×

Utilizziamo i cookies per contribuire a migliorare LingQ. Visitando il sito, acconsenti alla nostra politica dei cookie.


image

BBC Sounds – Homeschool History, Homeschool History – The Great Fire of London

Homeschool History – The Great Fire of London

BBC Sounds – Music, Radio, Podcasts

Hello and welcome to “Homeschool History”. I'm Greg Jenner, the historian behind TV's “Horrible Histories” and the host of the BBC podcast “You're dead to me”, although that one's mostly for the grown-ups. I'm here to deliver a snappy history lesson to entertain and educate the whole family. Who says that homeschooling can't be fun?

Today we are journeying back to 1666 to get to grips with a calamity that changed the City of London forever:

The Great Fire of London.

Let's fire away!

The London of the 1660s was way smaller than today's capital city but at the time it was one of the biggest cities in the world.

So, what caused this disaster?

(– Music: We didn't start the fire…)

Well, loads of things, really. In 1666, buildings were so tightly packed together that they blocked out the light. And these buildings were made of wood. And what does wood do?

Yeah, it goes on fire.

There was no electricity back then either, so the only way to light or heat these buildings was with a fire – yeah, so far, so flammable.

A deadly disease known as the plague had also spread through London the summer before and people believed that a good way to ward it off was with smoke – from lighting fires and smoking tobacco pipes and even from setting off guns!

Not only was this useless, it was a massive fire hazard.

Also, the country was at war with the Dutch Republic, meaning the Royal Navy, who usually did quite a lot of the fire fighting when fires broke out, weren't around because they were off at sea, shooting at Dutch people.

Anyway, London had already caught fire several times before. In fact, there was even a “Great Fire of London” in medieval times.

So this one was going to be a sequel.

(– Woman: Not another one?!)

London was a disaster waiting to happen. Not just in terms of fire safety but also people felt edgy. They were looking for signs that there was a disaster on the way. There had been a comet that they had seen which people said was a bad sign and the year ended in 666 which was said to be the number of the Devil. And weirdly people were also really freaked out by a chicken in Poland that had laid an egg with a cross on it.

Plus there had been a plague and now war with the Dutch. There was a lot to fear. In fact, the year before, plague had shut down lots of places, including schools. Sound familiar? Yeah.

One young person in a similar situation to you was called William Taswell. The year before, seeing as he wasn't in school, his parents had decided it would be a good idea to send him into plaguey, plaguey London to deliver a message.

And, I mean I know they didn't have Joe Wicks in those days, but surely there had to be a safer way to get some exercise.

(– Let's get our heart rate to the max!)

William was one of many people who witnessed the fire and wrote about his experiences. And we will talk about him more later on.

So, let's get to it.

The fire began in the early hours of December 2nd, 1666. But who did start the fire?

(– Music: We didn't start the fire…)

Technically it was an accident at Thomas Farriner's bakery on Pudding Lane. It's believed that he hadn't put out one of his ovens properly, causing a fire which tragically killed one of his servants. And then things got a whole lot worse. There was some basic fire-fighting gear around but a lot of it was broken or missing and the poor areas of London couldn't even afford that. The best way to stop a fire was to pull down the wooden houses either side of the flames so there wasn't extra fuel to burn.

But this meant asking the posh people who owned the buildings for permission to tear them down. And as the fire started at 1 a.m., all of the posh people were either asleep or they had been drinking too much.

(– Oh, go away, I'm sleeping!)

They did manage to wake up the mayor, Sir Thomas Bloodworth, but he took one look at the fire and decided it was too small to be worth his time. He even said: “A woman could wee it out!”

(– Ugh!)

It's no wonder the famous diarist Samuel Pepys described Mayor Bloodworth as “a silly man”. Um, I agree.

Worried, King Charles II sent Pepys to give Mayor Bloodworth royal permission to pull down the houses as the fire was now quickly spreading due to strong winds. Pepys described the mayor “running around in a big, flappy panic“ and “crying a lot“.

Soon, the fire spread to warehouses on Thames Street which were unfortunately full of Londoners' most flammable goods: hay, animal fat, coal, alcohol. If it was guaranteed to make a fire ten times worse, then chances were they kept it in Thames Street. Now, when you know what that meant.

Yes, by now it was clear that the fire could not be stopped. All Londoners could do was to get out of their homes and save whatever valuables they could. Lots of people ran to Moorfields, a big, open space where they'd usually do their laundry and here they camped out in tents.

Some rotters tried to earn a profit out of the disaster. Cart drivers massively raised their prices, so desperate families had to pay a fortune to transport their belongings to safety. And some people even broke into houses or stole from those people escaping.

(– Boo!)

Remember William Taswell? Well, while he was witnessing the fire at Westminster, his family home was robbed – horrible!

(– Booh!)

London Bridge meanwhile, over the River Thames, was covered in wooden houses, so it soon went up in flames as well. The only thing that stopped the fire spreading to the other side of the river was that parts of it had already burned down thirty years ago. So, thanks, Previous Fire!

Even the water wheel near London Bridge burned down, so those who'd managed to find fire-fighting equipment had to go down all the way to the riverbanks to get water. And due to the fact it was low tide, the river was mostly just squelchy mud.

And then the fire spread to St Paul's Cathedral which at this point was covered in wooden scaffolding. And it had loads of important documents inside.

Some people felt lucky they'd stored their valuables in the Tower of London instead.

(– Phew!)

Except the fire had also started spreading towards the Tower of London! and that is where the government stored its gun powder.

(– Uh-oh!)

Yeah, that's not good, is it?

King Charles II and his brother, the Duke of York, wanted to show Londoners that they were handling the situation. They made sure the people saw them acting heroically.

(– I can be your hero, Baby!)

And they handed out loads of money to grown-ups and even to kids to help form a fire-fighting team, a sort of fire based “Put Out to Help Out” scheme.

One of those people was young William Taswell. He and his teenage schoolmates were helping to stop the Tower of London from going “Kaboom!”.

Well done, William!

Luckily the wind also started blowing in the other direction, too.

Well done, Wind!

After three days the fire finally went out but it was still horrible. Eighty percent of the old city was destroyed, smoke was in the air and young William even fainted from the heat. The ground was too hot to walk on. He said it nearly scorched his shoes.

(– Ow, ow, ow, ow, oow!)

Thousands of people were homeless and tired and scared. Lots of people camped in the burned ruins of their homes because they were worried that they would lose their land if they left. It was terrible and people were upset. They were starting to turn on each other as well. And they were saying the fire had been a deliberate terrorist attack by England's enemies, perhaps started by Dutch spies or Catholics or anyone with a foreign accent. Nasty violence now broke out against these innocent people in spite of King Charles II calling for calm.

William Taswell witnessed a blacksmith hitting a Frenchman with an iron bar – very, very nasty.

Another Frenchman called Robert Hubert got confused and confessed to starting the fire on purpose. The judge had him executed even though Robert was totally innocent. He hadn't even been in London on December 2nd. He couldn't have started it.

It's said that only six people officially died during The Great Fire of London but historians think it was many more than that, either from dying in the fire or from the cold and shock and the disease afterwards because they'd lost their homes and they had nowhere to live.

You may have heard that at least the fire stopped The Plague but actually Plague was already becoming less common anyway so it probably made no difference. And scary memories haunted people. Poor Samuel Pepys had nightmares for years afterwards, sigh.

But now it was time to think about rebuilding.

Step forward Christopher Wren, who enjoyed designing buildings, dabbling in medicine and was also professor of astronomy, meaning he studied the stars. He was what we call a polymath which is a very fancy word for someone who is very, very clever at lots of different things.

(– I am ever so clever!)

Christopher Wren was so excited about his new city plans that he submitted them before the fires were even out.

(That's a bit keen, Chris, calm down!)

But there were other plans, too, with radical ideas of big, wide boulevards being suggested. The problem was: All the landlords and property owners just wanted their previous stuff back as it was. So, although Christopher Wren got to rebuild loads of churches in a new style, much of London was just kind of, well, put back as it was, really.

(– Oh…)

Oh, well. At least now the buildings were stone-clad, so a little bit less flammable and Wren did at least get to make huge changes when rebuilding his new St Paul's Cathedral. His famous dome was very modern for its time, inspired by designs that Wren had seen from France and Italy. And he even decorated the towers with shiny, golden pineapples.

