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TED Talks, Simon Sinek: How great leaders inspire action

Simon Sinek: How great leaders inspire action

How do you explain when things don't go as we assume?

Or better, how do you explain when others are able to achieve things that seem to defy all of the assumptions? For example: Why is Apple so innovative? Year after year, after year, after year, they're more innovative than all their competition. And yet, they're just a computer company. They're just like everyone else. They have the same access to the same talent, the same agencies, the same consultants, the same media. Then why is it that they seem to have something different? Why is it that Martin Luther King led the Civil Rights Movement? He wasn't the only man who suffered in a pre-civil rights America, and he certainly wasn't the only great orator of the day. Why him? And why is it that the Wright brothers were able to figure out controlled, powered man flight when there were certainly other teams who were better qualified, better funded ... and they didn't achieve powered man flight, and the Wright brothers beat them to it. There's something else at play here.

About three and a half years ago I made a discovery. And this discovery profoundly changed my view on how I thought the world worked, and it even profoundly changed the way in which I operate in it. As it turns out, there's a pattern. As it turns out, all the great and inspiring leaders and organizations in the world -- whether it's Apple or Martin Luther King or the Wright brothers -- they all think, act and communicate the exact same way. And it's the complete opposite to everyone else. All I did was codify it, and it's probably the world's simplest idea. I call it the golden circle.

Why? How? What? This little idea explains why some organizations and some leaders are able to inspire where others aren't. Let me define the terms really quickly. Every single person, every single organization on the planet knows what they do, 100 percent. Some know how they do it, whether you call it your differentiated value proposition or your proprietary process or your USP. But very, very few people or organizations know why they do what they do. And by "why" I don't mean "to make a profit." That's a result. It's always a result. By "why," I mean: What's your purpose? What's your cause? What's your belief? Why does your organization exist? Why do you get out of bed in the morning? And why should anyone care? Well, as a result, the way we think, the way we act, the way we communicate is from the outside in. It's obvious. We go from the clearest thing to the fuzziest thing. But the inspired leaders and the inspired organizations -- regardless of their size, regardless of their industry -- all think, act and communicate from the inside out.

Let me give you an example. I use Apple because they're easy to understand and everybody gets it. If Apple were like everyone else, a marketing message from them might sound like this: "We make great computers. They're beautifully designed, simple to use and user friendly. Want to buy one?" "Meh." And that's how most of us communicate. That's how most marketing is done, that's how most sales is done and that's how most of us communicate interpersonally. We say what we do, we say how we're different or how we're better and we expect some sort of a behavior, a purchase, a vote, something like that. Here's our new law firm: We have the best lawyers with the biggest clients, we always perform for our clients who do business with us. Here's our new car: It gets great gas mileage, it has leather seats, buy our car. But it's uninspiring.

Here's how Apple actually communicates. "Everything we do, we believe in challenging the status quo. We believe in thinking differently. The way we challenge the status quo is by making our products beautifully designed, simple to use and user friendly. We just happen to make great computers. Want to buy one?" Totally different right? You're ready to buy a computer from me. All I did was reverse the order of the information. What it proves to us is that people don't buy what you do; people buy why you do it. People don't buy what you do; they buy why you do it.

This explains why every single person in this room is perfectly comfortable buying a computer from Apple. But we're also perfectly comfortable buying an MP3 player from Apple, or a phone from Apple, or a DVR from Apple. But, as I said before, Apple's just a computer company. There's nothing that distinguishes them structurally from any of their competitors. Their competitors are all equally qualified to make all of these products. In fact, they tried. A few years ago, Gateway came out with flat screen TVs. They're eminently qualified to make flat screen TVs. They've been making flat screen monitors for years. Nobody bought one. Dell came out with MP3 players and PDAs, and they make great quality products, and they can make perfectly well-designed products -- and nobody bought one. In fact, talking about it now, we can't even imagine buying an MP3 player from Dell. Why would you buy an MP3 player from a computer company? But we do it every day. People don't buy what you do; they buy why you do it.

The goal is not to do business with everybody who needs what you have. The goal is to do business with people who believe what you believe. Here's the best part:

None of what I'm telling you is my opinion. It's all grounded in the tenets of biology. Not psychology, biology. If you look at a cross-section of the human brain, looking from the top down, what you see is the human brain is actually broken into three major components that correlate perfectly with the golden circle. Our newest brain, our Homo sapien brain, our neocortex, corresponds with the "what" level. The neocortex is responsible for all of our rational and analytical thought and language. The middle two sections make up our limbic brains, and our limbic brains are responsible for all of our feelings, like trust and loyalty. It's also responsible for all human behavior, all decision-making, and it has no capacity for language.

In other words, when we communicate from the outside in, yes, people can understand vast amounts of complicated information like features and benefits and facts and figures. It just doesn't drive behavior. When we can communicate from the inside out, we're talking directly to the part of the brain that controls behavior, and then we allow people to rationalize it with the tangible things we say and do. This is where gut decisions come from. You know, sometimes you can give somebody all the facts and figures, and they say, "I know what all the facts and details say, but it just doesn't feel right." Why would we use that verb, it doesn't "feel" right? Because the part of the brain that controls decision-making doesn't control language. And the best we can muster up is, "I don't know. It just doesn't feel right." Or sometimes you say you're leading with your heart, or you're leading with your soul. Well, I hate to break it to you, those aren't other body parts controlling your behavior. It's all happening here in your limbic brain, the part of the brain that controls decision-making and not language.

