The Fastest Animals Are Way Faster Than You Think Die schnellsten Tiere sind viel schneller, als man denkt The Fastest Animals Are Way Faster Than You Think Los animales más rápidos son mucho más rápidos de lo que crees Les animaux les plus rapides sont bien plus rapides que vous ne le pensez Gli animali più veloci sono molto più veloci di quanto pensi 最速の動物は、あなたが思っているよりずっと速い 가장 빠른 동물은 생각보다 훨씬 빠르다 Greičiausi gyvūnai yra daug greitesni, nei manote De snelste dieren zijn veel sneller dan je denkt Os Animais Mais Rápidos São Mais Rápidos do Que Pensa Самые быстрые животные намного быстрее, чем вы думаете En Hızlı Hayvanlar Düşündüğünüzden Çok Daha Hızlı 最快的动物比你想象的要快得多 最快的動物比你想像的快得多

Dianna: Hey… recording! Dianna: Ei... gravação!

Joe: Yeah Joe: Ja Joe: Sim

Dianna: You did it! Dianna: Conseguiste!

This is my friend Dianna. You probably know her from Physics Girl. Das ist meine Freundin Dianna. Ihr kennt sie wahrscheinlich aus Physics Girl. Esta é a minha amiga Dianna. Provavelmente conhece-a da Physics Girl.

Dianna: How's it going? Dianna: Como está a correr?

Joe: I needed to show you something because I'm not a physicist, I don't know physics Joe: Precisava de te mostrar uma coisa porque não sou físico, não conheço a física

like you do. como você faz.

Dianna: Ok, that's what I'm here for Dianna: Ok, é para isso que estou aqui

I'm about to show her one of the fastest animals in nature. Estou prestes a mostrar-lhe um dos animais mais rápidos da natureza.

You might be picturing something like this. Or this… or even this. But you'd be wrong. Vielleicht stellen Sie sich etwas wie das vor. Oder so... oder sogar so. Aber Sie würden sich irren. Pode estar a imaginar algo como isto. Ou isto... ou mesmo isto. Mas estaria errado.

The actual fastest animals on Earth can accelerate from 0 to 200 miles per hour five thousand Os animais realmente mais rápidos da Terra podem acelerar de 0 a 200 milhas por hora cinco mil

times faster than the blink of an eye. They can pull enough g's to turn your body into vezes mais rápido do que um piscar de olhos. Eles podem puxar g's suficientes para transformar o seu corpo em

jello. And they could hang out on your fingertip. gelatina. Y podrían colgarse de la punta de tu dedo. gelatina. E poderiam pendurar-se na ponta do seu dedo.

Dianna: Whoooooaah… (laughing) oh my gosh what is it even doing? Oh my gosh, you silly Dianna: Whoooooaah... (rindo) oh meu Deus, o que é que ele está sequer a fazer? Oh meu Deus, seu idiota

bug! insecto!

These tiny animals can store and release energy in some mind-blowing ways, even better than Estes minúsculos animais podem armazenar e libertar energia de algumas formas estonteantes, ainda melhor do que

some of our most advanced inventions.  And today, using some super-slow-motion macro algumas das nossas invenções mais avançadas. E hoje em dia, utilizando alguma macro super-moção de movimento baixo

video, and a little physics, we're going to answer this question: How fast ARE the vídeo, e um pouco de física, vamos responder a esta pergunta: Quão rápido SÃO os

fastest animals, and how do they do it? animais mais rápidos, e como é que o fazem?

[OPEN] [ABERTO]

Hey smart people, Joe here. So humans have reached some pretty impressive speeds. Ei gente esperta, aqui Joe. Assim, os humanos atingiram velocidades bastante impressionantes.

Of course, there are different ways to go fast. One option is you can speed up very

slowly, for a long time, like NASA's Dawn spacecraft. Its ion thrusters put out less langsam und über lange Zeit, wie die NASA-Raumsonde Dawn. Seine Ionentriebwerke stoßen weniger lentamente, durante mucho tiempo, como la nave espacial Dawn de la NASA. Sus propulsores iónicos emiten menos

force than it takes to push a single key on a keyboard, but it accelerated to over 11

km per second by firing that tiny engine for nearly six years. km por segundo encendiendo ese pequeño motor durante casi seis años.

But the real challenge is getting going fast, quickly.

And that's where teeny-tiny bugs leave humans in the dust - along with pretty much every

other large animal on Earth.  This awesome footage was captured by Adrian

Smith…  …a biologist who developed a bit of an obsession

with studying nature's tiny speed freaks. And thanks to his YouTube channel… con el estudio de los pequeños monstruos de la velocidad de la naturaleza. Y gracias a su canal de YouTube...