(– I have a pen, I have pineapple! Oh, pineapple pen!)

Whatever floats your boat, Christopher.

He also teamed up with another sciency clever clog called Robert Hooke to design a huge monument to the fire which is still there today in a part of London called – erm – Monument.

(It's not very imaginative, is it? Come on, let's do better!)

Still, despite the rebuilding, a quarter of the Londoners made homeless by the fire never returned. You can't blame them for not feeling safe. Another fire ignited only a few months later in Whitehall although this one was thankfully extinguished much quicker.

But what about young William Taswell, the melty-shoed schoolboy who'd been on the Royal fire-fighting team? Well, don't worry about him. He grew up and lived a happy life as a country vicar, but I think he'd had enough adventure to last a lifetime.

And that brings us to the end of our story about the Great Fire of London. So now it's time for the quiz.

We have five questions. Are you ready?

(– We didn't start the fire…)

OK, here we go:

Question 1: Before 1666 buildings in London were mostly made from what material?

Question 2: In what type of shop did the Great Fire of London start?

Question 3: What was the name of the schoolboy who witnessed the fire and helped save the Tower of London?

Question 4: At the time of the fire, which country was England at war with?

And Question 5: Which brainy architect rebuilt St Paul's Cathedral?

OK, now it's time for the answers!

The answer to Question 1: London was mostly made from wood.

The answer to Question 2: The fire had broken out in a bakery on Pudding Lane.

The answer to Question 3: Our young school hero was William Taswell.

The answer to Question 4: England was at war with the Dutch Republic.

And the answer to Question 5: The architect was Christopher Wren.

How did you do? If you didn't get all five, that's OK. Why not listen to a different episode from series 1 or 2 on BBC Sounds. Hopefully you've learnt lots and are all fired up to learn some more. Tune in next time for some more Homeschool History and make sure to subscribe to the podcast on BBC Sounds so you never miss an episode.

Thank you for listening, take care and goodbye!

Homeschool History was a production by The Athletic for BBC Radio 4 and BBC Sounds.

The script was by Gabby Hutchinson Crouch, Emma Nagouse and me, the producer was Abi Paterson, the research assistant was Hannah MacKenzie and the historical adviser was Rebecca Rideal.

Homeschool History – The Great Fire of London Homeschool History - Der große Brand von London Homeschool History – The Great Fire of London Homeschool History - El Gran Incendio de Londres Homeschool History - Le grand incendie de Londres ホームスクールの歴史 - ロンドン大火災 홈스쿨 역사 - 런던 대화재 Istorija namams - Didysis Londono gaisras Homeschool Geschiedenis - De grote brand van Londen Homeschool History - Wielki pożar Londynu História no Ensino Doméstico - O Grande Incêndio de Londres Домашняя история - Великий лондонский пожар Evde Eğitim Tarihi - Büyük Londra Yangını Історія домашньої школи - Велика пожежа в Лондоні 家庭教育历史 - 伦敦大火 家庭學校歷史——倫敦大火

BBC Sounds – Music, Radio, Podcasts

Hello and welcome to “Homeschool History”. 您好,欢迎来到“家庭学校历史”。 I'm Greg Jenner, the historian behind TV's “Horrible Histories” and the host of the BBC podcast “You're dead to me”, although that one's mostly for the grown-ups. Ich bin Greg Jenner, der Historiker hinter der Fernsehserie "Horrible Histories" und Gastgeber des BBC-Podcasts "You're dead to me", der allerdings eher etwas für Erwachsene ist. Je suis Greg Jenner, l'historien à l'origine de l'émission télévisée "Horrible Histories" et l'animateur du podcast de la BBC "You're dead to me" (Vous êtes mort pour moi), bien que celui-ci soit surtout destiné aux adultes. テレビの『Horrible Histories』の歴史家であり、BBCのポッドキャスト『You're dead to me』のホストでもあるグレッグ・ジェナーだ。 Ik ben Greg Jenner, de historicus achter "Horrible Histories" op tv en de gastheer van de BBC-podcast "You're dead to me", hoewel die vooral voor volwassenen is. Sou Greg Jenner, o historiador por detrás da série televisiva "Horrible Histories" e o anfitrião do podcast da BBC "You're dead to me", embora este seja sobretudo para os adultos. Ben Greg Jenner, TV'deki "Horrible Histories "in arkasındaki tarihçi ve BBC'nin "You're dead to me" podcast'inin sunucusuyum, ancak bu daha çok yetişkinler için. 我是格雷格·詹纳 (Greg Jenner),电视节目“可怕的历史”背后的历史学家,也是 BBC 播客“你对我来说已经死了”的主持人,尽管该播客主要面向成年人。 I'm here to deliver a snappy history lesson to entertain and educate the whole family. Ich bin hier, um eine bissige Geschichtsstunde zu halten, die die ganze Familie unterhält und weiterbildet. Je suis ici pour donner une leçon d'histoire rapide pour divertir et éduquer toute la famille. 私は、家族全員を楽しませ、教育するために、小気味よい歴史の教訓を伝えるためにここにいる。 Ik ben hier om een pittige geschiedenisles te geven om het hele gezin te vermaken en te onderwijzen. Estou aqui para dar uma lição de história rápida para entreter e educar toda a família. 我来这里是为了给全家人上一堂生动的历史课,以娱乐和教育他们。 Who says that homeschooling can't be fun? Wer sagt denn, dass Heimunterricht keinen Spaß machen kann? Qui a dit que l'école à la maison ne pouvait pas être amusante ? ホームスクーリングが楽しくないなんて誰が言ったの? Wie zegt dat thuisonderwijs niet leuk kan zijn? 谁说在家上学就不能有趣?

Today we are journeying back to 1666 to get to grips with a calamity that changed the City of London forever: Heute reisen wir zurück ins Jahr 1666, um uns mit einer Katastrophe zu befassen, die die Londoner City für immer veränderte: Aujourd'hui, nous retournons en 1666 pour nous imprégner d'une calamité qui a changé la ville de Londres à jamais : 今日は1666年まで遡り、ロンドン市を永遠に変えた災難に迫ってみよう: Vandaag gaan we terug naar 1666 om grip te krijgen op een ramp die de stad Londen voor altijd veranderde: Hoje viajamos até 1666 para nos inteirarmos de uma calamidade que mudou a cidade de Londres para sempre: 今天,我们将回到 1666 年,来应对一场永远改变了伦敦金融城的灾难:

The Great Fire of London. De grote brand van Londen.

Let's fire away! Schießen wir los! Tirons la sonnette d'alarme ! 撃ちまくろう! Laten we vuren! Vamos lá disparar! Давайте стрелять! 让我们开火吧!

The London of the 1660s was way smaller than today's capital city but at the time it was one of the biggest cities in the world. Londýn v 60. letech 16. století byl mnohem menší než dnešní hlavní město, ale ve své době patřil k největším městům na světě. Das London der 1660er Jahre war viel kleiner als die heutige Hauptstadt, aber damals war es eine der größten Städte der Welt. Het Londen van de jaren 1660 was veel kleiner dan de hoofdstad van vandaag, maar in die tijd was het een van de grootste steden ter wereld. A Londres da década de 1660 era muito mais pequena do que a atual capital, mas na altura era uma das maiores cidades do mundo. 1660 年代的伦敦比今天的首都小得多,但当时它是世界上最大的城市之一。

So, what caused this disaster? Wie kam es also zu dieser Katastrophe?

(– Music: We didn't start the fire…) (- Musique : Nous n'avons pas allumé le feu...) (- Muziek: Wij hebben de brand niet gesticht...)

Well, loads of things, really. Nun, eigentlich viele Dinge. Eh bien, beaucoup de choses, en fait. まあ、本当にいろいろある。 Nou, eigenlijk heel veel dingen. Bem, muitas coisas, na verdade. 嗯,真的有很多东西。 In 1666, buildings were so tightly packed together that they blocked out the light. Im Jahr 1666 standen die Gebäude so dicht beieinander, dass sie das Licht verdunkelten. En 1666, les bâtiments étaient tellement serrés les uns contre les autres qu'ils bloquaient la lumière. 1666年当時、建物は光を遮るほど密集していた。 In 1666 stonden de gebouwen zo dicht op elkaar dat ze het licht tegenhielden. Em 1666, os edifícios estavam tão apertados que bloqueavam a luz. 1666 年,建筑物紧密地挤在一起,遮住了光线。 And these buildings were made of wood. Und diese Gebäude waren aus Holz gebaut. And what does wood do? Und was macht Holz? Et que fait le bois ? E o que é que a madeira faz?

