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But Why: A Podcast For Curious Kids, How much does the moon weigh? (1)

How much does the moon weigh? (1)

Jane Lindholm] This is But Why: A Podcast for Curious Kids produced at Vermont Public Radio. I'm Jane Lindholm. On this show we take questions from interesting kids like you and we dig up the answers. Today we're talking about something we all see at night, but only a very few very lucky people have ever been able to visit. [Neil Armstrong] That's one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind. [Jane] Today we're going to learn all about the moon. That recording was astronaut Neil Armstrong. You may have heard of him. On July 20th, 1969 he and fellow astronaut Buzz Aldrin were the first two people in the history of the world to walk on the moon...[Jack King] ...twelve, eleven, ten, nine. Ignition sequence... [Jane] ...Their mission was named Apollo Eleven...[Jack]...four, three, two, one, zero. All engine running. Lift off! We have a lift off! 32 minutes past the hour, lift off on Apollo Eleven. [Jane] The goal of the mission was to land a lunar module nicknamed “The Eagle” on the moon. [Neil] Tranquility base here. The Eagle has landed.

[Charlie Duke]..Roger, Tranquility. We copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guysabout to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks alot. [Jane] After their spaceship landed on the moon they put on their spacewalking suits and opened the door of their ship. And then they took those first very important steps. But, they weren't just going to the moon to see if they could or for the sheer adventure of it.

The astronauts and NASA, the U.S. space program, were doing experiments and collecting samples of wind and lunar rocks. Lunar means “of the moon.” It's from the Latin word that means moon. And if you speak French, or Spanish, or Italian you'll know that word loon or Luna. Anyway, the astronauts were also collecting information about the internal structure of the moon and measuring its exact distance from earth. This year, in just a couple of months, it will be the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission. Now, other moonwalks followed in missions that came later, and today, most missions to space don't include a trip to the moon. But, the moon is still fascinating to many of us here on Earth. Maybe that's because it's the biggest and brightest object in our night sky. It's easy to stare at the moon and imagine what it's like up there or wonder what it even is and how it moves through the sky. The moon is a satellite. A satellite is something that moves or rotates around a planet, the earth in this case. The moon is two-hundred thirty-nine thousand miles away. That's far, but it's way closer than any of the other stars or planets you can see in the night sky. That's why the moon looks so big compared to other celestial objects even though the stars are actually much bigger. We've gotten a lot of moon questions from you over the last couple of years. So, as we approach the

anniversary of that very first moon landing, we thought it might be neat to get some answers from one of our favorite But Why friends.

[John O'Meara] Hi, my name is John O'Meara and I am the chief scientist of the W.M. Keck Observatory on the summit of Mauna Kea on the Big Island of Hawaii.

[Jane] We've talked to John O'Meara before about all kinds of astronomical things And he just took this job in Hawaii with the Keck Observatory, where astronomers and astrophysicists do research with two very large, very powerful telescopes. Our first question for John about the moon comes from Sagan.

[Sagan] I'm four and a half years old and my question is, why is there only one moon?

[John] This is a really cool question, Sagan. I wish I knew the answer to it, too. And I think it's probably because of how the solar system formed early on. Very early on in the history of the solar system, about four and a half billion years ago, all the stuff that was going to form into the planets started to collapse and form things like planets, but we called them protoplanets. They were smaller than the Earth is today. And those things, due to their gravitational pull on their surroundings, would start to get bigger as the smaller rocks would fall onto the bigger protoplanet. And eventually those things formed the rocky planets close to the sun. Farther out, it was too cold and so it was ices that would start to glom together, and then gas would fall onto them, and those would create the gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. And those planets have lots and lots of moons. Some of them have over 60 moons. But back to your question, why does the earth have only one moon? Well, it turns out that the earth's moon is likely the result of something almost the size of Mars hitting the Earth many billions of years ago. And then those two pieces calmed down, cooled down and became the earth and the moon. And as a side effect, this is why we have the seasons. Because when this thing smacked into the earth many billion years ago, it knocked it slightly over from being straight up relative to where it's spinning and that's why we have seasons: because in some parts of the year we're tilted away from the sun and some parts of the year were tilted towards the sun.

[Anisa] Hi, my name is Anisa and I am eight years old and I live in Clarksburg, Maryland. And my question is, how much does the moon weigh?

[John] How much does the moon weigh? Well, it weighs a lot! In fact, it weighs one with twenty-three zeros after it pounds. And that's just such a big number that it really almost has no meaning to me. Instead, I like to think about how much does the moon weigh compared to something like the Earth? And, it turns out that the moon is about one percent the mass of the earth. And that is a lot!

[Jane] Here's a question about the way the moon looks.

[Mika] My name's Mika. I'm five and a half. I'm from Portland. Oregon. My question is,

why does the moon have holes?

