecusae on the volcanic island of Istia, about 10 km off the coast of Naples, var|Pithecusae|på|den|vulkaniska|ön|av|Istia|cirka|km|utanför|den|kusten|av|Neapel estaba|Pithecusae|en|la|volcánica|isla|de|Istia|aproximadamente|km|de|la|costa|de|Nápoles var Pithecusae på den vulkaniska ön Istia, cirka 10 km utanför kusten av Neapel, era Pithecusae en la isla volcánica de Istia, a unos 10 km de la costa de Nápoles,

and the first of many such settlements to come. There's debate as to whether or not Pithecusae ||||||||||||||||Pithecusae och|den|första|av|många|sådana|bosättningar|att|komma|Det finns|debatt|om|till|huruvida|eller|inte|Pithecusae y|el|primero|de|muchos|tales|asentamientos|por|venir|hay|debate|como|a|si|o|no|Pithecusae och var den första av många sådana bosättningar som skulle komma. Det råder debatt om huruvida Pithecusae y la primera de muchos asentamientos similares que vendrían. Hay debate sobre si Pithecusae

was just a trading outpost, a full-fledged colony, or little more than a pirate's den. ||||||fully||||||||| var|bara|en|handels|utpost|en|||koloni|eller|lite|mer|än|en|pirats|tillhåll estaba|solo|un|comercial|puesto|una||plena|colonia|o|poco|más|que|una|pirata|guarida bara var en handelsutpost, en fullt utvecklad koloni, eller inte mer än en pirats gömställe. era solo un puesto comercial, una colonia en toda regla, o poco más que un escondite de piratas.

as well as contact with the wealthy Etruscans who controlled them. In particular, Greek traders were så|väl|som|kontakt|med|de|rika|etruskerna|som|kontrollerade|dem|I|synnerhet|grekiska|handelsmän|var así|también|como|contacto|con|los|ricos|etruscos|que|controlaban|ellos||||| samt kontakt med de rika etruskerna som kontrollerade dem. I synnerhet var grekiska handlare así como contacto con los ricos etruscos que las controlaban. En particular, los comerciantes griegos estaban

after raw materials that were in short supply in Greece, specifically tin, silver, and iron ore. |||||||||||||||矿石 efter|råa|material|som|var|i|kort|tillgång|i|Grekland|specifikt|tenn|silver|och|järn|malm tras|materias|primas|que|estaban|en|escasa|suministro|en|Grecia|específicamente|estaño|plata|y|hierro|mineral intresserade av råvaror som var bristfälliga i Grekland, specifikt tenn, silver och järnmalm. en busca de materias primas que escaseaban en Grecia, específicamente estaño, plata y mineral de hierro.

and ceramics. By around 750 BC, Pithecusae had become quite prosperous, something apparent by |陶瓷||||||||||| och|keramik|Vid|omkring|fKr|Pithekusa|hade|blivit|ganska|framgångsrik|något|uppenbart|genom y|cerámica|alrededor|de|aC|Pitecusa|había|convertido|bastante|próspero|algo|aparente|por och keramik. Runt 750 f.Kr. hade Pithecusae blivit ganska välbärgad, något som är uppenbart genom y cerámica. Alrededor del 750 a.C., Pitecusas se había vuelto bastante próspera, algo que es evidente por

the valuable items and artifacts that have been uncovered there. The most famous of these is the de|värdefulla|föremål|och|artefakter|som|har|varit|upptäckta|där|Det|mest|kända|av|dessa|är|den los|valiosos|objetos|y|artefactos|que|han|sido|descubiertos|allí|el|más|famoso|de|estos|es|la de värdefulla föremålen och artefakterna som har grävts fram där. Den mest kända av dessa är den los valiosos objetos y artefactos que se han descubierto allí. El más famoso de estos es la

so-called Cup of Nestor. Dating to between 750 to 700 BC, it's a clay drinking cup painted in |||||Dating||||||||||| ||kopp|av|Nestor|daterad|till|mellan|till|fKr|det är|en|lera|drickande|kopp|målad|i ||copa|de|Néstor|datando|a|entre|a|aC|es|una|de arcilla|bebida|copa|pintada|en så kallade Nestors kopp. Den dateras till mellan 750 och 700 f.Kr., det är en lerdrickskopp målad i llamada Copa de Néstor. Datada entre 750 y 700 a.C., es una copa de barro pintada en

alphabetic writing. However, by around 700 BC, Pithecusae was pretty much abandoned. alfabetisk|skrivning|Men|omkring|runt|fKr|Pithekusa|var|ganska|mycket|övergiven alfabético|escritura|sin embargo|alrededor||aC|Pitecusas|fue|bastante|mucho|abandonada alfabetisk skrivning. Men runt 700 f.Kr. var Pithecusae nästan helt övergivet. escritura alfabética. Sin embargo, alrededor del 700 a.C., Pitecusas estaba prácticamente abandonada.

intended to be a permanent, full-fledged settlement, and because of this, most historians give it the avsett|att|vara|en|permanent|||bosättning|och|eftersom|av|detta|de flesta|historiker|ger|det|den destinado|a|ser|un|permanente|||asentamiento|y|porque|de|esto|la mayoría|historiadores|dan|eso| avsedd att vara en permanent, fullt utvecklad bosättning, och på grund av detta ger de flesta historiker det den destinada a ser un asentamiento permanente y completo, y debido a esto, la mayoría de los historiadores le otorgan la

were scouting locations for a permanent settlement and chose the site of Koumai for its fertile soil, |searching for||||||||||||||productive| var|scoutade|platser|för|en|permanent|bosättning|och|valde|den|platsen|av|Koumai|för|dess|bördiga|jord estaban|explorando|ubicaciones|para|un|permanente|asentamiento|y|eligieron|el|sitio|de|Koumai|por|su|fértil|suelo letade efter platser för en permanent bosättning och valde platsen Koumai för sin bördiga jord, estuvieran explorando ubicaciones para un asentamiento permanente y eligieron el sitio de Koumai por su suelo fértil,

the great Etruscan cities further to the north. Within three decades, settlers from Koumai began de|stora|etruskiska|städer|längre|mot|de|norr|Inom|tre|decennier|bosättare|från|Koumai|började ||||||||dentro|tres|décadas|colonos|de|Koumai|comenzaron de stora etruskiska städerna längre norrut. Inom tre decennier började bosättare från Koumai las grandes ciudades etruscas más al norte. En tres décadas, los colonos de Koumai comenzaron

Italy. As the size of Koumai and its satellite settlements grew, so too did tensions with the ||||||||||||||tensions|| Italien|När|den|storlek|av|Koumai|och|dess|satellit|bosättningar|växte|så|också|gjorde|spänningar|med|de |a medida que|el|tamaño|de|Koumai|y|sus|satélites|asentamientos|crecieron|así|también|lo|tensiones|con|los Italien. När storleken på Koumai och dess satellitbosättningar växte, så växte också spänningarna med de Italia. A medida que el tamaño de Koumai y sus asentamientos satélites crecían, también lo hacían las tensiones con los