Yeah, it goes on fire. Ja, es geht in Flammen auf. Ja, het vliegt in brand. Sim, está a arder.

There was no electricity back then either, so the only way to light or heat these buildings was with a fire – yeah, so far, so flammable. Damals gab es auch noch keinen Strom, so dass die einzige Möglichkeit, diese Gebäude zu beleuchten oder zu heizen, ein Feuer war - ja, so weit, so brennbar. Er was toen ook nog geen elektriciteit, dus de enige manier om deze gebouwen te verlichten of te verwarmen was met vuur - ja, tot zover, zo brandbaar. Nessa altura, também não havia eletricidade, pelo que a única forma de iluminar ou aquecer estes edifícios era com uma fogueira - sim, até agora, tão inflamável. Электричества тогда тоже не было, поэтому единственным способом освещения и обогрева этих зданий был огонь - да, пока еще легковоспламеняющийся. 那时也没有电,所以给这些建筑物照明或供暖的唯一方法就是生火——是的,到目前为止,火是非常易燃的。

A deadly disease known as the plague had also spread through London the summer before and people believed that a good way to ward it off was with smoke – from lighting fires and smoking tobacco pipes and even from setting off guns! Eine tödliche Krankheit, die Pest, hatte sich im Sommer zuvor auch in London ausgebreitet, und die Menschen glaubten, dass man sie mit Rauch abwehren könne - durch das Anzünden von Feuern, das Rauchen von Tabakspfeifen und sogar durch das Abfeuern von Kanonen! ペストと呼ばれる致命的な病気が前年の夏にもロンドンで流行し、人々はペストを防ぐには煙がいいと信じていた! Een dodelijke ziekte die bekend stond als de pest had zich de zomer ervoor ook door Londen verspreid en de mensen geloofden dat een goede manier om de pest af te weren rook was - van het aansteken van vuren en het roken van tabakspijpen en zelfs van het afsteken van geweren! No verão anterior, uma doença mortal conhecida como a peste tinha-se espalhado por Londres e as pessoas acreditavam que uma boa forma de a afastar era através do fumo - acendendo fogueiras, fumando cachimbos de tabaco e até disparando armas! Летом в Лондоне распространилась смертельная болезнь, известная как чума, и люди верили, что от нее можно защититься с помощью дыма - от разжигания костров, курения табачных трубок и даже от стрельбы из пушек! 一种被称为鼠疫的致命疾病也在去年夏天在伦敦蔓延,人们相信预防这种疾病的好方法是用烟雾——点燃火、抽烟斗,甚至放枪!

Not only was this useless, it was a massive fire hazard. Dies war nicht nur nutzlos, sondern stellte auch eine große Brandgefahr dar. これは役に立たないだけでなく、大火災の危険もあった。 Dit was niet alleen nutteloos, het was ook een enorm brandgevaar. Não só era inútil, como constituía um enorme risco de incêndio. 这不仅没有用,而且还存在巨大的火灾隐患。

Also, the country was at war with the Dutch Republic, meaning the Royal Navy, who usually did quite a lot of the fire fighting when fires broke out, weren't around because they were off at sea, shooting at Dutch people. Außerdem befand sich das Land im Krieg mit der Niederländischen Republik, was bedeutete, dass die Königliche Marine, die normalerweise einen großen Teil der Brandbekämpfung übernahm, wenn Brände ausbrachen, nicht da war, weil sie auf See war und auf Niederländer schoss. また、オランダはオランダ共和国と戦争中であったため、通常、火災が発生したときに消火活動のかなりの部分を担っていたイギリス海軍は、海に出てオランダの人々を撃っていたため、いなかった。 Ook was het land in oorlog met de Nederlandse Republiek, wat betekende dat de Koninklijke Marine, die normaal gesproken een groot deel van de brandbestrijding deed als er brand uitbrak, niet in de buurt was omdat ze op zee waren en op Nederlanders aan het schieten waren. Além disso, o país estava em guerra com a República Holandesa, o que significa que a Marinha Real, que normalmente fazia uma grande parte do combate aos incêndios quando estes deflagravam, não estava presente porque estava no mar a disparar contra os holandeses. 此外,该国正与荷兰共和国交战,这意味着通常在火灾发生时进行大量灭火工作的皇家海军并不在场,因为他们在海上向荷兰人开枪。

Anyway, London had already caught fire several times before. Jedenfalls hatte London schon mehrmals gebrannt. いずれにせよ、ロンドンはすでに何度か火災に見舞われていた。 Hoe dan ook, Londen was al een paar keer eerder in brand gevlogen. De qualquer modo, Londres já se tinha incendiado várias vezes. 无论如何,伦敦之前已经发生过好几次火灾了。 In fact, there was even a “Great Fire of London” in medieval times. Tatsächlich gab es im Mittelalter sogar einen "Großen Brand von London". 実際、中世には「ロンドン大火」もあった。 De facto, houve mesmo um "Grande Incêndio de Londres" na época medieval. 事实上,中世纪甚至还发生过“伦敦大火”。

So this one was going to be a sequel. Es sollte also eine Fortsetzung werden. だからこれは続編になる予定だった。 Dus dit zou een vervolg worden. Por isso, este ia ser uma sequela. 所以这将是续集。

(– Woman: Not another one?!) (- Frau: Nicht schon wieder?!) (女性:またですか?) (Niet nog een?!) (- Mulher: Outra não?!) (——女人:不是另一个?!)

London was a disaster waiting to happen. London war eine Katastrophe, die nur darauf wartete zu passieren. Londen was een wachtende ramp. Londres era um desastre à espera de acontecer. 伦敦是一场即将发生的灾难。 Not just in terms of fire safety but also people felt edgy. Nicht nur im Hinblick auf den Brandschutz, sondern auch, weil die Menschen sich unruhig fühlten. 火災の安全という面だけでなく、人々は気を揉んでいるように感じた。 Niet alleen op het gebied van brandveiligheid, maar mensen voelden zich ook gespannen. Não só em termos de segurança contra incêndios, mas também porque as pessoas se sentiam nervosas. 不仅在消防安全方面,人们也感到紧张。 They were looking for signs that there was a disaster on the way. Sie suchten nach Anzeichen dafür, dass sich eine Katastrophe anbahnte. 彼らは災害が起こる兆候を探していた。 Ze zochten naar tekenen dat er een ramp op komst was. Estavam à procura de sinais de que havia uma catástrofe a caminho. 他们正在寻找灾难即将发生的迹象。 There had been a comet that they had seen which people said was a bad sign and the year ended in 666 which was said to be the number of the Devil. Sie hatten einen Kometen gesehen, der als schlechtes Zeichen galt, und das Jahr endete mit der Zahl 666, die als die Zahl des Teufels galt. 人々が悪い兆候だと言っていた彗星を見たこともあったし、悪魔の数字と言われていた666で年が明けたこともあった。 Er was een komeet gezien waarvan men zei dat het een slecht teken was en het jaar eindigde in 666, waarvan men zei dat het het getal van de Duivel was. Tinham visto um cometa que diziam ser um mau sinal e o ano terminava em 666, que se dizia ser o número do Diabo. 他们看到了一颗彗星,人们说这是一个不好的征兆,这一年结束于666,据说这是魔鬼的数字。 And weirdly people were also really freaked out by a chicken in Poland that had laid an egg with a cross on it. Und seltsamerweise haben sich die Leute auch über ein Huhn in Polen aufgeregt, das ein Ei mit einem Kreuz darauf gelegt hatte. そして奇妙なことに、ポーランドのニワトリが十字架のついた卵を産んだことで、人々は本当に怖がった。 En vreemd genoeg waren mensen ook erg geschrokken van een kip in Polen die een ei had gelegd met een kruis erop. E, estranhamente, as pessoas também ficaram muito assustadas com uma galinha na Polónia que tinha posto um ovo com uma cruz. 奇怪的是,人们也被波兰一只生下带有十字架的鸡蛋的鸡吓坏了。

