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It`s Okay To Be Smart, Why Are There As Many Males As Females?

Why Are There As Many Males As Females?

Evolution is all about reproduction, right?

It's like...the whole point.

So try to explain this: Male elephant seals are pretty unlucky in love.

Most never get a chance to reproduce.

Just four percent of males can account for eighty-eight percent of mating.

The other 96% of male elephant seals just use up resources and don't contribute anything

to the next generation.

Yet even though it would be a lot more efficient to have just a few males, and a bunch of females,

roughly equal numbers of each sex are born every season.

We see this in almost every animal species on Earth.

Why do most animals, from eagles to armadillos to blue whales to us, make equal numbers of

males and females?

INTRO The equal ratio of sexes is so common in nature,

most people never wonder why it is that way.

And it's worth pausing here for a second to make clear we're talking about biological

sex, not gender.

You probably learned that when male (XY) and female (XX) chromosomes shuffle and combine,

there's a 50% probability of either sex.

But this just tells us how it IS, not why it is this way rather than some other way,

and in biology that's really what we want to know.

If getting your genes from one generation to the next is the whole point of evolution,

then you'd think the best strategy would be to put a lot of eggs into the female basket.

Sperm are really cheap to produce, so males make...a lot of them, and animal males typically

don't do most of the childcare.

So you get a situation in which you only need a few males to keep a population churning

along.

This seems like the ideal situation not just for elephant seals, but for many animal species.

Yet elephant seals produce both sexes in equal number, and the result is a whole lot of mooching

mateless males.

As far as evolutionary strategies go, this one seems like a loser.

It's not survival of the moochiest!

It's survival of the fittest.

Fittest, in biology, means makes-the-most-offspring, and 96% of elephant seal males get a big zero

for fitness!

That's totally bonkers!

So how can we explain it?

Let's start with a hypothetical population of purple people-eaters, in which out of every

10 purple-people-eating babies born, 9 are female and 1 is a male.

When it comes to making adorable people-eating babies, every male will get to mate about

nine times as often as every female.

If every mating results in two new purple people-eaters, then in the next generation,

each male's genes are carried on by 18 offspring, but each female–on average–gets their

genes into just 2.

When we count up the “fitness” score, every male in this population has 9 times

the fitness of every female.

If, through the random chance of evolution, one muncher manages to change in a way that

it produces say, 9 male kids for every female kid, those offspring would have a huge advantage.

WIth this genetic change, one of these new males would produce roughly four and a half

times more grandchildren than a male without the change.

This new mutation will spread like gangbusters and in a few generations, you'd have more

males than females in the whole purple people eater population.

But at this point, the mutation causing 90% male offspring would no longer be an advantage.

The environment has changed, and now females are the rarer sex.

Now, any parent with a mutation that results in extra FEMALE offspring would be favored.

Then THAT mutation would spread until the sex ratio moves BACK towards more females.

Repeat this whole process and we move back towards more males...then more females...

then more males...

The population would be in a constant see-saw towards one sex or the other until, finally,

a mutation arises that results in an equal ratio of offspring.

That magic 50:50 sex ratio is the only one that is evolutionarily stable… and that,

right there, is why we see it again and again and again…

Of course, the 50:50 ratio isn't just about numbers of offspring.

It's really about how much time and resources parents invest in offspring.

We see 50:50 sex ratios whenever parents invest the equally in their male and female children.

If investment is unequal, like, if females require twice the parental care of males,

you'd expect to see twice as many males born than females.

Sure, here each male has less chance to pass on their genes, but they cost half as much

as females, so it evens out.

Australian brushtail possum moms, for example, invest more resources in their daughters,

so when these resources are scarce, they have more male offspring.

Like everything in biology, there are lots of weird exceptions to this, but it's amazing

how universal the 50:50 rule actually is.

You see it in species where parents care for their babies and where they don't, when

they have many partners, or just one.

You even see it in species where one sex dies a lot more than the other.

It shows us the incredible power of natural selection to shape the characteristics of

a population.

After all, if love is a battlefield, at least each side is evenly matched.

Stay curious.

Why Are There As Many Males As Females? Warum gibt es so viele männliche wie weibliche Personen? ¿Por qué hay tantos hombres como mujeres? Waarom zijn er evenveel mannetjes als vrouwtjes? Dlaczego jest tyle samo mężczyzn co kobiet? Porque é que há tantos machos como fêmeas? Почему мужчин столько же, сколько женщин? Neden Kadın Sayısı Kadar Erkek Var?

Evolution is all about reproduction, right? A evolução tem tudo a ver com a reprodução, certo?

It's like...the whole point. É como... o objetivo.

So try to explain this: Male elephant seals are pretty unlucky in love. Então tenta explicar isto: Os elefantes-marinhos machos são muito azarados no amor. Спробуйте пояснити це: Самці слонячих тюленів дуже нещасливі в коханні.

Most never get a chance to reproduce. A maioria nunca tem hipótese de se reproduzir.