[John] Hi, Mika. Good question. The moon has craters all over it, craters of different sizes and shapes. Some craters are a little bit younger than others. Some craters are very, very old, billions of years old. And the reason why the moon has all these craters is that over billions of years, hundreds of thousands of objects have smacked into the moon, like asteroids, comets, smaller bodies, things like that. And they keep pummeling the moon and hitting it and creating these craters. And sometimes the craters are very, very big

because it's a very big object hitting it. And sometimes earlier on in the history of the moon, a big object would hit it and it would cause lava to flow out through the hole that it punctured in there. And that's why parts of the moon look darker than others. It's all because these things keep smacking into the moon now.

[Jane] Now, Argen wanted to know about the color of the moon.

[Argin] I'm 6 years old and l live in Canada. My question is, why is the moon white?

[John] So the moon appears to have lots of different colors. But when you get up really close to the surface of the moon, it's mostly sort of this dull grayish black. But that's not what we see from the earth. From the earth we often times see that parts of the moon are brighter than the others. And that's partly because the rocks are different colors in some of the regions where it's darker, that's because lava used to flow on top of there after a big impact. But most of the differences in colors are because of the way that the sunlight is bouncing off of the moon. And that makes some regions much brighter than others. In fact, that's what's responsible for the phases of the moon.

[Jane] When John O'Meara says the phases of the moon, he's talking about the shape of the moon and how it changes over the course of about 28 days, a full cycle. The moon is always a sphere, a ball, but it doesn't always look like that. Sometimes you look up at the moon and it looks like a banana or a crescent. Sometimes it looks like half a circle and sometimes it's a bright full circle, a full moon. But why?

[Satchel] Hi, my name is Satchel. I live in Mobile, Alabama. I'm five years. And my question is, why does the moon change its shape: circle, half, banana half?

[Sawyer] My name is Sawyer. I am eight years old. I live in Sherman, Texas. My question is, why does the moon change color and get smaller in the night sky?

[Lauren] Hi, my name is Lauren and I'm six years old and I live in Washington, New Hampshire and my question is why isn't the moon always round?

[John] Again, the reason for this is because we actually see the moon in reflected

sunlight. Sunlight bounces off of the surface of the moon and into our eyes. The moon itself doesn't make its own light. And so depending on where we are on the earth and where the moon is in the sky, you'll see different amounts of light reflected off of it. Sometimes the moon is in between us and the sun, and so we don't see any sunlight reflected off of the surface. And that's what we call a new moon. On the other hand, if the moon is on the opposite side of the earth from the sun, then we see the entire surface that's facing us off of the moon in reflected sunlight. And that's what we call a full moon. So the moon itself isn't changing its shape. It's just reflecting different amounts of light into our eyes.

[Jane] Later in this episode...

Why does the moon always look like it's following us in the car always? [Jane] And why can you sometimes see it during the day?

This is But Why: A Podcast for Curious Kids. I'm Jane Lindholm. Today, we're talking all about the moon with John O'Meara, chief scientist at the Keck Observatory. We've talked

a little bit about how the moon doesn't actually change shape, but often looks very different to us in the sky, depending on where it is in its phase: How much sunlight we can actually see shining onto the surface of the moon? When the earth is in between the sun and the moon only some of the surface of the moon gets that sunlight shining onto it, so parts of the moon appeared dark, and it makes the moon look like a banana or a crescent. That only happens because the earth and the moon are both moving all the time.

[Nina] Hi, my name is Nina. I am five years old. I live in Illinois. And my question is, how does the moon move?

[Rebecca] Hi, my name is Rebecca. I'm 4 years old. My question is, how does the moon stay in place?

[Jane] This is complicated and you'll probably learn a lot more about it when you get into high school physics. But let me give you a very brief overview. Remember how John O'Meara said that the best theory scientists have for how the moon was formed is that it came from a collision, a crash between the earth and an object about half its size, about the size of Mars. Well, when that crash happened, the material that was thrown away from the earth was traveling very fast. It all joined together to form the moon. And the force known as gravity kept it from just continuing out into space. The moon basically got trapped by the Earth's gravity. The force of gravity pulls the moon towards the earth, and then the moon moves around the earth. It can never get away from the earth because of gravity, and it doesn't become closer to the earth because it's still trying to move away. The moon, by the way, also exerts a force on the earth, and it takes the moon a little less than 28 days to go all the way around the earth and start again. That's one full cycle of the moon. Now, speaking of gravity...