Plus there had been a plague and now war with the Dutch. Außerdem gab es eine Seuche und nun Krieg mit den Holländern. それに疫病もあったし、オランダとの戦争もあった。 Bovendien was er een plaag geweest en nu oorlog met de Nederlanders. Além disso, tinha havido uma praga e agora uma guerra com os holandeses. 另外,还发生了一场瘟疫,现在又与荷兰人发生了战争。 There was a lot to fear. Es gab eine Menge zu befürchten. Er was veel om bang voor te zijn. Havia muito a temer. 有很多值得恐惧的事情。 In fact, the year before, plague had shut down lots of places, including schools. Im Jahr zuvor hatte die Pest viele Orte, darunter auch Schulen, geschlossen. 実際、その前年にはペストが学校を含む多くの場所を閉鎖していた。 Het jaar daarvoor had de pest veel plaatsen gesloten, waaronder scholen. De facto, no ano anterior, a peste tinha encerrado muitos locais, incluindo escolas. 事实上,前一年,瘟疫已经导致许多地方关闭,包括学校。 Sound familiar? Kommt Ihnen das bekannt vor? 聞き覚えがあるだろうか? Klinkt dat bekend? Parece-lhe familiar? Yeah.

One young person in a similar situation to you was called William Taswell. Ein junger Mensch, der sich in einer ähnlichen Situation wie Sie befand, hieß William Taswell. Een jongere in een vergelijkbare situatie als jij heette William Taswell. 一位与你处境相似的年轻人名叫威廉·塔斯韦尔(William Taswell)。 The year before, seeing as he wasn't in school, his parents had decided it would be a good idea to send him into plaguey, plaguey London to deliver a message. Im Jahr zuvor hatten seine Eltern, da er nicht in der Schule war, beschlossen, dass es eine gute Idee wäre, ihn ins pestverseuchte London zu schicken, um eine Botschaft zu überbringen. 一昨年、彼は学校に行っていなかったので、両親は、疫病が蔓延するロンドンにメッセージを届けに行かせるのはいい考えだと判断した。 Het jaar daarvoor hadden zijn ouders besloten dat het een goed idee zou zijn om hem naar het pestachtige Londen te sturen om een boodschap af te leveren. No ano anterior, como não andava na escola, os pais decidiram que seria uma boa ideia mandá-lo para a peste de Londres para entregar uma mensagem. 前一年,由于他没有上学,他的父母决定送他去瘟疫肆虐的伦敦传递信息。

And, I mean I know they didn't have Joe Wicks in those days, but surely there had to be a safer way to get some exercise. Und ich meine, ich weiß, dass es damals keinen Joe Wicks gab, aber es musste doch einen sichereren Weg geben, sich zu bewegen. And, I mean I know they didn't have Joe Wicks in those days, but surely there had to be a safer way to get some exercise. 当時はジョー・ウィックスなんていなかっただろうけど、もっと安全な運動方法があったはずだ。 En ik weet dat ze toen nog geen Joe Wicks hadden, maar er moest toch een veiligere manier zijn om te bewegen. E, quer dizer, eu sei que não havia Joe Wicks nessa altura, mas certamente que devia haver uma forma mais segura de fazer exercício. 而且,我的意思是,我知道当时他们没有乔·威克斯,但肯定必须有一种更安全的方式来进行锻炼。

(– Let's get our heart rate to the max!) (- Bringen wir unsere Herzfrequenz auf das Maximum!) (心拍数を最大にしよう!)。 (- Laten we onze hartslag naar het maximum brengen!) (- Vamos aumentar o nosso ritmo cardíaco ao máximo!) (——让我们的心率达到最大!)

William was one of many people who witnessed the fire and wrote about his experiences. William war einer der vielen Menschen, die den Brand miterlebten und über ihre Erfahrungen berichteten. ウィリアムは、この火災を目撃し、その体験を綴った多くの人々の一人である。 William was een van de vele mensen die getuige waren van de brand en schreef over zijn ervaringen. William foi uma das muitas pessoas que testemunharam o incêndio e escreveu sobre as suas experiências. 威廉是众多目击火灾并写下自己经历的人之一。 And we will talk about him more later on. Und wir werden später noch mehr über ihn sprechen. 彼については、また後で詳しく話そう。 En we zullen later meer over hem vertellen. 稍后我们会更多地谈论他。

So, let's get to it. Also, fangen wir an. では、本題に入ろう。 Dus laten we beginnen. Então, vamos a isso. 那么,让我们开始吧。

The fire began in the early hours of December 2nd, 1666. Das Feuer brach in den frühen Morgenstunden des 2. Dezember 1666 aus. O incêndio começou na madrugada de 2 de dezembro de 1666. 火灾于 1666 年 12 月 2 日凌晨开始。 But who did start the fire? 但到底是谁放的火呢?

(– Music: We didn't start the fire…) (音楽:私たちは火事を起こしていない...)。

Technically it was an accident at Thomas Farriner's bakery on Pudding Lane. Technisch gesehen war es ein Unfall in der Bäckerei von Thomas Farriner in der Pudding Lane. 厳密には、プディング・レーンにあるトーマス・ファリナーのベーカリーでの事故だった。 Tecnicamente, foi um acidente na padaria de Thomas Farriner, em Pudding Lane. 从技术上讲,这是一起发生在布丁巷托马斯·法里纳面包店的事故。 It's believed that he hadn't put out one of his ovens properly, causing a fire which tragically killed one of his servants. Es wird vermutet, dass er einen seiner Öfen nicht richtig gelöscht hatte, was zu einem Brand führte, bei dem einer seiner Bediensteten tragisch ums Leben kam. 彼がオーブンの火をきちんと消さなかったために火事が起こり、使用人の一人が亡くなるという悲劇が起きたとされている。 Men gelooft dat hij een van zijn ovens niet goed had gedoofd, waardoor er brand ontstond waarbij een van zijn bedienden tragisch om het leven kwam. Pensa-se que não apagou corretamente um dos seus fornos, provocando um incêndio que matou tragicamente um dos seus criados. Считается, что он не потушил одну из своих печей, что привело к пожару, в результате которого трагически погиб один из его слуг. 据信,他没有正确扑灭其中一个烤箱,引发火灾,导致他的一名仆人不幸身亡。 And then things got a whole lot worse. وبعد ذلك أصبحت الأمور أسوأ بكثير. Und dann wurde es noch viel schlimmer. そして、事態はさらに悪化した。 En toen werd het een stuk erger. E depois as coisas pioraram muito. 然后事情变得更糟了。 There was some basic fire-fighting gear around but a lot of it was broken or missing and the poor areas of London couldn't even afford that. Es gab zwar eine einfache Feuerwehrausrüstung, aber vieles davon war kaputt oder fehlte, und die armen Gegenden Londons konnten sich nicht einmal das leisten. 基本的な消火用具はそこらじゅうにあったが、その多くは壊れていたり、紛失していたりしていた。 Er was wat basisbrandbestrijdingsmateriaal, maar veel daarvan was kapot of ontbrak en de arme gebieden van Londen konden zich zelfs dat niet veroorloven. Havia algum equipamento básico de combate a incêndios, mas muito dele estava avariado ou em falta e as zonas pobres de Londres nem sequer tinham dinheiro para isso. 周围有一些基本的消防装备,但其中很多都损坏或丢失了,伦敦的贫困地区甚至买不起。 The best way to stop a fire was to pull down the wooden houses either side of the flames so there wasn't extra fuel to burn. Die beste Methode, ein Feuer zu stoppen, bestand darin, die Holzhäuser auf beiden Seiten der Flammen abzureißen, damit kein zusätzlicher Brennstoff verbrannt werden konnte. 火を止める最善の方法は、炎の両側にある木造家屋を引き払って、余計な燃料を燃やさないようにすることだった。 De beste manier om een brand te stoppen was om de houten huizen aan weerszijden van de vlammen neer te halen, zodat er geen extra brandstof kon branden. A melhor maneira de parar um incêndio era derrubar as casas de madeira de ambos os lados das chamas para que não houvesse combustível extra para queimar. Лучшим способом остановить пожар было снести деревянные дома по обе стороны от пламени, чтобы не было лишнего топлива для горения. 阻止火灾的最好办法是把火焰两边的木屋拆掉,这样就不会有多余的燃料燃烧。