Just four percent of males can account for eighty-eight percent of mating. Apenas quatro por cento dos machos podem ser responsáveis por oitenta e oito por cento dos acasalamentos.

The other 96% of male elephant seals just use up resources and don't contribute anything Os outros 96% de elefantes-marinhos machos apenas utilizam os recursos e não contribuem para nada

to the next generation. para a geração seguinte.

Yet even though it would be a lot more efficient to have just a few males, and a bunch of females, No entanto, mesmo que fosse muito mais eficiente ter apenas alguns machos e um monte de fêmeas,

roughly equal numbers of each sex are born every season. nascem números aproximadamente iguais de cada sexo em cada estação.

We see this in almost every animal species on Earth. É o que se verifica em quase todas as espécies animais da Terra.

Why do most animals, from eagles to armadillos to blue whales to us, make equal numbers of Waarom maken de meeste dieren, van adelaars tot gordeldieren en blauwe vinvissen tot ons, evenveel? Porque é que a maior parte dos animais, desde as águias aos tatus, passando pelas baleias azuis e até nós, produzem um número igual de

males and females? machos e fêmeas?

INTRO The equal ratio of sexes is so common in nature, INTRO A proporção igual entre os sexos é muito comum na natureza,

most people never wonder why it is that way. a maioria das pessoas nunca se pergunta porque é que é assim.

And it's worth pausing here for a second to make clear we're talking about biological E vale a pena parar aqui por um segundo para esclarecer que estamos a falar de biologia

sex, not gender. sexo, não género.

You probably learned that when male (XY) and female (XX) chromosomes shuffle and combine, Provavelmente aprendeste que quando os cromossomas masculinos (XY) e femininos (XX) se misturam e combinam,

there's a 50% probability of either sex. há uma probabilidade de 50% de um dos sexos.

But this just tells us how it IS, not why it is this way rather than some other way, Mas isto apenas nos diz como as coisas são, não porque é que são assim e não de outra forma,

and in biology that's really what we want to know. e em biologia é isso mesmo que queremos saber.

If getting your genes from one generation to the next is the whole point of evolution, Se passar os genes de uma geração para a outra é o objetivo da evolução,

then you'd think the best strategy would be to put a lot of eggs into the female basket. então a melhor estratégia seria colocar muitos ovos no cesto das mulheres.

Sperm are really cheap to produce, so males make...a lot of them, and animal males typically Os espermatozóides são muito baratos de produzir, por isso os machos fazem... muitos, e os machos animais normalmente

don't do most of the childcare. não se ocupa da maior parte dos cuidados com as crianças.

So you get a situation in which you only need a few males to keep a population churning Assim, temos uma situação em que apenas são necessários alguns machos para manter a população em movimento

along. junto.

This seems like the ideal situation not just for elephant seals, but for many animal species. Esta parece ser a situação ideal não só para os elefantes marinhos, mas para muitas espécies animais.

Yet elephant seals produce both sexes in equal number, and the result is a whole lot of mooching Toch produceren zeeolifanten beide geslachten in gelijk aantal, en het resultaat is een heleboel gelach No entanto, os elefantes-marinhos produzem ambos os sexos em igual número e o resultado é uma grande quantidade de "mooching

mateless males. partnerloze mannen. machos sem casta.

As far as evolutionary strategies go, this one seems like a loser. No que diz respeito às estratégias evolutivas, esta parece ser uma falhada.

It's not survival of the moochiest! Het is geen survival of the moochiest! Não é a sobrevivência do mais malandro!

It's survival of the fittest. É a sobrevivência do mais apto.

Fittest, in biology, means makes-the-most-offspring, and 96% of elephant seal males get a big zero O mais apto, em biologia, significa fazer o maior número de descendentes, e 96% dos elefantes-marinhos machos obtêm um grande zero

for fitness! para a boa forma física!

That's totally bonkers! Isso é completamente louco!

So how can we explain it? Então, como é que o podemos explicar?

Let's start with a hypothetical population of purple people-eaters, in which out of every Laten we beginnen met een hypothetische populatie van paarse menseneters, waarin op elke Comecemos com uma população hipotética de comedores de pessoas roxas, em que de cada

10 purple-people-eating babies born, 9 are female and 1 is a male. Nasceram 10 bebés comedores de pessoas roxas, 9 são fêmeas e 1 é macho.

When it comes to making adorable people-eating babies, every male will get to mate about Quando se trata de fazer bebés adoráveis que comem pessoas, todos os machos podem acasalar cerca de

nine times as often as every female. nove vezes mais do que cada mulher.

If every mating results in two new purple people-eaters, then in the next generation, Se cada acasalamento resultar em dois novos comedores de pessoas roxos, então na próxima geração,

each male's genes are carried on by 18 offspring, but each female–on average–gets their os genes de cada macho são transmitidos por 18 descendentes, mas cada fêmea - em média - recebe os seus

genes into just 2. genes em apenas 2.