But if you don't know why you do what you do, and people respond to why you do what you do, then how will you ever get people to vote for you, or buy something from you, or, more importantly, be loyal and want to be a part of what it is that you do. Again, the goal is not just to sell to people who need what you have; the goal is to sell to people who believe what you believe. The goal is not just to hire people who need a job; it's to hire people who believe what you believe. I always say that, you know, if you hire people just because they can do a job, they'll work for your money, but if you hire people who believe what you believe, they'll work for you with blood and sweat and tears. And nowhere else is there a better example of this than with the Wright brothers.

Most people don't know about Samuel Pierpont Langley. And back in the early 20th century, the pursuit of powered man flight was like the dot com of the day. Everybody was trying it. And Samuel Pierpont Langley had, what we assume, to be the recipe for success. I mean, even now, you ask people, "Why did your product or why did your company fail?" and people always give you the same permutation of the same three things: under-capitalized, the wrong people, bad market conditions. It's always the same three things, so let's explore that. Samuel Pierpont Langley was given 50,000 dollars by the War Department to figure out this flying machine. Money was no problem. He held a seat at Harvard and worked at the Smithsonian and was extremely well-connected; he knew all the big minds of the day. He hired the best minds money could find and the market conditions were fantastic. The New York Times followed him around everywhere, and everyone was rooting for Langley. Then how come we've never heard of Samuel Pierpont Langley?

A few hundred miles away in Dayton Ohio, Orville and Wilbur Wright, they had none of what we consider to be the recipe for success. They had no money; they paid for their dream with the proceeds from their bicycle shop; not a single person on the Wright brothers' team had a college education, not even Orville or Wilbur; and The New York Times followed them around nowhere. The difference was, Orville and Wilbur were driven by a cause, by a purpose, by a belief. They believed that if they could figure out this flying machine, it'll change the course of the world. Samuel Pierpont Langley was different. He wanted to be rich, and he wanted to be famous. He was in pursuit of the result. He was in pursuit of the riches. And lo and behold, look what happened. The people who believed in the Wright brothers' dream worked with them with blood and sweat and tears. The others just worked for the paycheck. And they tell stories of how every time the Wright brothers went out, they would have to take five sets of parts, because that's how many times they would crash before they came in for supper.

And, eventually, on December 17th, 1903, the Wright brothers took flight, and no one was there to even experience it. We found out about it a few days later. And further proof that Langley was motivated by the wrong thing: The day the Wright brothers took flight, he quit. He could have said, "That's an amazing discovery, guys, and I will improve upon your technology," but he didn't. He wasn't first, he didn't get rich, he didn't get famous so he quit.

People don't buy what you do; they buy why you do it.

And if you talk about what you believe, you will attract those who believe what you believe. But why is it important to attract those who believe what you believe? Something called the law of diffusion of innovation, and if you don't know the law, you definitely know the terminology. The first two and a half percent of our population are our innovators. The next 13 and a half percent of our population are our early adopters. The next 34 percent are your early majority, your late majority and your laggards. The only reason these people buy touch tone phones is because you can't buy rotary phones anymore.

(Laughter)

We all sit at various places at various times on this scale, but what the law of diffusion of innovation tells us is that if you want mass-market success or mass-market acceptance of an idea, you cannot have it until you achieve this tipping point between 15 and 18 percent market penetration, and then the system tips. And I love asking businesses, "What's your conversion on new business?" And they love to tell you, "Oh, it's about 10 percent," proudly. Well, you can trip over 10 percent of the customers. We all have about 10 percent who just "get it." That's how we describe them, right? That's like that gut feeling, "Oh, they just get it." The problem is: How do you find the ones that get it before you're doing business with them versus the ones who don't get it? So it's this here, this little gap that you have to close, as Jeffrey Moore calls it, "Crossing the Chasm" -- because, you see, the early majority will not try something until someone else has tried it first. And these guys, the innovators and the early adopters, they're comfortable making those gut decisions. They're more comfortable making those intuitive decisions that are driven by what they believe about the world and not just what product is available.

These are the people who stood in line for six hours to buy an iPhone when they first came out, when you could have just walked into the store the next week and bought one off the shelf. These are the people who spent 40,000 dollars on flat screen TVs when they first came out, even though the technology was substandard. And, by the way, they didn't do it because the technology was so great; they did it for themselves. It's because they wanted to be first. People don't buy what you do; they buy why you do it and what you do simply proves what you believe. In fact, people will do the things that prove what they believe. The reason that person bought the iPhone in the first six hours, stood in line for six hours, was because of what they believed about the world, and how they wanted everybody to see them: They were first. People don't buy what you do; they buy why you do it.

So let me give you a famous example, a famous failure and a famous success of the law of diffusion of innovation. First, the famous failure. It's a commercial example. As we said before, a second ago, the recipe for success is money and the right people and the right market conditions, right? You should have success then. Look at TiVo. From the time TiVo came out about eight or nine years ago to this current day, they are the single highest-quality product on the market, hands down, there is no dispute. They were extremely well-funded. Market conditions were fantastic. I mean, we use TiVo as verb. I TiVo stuff on my piece of junk Time Warner DVR all the time.

But TiVo's a commercial failure. They've never made money. And when they went IPO, their stock was at about 30 or 40 dollars and then plummeted, and it's never traded above 10. In fact, I don't think it's even traded above six, except for a couple of little spikes. Because you see, when TiVo launched their product they told us all what they had. They said, "We have a product that pauses live TV, skips commercials, rewinds live TV and memorizes your viewing habits without you even asking." And the cynical majority said, "We don't believe you. We don't need it. We don't like it. You're scaring us." What if they had said, "If you're the kind of person who likes to have total control over every aspect of your life, boy, do we have a product for you. It pauses live TV, skips commercials, memorizes your viewing habits, etc., etc." People don't buy what you do; they buy why you do it, and what you do simply serves as the proof of what you believe.