But this meant asking the posh people who owned the buildings for permission to tear them down. Das bedeutete aber, dass man die vornehmen Leute, denen die Gebäude gehörten, um Erlaubnis bitten musste, sie abzureißen. しかし、それは建物を所有する上流階級の人々に取り壊しの許可を求めることを意味した。 Maar dit betekende dat ze toestemming moesten vragen aan de chique mensen die eigenaar waren van de gebouwen om ze af te breken. Mas isso implicava pedir autorização às pessoas elegantes que eram proprietárias dos edifícios para os deitar abaixo. Ancak bu, binaların sahibi olan sosyetik insanlardan onları yıkmak için izin istemek anlamına geliyordu. And as the fire started at 1 a.m., all of the posh people were either asleep or they had been drinking too much. Und als das Feuer um 1 Uhr nachts ausbrach, schliefen alle vornehmen Leute entweder noch oder sie hatten zu viel getrunken. 夜中の1時に火災が始まったので、上流階級の人々はみな寝ていたか、飲み過ぎていた。 En toen de brand om 1 uur 's nachts begon, sliepen alle chique mensen of hadden ze te veel gedronken. E quando o fogo começou, à uma da manhã, todos os chiques estavam a dormir ou tinham bebido demais. Ve yangın gece 1'de başladığında, tüm sosyetik insanlar ya uyuyordu ya da çok içmişlerdi.

(– Oh, go away, I'm sleeping!) (- Oh, vão-se embora, estou a dormir!)

They did manage to wake up the mayor, Sir Thomas Bloodworth, but he took one look at the fire and decided it was too small to be worth his time. Es gelang ihnen zwar, den Bürgermeister, Sir Thomas Bloodworth, zu wecken, aber er warf einen Blick auf das Feuer und entschied, dass es zu klein war, um seine Zeit zu verdienen. 彼らは市長のトーマス・ブラッドワース卿を起こすことに成功したが、彼は火事を一目見て、時間を割くには小さすぎると判断した。 Ze slaagden erin om de burgemeester, Sir Thomas Bloodworth, wakker te maken, maar hij wierp één blik op het vuur en besloot dat het te klein was om zijn tijd waard te zijn. Conseguiram acordar o presidente da câmara, Sir Thomas Bloodworth, mas este olhou para o incêndio e decidiu que era demasiado pequeno para valer a pena o seu tempo. He even said: “A woman could wee it out!” Er sagte sogar: "Eine Frau könnte es auspinkeln!" 彼はこうも言った:"女性ならおしっこで解決できる!" Hij zei zelfs: "Een vrouw zou het kunnen weeën!" Ele até disse: "Uma mulher podia deitar fora!" Он даже сказал: "Женщина могла бы сосать его!".

(– Ugh!)

It's no wonder the famous diarist Samuel Pepys described Mayor Bloodworth as “a silly man”. Het is geen wonder dat de beroemde dagboekschrijver Samuel Pepys burgemeester Bloodworth beschreef als "een dwaze man". Não é de admirar que o famoso diarista Samuel Pepys tenha descrito o Presidente da Câmara Bloodworth como "um homem tolo". Um, I agree. Eh, daar ben ik het mee eens. Hum, concordo.

Worried, King Charles II sent Pepys to give Mayor Bloodworth royal permission to pull down the houses as the fire was now quickly spreading due to strong winds. Beunruhigt schickte König Charles II. Pepys, um Bürgermeister Bloodworth die königliche Erlaubnis zu erteilen, die Häuser abzureißen, da sich das Feuer aufgrund des starken Windes schnell ausbreitete. 心配したチャールズ2世は、ペピスをブラッドワース市長に遣わし、強風のために火の手が急速に広がっている家屋を取り壊すよう勅許を与えた。 Bezorgd stuurde koning Charles II Pepys om burgemeester Bloodworth koninklijke toestemming te geven om de huizen neer te halen, omdat het vuur zich nu snel verspreidde door de sterke wind. Preocupado, o Rei Carlos II enviou Pepys para dar ao Presidente da Câmara Bloodworth autorização real para demolir as casas, uma vez que o fogo estava a alastrar rapidamente devido aos ventos fortes. Pepys described the mayor “running around in a big, flappy panic“ and “crying a lot“. Pepys beschrieb den Bürgermeister, der "in großer, flatternder Panik herumlief" und "viel weinte". ペピスは、市長が「大慌てで走り回り」、「大泣きした」と描写している。 Pepys beschreef de burgemeester "rondrennend in grote, flapperende paniek" en "veel huilend". Pepys descreveu o Presidente da Câmara "a correr em pânico" e "a chorar muito".

Soon, the fire spread to warehouses on Thames Street which were unfortunately full of Londoners' most flammable goods: hay, animal fat, coal, alcohol. Bald griff das Feuer auf Lagerhäuser in der Thames Street über, die leider mit den brennbarsten Gütern der Londoner gefüllt waren: Heu, Tierfett, Kohle, Alkohol. 間もなく、火はテムズ・ストリートの倉庫に燃え広がったが、そこには不幸にも、干し草、動物性脂肪、石炭、アルコールなど、ロンドン市民にとって最も燃えやすい商品が満載されていた。 Al snel verspreidde het vuur zich naar pakhuizen in Thames Street die helaas vol lagen met de meest brandbare goederen van de Londenaren: hooi, dierlijk vet, kolen, alcohol. If it was guaranteed to make a fire ten times worse, then chances were they kept it in Thames Street. Wenn es einen Brand garantiert zehnmal schlimmer machte, dann war es wahrscheinlich, dass sie es in der Thames Street behielten. 火災を10倍悪化させることが保証されているのなら、テムズ・ストリートに置いておくチャンスだった。 Se era garantido que um incêndio se tornaria dez vezes pior, então era provável que o mantivessem em Thames Street. Now, when you know what that meant. Nun, wenn Sie wissen, was das bedeutet. さて、その意味がわかったところで。 Als je nu weet wat dat betekende. Agora, quando souberes o que isso significa.

Yes, by now it was clear that the fire could not be stopped. Ja, inzwischen war klar, dass das Feuer nicht mehr aufzuhalten war. そう、もう火を止めることができないのは明らかだった。 Sim, nesta altura já era evidente que o fogo não podia ser travado. All Londoners could do was to get out of their homes and save whatever valuables they could. Den Londonern blieb nichts anderes übrig, als ihre Häuser zu verlassen und ihre Wertsachen zu retten. ロンドン市民ができることは、家から出て貴重品を守ることだけだった。 Het enige wat de Londenaren konden doen, was hun huizen verlaten en zoveel mogelijk waardevolle spullen redden. Tudo o que os londrinos podiam fazer era sair das suas casas e salvar todos os objectos de valor que pudessem. Lots of people ran to Moorfields, a big, open space where they'd usually do their laundry and here they camped out in tents. Viele Menschen liefen zu Moorfields, einem großen, offenen Platz, wo sie normalerweise ihre Wäsche wuschen, und übernachteten dort in Zelten. 多くの人がムーアフィールズに駆け込んだ。そこは、いつもは洗濯をする場所で、広々としたスペースがあり、ここでテントを張ってキャンプをした。 Veel mensen renden naar Moorfields, een grote, open ruimte waar ze meestal hun was deden en hier kampeerden ze in tenten. Muitas pessoas correram para Moorfields, um espaço grande e aberto onde normalmente lavavam a roupa e onde acampavam em tendas.