Etruscans. These came to a head around 500 BC, when Aristodemus of Koumai fought against and |||||||||Aristodemus of Koumai||||| Etruskerna|Dessa|kom|till|en|konflikt|omkring|fKr|när|Aristodemus|från|Koumai|kämpade|mot|och |estos|llegaron|a|un|punto|alrededor|aC|cuando|Aristodemo|de|Koumai|luchó|contra|y etruskerna. Dessa nådde en kulmen omkring 500 f.Kr., när Aristodemus från Koumai kämpade mot och etruscos. Estas llegaron a un punto crítico alrededor del 500 a.C., cuando Aristodemo de Koumai luchó contra y

defeated the Etruscans, and later became Koumai's ruler. In 474 BC, Koumai, which was allied with besegrade|de|etruskerna|och|senare|blev|Koumais|härskare|I|fKr|Koumai|som|var|allierad|med derrotó|a los|etruscos|y|más tarde|se convirtió|de Koumai|gobernante||||||| besegra Etruskerna och blev senare härskare över Koumai. År 474 f.Kr. var Koumai, som var allierad med derrotó a los etruscos y más tarde se convirtió en el gobernante de Koumai. En 474 a.C., Koumai, que estaba aliado con

another Greek colony, Syracuse, defeated the Etruscans at sea, essentially destroying their ||||||Etruscans||||| en annan|grekisk|koloni|Syrakusa|besegrade|de|etruskerna|till|hav|i stort sett|förstörande|deras en annan grekisk koloni, Syrakusa, och besegrade Etruskerna till sjöss, vilket i praktiken förstörde deras otra colonia griega, Siracusa, derrotó a los etruscos en el mar, destruyendo esencialmente su

power in that part of Italy. However, just a century later, in 421 BC, Koumai fell to another makt|i|den|del|av|Italien|Men|bara|en|århundrade|senare|i|fKr|Koumai|föll|till|en annan ||||||||||||||||otra makt i den delen av Italien. Men bara ett sekel senare, år 421 f.Kr., föll Koumai till ett annat poder en esa parte de Italia. Sin embargo, solo un siglo después, en 421 a.C., Koumai cayó ante otro

Italian people, the Samnites, and, years later, became a possession of the Roman. Italienska|folk|de|Samniterna|och|år|senare|blev|en|besittning|av|de|romerska italiano|pueblo|los|samnitas|y|años|después|se convirtió|una|posesión|de|los|romanos italiensk folk, samniterna, och blev, år senare, en besittning av romarna. pueblo italiano, los samnitas, y, años más tarde, se convirtió en una posesión de los romanos.

However, that was still several centuries in the future. By the 730s BC, word had gotten around Men|det|var|fortfarande|flera|århundraden|i|det|framtiden|Vid|de|730-talet|fKr|rykte|hade|fått|spridit sig sin embargo|eso|estuvo|todavía|varios|siglos|en|el|futuro|||||||| Men det var fortfarande flera århundraden in i framtiden. På 730-talet f.Kr. hade nyheten spridit sig Sin embargo, eso todavía estaba a varios siglos en el futuro. Para la década de 730 a.C., la noticia se había difundido

the Greek-speaking world of the success of Koumai, and soon, competing Greek city-states launched den|grekiska||||||||||||||lanserade el||||||||||||||| i den grekisktalande världen om framgångarna i Koumai, och snart lanserade konkurrerande grekiska stadsstater por el mundo de habla griega sobre el éxito de Koumai, y pronto, las ciudades-estado griegas competidoras lanzaron

Greeks in southern Italy that the Romans called the area Magna Graecia. Unlike Pithecusae and Greker|i|södra|Italien|som|det|romarna|kallade|det|området|Magna|Grekland|Till skillnad från|Pithecusae|och griegos|en|el sur|Italia|que|los|romanos|llamaron|la|área|Magna|Grecia||| Greker i södra Italien som romarna kallade området Magna Graecia. Till skillnad från Pithecusae och Los griegos en el sur de Italia que los romanos llamaron el área Magna Graecia. A diferencia de Pithecusae y

to relocate citizens of overpopulated city-states. These areas were ideal for settlement. The |relocate|||||||||||| att|omplacera|medborgare|från|överbefolkade|||Dessa|områden|var|idealiska|för|bosättning|Den |||||||estas|áreas|fueron|ideales|para|asentamiento|el för att omplacera medborgare från överbefolkade stadsstater. Dessa områden var idealiska för bosättning. Den para reubicar a ciudadanos de ciudades-estado sobrepobladas. Estas áreas eran ideales para el asentamiento. El

the ancient Greek-speaking world. However, before that happened, the island already had its own den|antika|||världen|Men|innan|det|hände|den|ön|redan|hade|sin|egen el|antiguo|||mundo|sin embargo|antes|eso|sucedió|la|isla|ya|tenía|su| den antika grekisktalande världen. Men innan det hände hade ön redan sin egen el antiguo mundo de habla griega. Sin embargo, antes de que eso sucediera, la isla ya tenía su propia

native non-Greek population. Thucydides wrote specifically about three groups, the Sycans, inhemska|||befolkning|Thukydides|skrev|specifikt|om|tre|grupper|de|sykerna ||||Tucídides|escribió|específicamente|sobre|tres|grupos|los|Sicanos inhemska icke-grekiska befolkning. Thukydides skrev specifikt om tre grupper, sykanerna, población nativa no griega. Tucídides escribió específicamente sobre tres grupos, los Sicanos,

Sycels, and the Ilimians. In addition to these, Strabo mentioned two other groups, the Morghyts Sykler|och|de|Ilimierna|Utöver|tillägg|till|dessa|Strabo|nämnde|två|andra|grupper|de|Morghyterna Sycels|y|los|||adición|a|estos|Estrabón|mencionó|dos|otros|grupos|los|Morghyts Sycels, och Ilimianerna. Utöver dessa nämnde Strabo två andra grupper, Morghyts Sycels, y los Ilimios. Además de estos, Estrabón mencionó a otros dos grupos, los Morghyts

and the Ausoni. Most of the initial colonists came from Corinth, Chalkis, Rhodes, and Crete, och|de|Ausoni|De flesta|av|de|ursprungliga|kolonisatörer|kom|från|Korinth|Chalkis|Rhodos|och|Kreta y|los|||de|los|inicial|colonos|vinieron|de|Corinto|Calcis|Rodas|y|Creta och Ausoni. De flesta av de första kolonisterna kom från Korinth, Chalkis, Rhodos och Kreta, y los Ausonios. La mayoría de los colonos iniciales provenían de Corinto, Calcis, Rodas y Creta,

and their settlements were all founded along the eastern coast of the island. The first was Naxos, och|deras|bosättningar|var|alla|grundades|längs|den|östra|kusten|av|den|ön|Den|första|var|Naxos y|sus|asentamientos|fueron|todos|fundados|a lo largo|la|oriental|costa|de|la|||primera|fue| och deras bosättningar grundades alla längs den östra kusten av ön. Den första var Naxos, y sus asentamientos fueron todos fundados a lo largo de la costa este de la isla. El primero fue Naxos,

