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Kurzgesagt (In a Nutshell), The Beginning of Everything -- The Big Bang

The Beginning of Everything -- The Big Bang

The beginning of everything.

The Big Bang.

The idea that the universe was suddenly born and is not infinite.

Up to the middle of the 20th century, most scientists thought of the universe

as infinite and ageless.

Until Einstein's theory of relativity gave us a better understanding of gravity,

and Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies are moving apart from one another

in a way that fits previous predictions.

In 1964, by accident, cosmic background radiation was discovered,

a relic of the early universe,

which, together with other observational evidence, made the Big Bang

the accepted theory in science.

Since then, improved technology like the Hubble telescope

has given us a pretty good picture of the Big Bang and the structure of the cosmos.

Recent observations even seem to suggest that the expansion of the universe

is accelerating.

But how did this Big Bang work?

How can something come from nothing?

Let's explore what we know.

We can ignore the beginning part for now.

First of all, the Big Bang was not an explosion.

It was all space stretching everywhere all at once.

The universe started very, very, very small

and quickly expanded to the size of a football.

The universe didn't expand into anything, space was just expanding into itself.

The universe cannot expand into anything because the universe has no borders;

there is, by definition, no “outside” the universe.

The universe is all there is.

In this hot, dense environment, energy manifested itself

in particles that existed only for the tiniest glimpses of time. [01:52.317] perhaps after giving off more gluons.

These found other short-lived quarks to interact with,

forming new quark pairs and gluons again.

Matter and energy were not just theoretically equivalent,

it was so hot they were practically the same stuff.

Somewhere around this time, matter won over antimatter.

Today, we're left with almost all matter and nearly no antimatter at all.

Somehow, one billion and one matter particles were formed

for every one billion particles of antimatter.

Instead of one massive ultimate force in the universe,

there were now several refined versions of it acting under different rules.

By now the universe has stretched to a billion kilometers in diameter,

which leads to a decrease in temperature.

The cycle of quarks being born and converted back to energy

suddenly stops. [02:46.594] Quarks begin forming new particles, hadrons, like protons and neutrons.

There are many, many combinations of quarks that can form all sorts of hadrons,

but only very few are reasonably stable for any length of time.

Please take a moment to appreciate that by now, only one second has passed

since the beginning of everything.

The universe, which has grown to one hundred billion kilometers,

is now cold enough to allow most of the neutrons to decay into protons

and form the first atom, hydrogen.

Imagine the universe at this point as an extremely hot soup,

ten billion degrees Celsius, filled with countless particles and energy.

Over the next few minutes, things cooled and settled down very fast.

Atoms formed out of hadrons and electrons,

making for a stable and electrically neutral environment.

Some call this period the Dark Age, because there were no stars

and the hydrogen gas didn't allow visible light to move around.

But what's the meaning of visible light, anyway, when there's nothing alive yet

that could have eyes?

When the hydrogen gas clumped together after millions of years and

gravity put it under great pressure, stars and galaxies began to form.

Their radiation dissolved the stable hydrogen gas into a plasma

that still permeates the universe today and allows visible light to pass.

Finally, there was light!

Okay, but what about the part we didn't talk about?

What happened right at the beginning?

This part can be defined as the Big Bang.

We don't know at all what happened here.

At this point, our tools break down.

Natural laws stop making sense, time itself becomes wibbly-wobbly.

To understand what happened here, we need a theory that unifies

Einstein's relativity and quantum mechanics, something countless

scientists are working on right now.

But this leaves us with lots of unanswered questions.

Were there universes before our own?

Is this the first and only universe?

What started the Big Bang, or did it just occur naturally,

based on laws we don't understand yet?

We don't know, and maybe we never will.

But what we do know is that the universe as we know it started here

and gave birth to particles, galaxies, stars, the Earth, and you.

Since were ourselves are made of dead stars, we are not separate

from the universe; we are part of it.

You could even say that we are the universe's way of experiencing itself.

So, let's keep on experiencing it, until there are no more questions to ask.

Subtitles by the Amara.org community

The Beginning of Everything -- The Big Bang بداية كل شيء - الانفجار العظيم Der Anfang von allem - Der Urknall El principio de todo: el Big Bang すべてのもののはじまり--ビッグバン Het begin van alles -- De oerknal Początek wszystkiego - Wielki Wybuch O início de tudo -- O Big Bang Начало всего - Большой взрыв Her Şeyin Başlangıcı -- Büyük Patlama 一切的开始——宇宙大爆炸

The beginning of everything. بداية كل شيء.