Some rotters tried to earn a profit out of the disaster. Einige Gauner versuchten, aus der Katastrophe Profit zu schlagen. 災難から利益を得ようとする腐った連中もいた。 재난을 이용해 이득을 취하려는 일부 썩은 자들이 있었습니다. Sommige schurken probeerden aan de ramp te verdienen. Alguns podres tentaram tirar proveito da catástrofe. Bazı çürümüşler felaketten kazanç elde etmeye çalıştı. Cart drivers massively raised their prices, so desperate families had to pay a fortune to transport their belongings to safety. Die Wagenfahrer haben ihre Preise massiv erhöht, so dass verzweifelte Familien ein Vermögen zahlen mussten, um ihr Hab und Gut in Sicherheit zu bringen. 荷車の運転手は大幅な値上げをしたため、絶望した家族は安全な場所に荷物を運ぶために大金を支払わなければならなくなった。 카트 기사들은 가격을 대폭 인상했고, 절망에 빠진 가족들은 물건을 안전하게 운반하기 위해 거금을 지불해야 했습니다. Karrenbestuurders verhoogden massaal hun prijzen, zodat wanhopige gezinnen een fortuin moesten betalen om hun bezittingen in veiligheid te brengen. Os condutores de carrinhos de mão aumentaram enormemente os seus preços, pelo que as famílias desesperadas tiveram de pagar uma fortuna para transportar os seus pertences para um local seguro. And some people even broke into houses or stole from those people escaping. Einige brachen sogar in Häuser ein oder bestahlen die Flüchtenden. そして、家に押し入ったり、逃げている人たちから盗んだりする人たちもいた。 En sommige mensen braken zelfs in huizen in of stalen van de mensen die ontsnapten. E algumas pessoas chegaram a invadir casas ou a roubar as pessoas que estavam a fugir.

(– Boo!)

Remember William Taswell? Erinnern Sie sich an William Taswell? Lembras-te do William Taswell? Well, while he was witnessing the fire at Westminster, his family home was robbed – horrible! Nun, während er Zeuge des Brandes in Westminster war, wurde das Haus seiner Familie ausgeraubt - furchtbar! 彼がウェストミンスターの火事を目撃している間に、彼の実家が強盗に襲われたんだ! Terwijl hij getuige was van de brand in Westminster, werd zijn ouderlijk huis leeggeroofd - verschrikkelijk! Bem, enquanto ele estava a assistir ao incêndio em Westminster, a casa da sua família foi assaltada - horrível! Westminster'daki yangına tanıklık ettiği sırada ailesinin evi soyuldu - korkunç!

(– Booh!)

London Bridge meanwhile, over the River Thames, was covered in wooden houses, so it soon went up in flames as well. Die London Bridge, die über die Themse führt, war mit Holzhäusern bebaut, so dass auch sie bald in Flammen aufging. 一方、テムズ川にかかるロンドン橋は木造家屋で覆われていたため、すぐに炎上した。 De London Bridge, over de rivier de Theems, was bedekt met houten huizen en ging dus ook snel in vlammen op. Entretanto, a Ponte de Londres, sobre o rio Tamisa, estava coberta de casas de madeira, pelo que rapidamente se incendiou também. The only thing that stopped the fire spreading to the other side of the river was that parts of it had already burned down thirty years ago. Das einzige, was das Feuer daran hinderte, sich auf die andere Seite des Flusses auszubreiten, war, dass Teile davon bereits vor dreißig Jahren abgebrannt waren. 対岸への延焼を食い止めたのは、30年前にすでに一部が焼失していたことだ。 강 건너편으로 불이 번지는 것을 막을 수 있었던 것은 30년 전에 이미 강 일부가 불에 탔기 때문입니다. Het enige dat het vuur tegenhield om zich naar de andere kant van de rivier te verspreiden, was dat delen ervan dertig jaar geleden al waren afgebrand. A única coisa que impediu que o fogo se propagasse para o outro lado do rio foi o facto de partes do mesmo já terem ardido há trinta anos. So, thanks, Previous Fire! Also, danke, Previous Fire! Por isso, obrigado, Fogo Anterior!

Even the water wheel near London Bridge burned down, so those who'd managed to find fire-fighting equipment had to go down all the way to the riverbanks to get water. Sogar das Wasserrad in der Nähe der London Bridge brannte ab, so dass diejenigen, denen es gelungen war, Feuerlöschgeräte zu finden, den ganzen Weg zum Flussufer hinuntergehen mussten, um Wasser zu holen. ロンドン橋の近くにあった水車までもが燃えてしまったため、消火用具を見つけることができた人々は、水を汲むためにわざわざ川岸まで降りていかなければならなかった。 Zelfs het waterrad bij de London Bridge brandde af, dus degenen die brandblusapparatuur hadden weten te vinden, moesten helemaal naar de rivieroevers om water te halen. Até a roda de água perto da London Bridge ardeu, pelo que aqueles que conseguiram encontrar equipamento de combate a incêndios tiveram de descer até às margens do rio para obter água. And due to the fact it was low tide, the river was mostly just squelchy mud. Und da gerade Ebbe war, bestand der Fluss meist nur aus matschigem Schlamm. En omdat het eb was, was de rivier vooral een modderpoel. E devido ao facto de a maré estar baixa, o rio era quase só lama.

And then the fire spread to St Paul's Cathedral which at this point was covered in wooden scaffolding. Dann griff das Feuer auf die St.-Paul's-Kathedrale über, die zu diesem Zeitpunkt von einem Holzgerüst umgeben war. そして、セント・ポール大聖堂にまで延焼し、この時点では木製の足場で覆われていた。 En toen breidde het vuur zich uit naar St Paul's Cathedral, die op dat moment in houten steigers stond. Depois, o fogo propagou-se à Catedral de S. Paulo que, nesta altura, estava coberta por andaimes de madeira. And it had loads of important documents inside. Und er enthielt eine Menge wichtiger Dokumente. その中には重要書類がたくさん入っていた。 En er zaten veel belangrijke documenten in.

Some people felt lucky they'd stored their valuables in the Tower of London instead. Einige Leute waren froh, dass sie ihre Wertsachen stattdessen im Tower of London aufbewahrt hatten. 代わりに貴重品をロンドン塔に保管しておいてよかったと思う人もいた。 Sommige mensen hadden geluk dat ze hun waardevolle spullen in de Tower of London hadden opgeborgen.

(– Phew!) (- Puh!)

Except the fire had also started spreading towards the Tower of London! Aber das Feuer hatte sich auch schon auf den Tower of London ausgebreitet! ただし、火はロンドン塔の方にも燃え広がり始めていた! Alleen begon het vuur zich ook uit te breiden naar de Tower of London! Só que o fogo também começou a alastrar-se em direção à Torre de Londres! and that is where the government stored its gun powder. und dort lagerte die Regierung ihr Schießpulver. 政府が火薬を保管していた場所だ。 그리고 그곳에 정부가 화약을 보관했습니다. e era aí que o governo armazenava a sua pólvora.

(– Uh-oh!) (ーー;)

Yeah, that's not good, is it? Ja, das ist nicht gut, nicht wahr? ああ、それはよくないね。 Sim, isso não é bom, pois não?

King Charles II and his brother, the Duke of York, wanted to show Londoners that they were handling the situation. König Karl II. und sein Bruder, der Herzog von York, wollten den Londonern zeigen, dass sie die Situation im Griff hatten. チャールズ2世とその弟のヨーク公は、ロンドン市民に自分たちが事態に対処していることを示したかった。 O Rei Carlos II e o seu irmão, o Duque de York, quiseram mostrar aos londrinos que estavam a gerir a situação. They made sure the people saw them acting heroically. Sie sorgten dafür, dass die Menschen sahen, dass sie heldenhaft handelten. 自分たちが英雄的に振る舞っている姿を人々に見せようとしたのだ。 Certificavam-se de que as pessoas os viam a agir heroicamente.

(– I can be your hero, Baby!) (- Eu posso ser o teu herói, Baby!)

And they handed out loads of money to grown-ups and even to kids to help form a fire-fighting team, a sort of fire based “Put Out to Help Out” scheme. Und sie verteilten jede Menge Geld an Erwachsene und sogar an Kinder, um ein Feuerlöschteam zu bilden, eine Art "Put Out to Help Out"-Programm. そして、大人たちや子供たちにまで、消火チームを結成するための資金を配ったのである。 E distribuíram montes de dinheiro a adultos e até a crianças para ajudarem a formar uma equipa de combate a incêndios, uma espécie de esquema "Put Out to Help Out" baseado no fogo.

One of those people was young William Taswell. Una di queste persone era il giovane William Taswell. Uma dessas pessoas era o jovem William Taswell. He and his teenage schoolmates were helping to stop the Tower of London from going “Kaboom!”. Er und seine Schulkameraden wollten verhindern, dass der Tower of London "Kaboom!" wird. Lui e i suoi compagni di scuola adolescenti stavano aiutando a impedire che la Torre di Londra facesse "Kaboom!". 彼は10代の学友たちとともに、ロンドン塔が "Kaboom!"するのを阻止するのを手伝っていた。 Ele e os seus colegas de escola estavam a ajudar a impedir que a Torre de Londres fizesse "Kaboom!".