Now let me give you a successful example of the law of diffusion of innovation. In the summer of 1963, 250,000 people showed up on the mall in Washington to hear Dr. King speak. They sent out no invitations, and there was no website to check the date. How do you do that? Well, Dr. King wasn't the only man in America who was a great orator. He wasn't the only man in America who suffered in a pre-civil rights America. In fact, some of his ideas were bad. But he had a gift. He didn't go around telling people what needed to change in America. He went around and told people what he believed. "I believe, I believe, I believe," he told people. And people who believed what he believed took his cause, and they made it their own, and they told people. And some of those people created structures to get the word out to even more people. And lo and behold, 250,000 people showed up on the right day at the right time to hear him speak.

How many of them showed up for him? Zero. They showed up for themselves. It's what they believed about America that got them to travel in a bus for eight hours to stand in the sun in Washington in the middle of August. It's what they believed, and it wasn't about black versus white: 25 percent of the audience was white. Dr. King believed that there are two types of laws in this world: those that are made by a higher authority and those that are made by man. And not until all the laws that are made by man are consistent with the laws that are made by the higher authority will we live in a just world. It just so happened that the Civil Rights Movement was the perfect thing to help him bring his cause to life. We followed, not for him, but for ourselves. And, by the way, he gave the "I have a dream" speech, not the "I have a plan" speech. (Laughter)

Listen to politicians now, with their comprehensive 12-point plans. They're not inspiring anybody. Because there are leaders and there are those who lead. Leaders hold a position of power or authority, but those who lead inspire us. Whether they're individuals or organizations, we follow those who lead, not because we have to, but because we want to. We follow those who lead, not for them, but for ourselves. And it's those who start with "why" that have the ability to inspire those around them or find others who inspire them. Thank you very much.

(Applause)

Simon Sinek: How great leaders inspire action Simon Sinek: Wie große Führungskräfte zum Handeln inspirieren サイモン・シネック:偉大なリーダーはいかに行動を促すか Simon Sinek: Jak wielcy liderzy inspirują do działania Simon Sinek: Como os grandes líderes inspiram a ação Саймон Синек: Как великие лидеры вдохновляют на действия

How do you explain when things don’t go as we assume? Wie erklären Sie, wenn die Dinge nicht so laufen, wie wir annehmen? Como você explica quando as coisas não correm como assumimos?

Or better, how do you explain when others are able to achieve things that seem to defy all of the assumptions? Oder besser, wie erklären Sie, wenn andere in der Lage sind, Dinge zu erreichen, die allen Annahmen zu trotzen scheinen? Ou melhor, como você explica quando outras pessoas conseguem alcançar coisas que parecem desafiar todas as suposições? For example: Why is Apple so innovative? Zum Beispiel: Warum ist Apple so innovativ? Por exemplo: Por que a Apple é tão inovadora? Year after year, after year, after year, they’re more innovative than all their competition. Jahr für Jahr, für Jahr, für Jahr sind sie innovativer als alle ihre Konkurrenten. Ano após ano, após ano, após ano, eles são mais inovadores do que todos os seus concorrentes. And yet, they’re just a computer company. Und doch sind sie nur eine Computerfirma. E, no entanto, eles são apenas uma empresa de computadores. They’re just like everyone else. Sie sind wie alle anderen. Eles são como todos os outros. They have the same access to the same talent, the same agencies, the same consultants, the same media. Sie haben den gleichen Zugang zu demselben Talent, denselben Agenturen, denselben Beratern, denselben Medien. Eles têm o mesmo acesso ao mesmo talento, às mesmas agências, aos mesmos consultores, à mesma mídia. Then why is it that they seem to have something different? Warum scheinen sie dann etwas anderes zu haben? Então por que eles parecem ter algo diferente? Why is it that Martin Luther King led the Civil Rights Movement? Warum leitete Martin Luther King die Bürgerrechtsbewegung? He wasn’t the only man who suffered in a pre-civil rights America, and he certainly wasn’t the only great orator of the day. Er war nicht der einzige Mann, der unter einem vorbürgerlichen Amerika litt, und er war sicherlich nicht der einzige große Redner des Tages. Ele não foi o único homem que sofreu em uma América pré-direitos civis, e certamente não foi o único grande orador da época. Why him? Por que ele? And why is it that the Wright brothers were able to figure out controlled, powered man flight when there were certainly other teams who were better qualified, better funded ... and they didn’t achieve powered man flight, and the Wright brothers beat them to it. Und warum konnten die Gebrüder Wright einen kontrollierten, motorisierten Mannflug herausfinden, wenn es sicherlich andere Teams gab, die besser qualifiziert und besser finanziert waren ... und keinen motorisierten Mannflug erreichten, und die Gebrüder Wright schlugen sie dazu. E por que os irmãos Wright foram capazes de descobrir o voo motorizado controlado quando certamente havia outras equipes que eram mais qualificadas, mais bem financiadas ... e eles não conseguiram o voo motorizado, e os irmãos Wright os venceram para isso. There’s something else at play here. Hier spielt noch etwas anderes eine Rolle. Há algo mais em jogo aqui.