How much does the moon weigh? (1) Wie viel wiegt der Mond? (1) ¿Cuánto pesa la luna? (1) Quel est le poids de la lune ? (1) 月の重さは? 달의 무게는 얼마인가요? (1) Ile waży księżyc? (1) Quanto é que a lua pesa? (1) Сколько весит Луна? (1) Ay'ın ağırlığı ne kadardır? (1) 月亮有多重? (1) 月球有多重? (1)

Jane Lindholm] This is But Why: A Podcast for Curious Kids produced at Vermont Public Radio. Jane Lindholm] This is But Why: A Podcast for Curious Kids produced at Vermont Public Radio. I'm Jane Lindholm. On this show we take questions from interesting kids like you and we dig up the answers. В этом шоу мы отвечаем на вопросы таких интересных детей, как вы, и находим ответы. 在這個節目中,我們會從像你這樣有趣的孩子那裡提問,然後我們會挖掘答案。 Today we're talking about something we all see at night, but only a very few very lucky people have ever been able to visit. [Neil Armstrong] That's one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind. [Neil Armstrong] Bu insan için küçük bir adım; insanlık için büyük bir adım. [Jane] Today we're going to learn all about the moon. That recording was astronaut Neil Armstrong. Эту запись сделал астронавт Нил Армстронг. You may have heard of him. On July 20th, 1969 he and fellow astronaut Buzz Aldrin were the first two people in the history of the world to walk on the moon...[Jack King] ...twelve, eleven, ten, nine. Ignition sequence... [Jane] ...Their mission was named Apollo Eleven...[Jack]...four, three, two, one, zero. Zapalovací sekvence... [Jane] ...Jejich mise se jmenovala Apollo Eleven...[Jack]...čtyři, tři, dva, jedna, nula. All engine running. Весь двигатель работает. Lift off! Сними! 起飞! We have a lift off! Máme výtah! У нас есть подъем! 32 minutes past the hour, lift off on Apollo Eleven. 整点过 32 分钟,搭乘阿波罗 11 号升空。 [Jane] The goal of the mission was to land a lunar module nicknamed “The Eagle” on the moon. [Джейн] Целью миссии было посадить на Луну лунный модуль по прозвищу «Орел». [简] 任务的目标是在月球上着陆一个绰号为“鹰”的登月舱。 [Neil] Tranquility base here. [Neil] Tady základna klidu. [Ruhige Basis hier. [Neil] Sükunet üssü burada. [尼尔] 这里是宁静基地。 The Eagle has landed.

[Charlie Duke]..Roger, Tranquility. [Charlie Duke]..Roger, klid. [查理杜克]..罗杰,宁静。 We copy you on the ground. Kopírujeme vás na zemi. Wir kopieren Sie vor Ort. Мы копируем вас на земле. 我们在地面上复制你。 You got a bunch of guysabout to turn blue. Máte partu chlapů, kteří zmodrají. Du hast einen Haufen Jungs, die kurz davor sind, blau zu werden. 你有一群人要变蓝了。 We're breathing again. Zase dýcháme. Wir atmen wieder. Thanks alot. Vielen Dank. [Jane] After their spaceship landed on the moon they put on their spacewalking suits and opened the door of their ship. [Jane] Poté, co jejich vesmírná loď přistála na Měsíci, oblékli si své vesmírné obleky a otevřeli dveře své lodi. [Nachdem ihr Raumschiff auf dem Mond gelandet war, zogen sie ihre Raumfahreranzüge an und öffneten die Tür ihres Raumschiffs. And then they took those first very important steps. A pak udělali první velmi důležité kroky. But, they weren't just going to the moon to see if they could or for the sheer adventure of it. Ale na Měsíc se nechystali jen proto, aby se podívali, jestli mohou, nebo kvůli jeho naprostému dobrodružství. Aber sie flogen nicht nur zum Mond, um zu sehen, ob sie es schaffen würden, oder aus reinem Abenteuergeist. Ancak, aya sadece yapıp yapamayacaklarını görmek için ya da sırf macera için gitmiyorlardı.

The astronauts and NASA, the U.S. Astronauti a NASA, USA space program, were doing experiments and collecting samples of wind and lunar rocks. Weltraumprogramm, führten Experimente durch und sammelten Proben von Wind und Mondgestein. uzay programı, deneyler yapıyor ve rüzgar ve ay kayalarından örnekler topluyordu. Lunar means “of the moon.” It's from the Latin word that means moon. And if you speak French, or Spanish, or Italian you'll know that word loon or Luna. Anyway, the astronauts were also collecting information about the internal structure of the moon and measuring its exact distance from earth. Her neyse, astronotlar aynı zamanda ayın iç yapısı hakkında da bilgi topluyor ve dünyaya olan uzaklığını tam olarak ölçüyorlardı. This year, in just a couple of months, it will be the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission. Now, other moonwalks followed in missions that came later, and today, most missions to space don't include a trip to the moon. 现在,其他月球行走在后来的任务中紧随其后,而今天,大多数太空任务都不包括月球之旅。 But, the moon is still fascinating to many of us here on Earth. Maybe that's because it's the biggest and brightest object in our night sky. It's easy to stare at the moon and imagine what it's like up there or wonder what it even is and how it moves through the sky. Es ist leicht, den Mond anzustarren und sich vorzustellen, wie es dort oben aussieht, oder sich zu fragen, was er überhaupt ist und wie er sich am Himmel bewegt. Il est facile de regarder la lune et d'imaginer à quoi elle ressemble là-haut ou de se demander ce qu'elle est et comment elle se déplace dans le ciel. The moon is a satellite. Ay bir uydudur. A satellite is something that moves or rotates around a planet, the earth in this case. Satelit je něco, co se pohybuje nebo otáčí kolem planety, v tomto případě Země. Ein Satellit ist etwas, das sich um einen Planeten, in diesem Fall die Erde, bewegt oder dreht. The moon is two-hundred thirty-nine thousand miles away. Měsíc je dvě stě třicet devět tisíc mil daleko. That's far, but it's way closer than any of the other stars or planets you can see in the night sky. To je daleko, ale je to mnohem blíže než kterékoli jiné hvězdy nebo planety, které můžete vidět na noční obloze. That's why the moon looks so big compared to other celestial objects even though the stars are actually much bigger. To je důvod, proč Měsíc vypadá tak velký ve srovnání s jinými nebeskými objekty, i když hvězdy jsou ve skutečnosti mnohem větší. Bu nedenle, yıldızlar aslında çok daha büyük olmasına rağmen, diğer gök cisimlerine kıyasla Ay çok büyük görünür. We've gotten a lot of moon questions from you over the last couple of years. Za posledních pár let jsme od vás dostali spoustu měsíčních otázek. Nous avons reçu beaucoup de questions lunaires de votre part au cours des deux dernières années. So, as we approach the Takže, když se blížíme k Während wir uns also dem