Well done, William! Ben fatto, William!

Luckily the wind also started blowing in the other direction, too. Glücklicherweise wehte der Wind auch in die andere Richtung. Per fortuna il vento ha iniziato a soffiare anche nell'altra direzione. 幸い、風も反対方向に吹き始めた。

Well done, Wind!

After three days the fire finally went out but it was still horrible. Nach drei Tagen war das Feuer endlich erloschen, aber es war immer noch schrecklich. Dopo tre giorni il fuoco si è finalmente spento, ma è stato comunque orribile. Ao fim de três dias, o fogo apagou-se finalmente, mas mesmo assim foi horrível. Eighty percent of the old city was destroyed, smoke was in the air and young William even fainted from the heat. Achtzig Prozent der alten Stadt waren zerstört, Rauch lag in der Luft, und der junge William wurde sogar von der Hitze ohnmächtig. L'80% della città vecchia era distrutto, il fumo era nell'aria e il giovane William è persino svenuto per il caldo. 旧市街の80%は破壊され、煙が立ちこめ、若いウィリアムは暑さのために気を失った。 Oitenta por cento da cidade velha estava destruída, havia fumo no ar e o jovem William chegou a desmaiar com o calor. The ground was too hot to walk on. Der Boden war zu heiß, um darauf zu laufen. Il terreno era troppo caldo per camminarci sopra. 地面が熱くて歩けない。 O chão estava demasiado quente para ser pisado. He said it nearly scorched his shoes. Er sagte, er hätte sich fast die Schuhe versengt. Ha detto che gli ha quasi bruciato le scarpe. 靴が焦げそうになったという。 Ele disse que quase lhe queimou os sapatos.

(– Ow, ow, ow, ow, oow!) (- Aua, aua, aua, aua, aua!)

Thousands of people were homeless and tired and scared. Tausende von Menschen waren obdachlos, müde und verängstigt. 何千人もの人々がホームレスとなり、疲れ果て、怯えていた。 Milhares de pessoas ficaram sem casa, cansadas e assustadas. Lots of people camped in the burned ruins of their homes because they were worried that they would lose their land if they left. Molte persone si sono accampate tra le rovine bruciate delle loro case perché temevano di perdere la loro terra se se ne fossero andate. Muitas pessoas acamparam nas ruínas queimadas das suas casas porque estavam preocupadas com o facto de poderem perder as suas terras se partissem. It was terrible and people were upset. ひどいもので、人々は動揺していた。 Foi terrível e as pessoas ficaram aborrecidas. They were starting to turn on each other as well. Auch sie begannen, sich gegeneinander zu wenden. Cominciavano anche a darsi addosso l'un l'altro. 彼らは互いに敵対し始めていた。 Começavam também a virar-se uns contra os outros. And they were saying the fire had been a deliberate terrorist attack by England's enemies, perhaps started by Dutch spies or Catholics or anyone with a foreign accent. Und sie sagten, das Feuer sei ein vorsätzlicher Terroranschlag der Feinde Englands gewesen, vielleicht von holländischen Spionen oder Katholiken oder irgendjemandem mit einem ausländischen Akzent gelegt. そして、この火事はイギリスの敵による意図的なテロ攻撃であり、おそらくオランダのスパイか、カトリック教徒か、外国訛りのある者が起こしたものだろうと言われていた。 E diziam que o incêndio tinha sido um ataque terrorista deliberado dos inimigos de Inglaterra, talvez iniciado por espiões holandeses ou católicos ou qualquer pessoa com sotaque estrangeiro. Nasty violence now broke out against these innocent people in spite of King Charles II calling for calm. Trotz des Aufrufs von König Karl II. zur Ruhe brach nun hässliche Gewalt gegen diese unschuldigen Menschen aus. 国王チャールズ2世が静粛を呼びかけたにもかかわらず、今度は罪のない人々に対して苛烈な暴力が勃発した。 A violência contra estes inocentes foi então desencadeada, apesar de o rei Carlos II ter apelado à calma.

William Taswell witnessed a blacksmith hitting a Frenchman with an iron bar – very, very nasty. ウィリアム・タスウェルは、鍛冶屋がフランス人を鉄の棒で殴るのを目撃した。 William Taswell testemunhou um ferreiro a bater num francês com uma barra de ferro - muito, muito desagradável.

Another Frenchman called Robert Hubert got confused and confessed to starting the fire on purpose. Ein anderer Franzose namens Robert Hubert wurde verwirrt und gestand, das Feuer absichtlich gelegt zu haben. ロベール・ユベールという別のフランス人は混乱して、わざと火をつけたと自白した。 Um outro francês chamado Robert Hubert confundiu-se e confessou ter ateado o fogo de propósito. Robert Hubert adındaki bir başka Fransızın kafası karıştı ve yangını bilerek çıkardığını itiraf etti. The judge had him executed even though Robert was totally innocent. Der Richter ließ ihn hinrichten, obwohl Robert völlig unschuldig war. ロバートがまったく無実だったにもかかわらず、判事は彼を死刑にした。 O juiz mandou-o executar, apesar de Robert estar totalmente inocente. He hadn't even been in London on December 2nd. Am 2. Dezember war er noch nicht einmal in London gewesen. 彼は12月2日にロンドンにいたことさえなかった。 Nem sequer tinha estado em Londres a 2 de dezembro. He couldn't have started it. Er kann nicht der Auslöser gewesen sein. 彼が始めたはずがない。 그는 시작하지 못했을 겁니다.

It's said that only six people officially died during The Great Fire of London but historians think it was many more than that, either from dying in the fire or from the cold and shock and the disease afterwards because they'd lost their homes and they had nowhere to live. Es heißt, dass während des Großen Brandes von London offiziell nur sechs Menschen starben, aber Historiker gehen davon aus, dass es viel mehr waren, die entweder im Feuer starben oder an der Kälte, dem Schock und den Krankheiten danach, weil sie ihre Häuser verloren hatten und nirgendwo leben konnten. ロンドン大火で公式に死亡したのはわずか6人だと言われているが、歴史家たちは、火事で死んだり、その後の寒さやショックや病気で家を失い住むところがなくなって死んだりしたのは、それ以上だったと考えている。

You may have heard that at least the fire stopped The Plague but actually Plague was already becoming less common anyway so it probably made no difference. Sie haben vielleicht gehört, dass das Feuer zumindest die Pest gestoppt hat, aber eigentlich war die Pest ohnehin schon seltener geworden, so dass es wahrscheinlich keinen Unterschied machte. この火事でペストが止まったという話を聞いたことがあるかもしれないが、実際にはペストはすでに少なくなっていたので、おそらく違いはなかっただろう。 And scary memories haunted people. Und beängstigende Erinnerungen verfolgten die Menschen. そして怖い思い出が人々を悩ませた。 Ve korkunç anılar insanların peşini bırakmıyordu. Poor Samuel Pepys had nightmares for years afterwards, sigh. Der arme Samuel Pepys hatte danach jahrelang Alpträume, seufz. 哀れなサミュエル・ペピスはその後何年も悪夢にうなされたという。

But now it was time to think about rebuilding.

Step forward Christopher Wren, who enjoyed designing buildings, dabbling in medicine and was also professor of astronomy, meaning he studied the stars. Christopher Wren, der gerne Gebäude entwarf, sich in der Medizin versuchte und auch Professor für Astronomie war, d. h. er studierte die Sterne. クリストファー・レンは建築物の設計を好み、医学にも手を出し、天文学の教授でもあった。 He was what we call a polymath which is a very fancy word for someone who is very, very clever at lots of different things. 彼はいわゆる "ポリマス "と呼ばれる人物で、さまざまなことに長けている人のことを指す。

(– I am ever so clever!) (私はとても賢い!)。

Christopher Wren was so excited about his new city plans that he submitted them before the fires were even out. Christopher Wren war von seinen neuen Stadtplänen so begeistert, dass er sie noch vor dem Ende der Brände vorlegte. クリストファー・レンは新しい都市計画に興奮し、火事が起きる前に都市計画を提出した。 크리스토퍼 렌은 새로운 도시 계획에 대한 기대감에 부풀어 불이 꺼지기도 전에 계획안을 제출했습니다.