…so have I. But before we go any farther, let's get back to our friend Dianna, so

she can explain the unique physics problem that these insects have solved:

So we're talking about little bugs, jumpin' fast. Velocity is just, like, how fast you're Wir reden hier also von kleinen Käfern, die schnell springen. Geschwindigkeit ist nur, wie schnell du bist.

going, in what direction. Acceleration is changing your speed or the direction that

you're going, and that's where you've gotta put in effort. I have to put in some und da muss man sich anstrengen. Ich muss mich ein bisschen anstrengen vas, y ahí es donde tienes que esforzarte. Tengo que poner en algunos

energy to change my velocity.  Now imagine you wanted to change the speed

really fast. Thing is, things just want to stay going the

way they're going, and the same speed, or they want to stay not moving if they're

not moving. Things resist changes in motion. They have inertia.

And as you may know… Inertia is a property of matter Und wie Sie vielleicht wissen, ist Trägheit eine Eigenschaft der Materie. Y como sabrás, la inercia es una propiedad de la materia...

The last piece of analyzing a change in speed is to think about mass. And to think about La última pieza para analizar un cambio de velocidad es pensar en la masa. Y pensar en

if I want to push something up to speed, like pushing a real big human up to a certain speed se eu quiser aumentar a velocidade de algo, como empurrar um ser humano muito grande até uma determinada velocidade

takes a lot of effort, but pushing a small little human up to speed, doesn't take nearly requer muito esforço, mas empurrar um pequeno ser humano até à velocidade, não requer nem de perto

as much effort.  And pushing a tiny, tiny little being up to

speed, I would just have to flick it! Geschwindigkeit, ich müsste es nur noch schnippen! velocidad, ¡sólo tendría que moverlo!

So… you wanna flick tiny, tiny beings up to speed? Du willst also winzig kleine Wesen auf Trab bringen?

For science?  Don't flick tiny, tiny little beings.

So there's an equation that describes the relationship Dianna's talking about: the

equation for kinetic energy. Energy is on the left, and on the right side we have an

“m” in there for mass. Which means that if we have a bigger mass, then the energy

we have to put in to move increases at the same rate. It's a linear relationship. And que temos de investir para nos deslocarmos aumenta ao mesmo ritmo. É uma relação linear. E

that means if we have a smaller mass, then it takes less energy to move.

And having a tiny, tiny mass is what lets those bugs that we saw accelerate faster than

just about any other animals on Earth. But studying how they do that isn't easy, because

first, you gotta catch ‘em… or Adrian does, anyway.

So recently I was surprised when a bunch of really cool bugs showed up right outside my

door. These are springtails on the lid of my trash can. Springtails are tiny soil arthropods puerta. Estos son colémbolos en la tapa de mi cubo de basura. Los colémbolos son pequeños artrópodos del suelo deur. Dit zijn springstaarten op het deksel van mijn prullenbak. Springstaarten zijn kleine geleedpotigen in de bodem porta. Estes são rabos-de-mola na tampa do meu caixote do lixo. Os colêmbolos são pequenos artrópodes do solo

that launch themselves into the air to avoid predators, or in this case my finger.

Springtail jumping hasn't been studied much so I collected those and brought them back Springstaart springen is niet veel bestudeerd, dus ik heb die verzameld en teruggebracht

here to the lab, to film them with this high-speed camera. Filming them is a challenge, these

springtails are tiny, so the best way to handle them is to push them around with a tiny paintbrush.

Then the challenge is to follow them around with the camera, and hope they jump while Die Herausforderung besteht dann darin, ihnen mit der Kamera zu folgen und zu hoffen, dass sie springen, während

you've got them both in frame and in focus. Sie haben sie beide im Bild und im Fokus.

When I did manage to catch some on film, what I saw was astounding.

These springtails go really fast, really quickly, clocking an upwards acceleration of 700 meters Diese Springschwänze sind wirklich schnell, sehr schnell, mit einer Beschleunigung von bis zu 700 Metern. Estos colémbolos van muy rápido, muy rápido, registrando una aceleración de 700 metros.

per second squared… in a fraction of a second. which is almost 20 times the acceleration of a top pro Sekunde zum Quadrat... in einem Bruchteil einer Sekunde. Das ist fast das 20-fache der Beschleunigung eines Top por segundo al cuadrado... en una fracción de segundo. que es casi 20 veces la aceleración de un top

fuel dragster, and about a hundred times quicker than an accelerating cheetah. “Fastest animal y unas cien veces más rápido que un guepardo acelerando. "El animal más rápido brandstof dragster, en ongeveer honderd keer sneller dan een versnellende cheetah. “Snelste dier

on Earth”? I don't think so, kitty.