About three and a half years ago I made a discovery. Vor ungefähr dreieinhalb Jahren machte ich eine Entdeckung. Cerca de três anos e meio atrás eu fiz uma descoberta. And this discovery profoundly changed my view on how I thought the world worked, and it even profoundly changed the way in which I operate in it. Und diese Entdeckung hat meine Sicht auf die Funktionsweise der Welt grundlegend verändert, und sie hat sogar die Art und Weise, wie ich darin arbeite, grundlegend verändert. E essa descoberta mudou profundamente minha visão sobre como eu pensava que o mundo funcionava, e até mudou profundamente a maneira como eu opero nele. As it turns out, there’s a pattern. Como se vê, há um padrão. As it turns out, all the great and inspiring leaders and organizations in the world -- whether it’s Apple or Martin Luther King or the Wright brothers -- they all think, act and communicate the exact same way. Como se vê, todos os grandes e inspiradores líderes e organizações do mundo - seja a Apple ou Martin Luther King ou os irmãos Wright - todos pensam, agem e se comunicam exatamente da mesma maneira. And it’s the complete opposite to everyone else. E é o completo oposto de todos os outros. All I did was codify it, and it’s probably the world’s simplest idea. Ich habe es nur kodifiziert, und es ist wahrscheinlich die einfachste Idee der Welt. Tudo o que fiz foi codificá-lo, e é provavelmente a ideia mais simples do mundo. I call it the golden circle. Eu chamo isso de círculo dourado.

Why? Por quê? How? Como? What? Que? This little idea explains why some organizations and some leaders are able to inspire where others aren’t. Diese kleine Idee erklärt, warum einige Organisationen und einige Führungskräfte inspirieren können, wo andere nicht sind. Essa pequena ideia explica por que algumas organizações e alguns líderes são capazes de inspirar onde outros não. Let me define the terms really quickly. Deixe-me definir os termos muito rapidamente. Every single person, every single organization on the planet knows what they do, 100 percent. Cada pessoa, cada organização no planeta sabe o que faz, 100 por cento. Some know how they do it, whether you call it your differentiated value proposition or your proprietary process or your USP. Einige wissen, wie sie es machen, ob Sie es nun Ihr differenziertes Wertangebot oder Ihren geschützten Prozess oder Ihren USP nennen. Alguns sabem como eles fazem isso, quer você chame de proposta de valor diferenciado, processo proprietário ou USP. But very, very few people or organizations know why they do what they do. Mas muito, muito poucas pessoas ou organizações sabem por que fazem o que fazem. And by "why" I don’t mean "to make a profit." E por "por que" não quero dizer "para lucrar". That’s a result. Isso é um resultado. It’s always a result. É sempre um resultado. By "why," I mean: What’s your purpose? Por "por que", quero dizer: Qual é o seu propósito? What’s your cause? What’s your belief? Qual é a sua crença? Why does your organization exist? Por que sua organização existe? Why do you get out of bed in the morning? And why should anyone care? E por que alguém deveria se importar? Well, as a result, the way we think, the way we act, the way we communicate is from the outside in. Bem, como resultado, a maneira como pensamos, a maneira como agimos, a maneira como nos comunicamos é de fora para dentro. It’s obvious. We go from the clearest thing to the fuzziest thing. Wir gehen vom Klarsten zum Unklarsten über. Passamos da coisa mais clara à mais confusa. But the inspired leaders and the inspired organizations -- regardless of their size, regardless of their industry -- all think, act and communicate from the inside out. Mas os líderes inspirados e as organizações inspiradas – independentemente de seu tamanho, independentemente de seu setor – todos pensam, agem e se comunicam de dentro para fora.

Let me give you an example. Deixe-me lhe dar um exemplo. I use Apple because they’re easy to understand and everybody gets it. Eu uso a Apple porque eles são fáceis de entender e todo mundo entende. If Apple were like everyone else, a marketing message from them might sound like this: "We make great computers. Se a Apple fosse como todo mundo, uma mensagem de marketing deles poderia soar assim: "Nós fazemos ótimos computadores. They’re beautifully designed, simple to use and user friendly. Eles são lindamente projetados, simples de usar e fáceis de usar. Want to buy one?" Quer comprar um?" "Meh." "Mãe." And that’s how most of us communicate. E é assim que a maioria de nós se comunica. That’s how most marketing is done, that’s how most sales is done and that’s how most of us communicate interpersonally. É assim que a maior parte do marketing é feita, é assim que a maioria das vendas é feita e é assim que a maioria de nós se comunica interpessoalmente. We say what we do, we say how we’re different or how we’re better and we expect some sort of a behavior, a purchase, a vote, something like that. Dizemos o que fazemos, dizemos como somos diferentes ou como somos melhores e esperamos algum tipo de comportamento, uma compra, um voto, algo assim. Here’s our new law firm: We have the best lawyers with the biggest clients, we always perform for our clients who do business with us. Aqui está nosso novo escritório de advocacia: Temos os melhores advogados com os maiores clientes, sempre atuamos para nossos clientes que fazem negócios conosco. Here’s our new car: It gets great gas mileage, it has leather seats, buy our car. Aqui está o nosso novo carro: ele tem uma ótima quilometragem, tem assentos de couro, compra o nosso carro. But it’s uninspiring. Mas é pouco inspirador.