(That's a bit keen, Chris, calm down!) (Das ist ein bisschen heftig, Chris, beruhige dich!) (クリス、落ち着いて!)。

But there were other plans, too, with radical ideas of big, wide boulevards being suggested. Aber es gab auch andere Pläne, die radikale Ideen für große, breite Boulevards enthielten. しかし、他の計画もあり、大きくて広い大通りという急進的なアイデアも提案されていた。 하지만 크고 넓은 대로에 대한 급진적인 아이디어가 제안되는 등 다른 계획도 있었습니다. The problem was: All the landlords and property owners just wanted their previous stuff back as it was. Das Problem war: Alle Vermieter und Immobilieneigentümer wollten nur ihre alten Sachen zurückhaben, so wie sie waren. 問題はこうだった:地主や不動産所有者はみな、以前のものをそのまま返してほしいと言うだけだった。 So, although Christopher Wren got to rebuild loads of churches in a new style, much of London was just kind of, well, put back as it was, really. Obwohl Christopher Wren viele Kirchen in einem neuen Stil wiederaufbauen konnte, wurde ein Großteil Londons einfach so belassen, wie es war. そのため、クリストファー・レンは多くの教会を新しいスタイルで建て直したが、ロンドンの大部分は、まあ、そのまま戻されたようなものだ。

(– Oh…)

Oh, well. At least now the buildings were stone-clad, so a little bit less flammable and Wren did at least get to make huge changes when rebuilding his new St Paul's Cathedral. Wenigstens waren die Gebäude nun mit Steinen verkleidet und damit etwas weniger leicht entflammbar, und Wren konnte beim Wiederaufbau seiner neuen St. Paul's Cathedral zumindest große Veränderungen vornehmen. 少なくとも今は、建物は石で覆われているので燃えにくく、レンは新しいセント・ポール大聖堂を再建する際に、少なくとも大きな変更を加えることができた。 His famous dome was very modern for its time, inspired by designs that Wren had seen from France and Italy. 彼の有名なドームは当時としては非常にモダンなもので、レンがフランスやイタリアで見たデザインからインスピレーションを得たものだった。 And he even decorated the towers with shiny, golden pineapples. そして、タワーには金色に輝くパイナップルを飾った。

(– I have a pen, I have pineapple! Oh, pineapple pen!) Oh, caneta de ananás!)

Whatever floats your boat, Christopher. Was auch immer dich glücklich macht, Christopher. クリストファー、君の好きなようにすればいい。 O que te apetecer, Christopher.

He also teamed up with another sciency clever clog called Robert Hooke to design a huge monument to the fire which is still there today in a part of London called – erm – Monument. Er tat sich auch mit einem anderen schlauen Klotz namens Robert Hooke zusammen, um ein riesiges Denkmal für das Feuer zu entwerfen, das noch heute in einem Teil Londons namens - ähm - Monument steht. 彼はまた、ロバート・フックというもう一人の理知的で賢い下駄屋と組んで、モニュメントと呼ばれるロンドンの一角に今もある巨大な火事の記念碑を設計した。 그는 또한 로버트 훅이라는 또 다른 과학 영재와 팀을 이루어 런던의 한 지역에 있는 거대한 화재 기념비인 '모뉴먼트'를 디자인했습니다. Também se associou a um outro cientista inteligente chamado Robert Hooke para conceber um enorme monumento ao fogo, que ainda hoje existe numa parte de Londres chamada - erm - Monumento.

(It's not very imaginative, is it? (想像力に欠けるでしょ? (Não é muito imaginativo, pois não? Come on, let's do better!)

Still, despite the rebuilding, a quarter of the Londoners made homeless by the fire never returned. Doch trotz des Wiederaufbaus kehrte ein Viertel der durch das Feuer obdachlos gewordenen Londoner nie wieder zurück. それでも、再建にもかかわらず、火事でホームレスとなったロンドン市民の4分の1は戻らなかった。 No entanto, apesar da reconstrução, um quarto dos londrinos que ficaram sem casa devido ao incêndio nunca regressou. You can't blame them for not feeling safe. Man kann ihnen nicht verübeln, dass sie sich nicht sicher fühlen. 彼らが安心できないのは仕方がない。 Não se pode culpá-los por não se sentirem seguros. Another fire ignited only a few months later in Whitehall although this one was thankfully extinguished much quicker. Nur wenige Monate später brach in Whitehall ein weiteres Feuer aus, das jedoch glücklicherweise viel schneller gelöscht werden konnte. わずか数カ月後にもホワイトホールで火災が発生したが、こちらは幸いにもすぐに鎮火した。 Poucos meses depois, deflagrou outro incêndio em Whitehall, embora este tenha sido felizmente extinto muito mais depressa.

But what about young William Taswell, the melty-shoed schoolboy who'd been on the Royal fire-fighting team? しかし、王立消防隊に所属していた溶けた靴の小学生、若きウィリアム・タスウェルについてはどうだろう? Mas o que dizer do jovem William Taswell, o estudante de sapatos melosos que fazia parte da equipa real de combate a incêndios? Well, don't worry about him. He grew up and lived a happy life as a country vicar, but I think he'd had enough adventure to last a lifetime. 彼は成長し、田舎の牧師として幸せな人生を送ったが、一生分の冒険はしたと思う。 Cresceu e viveu uma vida feliz como vigário no campo, mas penso que já tinha tido aventuras suficientes para uma vida inteira.

And that brings us to the end of our story about the Great Fire of London. So now it's time for the quiz.

We have five questions. Are you ready?

(– We didn't start the fire…)

OK, here we go:

Question 1: Before 1666 buildings in London were mostly made from what material?

Question 2: In what type of shop did the Great Fire of London start?

Question 3: What was the name of the schoolboy who witnessed the fire and helped save the Tower of London?

Question 4: At the time of the fire, which country was England at war with? Pergunta 4: Na altura do incêndio, com que país estava a Inglaterra em guerra?

And Question 5: Which brainy architect rebuilt St Paul's Cathedral? Pergunta 5: Que arquiteto inteligente reconstruiu a Catedral de S. Paulo?

OK, now it's time for the answers!

The answer to Question 1: London was mostly made from wood. Resposta à questão 1: Londres era maioritariamente feita de madeira.

The answer to Question 2: The fire had broken out in a bakery on Pudding Lane. 質問2の答え:火災はプリン・レーンのパン屋から発生した。 Resposta à pergunta 2: O incêndio deflagrou numa padaria em Pudding Lane.

The answer to Question 3: Our young school hero was William Taswell. 質問3の答え:私たちの若い学校のヒーローはウィリアム・タスウェルだった。 Resposta à pergunta 3: O nosso jovem herói escolar foi William Taswell.

The answer to Question 4: England was at war with the Dutch Republic. Resposta à pergunta 4: A Inglaterra estava em guerra com a República Holandesa.

And the answer to Question 5: The architect was Christopher Wren.

How did you do? Como é que se saiu? If you didn't get all five, that's OK. Se não conseguiu os cinco, não faz mal. Why not listen to a different episode from series 1 or 2 on BBC Sounds. Porque não ouvir um episódio diferente da série 1 ou 2 na BBC Sounds. Hopefully you've learnt lots and are all fired up to learn some more. 多くのことを学び、さらに学びたいと燃えていることを願っている。 Esperamos que tenha aprendido muito e que esteja com vontade de aprender mais. Tune in next time for some more Homeschool History and make sure to subscribe to the podcast on BBC Sounds so you never miss an episode. また、BBC Soundsのポッドキャストをぜひご購読ください。 Sintonizem na próxima vez para mais um pouco de História do Ensino Doméstico e certifiquem-se de que subscrevem o podcast na BBC Sounds para nunca perderem um episódio.

Thank you for listening, take care and goodbye! Obrigado por terem ouvido, fiquem bem e adeus!

Homeschool History was a production by The Athletic for BBC Radio 4 and BBC Sounds.

The script was by Gabby Hutchinson Crouch, Emma Nagouse and me, the producer was Abi Paterson, the research assistant was Hannah MacKenzie and the historical adviser was Rebecca Rideal.