followed by Syracuse, Leontini, Catane, and others. In some cases, the colonies were ||Syrakusa|Leontini|Catania|och|andra|I|vissa|fall|de|kolonier|var seguido|por|Siracusa|Leontini|Catana|y|||algunos|casos|las|colonias|fueron följd av Syrakusa, Leontini, Catane och andra. I vissa fall var kolonierna seguido por Siracusa, Leontini, Catane, y otros. En algunos casos, las colonias fueron

established peacefully, in others by expelling the indigenous population. Within a short period |||||removing||native||||| etablerades|fredligt|i|andra|genom|utvisning|den|inhemska|befolkningen|Inom|en|kort|period establecido|pacíficamente|en|otros|al|expulsar|la|indígena|población|dentro|un|corto|período etablerades fredligt, i andra genom att utvisa den inhemska befolkningen. Inom en kort tidsperiod establecidas pacíficamente, en otras expulsando a la población indígena. En un corto período

natives, who by now must have greatly resented the Greek presence in their homeland. The indigenous |||||||resented|||presence||||| inhemska|som|vid|nu|måste|ha|mycket|ogillat|den|grekiska|närvaro|i|deras|hemland|De|inhemska nativos|que|en|ahora|deben|haber|mucho|resentido|la|griega|presencia|en|su|tierra natal|| inhemska, som nu måste ha blivit mycket missnöjda med den grekiska närvaron i sitt hemland. De inhemska nativos, que para este momento deben haber resentido enormemente la presencia griega en su tierra natal. Los indígenas

Sicilians weren't the only groups hostile to the newcomers. On the opposite side of the island were Sicilianer|var inte|de|enda|grupper|fientliga|mot|de|nykomlingarna|På|den|motsatta|sidan|av|ön|ön|var sicilianos|no eran|los|únicos|grupos|hostiles|a|los|recién llegados|en|el|opuesto|lado|de|la|isla|estaban sicilianerna var inte de enda grupperna som var fientliga mot nykomlingarna. På motsatt sida av ön fanns sicilianos no eran los únicos grupos hostiles a los recién llegados. En el lado opuesto de la isla estaban

one of the island's indigenous groups, the Ilimians. While fortune seemed to favor the Greeks in Sicily, en|av|den||inhemska|grupper|de|Ilimianerna|Medan|tur|verkade|att|gynna|de|grekerna|i|Sicilien uno|de|los|la isla|indígenas|grupos|los|ilimios|mientras|la fortuna|parecía|a|favorecer|a los|griegos|en|Sicilia en av öns inhemska grupper, ilimierna. Medan turen verkade gynna grekerna på Sicilien, uno de los grupos indígenas de la isla, los ilimios. Mientras la fortuna parecía favorecer a los griegos en Sicilia,

that didn't mean that there weren't any problems. Though they often shared a common rivalry with ||||||||||||||competition| det|inte|betydde|att|det|inte fanns|några|problem|Även om|de|ofta|delade|en|gemensam|rivalitet|med eso|no|significaba|que|allí|había|ningún|problemas|aunque|ellos|a menudo|compartían|una|común|rivalidad|con det betydde inte att det inte fanns några problem. Även om de ofta delade en gemensam rivalitet med eso no significaba que no hubiera problemas. Aunque a menudo compartían una rivalidad común con

themselves. There are many instances of colonies fighting with each other, mostly between cities ||||例子||||||||| sig själva|Det|är|många|fall|av|kolonier|slåss|med|varandra|andra|mestadels|mellan|städer ellos mismos|allí|hay|muchos|instancias|de|colonias|luchando|con|cada|uno|mayormente|entre|ciudades sig själva. Det finns många exempel på kolonier som slåss med varandra, mestadels mellan städer ellos mismos. Hay muchos casos de colonias luchando entre sí, principalmente entre ciudades

themselves as the best bet against both anarchy and outside threats, whether they be hostile natives, |||||||chaos|||||||| sig själva|som|den|bästa|insats|mot|både|anarki|och|utanför|hot|oavsett om|de|vara|fientliga|infödda ||las||||||||||||| sig själva som det bästa alternativet mot både anarki och yttre hot, oavsett om de var fientliga inhemska, como la mejor opción contra tanto la anarquía como las amenazas externas, ya fueran nativos hostiles,

Phoenicians, Carthaginians, or rival colonies. Southern Italy and Sicily though were just the fenicier, karthager eller rivaliserande kolonier. Södra Italien och Sicilien var dock bara de fenicios, cartagineses o colonias rivales. Sin embargo, el sur de Italia y Sicilia eran solo el

beginning of Greek westward expansion. Soon there were Greek-speaking peoples settling along the början|av|grekiska|västerut|expansion|Snart|det|var|||folk|bosatte sig|längs|den comienzo|de|griega|hacia el oeste|expansión|pronto|allí|había|||pueblos|asentándose|a lo largo|los början av den grekiska västerländska expansionen. Snart fanns det grekisktalande folk som bosatte sig längs comienzo de la expansión hacia el oeste de los griegos. Pronto había pueblos de habla griega asentándose a lo largo de las

shores of places as far away as southern Spain. Most of these settlements though were not full-fledged kuster|av|platser|så|långt|borta|som|södra|Spanien|De flesta|av|dessa|bosättningar|även om|var|inte|| |de||||||||||estos|asentamientos|aunque|eran|no|| kusterna på platser så långt borta som södra Spanien. De flesta av dessa bosättningar var dock inte fullt utvecklade costas de lugares tan lejanos como el sur de España. La mayoría de estos asentamientos, sin embargo, no eran colonias plenamente

colonies but generally large trading posts. One exception though was Massalia, on the site of the kolonier|men|vanligtvis|stora|handels|platser|En|undantag|dock|var|Massalia|på|den|plats|av|den ||||||una|excepción|aunque|fue|Massalia|en|el|sitio|de|la kolonier utan var i allmänhet stora handelsplatser. Ett undantag var dock Massalia, på platsen för den desarrolladas, sino generalmente grandes puestos comerciales. Una excepción, sin embargo, fue Massalia, en el sitio de la

modern-day city of Marseille, France. Archaeologists have determined that by the mid-7th century BC, ||||||考古学家||||||||| ||stad|i|Marseille|Frankrike|Arkeologer|har|fastställt|att|senast|det|||fKr|fKr ||||||arqueólogos|han|determinado|que|para|el|||siglo|aC moderna staden Marseille, Frankrike. Arkeologer har fastställt att vid mitten av 600-talet f.Kr, actual ciudad de Marsella, Francia. Los arqueólogos han determinado que a mediados del siglo VII a.C,

merchants from abroad were trading heavily with the local inhabitants. It's not known for sure 商人|||||||||||||| köpmän|från|utlandet|var|handlade|mycket|med|de|lokala|invånarna|Det är|inte|känt|för|säkert comerciantes|de|el extranjero|estaban|comerciando|intensamente|con|los|locales|habitantes|no es|no|conocido|por|seguro handlare från utlandet handlade intensivt med de lokala invånarna. Det är inte helt klart los comerciantes del extranjero estaban comerciando intensamente con los habitantes locales. No se sabe con certeza