Here’s how Apple actually communicates. Veja como a Apple realmente se comunica. "Everything we do, we believe in challenging the status quo. "Tudo o que fazemos, acreditamos em desafiar o status quo. We believe in thinking differently. Acreditamos em pensar diferente. The way we challenge the status quo is by making our products beautifully designed, simple to use and user friendly. A maneira como desafiamos o status quo é fazendo com que nossos produtos tenham um design bonito, sejam simples de usar e fáceis de usar. We just happen to make great computers. Acontece que fazemos ótimos computadores. Want to buy one?" Quer comprar um? " Totally different right? Totalmente diferente né? You’re ready to buy a computer from me. Você está pronto para comprar um computador de mim. All I did was reverse the order of the information. Tudo o que fiz foi inverter a ordem das informações. What it proves to us is that people don’t buy what you do; people buy why you do it. O que isso nos prova é que as pessoas não compram o que você faz; as pessoas compram por que você faz isso. People don’t buy what you do; they buy why you do it. As pessoas não compram o que você faz; eles compram por que você faz isso.

This explains why every single person in this room is perfectly comfortable buying a computer from Apple. Isso explica por que cada pessoa nesta sala se sente perfeitamente confortável comprando um computador da Apple. But we’re also perfectly comfortable buying an MP3 player from Apple, or a phone from Apple, or a DVR from Apple. Mas também estamos perfeitamente confortáveis comprando um MP3 player da Apple, ou um telefone da Apple, ou um DVR da Apple. But, as I said before, Apple’s just a computer company. Mas, como eu disse antes, a Apple é apenas uma empresa de computadores. There’s nothing that distinguishes them structurally from any of their competitors. Não há nada que os diferencie estruturalmente de qualquer um de seus concorrentes. Their competitors are all equally qualified to make all of these products. Seus concorrentes são todos igualmente qualificados para fabricar todos esses produtos. In fact, they tried. Na verdade, eles tentaram. A few years ago, Gateway came out with flat screen TVs. Há alguns anos, a Gateway lançou TVs de tela plana. They’re eminently qualified to make flat screen TVs. They’ve been making flat screen monitors for years. Eles fabricam monitores de tela plana há anos. Nobody bought one. Ninguém comprou. Dell came out with MP3 players and PDAs, and they make great quality products, and they can make perfectly well-designed products -- and nobody bought one. A Dell lançou aparelhos de MP3 e PDAs, e eles produzem produtos de ótima qualidade e produtos perfeitamente bem projetados - e ninguém comprou um. In fact, talking about it now, we can’t even imagine buying an MP3 player from Dell. Na verdade, falando sobre isso agora, não podemos nem imaginar comprar um MP3 player da Dell. Why would you buy an MP3 player from a computer company? Por que você compraria um MP3 player de uma empresa de informática? But we do it every day. Mas fazemos isso todos os dias. People don’t buy what you do; they buy why you do it. As pessoas não compram o que você faz; eles compram por que você faz isso.

The goal is not to do business with everybody who needs what you have. O objetivo não é fazer negócios com todo mundo que precisa do que você tem. The goal is to do business with people who believe what you believe. O objetivo é fazer negócios com pessoas que acreditam no que você acredita. Here’s the best part: Aqui está a melhor parte:

None of what I’m telling you is my opinion. Nada do que estou dizendo é minha opinião. It’s all grounded in the tenets of biology. Tudo está fundamentado nos princípios da biologia. Not psychology, biology. If you look at a cross-section of the human brain, looking from the top down, what you see is the human brain is actually broken into three major components that correlate perfectly with the golden circle. Se você olhar para uma seção transversal do cérebro humano, olhando de cima para baixo, o que você vê é que o cérebro humano é realmente dividido em três componentes principais que se correlacionam perfeitamente com o círculo dourado. Our newest brain, our Homo sapien brain, our neocortex, corresponds with the "what" level. Nosso cérebro mais novo, nosso cérebro Homo sapien, nosso neocórtex, corresponde ao nível "o quê". The neocortex is responsible for all of our rational and analytical thought and language. O neocórtex é responsável por todo o nosso pensamento e linguagem racionais e analíticos. The middle two sections make up our limbic brains, and our limbic brains are responsible for all of our feelings, like trust and loyalty. As duas seções do meio compõem nossos cérebros límbicos, e nossos cérebros límbicos são responsáveis por todos os nossos sentimentos, como confiança e lealdade. It’s also responsible for all human behavior, all decision-making, and it has no capacity for language. Também é responsável por todo o comportamento humano, todas as tomadas de decisão, e não tem capacidade de linguagem.

In other words, when we communicate from the outside in, yes, people can understand vast amounts of complicated information like features and benefits and facts and figures. Mit anderen Worten: Wenn wir von außen nach innen kommunizieren, können die Menschen große Mengen komplizierter Informationen wie Merkmale und Vorteile sowie Fakten und Zahlen verstehen. Em outras palavras, quando nos comunicamos de fora para dentro, sim, as pessoas podem entender grandes quantidades de informações complicadas, como características e benefícios, fatos e números. It just doesn’t drive behavior. Ele simplesmente não conduz o comportamento. When we can communicate from the inside out, we’re talking directly to the part of the brain that controls behavior, and then we allow people to rationalize it with the tangible things we say and do. Wenn wir von innen nach außen kommunizieren können, sprechen wir direkt mit dem Teil des Gehirns, der das Verhalten steuert, und dann erlauben wir den Menschen, es mit den greifbaren Dingen, die wir sagen und tun, zu rationalisieren. Quando podemos nos comunicar de dentro para fora, estamos falando diretamente com a parte do cérebro que controla o comportamento, e então permitimos que as pessoas o racionalizem com as coisas tangíveis que dizemos e fazemos. This is where gut decisions come from. É daí que vêm as decisões intestinais. You know, sometimes you can give somebody all the facts and figures, and they say, "I know what all the facts and details say, but it just doesn’t feel right." Você sabe, às vezes você pode dar a alguém todos os fatos e números, e eles dizem: "Eu sei o que todos os fatos e detalhes dizem, mas não parece certo". Why would we use that verb, it doesn’t "feel" right? Por que usaríamos esse verbo, não "parece" certo? Because the part of the brain that controls decision-making doesn’t control language. And the best we can muster up is, "I don’t know. E o melhor que podemos reunir é: "Eu não sei. It just doesn’t feel right." Or sometimes you say you’re leading with your heart, or you’re leading with your soul. Ou às vezes você diz que está liderando com o coração, ou está liderando com a alma. Well, I hate to break it to you, those aren’t other body parts controlling your behavior. Bem, eu odeio dizer isso a você, essas não são outras partes do corpo controlando seu comportamento. It’s all happening here in your limbic brain, the part of the brain that controls decision-making and not language. Está tudo acontecendo aqui em seu cérebro límbico, a parte do cérebro que controla a tomada de decisões e não a linguagem.