When we count up the “fitness” score, every male in this population has 9 times Quando contamos a pontuação de "aptidão", cada macho desta população tem 9 vezes

the fitness of every female. a aptidão de cada mulher.

If, through the random chance of evolution, one muncher manages to change in a way that Als, door de willekeurige kans op evolutie, een muncher erin slaagt te veranderen op een manier die Se, através do acaso da evolução, um comedor conseguir mudar de uma forma que

it produces say, 9 male kids for every female kid, those offspring would have a huge advantage. se produzisse, digamos, 9 filhos homens para cada filha mulher, esses descendentes teriam uma enorme vantagem.

WIth this genetic change, one of these new males would produce roughly four and a half Com esta alteração genética, um destes novos machos produziria cerca de quatro e meio

times more grandchildren than a male without the change. vezes mais netos do que um homem sem a alteração.

This new mutation will spread like gangbusters and in a few generations, you'd have more Deze nieuwe mutatie zal zich verspreiden als gangbusters en binnen een paar generaties heb je er meer Esta nova mutação vai espalhar-se como um gangbusters e, em poucas gerações, teríamos mais

males than females in the whole purple people eater population. homens do que mulheres em toda a população de comedores de pessoas roxas.

But at this point, the mutation causing 90% male offspring would no longer be an advantage. Mas nesta altura, a mutação que provoca 90% de descendência masculina já não seria uma vantagem.

The environment has changed, and now females are the rarer sex. O ambiente mudou, e agora as fêmeas são o sexo mais raro.

Now, any parent with a mutation that results in extra FEMALE offspring would be favored. Agora, qualquer progenitor com uma mutação que resulte em descendência FEMININA extra seria favorecido.

Then THAT mutation would spread until the sex ratio moves BACK towards more females. Depois, essa mutação espalhar-se-ia até que o rácio entre os sexos voltasse a ser mais feminino.

Repeat this whole process and we move back towards more males...then more females... Repita todo este processo e voltaremos a ter mais machos... e depois mais fêmeas...

then more males... depois mais machos...

The population would be in a constant see-saw towards one sex or the other until, finally, De bevolking zou constant in een wip naar het ene of het andere geslacht verkeren totdat, uiteindelijk, A população estaria numa constante oscilação para um sexo ou para o outro até que, finalmente,

a mutation arises that results in an equal ratio of offspring. surge uma mutação que resulta numa proporção igual de descendentes.

That magic 50:50 sex ratio is the only one that is evolutionarily stable… and that, Essa relação mágica de 50:50 entre os sexos é a única que é evolutivamente estável... e isso,

right there, is why we see it again and again and again… é por isso que o vemos uma e outra e outra vez...

Of course, the 50:50 ratio isn't just about numbers of offspring. É claro que o rácio 50:50 não tem apenas a ver com o número de descendentes.

It's really about how much time and resources parents invest in offspring. O que está em causa é a quantidade de tempo e recursos que os pais investem nos filhos.

We see 50:50 sex ratios whenever parents invest the equally in their male and female children. A proporção entre os sexos é de 50:50 sempre que os pais investem o mesmo nos seus filhos do sexo masculino e feminino.

If investment is unequal, like, if females require twice the parental care of males, Se o investimento for desigual, por exemplo, se as fêmeas exigirem o dobro dos cuidados parentais dos machos,

you'd expect to see twice as many males born than females. seria de esperar que nascessem duas vezes mais machos do que fêmeas.

Sure, here each male has less chance to pass on their genes, but they cost half as much Claro, aqui cada macho tem menos hipóteses de transmitir os seus genes, mas custam metade do preço

as females, so it evens out. como as fêmeas, o que permite equilibrar a situação.

Australian brushtail possum moms, for example, invest more resources in their daughters, Australische borstelstaartopossum-moeders investeren bijvoorbeeld meer middelen in hun dochters, As mães de gambás australianos, por exemplo, investem mais recursos nas suas filhas,

so when these resources are scarce, they have more male offspring. por isso, quando estes recursos são escassos, têm mais descendentes do sexo masculino.

Like everything in biology, there are lots of weird exceptions to this, but it's amazing Como tudo na biologia, há muitas excepções estranhas a isto, mas é espantoso

how universal the 50:50 rule actually is. até que ponto a regra 50:50 é de facto universal.

You see it in species where parents care for their babies and where they don't, when É o que se vê nas espécies em que os pais cuidam dos seus bebés e nas que não cuidam, quando

they have many partners, or just one. têm muitos parceiros ou apenas um.

You even see it in species where one sex dies a lot more than the other. Até se vê isso em espécies em que um sexo morre muito mais do que o outro.

It shows us the incredible power of natural selection to shape the characteristics of Mostra-nos o incrível poder da seleção natural para moldar as características de

a population. uma população.

After all, if love is a battlefield, at least each side is evenly matched. Afinal, se o amor é um campo de batalha, pelo menos os dois lados estão em pé de igualdade.

Stay curious.