whether or not they were Greek Soritruscans, but objects from both civilizations have been ||||||Soritruscans||||||| om|eller|inte|de|var|grekiska|Soritruskaner|men|föremål|från|båda|civilisationer|har|varit si|o|no|ellos|eran|griegos|soritruces|sino|objetos|de|ambas|civilizaciones|han|sido om de var grekiska soritrusker eller inte, men föremål från båda civilisationerna har si eran o no griegos soritruces, pero se han descubierto objetos de ambas civilizaciones en

discovered at indigenous burial sites in the region. Regardless of who was there first, around 600 BC, upptäckte|vid|inhemska|begravning|platser|i|den|regionen|Oavsett|av|vem|var|där|först|omkring|fKr ||||||la|||de|||||| upptäckts vid inhemska begravningsplatser i regionen. Oavsett vem som var där först, omkring 600 f.Kr., sitios de entierro indígenas en la región. Independientemente de quién estuvo allí primero, alrededor del 600 a.C.,

Greek settlers from Phokaea established the town of Massalia, supposedly after defeating grundade grekiska bosättare från Phokaea staden Massalia, påstås efter att ha besegrat los colonos griegos de Focaea establecieron la ciudad de Massalia, supuestamente después de derrotar

Greeks, Ligurians, and traders from Celtic kingdoms in southern Spain all gathered to exchange their wares. |||||||||||||||goods Greker|Ligurer|och|handelsmän|från|Keltiska|kungadömen|i|södra|Spanien|alla|samlades|för att|byta|sina|varor griegos|ligurios|y|comerciantes|de|celtas|reinos|en|el sur|España|todos|se reunieron|para|intercambiar|sus|mercancías greker, ligurer och handelsmän från keltiska kungadömen i södra Spanien alla samlades för att byta sina varor. griegos, ligures y comerciantes de los reinos celtas en el sur de España se reunían para intercambiar sus mercancías.

for a hefty profit. The colonies around Massalia also served as bases for trading expeditions ||substantial|||||||||||| för|en|stor|vinst|De|kolonier|runt|Massalia|också|tjänade|som|baser|för|handels|expeditioner por|un|considerable|beneficio|las|colonias|alrededor|Massalia|también|sirvieron|como|bases|para|comercio|expediciones för en rejäl vinst. Kolonierna runt Massalia fungerade också som baser för handelsexpeditioner con una gran ganancia. Las colonias alrededor de Massalia también sirvieron como bases para expediciones comerciales

traded brandy with the indigenous inhabitants of North America for animal pelts, the Greeks took |||||||||||animal skins||| bytte|konjak|med|de|inhemska|invånare|i|Nord|Amerika|för|djur|skinn|de|grekerna|tog intercambiaron|brandy|con|los|indígenas|habitantes|de|Norte|América|por|pieles|animales|los|griegos|llevaron bytte konjak med de inhemska invånarna i Nordamerika mot djurpälsar, tog grekerna intercambiaron brandy con los habitantes indígenas de América del Norte por pieles de animales, los griegos llevaron

wine with them into the interior of what was then Gaul and introduced it to the Celtic tribes there. vin|med|dem|in|det|inre|av|vad|var|då|Gallien|och|introducerade|det|till|de|keltiska|stammar|där vino|con|ellos|adentro|el|interior|de|lo que|era|entonces|Galia|y|introdujeron|eso|a|las|celtas|tribus|allí vin med sig in i det som då var Gallien och introducerade det för de keltiska stammarna där. vino con ellos al interior de lo que entonces era la Galia e lo introdujeron a las tribus celtas allí.

It's believed that in time, these people learned how to cultivate grapes and eventually their own Det är|trott|att|i|tid|dessa|människor|lärde sig|hur|att|odla|druvor|och|så småningom|deras|egna es|creído|que|en|el tiempo|estas|personas|aprendieron|cómo|a|cultivar|uvas|||su|propio Det tros att dessa människor med tiden lärde sig att odla druvor och så småningom sina egna Se cree que con el tiempo, estas personas aprendieron a cultivar uvas y eventualmente su propio

wine. Unlike in some other areas, where colonies were established to the detriment of the indigenous ||||||||||||harm||| vin|Till skillnad från|i|några|andra|områden|där|kolonier|var|etablerade|till|den|nackdel|av|de|inhemska vino|a diferencia|en|algunas|otras|áreas|donde|colonias|fueron|establecidas|para|el|detrimento|de|los|indígenas vin. Till skillnad från i vissa andra områden, där kolonier etablerades till skada för de inhemska vino. A diferencia de algunas otras áreas, donde se establecieron colonias en detrimento de los indígenas

peoples, the relationship between the Greeks of southern France and Spain with the locals folk|den|relation|mellan|de|grekerna|i|södra|Frankrike|och|Spanien|med|de|lokala invånarna pueblos|la|relación|entre|los|griegos|de|sur|Francia|y|España|con|los|locales folken, verkar relationen mellan grekerna i södra Frankrike och Spanien med lokalbefolkningen pueblos, la relación entre los griegos del sur de Francia y España con los locales

seems to have been both a peaceful and mutually beneficial one. ||||||||互惠的|| verkar|att|ha|varit|både|en|fredlig|och|ömsesidigt|fördelaktig|en parece|a|haber|estado|tanto|una|pacífica|y|mutuamente|beneficiosa|una ha varit både fredlig och ömsesidigt fördelaktig. parece haber sido tanto pacífica como mutuamente beneficiosa.

ousting many of the Thracians in the process. Renaming the area Chalkidis, meaning Chalkidian 驱逐||||||||||||| avsättning|många|av|de|thrakerna|i|den|processen|Omdöpning|det|området|Chalkidis|som betyder|Chalkidisk expulsando|muchos|de|los|tracios|en|el|proceso|renombrando|el|área|Calcidis|que significa|calcidiano och fördrivna många av thrakerna i processen. De döpte om området till Chalkidis, vilket betyder Chalkidisk desplazando a muchos de los tracios en el proceso. Renombrando el área como Chalkidis, que significa tierra chalkidiana,

About 10 kilometers off the coast of Thrace is the island of Thassos, which was home to a colony Om|kilometer|utanför|den|kusten|av|Thrakien|är|den|ön|av|Thassos|som|var|hem|till|en|koloni aproximadamente|kilómetros|de|la|costa|de|Tracia|está|la|isla|de|Tasos|que|fue|hogar|a|una|colonia Cirka 10 kilometer utanför kusten av Thrakien ligger ön Thassos, som var hem för en koloni A unos 10 kilómetros de la costa de Tracia se encuentra la isla de Thassos, que fue hogar de una colonia

and marble. The island was also known for its highly prized timber. It was a dangerous life |||||||||||wood||||| och|marmor|Den|ön|var|också|känd|för|sin|mycket|eftertraktade|timmer|Det|var|ett|farligt|liv y|mármol|la|isla|fue|también|conocida|por|su|altamente|valorada|madera|eso|fue|una|peligrosa|vida och marmor. Ön var också känd för sitt högt värderade timmer. Det var ett farligt liv y mármol. La isla también era conocida por su madera muy apreciada. Era una vida peligrosa