But if you don’t know why you do what you do, and people respond to why you do what you do, then how will you ever get people to vote for you, or buy something from you, or, more importantly, be loyal and want to be a part of what it is that you do. Mas se você não sabe por que você faz o que faz, e as pessoas respondem por que você faz o que faz, então como você conseguirá que as pessoas votem em você, ou comprem algo de você, ou, mais importante, sejam leais? e quer ser uma parte do que é que você faz. Again, the goal is not just to sell to people who need what you have; the goal is to sell to people who believe what you believe. Novamente, o objetivo não é apenas vender para pessoas que precisam do que você tem; o objetivo é vender para pessoas que acreditam no que você acredita. The goal is not just to hire people who need a job; it’s to hire people who believe what you believe. O objetivo não é apenas contratar pessoas que precisam de um emprego; é contratar pessoas que acreditam no que você acredita. I always say that, you know, if you hire people just because they can do a job, they’ll work for your money, but if you hire people who believe what you believe, they’ll work for you with blood and sweat and tears. Eu sempre digo que, se você contratar pessoas apenas porque elas podem fazer um trabalho, elas trabalharão pelo seu dinheiro, mas se você contratar pessoas que acreditam no que você acredita, elas trabalharão para você com sangue e suor e lágrimas. And nowhere else is there a better example of this than with the Wright brothers. E em nenhum outro lugar há um exemplo melhor disso do que com os irmãos Wright.

Most people don’t know about Samuel Pierpont Langley. A maioria das pessoas não conhece Samuel Pierpont Langley. And back in the early 20th century, the pursuit of powered man flight was like the dot com of the day. E no início do século 20, a busca do voo do homem motorizado era como o ponto com do dia. Everybody was trying it. And Samuel Pierpont Langley had, what we assume, to be the recipe for success. E Samuel Pierpont Langley tinha, o que supomos, ser a receita para o sucesso. I mean, even now, you ask people, "Why did your product or why did your company fail?" Quero dizer, mesmo agora, você pergunta às pessoas: "Por que seu produto ou por que sua empresa falhou?" and people always give you the same permutation of the same three things: under-capitalized, the wrong people, bad market conditions. e as pessoas sempre lhe dão a mesma permutação das mesmas três coisas: subcapitalização, as pessoas erradas, más condições de mercado. It’s always the same three things, so let’s explore that. Samuel Pierpont Langley was given 50,000 dollars by the War Department to figure out this flying machine. Samuel Pierpont Langley recebeu 50.000 dólares do Departamento de Guerra para descobrir esta máquina voadora. Money was no problem. He held a seat at Harvard and worked at the Smithsonian and was extremely well-connected; he knew all the big minds of the day. Ele ocupou um assento em Harvard e trabalhou no Smithsonian e estava extremamente bem conectado; ele conhecia todas as grandes mentes do dia. He hired the best minds money could find and the market conditions were fantastic. Ele contratou as melhores mentes que o dinheiro pôde encontrar e as condições de mercado eram fantásticas. The New York Times followed him around everywhere, and everyone was rooting for Langley. Die New York Times verfolgte ihn überall hin, und alle feuerten Langley an. O New York Times o seguia por toda parte, e todos estavam torcendo por Langley. Then how come we’ve never heard of Samuel Pierpont Langley? Então como nunca ouvimos falar de Samuel Pierpont Langley?

A few hundred miles away in Dayton Ohio, Orville and Wilbur Wright, they had none of what we consider to be the recipe for success. A algumas centenas de quilômetros de distância em Dayton Ohio, Orville e Wilbur Wright, eles não tinham nada do que consideramos ser a receita para o sucesso. They had no money; they paid for their dream with the proceeds from their bicycle shop; not a single person on the Wright brothers' team had a college education, not even Orville or Wilbur; and The New York Times followed them around nowhere. Eles não tinham dinheiro; eles pagaram por seu sonho com o dinheiro de sua loja de bicicletas; nem uma única pessoa na equipe dos irmãos Wright tinha educação universitária, nem mesmo Orville ou Wilbur; e o The New York Times os seguiu para lugar nenhum. The difference was, Orville and Wilbur were driven by a cause, by a purpose, by a belief. A diferença era que Orville e Wilbur eram movidos por uma causa, por um propósito, por uma crença. They believed that if they could figure out this flying machine, it’ll change the course of the world. Eles acreditavam que, se conseguissem descobrir essa máquina voadora, isso mudaria o curso do mundo. Samuel Pierpont Langley was different. Samuel Pierpont Langley era diferente. He wanted to be rich, and he wanted to be famous. Ele queria ser rico e queria ser famoso. He was in pursuit of the result. Ele estava em busca do resultado. He was in pursuit of the riches. Ele estava em busca das riquezas. And lo and behold, look what happened. E vejam só, vejam o que aconteceu. The people who believed in the Wright brothers' dream worked with them with blood and sweat and tears. The others just worked for the paycheck. And they tell stories of how every time the Wright brothers went out, they would have to take five sets of parts, because that’s how many times they would crash before they came in for supper. E contam histórias de como toda vez que os irmãos Wright saíam, eles precisavam levar cinco conjuntos de peças, porque eram quantas vezes eles batiam antes de virem para o jantar.