To do what these bugs do, even with their tiny mass, they have to store and release Um das tun zu können, was diese Wanzen trotz ihrer winzigen Masse tun, müssen sie Folgendes speichern und freisetzen

a ton of energy all at once. Enough energy to send a springtail spinning at 374 flips eine Menge Energie auf einmal. Genug Energie, um einen Springschwanz mit 374 Flips ins Trudeln zu bringen.

per second–almost 40 times faster than a spinning helicopter rotor. per seconde - bijna 40 keer sneller dan een draaiende helikopterrotor.

But when scientists crunched the numbers, they were confused, because muscles alone Maar toen wetenschappers de cijfers kraakten, waren ze in de war, omdat alleen spieren

are physically incapable of producing that much energy in such a short amount of time.

It's the limitations of biology. Muscle tissue can only contract so fast, which means Son las limitaciones de la biología. El tejido muscular sólo puede contraerse tan rápido, lo que significa Це обмеження біології. М'язова тканина може скорочуватися дуже швидко, а це означає, що

it can only provide a finite amount of energy to accelerate. That's why humans can't

throw a thousand-mile-per-hour fastball. These bugs must be releasing that energy using something gooi een fastball van duizend mijl per uur. Deze bugs moeten die energie met iets vrijgeven

other than muscle power alone. The answer? It's right in the name: They que no sea sólo la fuerza muscular. ¿La respuesta? Está en el nombre: los

use springs. Federn verwenden. veren gebruiken.

So what is a spring? A spring is a mechanical device that stores energy to be released later,

usually very quickly. The idea of springs is that you usually put in energy over a longer

amount of time, like you incrementally compress it, or stretch it, and then it snaps back hoeveelheid tijd, zoals je het stapsgewijs comprimeert of uitrekt, en dan springt het terug

really fast.

The conventional spring is like the wound, tight coil of wire. Get down to the microscopic El muelle convencional es como la bobina de alambre enrollada y apretada. Llegar a lo microscópico

level and you've got bonds between all these atoms and molecules, and you're stretching

those apart. So when you release the spring those atoms and molecules all snap back into los separa. Así que cuando sueltas el resorte, esos átomos y moléculas se vuelven a unir... die uit elkaar. Dus als je de veer loslaat, springen die atomen en moleculen allemaal weer in

place. And you get this release of energy. And typically you push or you pull something

really fast.

So actually a spring is often made of little mini-springs, like all the atoms and molecules

act like springs themselves.

So the main idea with a spring is you can slowly store energy using a small amount of

force over a longer time, and then release that energy very quickly to do a lot of work.

Only instead of atoms in a metal being stretched like in a traditional spring, insects and

other super-fast creatures with exoskeletons, like the mantis shrimp, store and release otras criaturas superrápidas con exoesqueleto, como el camarón mantis, almacenan y liberan andere supersnelle wezens met exoskeletten, zoals de bidsprinkhaangarnaal, opslaan en loslaten

energy using their exoskeletons, which are made of flexible and stiff materials mixed

together. That's called a “composite” material, and engineers use them all the time. samen. Dat wordt een "composiet" materiaal genoemd en ingenieurs gebruiken ze de hele tijd.

A springtail's launching appendage is part of its exoskeleton, and it stores energy just O apêndice de lançamento de um rabo-de-mola faz parte do seu exoesqueleto e armazena energia

like the spring on a mousetrap. It stays locked and loaded, until … [mouse trap demo]. como el resorte de una ratonera. Se queda bloqueado y cargado, hasta que ... [demo de la trampa para ratones].

What's crazy is springtails aren't even close to the bug acceleration record.

These are froghoppers, little insects you might find sucking juices out of plants… Dit zijn kikkers, kleine insecten die je misschien sappen uit planten zuigt ...

and in addition to looking very weird and cool, they're among the fastest jumping

insects ever recorded. The fastest froghoppers can accelerate at 5400 m/s2, just under 550

g's.

Froghoppers, and their cousins planthoppers and leafhoppers, do this using an incredibly Froghoppers, en hun neven planthoppers en sprinkhanen, doen dit met een ongelooflijk

cool simple machine. They draw up their hind jumping legs, lock them in place with an actual Una máquina sencilla y genial. Levantan sus patas traseras de salto, las bloquean en su sitio con una

latch that sticks out of their belly, flex a big muscle to bend their exoskeleton, and

then open that latch to release the energy all at once. It's almost the same way a

crossbow, or catapult works, only here, they're using their flexible but strong exoskeleton

as the spring. I'm not an engineer, but the fact that they have simple machines: latches,

levers, and springs, built into their bodies, blows me away.