anniversary of that very first moon landing, we thought it might be neat to get some answers from one of our favorite But Why friends. výročí toho úplně prvního přistání na Měsíci, mysleli jsme si, že by mohlo být hezké získat odpovědi od jednoho z našich oblíbených přátel But Why. anniversaire de ce tout premier atterrissage sur la lune, nous avons pensé qu'il serait peut-être intéressant d'obtenir des réponses de l'un de nos amis But Why préférés. Ay'a ilk inişimizin yıl dönümünde, en sevdiğimiz Ama Neden dostlarımızdan birinden bazı cevaplar almanın güzel olacağını düşündük.

[John O'Meara] Hi, my name is John O'Meara and I am the chief scientist of the W.M. [John O'Meara] Ahoj, jmenuji se John O'Meara a jsem hlavní vědec WM [John O'Meara] 大家好,我叫 John O'Meara,我是 WM 的首席科学家 Keck Observatory on the summit of Mauna Kea on the Big Island of Hawaii. Keck Observatory na vrcholu Mauna Kea na Big Island na Havaji. Hawaii'nin Büyük Adası'ndaki Mauna Kea'nın zirvesindeki Keck Gözlemevi. 位于夏威夷大岛莫纳克亚山顶的凯克天文台。

[Jane] We've talked to John O'Meara before about all kinds of astronomical things And he just took this job in Hawaii with the Keck Observatory, where astronomers and astrophysicists do research with two very large, very powerful telescopes. [Jane] Už jsme mluvili s Johnem O'Mearou o nejrůznějších astronomických věcech A právě přijal tuto práci na Havaji s observatoří Keck, kde astronomové a astrofyzici provádějí výzkum pomocí dvou velmi velkých, velmi výkonných dalekohledů. [Wir haben mit John O'Meara schon früher über alle möglichen astronomischen Dinge gesprochen. Und er hat gerade eine Stelle am Keck-Observatorium in Hawaii angenommen, wo Astronomen und Astrophysiker mit zwei sehr großen, sehr leistungsfähigen Teleskopen forschen. [简] 我们之前和约翰·奥米拉谈过各种天文学的事情,他刚刚在夏威夷的凯克天文台接受了这份工作,天文学家和天体物理学家在那里用两台非常大、非常强大的望远镜进行研究。 Our first question for John about the moon comes from Sagan. Naše první otázka pro Johna ohledně Měsíce pochází od Sagana. Unsere erste Frage an John über den Mond kommt von Sagan.

[Sagan] I'm four and a half years old and my question is, why is there only one moon? [Sagan] Je mi čtyři a půl roku a moje otázka zní, proč je jen jeden měsíc? [Саган] Мне четыре с половиной года, и у меня вопрос: почему луна только одна?