Colonies were also established directly south of the Greek mainland, across the Mediterranean Kolonier|var|också|etablerade|direkt|söder|av|det|Grekiska|fastlandet|över|det|Medelhavet colonias|fueron|también|establecidas|directamente|al sur|de|la|griega|tierra firme|a través del||Mediterráneo Kolonier etablerades också direkt söder om det grekiska fastlandet, över Medelhavet Las colonias también se establecieron directamente al sur de la Grecia continental, a través del Mediterráneo

which was established around 630 BC. According to an account by Herodotus, som|var|grundades|omkring|fKr|Enligt|till|en|redogörelse|av|Herodotos que|fue|establecido|alrededor|aC|de acuerdo|a|un|relato|por|Heródoto som grundades omkring 630 f.Kr. Enligt en berättelse av Herodotos, que fue establecida alrededor del 630 a.C. Según un relato de Heródoto,

of Thera at the advice of the oracle of Delphi, but only after a severe drought. ||||||||||||||harsh|干旱 av|Thera|vid|den|råd|av|oraklet|orakel|av|Delphi|men|endast|efter|en|svår|torka de|Thera|a|el|consejo|de|la|oráculo|de|Delfos|sino|solo|después|una|severa|sequía Thera på råd av oraklet i Delfi, men först efter en svår torka. de Thera a consejo del oráculo de Delfos, pero solo después de una severa sequía.

Theras, and king of the island of Thera, went to Delphi. He was attended by other citizens, Theras|och|kung|av|den|ön|av|Thera|gick|till|Delphi|Han|var|åtföljd|av|andra|medborgare Theras|y|rey|de|la|isla|de|Thera|fue|a|Delfos|él|fue|acompañado|por|otros|ciudadanos Theras, och kung av ön Thera, åkte till Delphi. Han åtföljdes av andra medborgare, Theras, y rey de la isla de Thera, fue a Delfos. Fue acompañado por otros ciudadanos,

in particular by Batos, a member of the tribe of the Euphimides, who were Minions. i|synnerhet|av|Batos|en|medlem|av|stammen|stam|av|de|Euphimides|som|var|Minions en|particular|por|Batos|un|miembro|de|la|tribu|de|los|Euphimides|que|eran|Minions i synnerhet av Batos, en medlem av stammen Euphimides, som var Minions. en particular por Batos, un miembro de la tribu de los Euphimides, que eran Minions.

she instructed him to found a city in Libya. He replied, hon|instruerade|honom|att|grunda|en|stad|i|Libyen|Han|svarade ella|instruyó|a él|a|fundar|una|ciudad|en|Libia|él|respondió instrukturerade hon honom att grunda en stad i Libyen. Han svarade, ella le instruyó a fundar una ciudad en Libia. Él respondió,

But my lord, I am now too weighted down with age to pick up and settle elsewhere. Men|min|herre|jag|är|nu|för|tyngd|ner|av|ålder|att|plocka|upp|och|bosätta sig|någon annanstans pero|mi|señor|yo|estoy|ahora|demasiado|pesado|abajo|con|edad|para|recoger|arriba|y|establecerme|en otro lugar Men min herre, jag är nu för tungt belastad av åldern för att kunna flytta och bosätta mig någon annanstans. Pero mi señor, ahora estoy demasiado cargado de edad para recogerme y establecerme en otro lugar.

Please command one of the younger men to go instead. And as he said this, he pointed to Batos. Vänligen|befall|en|av|de|yngre|män|att|gå|istället|Och|när|han|sade|detta|han|pekade|på|Batos por favor|ordena|uno|de|los|más jóvenes|hombres|que|vaya|en su lugar|y|como|él|dijo|esto|él|señaló|a|Batos Vänligen beordra en av de yngre männen att gå istället. Och när han sa detta, pekade han på Batos. Por favor, ordena a uno de los hombres más jóvenes que vaya en su lugar. Y mientras decía esto, señaló a Batos.

That was all that happened at the time, and after they had returned home, Det|var|allt|som|hände|vid|den|tid|och|efter|de|hade|återvänt|hem eso|fue|todo|que|sucedió|en|el|tiempo|y|después|ellos|habían|regresado|a casa Det var allt som hände vid den tiden, och efter att de hade återvänt hem, Eso fue todo lo que sucedió en ese momento, y después de que regresaron a casa,

they ignored the oracular response. After all, they had no idea where Libya was, |||prophetic|||||||||| de|ignorerade|det|orakelska|svaret|Efter|allt|de|hade|ingen|aning|var|Libyen|var ellos|ignoraron|la|oracular|respuesta|después|de todo|ellos|tenían|ninguna|idea|dónde|Libia|estaba ignorerade de det orakliga svaret. Trots allt hade de ingen aning om var Libyen låg, ignoraron la respuesta oracular. Después de todo, no tenían idea de dónde estaba Libia,

But afterward, no rain fell on Thera for seven years, and all the trees on the island Men|efteråt|ingen|regn|föll|på|Thera|i|sju|år|och|alla|de|träden|på|den|ön pero|después|no|lluvia|cayó|en|Thera|por|siete|años|y|todos|los|árboles|en|la|isla Men efteråt föll ingen regn på Thera i sju år, och alla träd på ön Pero después, no cayó lluvia en Thera durante siete años, y todos los árboles de la isla

withered away except for one. So, the Therians again consulted the Oracle, |||||||||||Oracle vissnade|bort|förutom|för|en|Så|den|Therians|igen|rådfrågade|den|Orakeln se marchitaron|lejos|excepto|por|uno|así que|los|terianos|otra vez|consultaron|la|oráculo visnade bort utom ett. Så, Therianerna rådfrågade åter Oraklet, se marchitaron excepto uno. Así que, los terianos nuevamente consultaron al Oráculo,

wind and had come to the Libyan island called Plataea. They persuaded him to help them by vind|och|hade|kommit|till|den|libyska|ön|kallad|Plataea|De|övertygade|honom|att|hjälpa|dem|genom ||||a||||||||||ayudar|ellos|por vinden och hade kommit till den libyska ön som kallas Plataea. De övertygade honom att hjälpa dem genom viento y había llegado a la isla libia llamada Platea. Lo persuadieron para que los ayudara al

offering him money and took him to Thera. From there, a small party sailed out on a scouting erbjuda|honom|pengar|och|tog|honom|till|Thera|Från|där|en|liten|grupp|seglade|ut|på|en|spaningsuppdrag ofreciendo|le|dinero|y|llevó|lo|a|Thera|de|allí|una|pequeña|partida|navegó|afuera|en|una|exploración erbjuder honom pengar och tog honom till Thera. Därifrån seglade en liten grupp ut på en spanings ofreciéndole dinero y lo llevó a Thera. Desde allí, un pequeño grupo zarpó en una expedición de reconocimiento.

expedition. Korobios led them to the island of Plataea, and after leaving him there with expedition|Korobios|led|dem|till|den|ön|av|Plataea|och|efter|att lämna|honom|där|med |Korobios|llevó|a ellos|a|la|isla|de|Platea|y|después de|dejar|lo|allí|con expedition. Korobios ledde dem till ön Plataea, och efter att ha lämnat honom där med Korobios los llevó a la isla de Platea, y después de dejarlo allí con

provisions sufficient to last a designated number of months, förnödenheter|tillräckliga|att|räcka|ett|angivet|antal|av|månader ||a|||||| tillräckligt med förnödenheter för att räcka i ett angivet antal månader, provisiones suficientes para durar un número designado de meses,

they quickly sailed back to report to the Therians about the island. seglade de snabbt tillbaka för att rapportera till therierna om ön. rápidamente regresaron para informar a los terianos sobre la isla.