But… they aren't the fastest either. These are trap-jaw ants, and although they don't Pero... tampoco son las más rápidas. Estas son hormigas de mandíbula trampa, y aunque no lo hacen

move their whole bodies, they can snap their jaws shut in less than a thousandth of a second, mueven todo el cuerpo, pueden cerrar la mandíbula en menos de una milésima de segundo,

which is an acceleration of around 100,000 g's… that's more than the acceleration

of a bullet leaving a gun. And they do it by using their entire head as a spring.

So even though these ants are accelerating their jaws really quickly, the force they're

generating on impact is tiny relative to us. That's because their jaws don't have that

much mass. Basically, when this ant snaps against the tip of my finger, I can barely

feel it.

But organisms like these ants have evolved to meet challenges on their own physical scale. Mas organismos como estas formigas evoluíram para enfrentar desafios à sua própria escala física.

The jaws of this ant have evolved ultra-fast acceleration to catch prey. And the forces

they generate might not seem like much to us, but to the ant it's enough for them

to do incredible things. Like this one, using its jaw snap to escape from the pit of an

antlion. antlion. mierenleeuw.

By timing those snaps perfectly, trap-jaw ants can catapult themselves more than 40 Door die snaps perfect te timen, kunnen valkaakmieren zichzelf meer dan 40 . katapulteren

centimeters away. That'd be like me flinging myself back more than 100 feet.

That ant was the animal acceleration record-holder until 2018, when it was dethroned by the snap-jaw, Esa hormiga fue la poseedora del récord de aceleración animal hasta 2018, cuando fue destronada por la snap-jaw,

or dracula ant, which snaps its jaws in 23 microseconds. That's millionths of a second. u hormiga drácula, que desencaja sus mandíbulas en 23 microsegundos. Es decir, millonésimas de segundo.

Twenty times faster than the trap jaw ant. Those mandibles go from 0 to 200 miles per

hour in point zero-zero-zero-zero-one-five seconds.

And it's hard to believe but the snap jaw was recently knocked out of first place by

a termite that can snap its jaw three times faster. And if you're thinking this video

looks a little unimpressive, that's because when you're filming at a ridiculous 460,000

frames per second, 128 x 128 pixels is the best that modern technology can offer.

What makes these tiny animals so impressive is that they've developed simple machines–latches

and springs–thanks to nothing more than the power of evolution. And these latches

and springs are the key to their record setting speeds. e as molas são a chave para as suas velocidades recorde.

If you've ever played paper football, you know it's a lot easier to launch by flicking Als je ooit papieren voetbal hebt gespeeld, weet je dat het een stuk gemakkelijker is om te starten door te vegen

versus just swinging your finger. That's because you're using your fingers like a

spring and latch, storing energy in your tendons and muscles and releasing it quickly, much

faster than your muscles can move your finger alone. And when you snap? You're doing what

snap-jaw ants do when they push and slide their jaws past one another. But you do all

these things way slower than the bugs do, because you're a whole lot bigger and more

massive.

How much acceleration can humans handle? In 1954, to test what pilots could endure after

ejecting at high speeds, Air Force physician John Stapp shot to 623 miles per hour in five

seconds on a rocket sled, and slammed to a stop just one second later. He experienced segundos en un trineo cohete, y se detuvo de golpe apenas un segundo después. Experimentó segundos num trenó-foguetão, e parou um segundo depois. Ele experimentou

a record-breaking 46.2 g's, and for an instant, his 168-pound body weighed over 7,700 pounds. un récord de 46,2 g's, y por un instante, su cuerpo de 168 libras pesó más de 7.700 libras.

But remember that a froghopper can accelerate at 550 g's, and the mandibles of the snap Maar onthoud dat een Froghopper kan accelereren met 550 g, en de kaken van de snap

jaw ants pull over 100,000 g's… that's insane.

They're able to do that because they're small. We are both subject to the same laws Conseguem-no porque são pequenas. Estamos ambos sujeitos às mesmas leis

of physics, us large mammals and those tiny bugs. But those laws sometimes apply to us de la física, nosotros los grandes mamíferos y esos bichos diminutos. Pero esas leyes a veces se aplican a nosotros da física, nós, os grandes mamíferos, e esses pequenos insectos. Mas essas leis por vezes aplicam-se a nós

very differently: How we move through water, how hard or soft we fall, and how fast machines de forma muito diferente: Como nos movemos na água, com que força ou suavidade caímos e com que velocidade as máquinas

can carry us. It's a good reminder that nature has figured out how to do things that pode levar-nos. É um bom lembrete de que a natureza descobriu como fazer coisas que

we can still only dream of. com que ainda só podemos sonhar.

Stay curious.