[John] This is a really cool question, Sagan. [John] To je opravdu skvělá otázka, Sagane. [Джон] Это действительно классный вопрос, Саган. I wish I knew the answer to it, too. Kéž bych na to taky znal odpověď. Хотел бы я тоже знать на него ответ. And I think it's probably because of how the solar system formed early on. A myslím si, že je to pravděpodobně kvůli tomu, jak se sluneční soustava zformovala brzy. Und ich denke, das liegt wahrscheinlich daran, wie sich das Sonnensystem in der Frühzeit gebildet hat. И я думаю, что это, вероятно, из-за того, как Солнечная система сформировалась на раннем этапе. 我认为这可能是因为太阳系很早就形成了。 Very early on in the history of the solar system, about four and a half billion years ago, all the stuff that was going to form into the planets started to collapse and form things like planets, but we called them protoplanets. Schon sehr früh in der Geschichte des Sonnensystems, vor etwa viereinhalb Milliarden Jahren, begann das gesamte Material, aus dem sich die Planeten bilden sollten, zu kollabieren und Dinge wie Planeten zu bilden, die wir jedoch Protoplaneten nannten. В самом начале истории Солнечной системы, примерно четыре с половиной миллиарда лет назад, все то, что должно было сформироваться в планеты, начало коллапсировать и образовывать такие вещи, как планеты, но мы называли их протопланетами. Güneş sistemi tarihinin çok erken dönemlerinde, yaklaşık dört buçuk milyar yıl önce, gezegenleri oluşturacak olan her şey çökmeye ve gezegenler gibi şeyler oluşturmaya başladı, ama biz onlara ilk gezegenler adını verdik. 在太阳系历史的早期,大约 45 亿年前,所有将要形成行星的物质开始坍缩并形成类似行星的东西,但我们称它们为原行星。 They were smaller than the Earth is today. Они были меньше, чем Земля сегодня. And those things, due to their gravitational pull on their surroundings, would start to get bigger as the smaller rocks would fall onto the bigger protoplanet. A tyto věci by se díky své gravitační síle na okolí začaly zvětšovat, jak by menší kameny dopadaly na větší protoplanetu. Et ces choses, en raison de leur attraction gravitationnelle sur leur environnement, commenceraient à grossir à mesure que les roches plus petites tomberaient sur la plus grande protoplanète. Ve bu şeyler, çevrelerindeki yerçekimi nedeniyle, daha küçük kayalar daha büyük protogezegenin üzerine düştükçe büyümeye başlayacaktı. 而这些东西,由于它们对周围环境的引力,会开始变大,因为较小的岩石会落到更大的原行星上。 And eventually those things formed the rocky planets close to the sun. A nakonec tyto věci vytvořily kamenné planety blízko Slunce. 最终这些东西形成了靠近太阳的岩石行星。 Farther out, it was too cold and so it was ices that would start to glom together, and then gas would fall onto them, and those would create the gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Dál už bylo příliš chladno, a tak se začaly ledy shlukovat a pak by na ně dopadal plyn, což by vytvořilo plynné obry jako Jupiter a Saturn, Uran a Neptun. Weiter draußen war es zu kalt, und so begann das Eis zusammenzukleben, woraufhin Gas auf sie fiel und die Gasriesen wie Jupiter und Saturn, Uranus und Neptun entstehen ließ. Daha uzakta, hava çok soğuktu ve bu yüzden buzlar birlikte küreleşmeye başlayacaktı ve sonra üzerlerine gaz düşecekti ve bunlar Jüpiter ve Satürn, Uranüs ve Neptün gibi gaz devlerini yaratacaktı. 更远的地方,太冷了,所以冰会开始凝结在一起,然后气体会落到它们身上,这些会产生像木星和土星、天王星和海王星这样的气态巨行星。 And those planets have lots and lots of moons. A ty planety mají spoustu a spoustu měsíců. Some of them have over 60 moons. Některé z nich mají přes 60 měsíců. But back to your question, why does the earth have only one moon? Well, it turns out that the earth's moon is likely the result of something almost the size of Mars hitting the Earth many billions of years ago. Ukazuje se, že pozemský Měsíc je pravděpodobně výsledkem toho, že před mnoha miliardami let na Zemi dopadlo něco téměř o velikosti Marsu. Nun, es stellt sich heraus, dass der Erdmond wahrscheinlich das Ergebnis von etwas ist, das fast so groß wie der Mars ist und vor vielen Milliarden Jahren auf die Erde traf. Eh bien, il s'avère que la lune terrestre est probablement le résultat de quelque chose de presque la taille de Mars qui a frappé la Terre il y a plusieurs milliards d'années. Pekala, dünyanın ayının muhtemelen milyarlarca yıl önce neredeyse Mars büyüklüğünde bir şeyin Dünya'ya çarpmasının sonucu olduğu ortaya çıktı. And then those two pieces calmed down, cooled down and became the earth and the moon. A pak se ty dva kusy uklidnily, vychladly a staly se z nich Země a Měsíc. Et puis ces deux morceaux se sont calmés, refroidis et sont devenus la terre et la lune. And as a side effect, this is why we have the seasons. A jako vedlejší efekt, to je důvod, proč máme roční období. Because when this thing smacked into the earth many billion years ago, it knocked it slightly over from being straight up relative to where it's spinning and that's why we have seasons: because in some parts of the year we're tilted away from the sun and some parts of the year were tilted towards the sun. Protože když tato věc před mnoha miliardami let vrazila do země, mírně ji srazila z přímé polohy vzhledem k místu, kde se točí, a proto máme roční období: protože v některých částech roku jsme odkloněni od Slunce a některé části roku byly nakloněny ke slunci. Denn als dieses Ding vor vielen Milliarden Jahren auf die Erde prallte, wurde sie leicht aus ihrer geraden Position im Verhältnis zu ihrer Drehung herausgeschleudert, und deshalb haben wir Jahreszeiten: weil wir in einigen Teilen des Jahres von der Sonne weggekippt sind und in anderen Teilen des Jahres zur Sonne hin gekippt wurden. Parce que quand cette chose a percuté la terre il y a plusieurs milliards d'années, elle l'a légèrement renversée par rapport à l'endroit où elle tournait et c'est pourquoi nous avons des saisons : parce que dans certaines parties de l'année, nous sommes inclinés loin du soleil et certaines parties de l'année étaient inclinées vers le soleil. Porque quando esta coisa chocou com a Terra há muitos milhares de milhões de anos, fez com que ela deixasse de estar direita em relação à sua rotação e é por isso que temos estações: porque nalgumas partes do ano estamos inclinados para longe do Sol e noutras partes do ano estamos inclinados para o Sol. Çünkü bu şey milyarlarca yıl önce dünyaya çarptığında, döndüğü yere göre dümdüz olmaktan onu biraz devirdi ve bu yüzden mevsimler yaşıyoruz: çünkü yılın bazı bölümlerinde güneşten uzağa doğru eğiliyoruz ve yılın bazı bölümleri güneşe doğru eğildi. 因为当这东西在数十亿年前撞击地球时,它把它从相对于它旋转的地方的直线上略微撞倒,这就是我们有季节的原因:因为在一年中的某些时候,我们会远离太阳和一年中的某些部分向太阳倾斜。