At a minimum, death and the confiscation of all of their property. I varje fall|en|minimum|död|och|den|konfiskering|av|all|av|deras|egendom a|un|mínimo|muerte|y|la|confiscación|de|toda|de|su|propiedad Minst döden och konfiskeringen av all deras egendom. Como mínimo, la muerte y la confiscación de todas sus propiedades.

Cyrene, the Therians have resolved to send Batos as the first founder and king out to Libya, Cyrene|de|Therians|har|beslutat|att|skicka|Batos|som|den|första|grundare|och|kung|ut|till|Libyen Cirene|los|terianos|han|resuelto|a|enviar|Batos|como|el|primer|fundador|y|rey|afuera|a|Libia Cyrene, har therianerna beslutat att skicka Batos som den första grundaren och kungen till Libyen, Cirene, los Terianos han resuelto enviar a Batos como el primer fundador y rey a Libia,

and that Therians are to sail as his companions. On equal and like terms are they to sail, och|att|Therians|ska|att|segla|som|hans|följeslagare|På|lika|och|lika|villkor|ska|de|att|segla y|que|terianos|están|a|navegar|como|sus|compañeros|en|igualdad|y|similares|términos|están|ellos|a|navegar och att therianerna ska segla som hans följeslagare. På lika och liknande villkor ska de segla, y que los Terianos deben navegar como sus compañeros. En términos iguales y similares deben navegar,

according to household, with one son to be selected, and those who are of age, enligt|till|hushåll|med|en|son|att|bli|utvald|och|de|som|är|av|ålder de acuerdo|a|hogar|con|un|hijo|que|sea|seleccionado|y|aquellos|que|son|de|edad enligt hushåll, med en son som ska väljas, och de som är myndiga, según el hogar, con un hijo a ser seleccionado, y aquellos que son de edad,

and of the other Therians, those who are free, are to sail. If the colonists establish the colony, och|av|de|andra|Therianer|de|som|är|fria|ska|att|segla|Om|de|kolonister|etablerar|kolonin| y|de|los|otros|Therians|aquellos|que|están|libres|están|a|navegar|si|los|colonos|establecen|la|colonia och av de andra Therians, de som är fria, ska segla. Om kolonisterna etablerar kolonin, y de los otros Terians, aquellos que son libres, deben zarpar. Si los colonos establecen la colonia,

But if they do not establish a colony, and the Therians are unable to aid them, Men|om|de|(verbet 'göra')|inte|etablerar|en|koloni|och|de|Therianerna|är|oförmögna|att|hjälpa|dem pero|si|ellos|no||establecen|una|colonia|y|los|Therians|están|incapaces|a|ayudar|ellos Men om de inte etablerar en koloni, och Therians inte kan hjälpa dem, Pero si no establecen una colonia, y los Terians no pueden ayudarlos,

but hardships afflict them for five years, then from that land they are without fear of redress ||trouble|||||||||||||| men|svårigheter|drabbar|dem|i|fem|år|då|från|det|land|de|är|utan|rädsla|för|upprättelse pero|dificultades|afligen|a ellos|por|cinco|años|entonces|de|esa|tierra|ellos|están|sin|miedo|de|reparación men svårigheter drabbar dem i fem år, sedan är de från det landet utan rädsla för upprättelse pero las dificultades los afligen durante cinco años, luego de esa tierra están sin miedo a represalias

shall be liable to the death penalty, and his property shall be confiscated. ||应承担||||death penalty||||||被没收 ska|vara|skyldig|till|dödsstraff|död|straff|och|hans|egendom|ska|vara|konfiskerad deberá|ser|responsable|a|la|muerte|pena|y|su|propiedad|será||confiscada ska vara skyldig till dödsstraff, och hans egendom ska konfiskeras. será castigado con la pena de muerte, y su propiedad será confiscada.

Anyone that takes him in, or that hides him, be he a father hiding a son, or a brother Den som|som|tar|honom|in|eller|som|gömmer|honom|vara|han|en|far|gömmer|en|son|eller|en|bror cualquiera|que|toma|lo|adentro|o|que|esconde|lo|sea|él|un|padre|escondiendo|un|hijo|o|un|hermano Den som tar emot honom, eller som gömmer honom, vare sig det är en far som gömmer en son, eller en bror Cualquiera que lo reciba, o que lo oculte, ya sea un padre ocultando a un hijo, o un hermano

hiding a brother, shall suffer the same things as he that refused to sail. dölja|en|bror|ska|lida|de|samma|saker|som|han|som|vägrade|att|segla escondiendo|un|hermano|verbo auxiliar futuro|sufrirá|las|mismas|cosas|como|él|que|rechazó|a|navegar som gömmer en bror, skall lida samma öde som den som vägrade att segla. ocultando a un hermano, sufrirá las mismas cosas que aquel que se negó a navegar.

On these terms, they that remain here on Thera, and they that are sailing to found a colony, På|dessa|villkor|de|som|stannar|här|på|Thera|och|de|som|är|seglar|för att|grunda|en|koloni en|estos|términos|ellos|que|permanecen|aquí|en|Thera|y|ellos|que|están|navegando|a|fundar|una|colonia Under dessa villkor har de som stannar här på Thera, och de som seglar för att grunda en koloni, Bajo estos términos, los que permanecen aquí en Thera, y los que navegan para fundar una colonia,

have made a covenant, and they have cursed them that should transgress against it, |||agreement||||||||violate|| har|gjort|ett|förbund|och|de|har|förbannat|dem|som|skulle|överträda|mot|det han|hecho|un|pacto|y|ellos|han|maldecido|a ellos|que|verbo auxiliar condicional|transgredir|contra|él ingått ett förbund, och de har förbannat dem som skulle överträda det, han hecho un pacto, y han maldecido a aquellos que transgredan contra él,

Cyrene ended up being one of the most prosperous Greek colonies of all, and was governed for Cyrene|slutade|upp|vara|en|av|de|mest|välmående|grekiska|kolonier|av|alla|och|var|styrd|i Cirene|terminó|arriba|siendo|una|de|las|más|prósperas|griegas|colonias|de|todas|y|fue|gobernada|por Cyrene blev en av de mest framgångsrika grekiska kolonierna av alla, och styrdes i Cirene terminó siendo una de las colonias griegas más prósperas de todas, y fue gobernada durante

centuries by the Batiat family, named after Batos, the leader of the original expedition. århundraden av Batiat-familjen, som fick sitt namn efter Batos, ledaren för den ursprungliga expeditionen. siglos por la familia Batiat, nombrada así por Batos, el líder de la expedición original.