And, eventually, on December 17th, 1903, the Wright brothers took flight, and no one was there to even experience it. E, eventualmente, em 17 de dezembro de 1903, os irmãos Wright levantaram voo, e ninguém estava lá para experimentá-lo. We found out about it a few days later. Descobrimos isso alguns dias depois. And further proof that Langley was motivated by the wrong thing: The day the Wright brothers took flight, he quit. E mais uma prova de que Langley estava motivado pela coisa errada: no dia em que os irmãos Wright decolaram, ele desistiu. He could have said, "That’s an amazing discovery, guys, and I will improve upon your technology," but he didn’t. Ele poderia ter dito: "Essa é uma descoberta incrível, pessoal, e vou melhorar sua tecnologia", mas não o fez. He wasn’t first, he didn’t get rich, he didn’t get famous so he quit. Ele não foi o primeiro, não ficou rico, não ficou famoso, então desistiu.

People don’t buy what you do; they buy why you do it. As pessoas não compram o que você faz; eles compram por que você faz isso.

And if you talk about what you believe, you will attract those who believe what you believe. E se você falar sobre o que acredita, atrairá aqueles que acreditam no que você acredita. But why is it important to attract those who believe what you believe? Mas por que é importante atrair aqueles que acreditam no que você acredita? Something called the law of diffusion of innovation, and if you don’t know the law, you definitely know the terminology. Man nennt das Gesetz der Verbreitung von Innovationen, und wenn Sie das Gesetz nicht kennen, dann kennen Sie auf jeden Fall die Terminologie. Algo chamado lei da difusão da inovação, e se você não conhece a lei, com certeza conhece a terminologia. The first two and a half percent of our population are our innovators. Os dois primeiros e meio por cento da nossa população são nossos inovadores. The next 13 and a half percent of our population are our early adopters. Os próximos 13% e meio da nossa população são nossos primeiros adotantes. The next 34 percent are your early majority, your late majority and your laggards. Os próximos 34% são sua maioria precoce, sua maioria tardia e seus retardatários. The only reason these people buy touch tone phones is because you can’t buy rotary phones anymore. Der einzige Grund, warum diese Leute Touchtone-Telefone kaufen, ist, dass man keine Drehtelefone mehr kaufen kann. A única razão pela qual essas pessoas compram telefones de tom é porque você não pode mais comprar telefones rotativos.

(Laughter)

We all sit at various places at various times on this scale, but what the law of diffusion of innovation tells us is that if you want mass-market success or mass-market acceptance of an idea, you cannot have it until you achieve this tipping point between 15 and 18 percent market penetration, and then the system tips. Todos nós sentamos em vários lugares e em vários momentos dessa escala, mas o que a lei da difusão da inovação nos diz é que, se você deseja sucesso no mercado de massa ou aceitação de uma idéia no mercado de massa, não poderá tê-la até obter essa dica. apontar entre 15 e 18% de penetração no mercado e, em seguida, as dicas do sistema. And I love asking businesses, "What’s your conversion on new business?" Und ich liebe es, Unternehmen zu fragen: "Wie hoch ist Ihr Umsatz bei neuen Geschäften?" E adoro perguntar às empresas: "Qual é a sua conversão em novos negócios?" And they love to tell you, "Oh, it’s about 10 percent," proudly. E eles adoram dizer: "Ah, são cerca de 10%", com orgulho. Well, you can trip over 10 percent of the customers. Bem, você pode viajar com mais de 10% dos clientes. We all have about 10 percent who just "get it." Todos nós temos cerca de 10% que simplesmente "entendem". That’s how we describe them, right? É assim que os descrevemos, certo? That’s like that gut feeling, "Oh, they just get it." Isso é como aquele pressentimento, "Oh, eles simplesmente entendem." The problem is: How do you find the ones that get it before you’re doing business with them versus the ones who don’t get it? O problema é: como você encontra aqueles que entendem antes de fazer negócios com eles versus aqueles que não entendem? So it’s this here, this little gap that you have to close, as Jeffrey Moore calls it, "Crossing the Chasm" -- because, you see, the early majority will not try something until someone else has tried it first. Então é isso aqui, essa pequena lacuna que você tem que fechar, como Jeffrey Moore chama, "Crossing the Chasm" - porque, veja você, a maioria inicial não tentará algo até que alguém tenha tentado primeiro. And these guys, the innovators and the early adopters, they’re comfortable making those gut decisions. E esses caras, os inovadores e os primeiros a adotar, eles se sentem à vontade para tomar essas decisões instintivas. They’re more comfortable making those intuitive decisions that are driven by what they believe about the world and not just what product is available. Eles se sentem mais à vontade para tomar essas decisões intuitivas que são guiadas pelo que acreditam sobre o mundo e não apenas pelo produto disponível.