[Anisa] Hi, my name is Anisa and I am eight years old and I live in Clarksburg, Maryland. And my question is, how much does the moon weigh?

[John] How much does the moon weigh? Well, it weighs a lot! In fact, it weighs one with twenty-three zeros after it pounds. Ve skutečnosti po kilech váží jedničku s třiadvaceti nulami. In der Tat wiegt es eine Eins mit dreiundzwanzig Nullen nach dem Pfund. And that's just such a big number that it really almost has no meaning to me. A to je prostě tak velké číslo, že to pro mě opravdu skoro nemá význam. Und das ist einfach eine so große Zahl, dass sie für mich fast keine Bedeutung hat. Instead, I like to think about how much does the moon weigh compared to something like the Earth? Místo toho rád přemýšlím o tom, kolik váží Měsíc ve srovnání s něčím, jako je Země? Stattdessen denke ich gerne darüber nach, wie viel der Mond im Vergleich zu etwas wie der Erde wiegt. 相反,我喜欢思考与地球等物体相比,月球的重量是多少? And, it turns out that the moon is about one percent the mass of the earth. A ukázalo se, že Měsíc má asi jedno procento hmotnosti Země. Et, il s'avère que la lune représente environ un pour cent de la masse de la terre. And that is a lot! A to je hodně!

[Jane] Here's a question about the way the moon looks. [Jane] Tady je otázka o tom, jak vypadá měsíc. [Hier ist eine Frage über das Aussehen des Mondes.

[Mika] My name's Mika. I'm five and a half. I'm from Portland. Oregon. My question is,

why does the moon have holes? proč má měsíc díry?

[John] Hi, Mika. Good question. The moon has craters all over it, craters of different sizes and shapes. Some craters are a little bit younger than others. Some craters are very, very old, billions of years old. And the reason why the moon has all these craters is that over billions of years, hundreds of thousands of objects have smacked into the moon, like asteroids, comets, smaller bodies, things like that. A důvod, proč má Měsíc všechny tyto krátery, je ten, že během miliard let do Měsíce narazily stovky tisíc objektů, jako jsou asteroidy, komety, menší tělesa a podobné věci. Ve Ay'da tüm bu kraterlerin olmasının nedeni, milyarlarca yıl boyunca yüzbinlerce nesnenin, asteroitler, kuyruklu yıldızlar, daha küçük cisimler, bunun gibi şeyler gibi aya çarpmış olmasıdır. And they keep pummeling the moon and hitting it and creating these craters. A neustále buší do Měsíce, narážejí na něj a vytvářejí tyto krátery. Ay'ı yumruklamaya, vurmaya ve bu kraterleri yaratmaya devam ediyorlar. And sometimes the craters are very, very big

because it's a very big object hitting it. weil es ein sehr großes Objekt ist, das es trifft. And sometimes earlier on in the history of the moon, a big object would hit it and it would cause lava to flow out through the hole that it punctured in there. A někdy dříve v historii Měsíce na něj narazilo velké těleso a způsobilo to, že láva vytekla dírou, kterou tam prorazila. Und manchmal, früher in der Geschichte des Mondes, schlug ein großes Objekt ein und verursachte, dass Lava durch das Loch floss, das es in den Mond gerissen hatte. Et parfois plus tôt dans l'histoire de la lune, un gros objet la frappait et la lave s'écoulait par le trou qu'elle avait percé. Ve bazen ayın tarihinde daha önce, büyük bir nesne ona çarpardı ve orada açtığı delikten lavın dışarı akmasına neden olurdu. And that's why parts of the moon look darker than others. A to je důvod, proč části Měsíce vypadají tmavší než ostatní. It's all because these things keep smacking into the moon now. Je to všechno proto, že tyhle věci teď stále dopadají na Měsíc. Das liegt alles daran, dass diese Dinger jetzt immer wieder auf den Mond prallen.