The Big Bang.

The idea that the universe was suddenly born and is not infinite. فكرة أن الكون ولد فجأة وليس لانهائي. L'idée que l'univers est né soudainement et qu'il n'est pas infini. A ideia de que o universo nasceu de repente e não é infinito.

Up to the middle of the 20th century, most scientists thought of the universe حتى منتصف القرن العشرين ، فكر معظم العلماء في الكون Até meados do século 20, a maioria dos cientistas pensava no universo

as infinite and ageless. لانهائية ودائمة الشباب. comme infini et sans âge. como infinito e sem idade.

Until Einstein's theory of relativity gave us a better understanding of gravity, إلى أن أعطتنا نظرية النسبية لأينشتاين فهمًا أفضل للجاذبية ،

and Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies are moving apart from one another واكتشف إدوين هابل أن المجرات تتحرك بعيدًا عن بعضها البعض et Edwin Hubble découvrent que les galaxies s'éloignent les unes des autres e Edwin Hubble descobriram que as galáxias estão se afastando umas das outras

in a way that fits previous predictions. بطريقة تناسب التوقعات السابقة. de uma forma que se encaixa nas previsões anteriores.

In 1964, by accident, cosmic background radiation was discovered, في عام 1964 ، عن طريق الصدفة ، تم اكتشاف إشعاع الخلفية الكونية ، En 1964, on a découvert par hasard le rayonnement cosmique de fond, Em 1964, por acidente, a radiação cósmica de fundo foi descoberta,

a relic of the early universe, من بقايا الكون المبكر ، une relique de l'univers primitif, uma relíquia do universo primitivo,

which, together with other observational evidence, made the Big Bang التي ، إلى جانب أدلة المراقبة الأخرى ، جعلت الانفجار العظيم qui, avec d'autres éléments d'observation, ont fait du Big Bang une réalité. que, juntamente com outras evidências observacionais, fez o Big Bang

the accepted theory in science. النظرية المقبولة في العلم.

Since then, improved technology like the Hubble telescope Desde então, tecnologias aprimoradas como o telescópio Hubble

has given us a pretty good picture of the Big Bang and the structure of the cosmos.

Recent observations even seem to suggest that the expansion of the universe Observações recentes parecem até sugerir que a expansão do universo

is accelerating.

But how did this Big Bang work? Mas como esse Big Bang funcionou?

How can something come from nothing? ¿Cómo puede surgir algo de la nada?

Let's explore what we know.

We can ignore the beginning part for now. Podemos ignorar a parte inicial por enquanto.

First of all, the Big Bang was not an explosion.

It was all space stretching everywhere all at once. C'était tout l'espace qui s'étendait partout à la fois. Era todo o espaço se estendendo por toda parte ao mesmo tempo. Это было все пространство, простирающееся повсюду одновременно.

The universe started very, very, very small

and quickly expanded to the size of a football. e rapidamente se expandiu para o tamanho de uma bola de futebol.

The universe didn't expand into anything, space was just expanding into itself. L'univers ne s'est pas dilaté dans quoi que ce soit, l'espace s'est simplement dilaté en lui-même. O universo não se expandiu em nada, o espaço estava apenas se expandindo em si mesmo.

The universe cannot expand into anything because the universe has no borders; L'univers ne peut s'étendre à quoi que ce soit, car il n'a pas de frontières ; O universo não pode se expandir em nada porque o universo não tem fronteiras;

there is, by definition, no “outside” the universe. il n'y a pas, par définition, d'"extérieur" à l'univers. não existe, por definição, nenhum “fora” do universo.

The universe is all there is.

In this hot, dense environment, energy manifested itself En este ambiente caliente y denso, la energía se manifestaba Dans cet environnement chaud et dense, l'énergie s'est manifestée Nesse ambiente quente e denso, a energia se manifestou

in particles that existed only for the tiniest glimpses of time. [01:52.317] en partículas que sólo existieron durante pequeñísimos lapsos de tiempo. [01:52.317] dans des particules qui n'ont existé que pendant de minuscules instants. [01:52.317] em partículas que existiam apenas para os mais ínfimos vislumbres do tempo. [01:52.317] perhaps after giving off more gluons. quizás después de emitir más gluones. peut-être après avoir émis plus de gluons. talvez depois de liberar mais glúons.