The colony exported grain, wool, oxides, and a local plant known as silphium, which was used as |||谷物||oxides|||||||silphium|||| Kolonin|koloni|exporterade|spannmål|ull|oxider|och|en|lokal|växt|känd|som|silfium|som|var|användes|som La|colonia|exportó|grano|lana|óxidos|y|una|local|planta|conocida|como|silfio|que|fue|usado|como Kolonin exporterade spannmål, ull, oxider och en lokal växt känd som silphium, som användes som La colonia exportaba grano, lana, óxidos y una planta local conocida como silfio, que se utilizaba como

a laxative. Later on, the citizens of Cyrene established the nearby colonies of Barca and |laxative||||||||||||| en|laxermedel|Sen|på|de|medborgarna|i|Kyrene|grundade|de|närliggande|kolonier|i|Barca|och un|laxante|más tarde|en|los|ciudadanos|de|Cirene|establecieron|las|cercanas|colonias|de|Barca|y laxermedel. Senare grundade medborgarna i Cyrene de närliggande kolonierna Barca och un laxante. Más tarde, los ciudadanos de Cirene establecieron las colonias cercanas de Barca y

Euhesperides, with the entire area eventually adopting the name Cyreneca. Euhesperides, och hela området antog så småningom namnet Cyreneca. Euhesperides, con toda el área adoptando eventualmente el nombre de Cirenaica.

Cyrene is also a good example of the typical relationship that a colony had with its mother Cyrene|är|också|en|bra|exempel|på|den|typiska|relationen|som|en|koloni|hade|med|sin|moder Cirene|es|también|un|buen|ejemplo|de|la|típica|relación|que|una|colonia|tenía|con|su|madre Cyrene är också ett bra exempel på den typiska relationen som en koloni hade med sin moder Cirene también es un buen ejemplo de la relación típica que una colonia tenía con su madre

city. As soon as it was founded, the new colony was considered to be a completely independent stad|Så|snart|som|den|var|grundad|den|nya|kolonin|var|ansågs|att|vara|en|helt|oberoende ciudad|tan pronto como|pronto||fue|fue|fundada|la|nueva|colonia|fue|considerada|a|ser|un|completamente|independiente stad. Så snart den grundades, ansågs den nya kolonin vara en helt oberoende ciudad. Tan pronto como fue fundada, la nueva colonia fue considerada como completamente independiente

state, with its own rulers and government. Thus, the modern definition of a colony, where the stat|med|sina|egna|härskare|och|regering|Således|den|moderna|definitionen|av|en|koloni|där| estado|con|su|propio|gobernantes|y|gobierno||||||||| stat, med sina egna härskare och regering. Således gällde inte den moderna definitionen av en koloni, där estado, con sus propios gobernantes y gobierno. Así, la definición moderna de una colonia, donde la

Greek-speaking world. So for example, in the Oath of the Settlers inscription discovered on Cyrene, ||värld|Så|för|exempel|i|den|ed|av|de|bosättarna|inskription|upptäckte|på|Kyrene |||así|por|ejemplo|en|el|juramento|de|los|colonos|inscripción|descubierta|en|Cirene grekisktalande världen. Så till exempel, i Eden av bosättarna inskriptionen som upptäcktes på Cyrene, mundo de habla griega. Así que, por ejemplo, en la inscripción del Juramento de los Colonos descubierta en Cirene,

the founders of Cyrene ceased to be citizens of Thera the moment that the colony was established. de|grundarna|av|Kyrene|upphörde|att|vara|medborgare|av|Thera|den|stund|som|den|koloni|var|etablerad los|fundadores|de|Cirene|dejaron|de|ser|ciudadanos|de|Tera|el|momento|que|la|colonia|fue|establecida grundarna av Cyrene upphörde att vara medborgare i Thera i det ögonblick kolonin grundades. los fundadores de Cirene dejaron de ser ciudadanos de Thera en el momento en que se estableció la colonia.

Therian citizenship. Fortunately for them, this was not the case, and Cyrene would go on to become Therian|medborgarskap|Lyckligtvis|för|dem|detta|var|inte|det|fallet|och|Cyrene|skulle|gå|vidare|att|bli ||afortunadamente|para|ellos|esto|fue|no|el|caso|y|Cirene|verbo auxiliar condicional|iría|adelante|a|convertirse therianska medborgarskap. Lyckligtvis för dem var detta inte fallet, och Cyrene skulle bli ciudadanía theriana. Afortunadamente para ellos, este no fue el caso, y Cirene se convertiría en

much more prosperous and powerful than its mother colony, Thera. Though politically independent, mycket|mer|välmående|och|mäktig|än|dess|moder|koloni|Thera|Även om|politiskt|oberoende ||||||||||aunque|políticamente|independiente mycket mer framgångsrik och mäktig än sin moderkoloni, Thera. Även om den var politiskt oberoende, mucho más próspera y poderosa que su colonia madre, Thera. Aunque políticamente independiente,

the relationship between the mother city and colony was never completely severed. |||||||||||cut off den|relation|mellan|den|moder|staden|och|kolonin|var|aldrig|helt|avskuren la|relación|entre|la|madre|ciudad|y|colonia|fue|nunca|completamente|cortada relationen mellan moderstaden och kolonin var aldrig helt avskuren. la relación entre la ciudad madre y la colonia nunca se rompió por completo.

cousins, close friends, and many other relationships in the mother city. In many cases, the colonies kusiner|nära|vänner|och|många|andra|relationer|i|den|moder|staden|I|många|fall|de|kolonier ||||muchos|otros|||la|madre|||||el| kusiner, nära vänner och många andra relationer i moderstaden. I många fall primos, amigos cercanos y muchas otras relaciones en la ciudad madre. En muchos casos, las colonias

also provided surplus food or other items to the mother colony first before selling them on the försåg kolonierna också moderkolonin med överskottsmat eller andra varor innan de sålde dem vidare. también proporcionaban alimentos excedentes u otros artículos a la colonia madre primero antes de venderlos en el

surrounded the Black Sea, of which there were many. According to Strabo, it was Miletus in omgiven|det|Svarta|Hav|av|vilka|det|var|många|Enligt|till|Strabo|det|var|Miletos|i rodeaban|el|Negro|Mar|de|las cuales|había|había|muchas||||||| omgav Svarta havet, av vilka det fanns många. Enligt Strabo var det Miletus i rodeaban el Mar Negro, de las cuales había muchas. Según Estrabón, fue Mileto en