[Jane] Now, Argen wanted to know about the color of the moon. [Jane] Argen chtěl vědět o barvě měsíce.

[Argin] I'm 6 years old and l live in Canada. My question is, why is the moon white?

[John] So the moon appears to have lots of different colors. [John] Zdá se tedy, že Měsíc má mnoho různých barev. But when you get up really close to the surface of the moon, it's mostly sort of this dull grayish black. Ale když se dostanete opravdu blízko k povrchu Měsíce, je většinou takový matně šedavě černý. Ama ayın yüzeyine gerçekten yaklaştığınızda, çoğunlukla bu donuk grimsi siyahtır. But that's not what we see from the earth. Ale to není to, co vidíme ze Země. From the earth we often times see that parts of the moon are brighter than the others. Ze Země často vidíme, že části Měsíce jsou jasnější než ostatní. 从地球上,我们经常看到月球的某些部分比其他部分更亮。 And that's partly because the rocks are different colors in some of the regions where it's darker, that's because lava used to flow on top of there after a big impact. A to částečně proto, že skály jsou v některých oblastech, kde je tmavší, jinak zbarvené, proto, že tam po velkém dopadu dříve proudila láva. Und das liegt zum Teil daran, dass die Felsen in einigen Regionen, in denen sie dunkler sind, eine andere Farbe haben, weil dort nach einem großen Einschlag Lava geflossen ist. 这部分是因为在一些颜色较深的区域,岩石的颜色不同,那是因为熔岩曾经在大撞击后流到那里。 But most of the differences in colors are because of the way that the sunlight is bouncing off of the moon. Ale většina rozdílů v barvách je způsobena tím, jak se sluneční světlo odráží od Měsíce. And that makes some regions much brighter than others. In fact, that's what's responsible for the phases of the moon. Ve skutečnosti je to to, co je zodpovědné za fáze měsíce. En fait, c'est ce qui est responsable des phases de la lune.

[Jane] When John O'Meara says the phases of the moon, he's talking about the shape of the moon and how it changes over the course of about 28 days, a full cycle. [Jane] Když John O'Meara říká fáze měsíce, mluví o tvaru měsíce ao tom, jak se mění v průběhu asi 28 dnů, tedy celého cyklu. [Wenn John O'Meara von den Mondphasen spricht, meint er damit die Form des Mondes und wie sie sich im Laufe von etwa 28 Tagen, einem vollen Zyklus, verändert. The moon is always a sphere, a ball, but it doesn't always look like that. La lune est toujours une sphère, une boule, mais elle ne ressemble pas toujours à ça. Sometimes you look up at the moon and it looks like a banana or a crescent. Sometimes it looks like half a circle and sometimes it's a bright full circle, a full moon. But why?

[Satchel] Hi, my name is Satchel. I live in Mobile, Alabama. Ich wohne in Mobile, Alabama. 我住在阿拉巴马州莫比尔。 I'm five years. And my question is, why does the moon change its shape: circle, half, banana half?

[Sawyer] My name is Sawyer. I am eight years old. I live in Sherman, Texas. My question is, why does the moon change color and get smaller in the night sky?

[Lauren] Hi, my name is Lauren and I'm six years old and I live in Washington, New Hampshire and my question is why isn't the moon always round?

[John] Again, the reason for this is because we actually see the moon in reflected

sunlight. Sunlight bounces off of the surface of the moon and into our eyes. Sluneční světlo se odráží od povrchu Měsíce a do našich očí. A luz do Sol reflecte-se na superfície da Lua e chega aos nossos olhos. The moon itself doesn't make its own light. Měsíc sám nevytváří své vlastní světlo. La lune elle-même ne fait pas sa propre lumière. And so depending on where we are on the earth and where the moon is in the sky, you'll see different amounts of light reflected off of it. A tak v závislosti na tom, kde jsme na Zemi a kde je Měsíc na obloze, uvidíte různá množství světla, která se od něj odrážejí. Sometimes the moon is in between us and the sun, and so we don't see any sunlight reflected off of the surface. Někdy je Měsíc mezi námi a Sluncem, a tak nevidíme žádné sluneční světlo odražené od povrchu. And that's what we call a new moon. A tomu říkáme novoluní. On the other hand, if the moon is on the opposite side of the earth from the sun, then we see the entire surface that's facing us off of the moon in reflected sunlight. Na druhou stranu, pokud je Měsíc na opačné straně Země než Slunce, pak vidíme celý povrch, který k nám směřuje mimo Měsíc v odraženém slunečním světle. 另一方面,如果月球与太阳位于地球的另一侧,那么在反射的阳光下,我们会看到月球背对我们的整个表面。 And that's what we call a full moon. So the moon itself isn't changing its shape. Takže samotný měsíc nemění svůj tvar. It's just reflecting different amounts of light into our eyes. Jen odráží různé množství světla do našich očí.