These found other short-lived quarks to interact with, Estos encontraron otros quarks de vida corta con los que interactuar, Estes encontraram outros quarks de curta duração para interagir,

forming new quark pairs and gluons again. formando de nuevo pares de quarks y gluones. formando novos pares de quarks e glúons novamente.

Matter and energy were not just theoretically equivalent, Materia y energía no sólo eran teóricamente equivalentes,

it was so hot they were practically the same stuff. hacía tanto calor que eran prácticamente lo mismo. il faisait si chaud qu'ils étaient pratiquement de la même matière.

Somewhere around this time, matter won over antimatter. En algún momento, la materia se impuso a la antimateria. C'est à peu près à cette époque que la matière l'a emporté sur l'antimatière. Por volta dessa época, a matéria venceu a antimatéria.

Today, we're left with almost all matter and nearly no antimatter at all. Hoy nos queda casi toda la materia y casi nada de antimateria. Aujourd'hui, il ne reste pratiquement plus que de la matière et presque plus d'antimatière. Hoje, ficamos com quase toda a matéria e quase nenhuma antimatéria.

Somehow, one billion and one matter particles were formed De alguna manera, mil millones y una partículas de materia se formaron D'une manière ou d'une autre, un milliard et une particule de matière ont été formées De alguma forma, um bilhão e uma partículas de matéria foram formadas Каким-то образом образовался один миллиард и одна частица материи.

for every one billion particles of antimatter. pour chaque milliard de particules d'antimatière.

Instead of one massive ultimate force in the universe, En lugar de una fuerza última masiva en el universo, Au lieu d'une force ultime massive dans l'univers, Em vez de uma força final massiva no universo,

there were now several refined versions of it acting under different rules. ahora había varias versiones refinadas de la misma que actuaban bajo reglas diferentes. il existe maintenant plusieurs versions raffinées de ce système qui agissent selon des règles différentes. havia agora várias versões refinadas dele agindo sob regras diferentes.

By now the universe has stretched to a billion kilometers in diameter, A estas alturas, el universo se ha estirado hasta alcanzar los mil millones de kilómetros de diámetro, Até agora o universo se estendeu para um bilhão de quilômetros de diâmetro,

which leads to a decrease in temperature. o que leva a uma diminuição da temperatura.

The cycle of quarks being born and converted back to energy El ciclo de los quarks que nacen y se convierten de nuevo en energía O ciclo de quarks nascendo e convertido de volta em energia

suddenly stops. [02:46.594] pára de repente. [02:46.594] Quarks begin forming new particles, hadrons, like protons and neutrons. Quarks beginnen nieuwe deeltjes te vormen, hadronen, zoals protonen en neutronen. Quarks começam a formar novas partículas, hádrons, como prótons e nêutrons.

There are many, many combinations of quarks that can form all sorts of hadrons, Existem muitas, muitas combinações de quarks que podem formar todos os tipos de hádrons,

but only very few are reasonably stable for any length of time. pero sólo unos pocos son razonablemente estables durante algún tiempo. mas apenas muito poucos são razoavelmente estáveis por qualquer período de tempo.

Please take a moment to appreciate that by now, only one second has passed Por favor, tome um momento para apreciar que agora, apenas um segundo se passou

since the beginning of everything.

The universe, which has grown to one hundred billion kilometers, O universo, que cresceu para cem bilhões de quilômetros,

is now cold enough to allow most of the neutrons to decay into protons agora está frio o suficiente para permitir que a maioria dos nêutrons decaia em prótons

and form the first atom, hydrogen.

Imagine the universe at this point as an extremely hot soup, Imagine o universo neste ponto como uma sopa extremamente quente,

ten billion degrees Celsius, filled with countless particles and energy. dez bilhões de graus Celsius, cheios de inúmeras partículas e energia.

Over the next few minutes, things cooled and settled down very fast. En los minutos siguientes, las cosas se enfriaron y se calmaron muy rápido. Nos minutos seguintes, as coisas esfriaram e se acalmaram muito rápido.

Atoms formed out of hadrons and electrons, Átomos formados de hádrons e elétrons,

making for a stable and electrically neutral environment. criando um ambiente estável e eletricamente neutro.