southwestern Asia Minor, today in modern Turkey, that was the mother city of most of them. Miletus sydvästra|Asien|Mindre|idag|i|moderna|Turkiet|som|var|den|moder|staden|av|de flesta|av|dem|Miletos |Asia|Menor|hoy|en|moderna|Turquía|que|fue|la|madre|ciudad|de|la mayoría|de|ellos|Mileto sydvästra Mindre Asien, idag i moderna Turkiet, som var moderstaden för de flesta av dem. Miletus el suroeste de Asia Menor, hoy en la moderna Turquía, que fue la ciudad madre de la mayoría de ellas. Mileto

was one of, if not the most prosperous city in the part of the ancient Greek world known as Ionia, var|en|av|om|inte|den|mest|välmående|stad|i|den|del|av|den|antika|grekiska|världen|känd|som|Jonien fue|una|de|si|no|la|más|próspera|ciudad|en|la|parte|del|mundo|antiguo|griego|mundo|conocido|como|Ionia var en av, om inte den mest framgångsrika staden i den del av den antika grekiska världen som kallas Ionia, era una de, si no la más próspera ciudad en la parte del mundo griego antiguo conocida como Ionia,

shores of the Black Sea. This most likely may have been because the interior of Asia Minor stränder|av|det|Svarta|Hav|Detta|mest|troligtvis|kan|ha|varit|eftersom|det|inre|av|Asien|Mindre |de||||||||||||||Asia|Menor stränderna vid Svarta havet. Detta kan troligen ha berott på att inre delen av Mindre Asien costas del Mar Negro. Esto probablemente se debió a que el interior de Asia Menor

Eventually, Miletus was obliged to accept a treaty with Lydia that reduced its territorial Till slut|Miletos|var|tvungen|att|acceptera|ett|avtal|med|Lydien|som|minskade|dess|territoriella eventualmente|Mileto|fue|obligado|a|aceptar|un|tratado|con|Lidia|que|redujo|sus|territoriales Till slut var Miletus tvungen att acceptera ett avtal med Lydia som minskade dess territoriala Finalmente, Mileto se vio obligado a aceptar un tratado con Lidia que redujo sus posesiones territoriales.

other Greek city-states, but its traders probably wished to find a way to acquire raw materials andra|grekiska|||men|dess|handlare|troligen|önskade|att|hitta|en|väg|att|skaffa|råa|material otros|griegos|||sino|sus|comerciantes|probablemente|deseaban|a|encontrar|una|manera|de|adquirir|materias|primas andra grekiska stadsstater, men dess handelsmän önskade förmodligen hitta ett sätt att skaffa råvaror pero sus comerciantes probablemente deseaban encontrar una manera de adquirir materias primas

such as copper, tin, silver, and gold from the interior of Asia Minor by bypassing kingdoms ||copper(1)||||||||||||avoiding| som|som|koppar|tenn|silver|och|guld|från|det|inre|av|Asien|Mindre|genom|att kringgå|kungariken tales|como|cobre|estaño|plata|y|oro|de|el|interior|de|Asia|Menor|al|eludir|reinos som koppar, tenn, silver och guld från inre Mindre Asien genom att kringgå kungadömen. como cobre, estaño, plata y oro del interior de Asia Menor eludiendo reinos.

southern coast of the Black Sea. Though it had not one but two harbors, it was isolated by mountains södra|kust|av|det|Svarta|Hav|Även om|det|hade|inte|en|utan|två|hamnar|det|var|isolerat|av|berg sur|costa|de|el|Negro|Mar|aunque|eso|tenía|no|uno|sino|dos|puertos|eso|estaba|aislado|por|montañas södra kusten av Svarta havet. Även om den hade inte en utan två hamnar, var den isolerad av berg costa sur del Mar Negro. Aunque no tenía uno, sino dos puertos, estaba aislada por montañas

from the interior of Asia Minor. While this helped to protect it, it also meant that the city had to från|den|inre|av|Asien|Mindre|Medan|detta|hjälpte|att|skydda|det||också|betydde|att|staden|stad|hade|att de|el|interior|de|Asia|Menor|mientras|esto|ayudó|a|proteger|eso|eso|también|significó|que|la|ciudad|tenía|que från innlandet i Mindre Asien. Medan detta hjälpte till att skydda den, innebar det också att staden var tvungen att del interior de Asia Menor. Si bien esto ayudó a protegerla, también significaba que la ciudad tenía que

rely almost exclusively on seaborne trade, which allowed it to export precious metals from the ||||ocean shipping|||||||||| förlita|nästan|uteslutande|på|sjötransport|handel|vilket|tillät|det|att|exportera|ädel|metaller|från| depender|casi|exclusivamente|en|marítimo|comercio|lo que|permitió|a ella|a|exportar|metales|preciosos|de|los förlita sig nästan uteslutande på sjöhandel, vilket gjorde att den kunde exportera ädelmetaller från den depender casi exclusivamente del comercio marítimo, lo que le permitió exportar metales preciosos del

nearby mountains to its south. Other colonies around the Black Sea and Sea of Marmara included närliggande|berg|till|dess|söder|Andra|kolonier|runt|det|Svarta|Hav|och|Hav|av|Marmara|inkluderade cercanas|montañas|al|su|sur|otras|colonias|alrededor|el|Negro|Mar|y|Mar|de|Mármara|incluyeron närliggande berg i söder. Andra kolonier runt Svarta havet och Marmarasjön inkluderade montañas cercanas al sur. Otras colonias alrededor del Mar Negro y el Mar de Mármara incluían

Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea, Pantykapeum, Kizikos, Istria, Trapezos, and too many others to name. Byzans|Chalcedon|Heraclea|Pantikapaion|Kyzikos|Istrien|Trapezous|||||| Bizancio|Calcedón|Heraclea|Pantikápolis|Cizico|Istria|Trapezo|y|demasiado|muchas|otras|para|nombrar Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea, Pantykapeum, Kizikos, Istrien, Trapezos, och för många andra att nämna. Bizancio, Calcedonia, Heraclea, Pantikapeo, Cizico, Istria, Trapezo, y demasiadas otras para nombrar.

There were just so many Greek colonies that it's impossible to go over all of them in such a short Det|var|bara|så|många|grekiska|kolonier|att|det är|omöjligt|att|gå|över|alla|av|dem|på|så|en|kort allí|había|solo|tan|muchas|griegas|colonias|que|es|imposible|a|repasar|sobre|todas|de|ellas|en|tal|un|corto Det fanns så många grekiska kolonier att det är omöjligt att gå igenom alla på så kort tid. Había tantas colonias griegas que es imposible repasar todas en un programa tan corto,

As always, thanks so much for stopping by, I really appreciate it. I'd also really like to Som|alltid|tack|så|mycket|för|stanna|förbi|jag|verkligen|uppskattar|det|jag skulle|också|verkligen|vilja|att como|siempre|gracias|tanto|mucho|por|detenerte|aquí|yo|realmente|aprecio|eso||||| Som alltid, tack så mycket för att du stannade till, jag uppskattar det verkligen. Jag skulle också verkligen vilja Como siempre, muchas gracias por pasar por aquí, realmente lo aprecio. También me gustaría

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