[Jane] Later in this episode...

Why does the moon always look like it's following us in the car always? Proč měsíc vždy vypadá, jako by nás v autě neustále sledoval? Pourquoi la lune a-t-elle toujours l'air de nous suivre dans la voiture ? [Jane] And why can you sometimes see it during the day? [Jane] A proč to někdy můžeš vidět přes den?

This is But Why: A Podcast for Curious Kids. Tohle je ale proč: Podcast pro zvědavé děti. I'm Jane Lindholm. Today, we're talking all about the moon with John O'Meara, chief scientist at the Keck Observatory. We've talked

a little bit about how the moon doesn't actually change shape, but often looks very different to us in the sky, depending on where it is in its phase: How much sunlight we can actually see shining onto the surface of the moon? něco málo o tom, jak Měsíc ve skutečnosti nemění tvar, ale často nám na obloze vypadá velmi odlišně v závislosti na tom, kde se nachází ve své fázi: Kolik slunečního světla skutečně vidíme, jak svítí na povrch Měsíce? When the earth is in between the sun and the moon only some of the surface of the moon gets that sunlight shining onto it, so parts of the moon appeared dark, and it makes the moon look like a banana or a crescent. Když je Země mezi Sluncem a Měsícem, pouze část povrchu Měsíce na ni dopadá slunečním světlem, takže části Měsíce vypadají tmavé a Měsíc díky tomu vypadá jako banán nebo srpek. Wenn sich die Erde zwischen Sonne und Mond befindet, wird nur ein Teil der Oberfläche des Mondes vom Sonnenlicht beschienen, so dass Teile des Mondes dunkel erscheinen und der Mond wie eine Banane oder eine Sichel aussieht. That only happens because the earth and the moon are both moving all the time. To se děje pouze proto, že Země i Měsíc se neustále pohybují. Das ist nur möglich, weil sich sowohl die Erde als auch der Mond die ganze Zeit bewegen.

[Nina] Hi, my name is Nina. I am five years old. I live in Illinois. And my question is, how does the moon move? A moje otázka zní, jak se Měsíc pohybuje?

[Rebecca] Hi, my name is Rebecca. I'm 4 years old. My question is, how does the moon stay in place? Moje otázka zní, jak Měsíc zůstává na svém místě? Meine Frage ist: Wie bleibt der Mond an seinem Platz?

[Jane] This is complicated and you'll probably learn a lot more about it when you get into high school physics. [Jane] To je složité a pravděpodobně se o tom naučíte mnohem více, až se dostanete na střední školu fyziky. But let me give you a very brief overview. Dovolte mi však uvést velmi stručný přehled. Remember how John O'Meara said that the best theory scientists have for how the moon was formed is that it came from a collision, a crash between the earth and an object about half its size, about the size of Mars. Vzpomeňte si, jak John O'Meara řekl, že nejlepší teorií vědců o tom, jak vznikl Měsíc, je ta, že vznikl srážkou, srážkou mezi Zemí a objektem o polovině jeho velikosti, o velikosti Marsu. Well, when that crash happened, the material that was thrown away from the earth was traveling very fast. No, když došlo k té havárii, materiál, který byl odhozen ze země, letěl velmi rychle. It all joined together to form the moon. And the force known as gravity kept it from just continuing out into space. A síla známá jako gravitace zabránila tomu, aby jen pokračovala do vesmíru. 而被称为重力的力使它无法继续进入太空。 The moon basically got trapped by the Earth's gravity. Měsíc se v podstatě dostal do pasti zemské gravitace. 月球基本上被地球的引力困住了。 The force of gravity pulls the moon towards the earth, and then the moon moves around the earth. Gravitační síla přitahuje Měsíc k Zemi a poté se Měsíc pohybuje kolem Země. It can never get away from the earth because of gravity, and it doesn't become closer to the earth because it's still trying to move away. Nikdy se nemůže dostat pryč od Země kvůli gravitaci a nepřibližuje se k Zemi, protože se stále snaží vzdalovat. Il ne peut jamais s'éloigner de la terre à cause de la gravité, et il ne se rapproche pas de la terre car il essaie toujours de s'éloigner. The moon, by the way, also exerts a force on the earth, and it takes the moon a little less than 28 days to go all the way around the earth and start again. Měsíc mimochodem také působí na Zemi silou a Měsíci trvá o něco méně než 28 dní, než oběhne celou Zemi a začne znovu. Der Mond übt übrigens auch eine Kraft auf die Erde aus, und der Mond braucht etwas weniger als 28 Tage, um die Erde zu umrunden und wieder von vorne zu beginnen. 顺便说一句,月球也对地球施加了一个力,月球绕地球一圈重新开始用了不到28天的时间。 That's one full cycle of the moon. Now, speaking of gravity...