Some call this period the Dark Age, because there were no stars Algunos llaman a este período la Edad Oscura, porque no había estrellas

and the hydrogen gas didn't allow visible light to move around. y el gas hidrógeno no permitía el paso de la luz visible. e o gás hidrogênio não permitia que a luz visível se movesse.

But what's the meaning of visible light, anyway, when there's nothing alive yet Pero, ¿cuál es el significado de la luz visible, de todos modos, cuando no hay nada vivo todavía Mais quelle est la signification de la lumière visible, alors qu'il n'y a encore rien de vivant ? Mas qual é o significado da luz visível, afinal, quando não há nada vivo ainda

that could have eyes? que pudiera tener ojos? que poderia ter olhos?

When the hydrogen gas clumped together after millions of years and Cuando el gas hidrógeno se agrupó tras millones de años y Quando o gás hidrogênio se agrupou depois de milhões de anos e

gravity put it under great pressure, stars and galaxies began to form. a gravidade a colocou sob grande pressão, estrelas e galáxias começaram a se formar.

Their radiation dissolved the stable hydrogen gas into a plasma Su radiación disolvió el gas hidrógeno estable en un plasma Sua radiação dissolveu o gás hidrogênio estável em um plasma

that still permeates the universe today and allows visible light to pass. que aún hoy impregna el universo y permite el paso de la luz visible. que ainda hoje permeia o universo e permite a passagem da luz visível.

Finally, there was light!

Okay, but what about the part we didn't talk about? Vale, pero ¿y la parte de la que no hemos hablado? Ok, mas e a parte sobre a qual não falamos?

What happened right at the beginning? ¿Qué pasó al principio? O que aconteceu logo no início?

This part can be defined as the Big Bang.

We don't know at all what happened here. Nous ne savons pas du tout ce qui s'est passé ici.

At this point, our tools break down. Llegados a este punto, nuestras herramientas se estropean. Neste ponto, nossas ferramentas quebram.

Natural laws stop making sense, time itself becomes wibbly-wobbly. Las leyes naturales dejan de tener sentido, el tiempo se tambalea. Les lois naturelles n'ont plus de sens, le temps lui-même devient bancal. Natuurwetten zijn niet meer logisch, de tijd zelf wordt wiebelig-wiebelig. As leis naturais param de fazer sentido, o próprio tempo se torna vacilante.

To understand what happened here, we need a theory that unifies Para entender o que aconteceu aqui, precisamos de uma teoria que unifique

Einstein's relativity and quantum mechanics, something countless A relatividade de Einstein e a mecânica quântica, algo incontável

scientists are working on right now.

But this leaves us with lots of unanswered questions. Mas isso nos deixa com muitas perguntas sem resposta.

Were there universes before our own? ¿Hubo universos anteriores al nuestro? Existiram universos antes do nosso?

Is this the first and only universe?

What started the Big Bang, or did it just occur naturally, Qu'est-ce qui a déclenché le Big Bang, ou est-ce qu'il s'est produit naturellement ? O que começou o Big Bang, ou apenas ocorreu naturalmente,

based on laws we don't understand yet? baseado em leis que ainda não entendemos?

We don't know, and maybe we never will.

But what we do know is that the universe as we know it started here

and gave birth to particles, galaxies, stars, the Earth, and you. e deu à luz partículas, galáxias, estrelas, a Terra e você.

Since were ourselves are made of dead stars, we are not separate Como nosotros mismos estamos hechos de estrellas muertas, no estamos separados... Puisque nous sommes nous-mêmes constitués d'étoiles mortes, nous ne sommes pas séparés Como nós mesmos somos feitos de estrelas mortas, não estamos separados

from the universe; we are part of it. do universo; nós fazemos parte disso.

You could even say that we are the universe's way of experiencing itself. Incluso podría decirse que somos la forma que tiene el universo de experimentarse a sí mismo. On pourrait même dire que nous sommes la façon dont l'univers fait l'expérience de lui-même. Você poderia até dizer que somos a maneira do universo de experimentar a si mesmo.

So, let's keep on experiencing it, until there are no more questions to ask. Así que sigamos experimentándolo, hasta que no haya más preguntas que hacer. Então, vamos continuar experimentando, até que não haja mais perguntas a fazer.

Subtitles by the Amara.org community