These are the people who stood in line for six hours to buy an iPhone when they first came out, when you could have just walked into the store the next week and bought one off the shelf. Essas são as pessoas que ficaram na fila por seis horas para comprar um iPhone quando foram lançadas, quando você poderia ter entrado na loja na semana seguinte e comprado um na prateleira. These are the people who spent 40,000 dollars on flat screen TVs when they first came out, even though the technology was substandard. Das sind die Leute, die 40.000 Dollar für Flachbildfernseher ausgegeben haben, als diese auf den Markt kamen, obwohl die Technologie minderwertig war. Essas são as pessoas que gastaram US $ 40.000 em TVs de tela plana quando foram lançadas, mesmo que a tecnologia fosse precária. And, by the way, they didn’t do it because the technology was so great; they did it for themselves. E, a propósito, eles não fizeram isso porque a tecnologia era muito boa; eles fizeram isso por si mesmos. It’s because they wanted to be first. É porque eles queriam ser os primeiros. People don’t buy what you do; they buy why you do it and what you do simply proves what you believe. As pessoas não compram o que você faz; eles compram por que você faz isso e o que você faz simplesmente prova o que você acredita. In fact, people will do the things that prove what they believe. Na verdade, as pessoas farão as coisas que provam o que elas acreditam. The reason that person bought the iPhone in the first six hours, stood in line for six hours, was because of what they believed about the world, and how they wanted everybody to see them: They were first. O motivo pelo qual a pessoa comprou o iPhone nas primeiras seis horas, permaneceu na fila por seis horas, foi por causa do que eles acreditavam sobre o mundo e como eles queriam que todos os vissem: eles eram os primeiros. People don’t buy what you do; they buy why you do it.

So let me give you a famous example, a famous failure and a famous success of the law of diffusion of innovation. Então deixe-me dar um exemplo famoso, um fracasso famoso e um sucesso famoso da lei de difusão da inovação. First, the famous failure. It’s a commercial example. As we said before, a second ago, the recipe for success is money and the right people and the right market conditions, right? Como dissemos antes, há um segundo, a receita para o sucesso é dinheiro e as pessoas certas e as condições de mercado certas, certo? You should have success then. Você deve ter sucesso então. Look at TiVo. Veja o TiVo. From the time TiVo came out about eight or nine years ago to this current day, they are the single highest-quality product on the market, hands down, there is no dispute. Seit TiVo vor etwa acht oder neun Jahren auf den Markt kam, ist es unbestritten das hochwertigste Produkt auf dem Markt, das es gibt. Desde o momento em que o TiVo foi lançado, cerca de oito ou nove anos atrás, até os dias atuais, eles são o único produto da mais alta qualidade no mercado, sem dúvida, não há disputa. They were extremely well-funded. Eles foram extremamente bem financiados. Market conditions were fantastic. I mean, we use TiVo as verb. Quero dizer, usamos TiVo como verbo. I TiVo stuff on my piece of junk Time Warner DVR all the time. Eu coloco coisas TiVo no meu pedaço de lixo Time Warner DVR o tempo todo.

But TiVo’s a commercial failure. Mas TiVo é um fracasso comercial. They’ve never made money. Eles nunca ganharam dinheiro. And when they went IPO, their stock was at about 30 or 40 dollars and then plummeted, and it’s never traded above 10. E quando fizeram o IPO, suas ações estavam em cerca de 30 ou 40 dólares e depois despencaram, e nunca são negociadas acima de 10. In fact, I don’t think it’s even traded above six, except for a couple of little spikes. Na verdade, acho que nem é negociado acima das seis, exceto por alguns pequenos picos. Because you see, when TiVo launched their product they told us all what they had. Porque você vê, quando a TiVo lançou seu produto, eles nos contaram tudo o que tinham. They said, "We have a product that pauses live TV, skips commercials, rewinds live TV and memorizes your viewing habits without you even asking." Eles disseram: "Temos um produto que pausa a TV ao vivo, pula comerciais, rebobina a TV ao vivo e memoriza seus hábitos de visualização sem que você peça". And the cynical majority said, "We don’t believe you. E a maioria cínica disse: "Nós não acreditamos em você. We don’t need it. We don’t like it. Nós não gostamos. You’re scaring us." Você está nos assustando." What if they had said, "If you’re the kind of person who likes to have total control over every aspect of your life, boy, do we have a product for you. E se eles tivessem dito: "Se você é o tipo de pessoa que gosta de ter controle total sobre todos os aspectos de sua vida, rapaz, temos um produto para você. It pauses live TV, skips commercials, memorizes your viewing habits, etc., etc." People don’t buy what you do; they buy why you do it, and what you do simply serves as the proof of what you believe. As pessoas não compram o que você faz; eles compram por que você faz isso, e o que você faz simplesmente serve como prova do que você acredita.

Now let me give you a successful example of the law of diffusion of innovation. In the summer of 1963, 250,000 people showed up on the mall in Washington to hear Dr. King speak. No verão de 1963, 250.000 pessoas apareceram no shopping em Washington para ouvir o Dr. King falar. They sent out no invitations, and there was no website to check the date. Eles não enviaram convites e não havia site para verificar a data. How do you do that? Well, Dr. King wasn’t the only man in America who was a great orator. Bem, o Dr. King não era o único homem na América que era um grande orador. He wasn’t the only man in America who suffered in a pre-civil rights America. Ele não era o único homem na América que sofria de uma América pré-civil. In fact, some of his ideas were bad. Na verdade, algumas de suas ideias eram ruins. But he had a gift. Mas ele tinha um dom. He didn’t go around telling people what needed to change in America. Ele não saiu por aí dizendo às pessoas o que precisava mudar na América. He went around and told people what he believed. Ele foi ao redor e disse às pessoas o que ele acreditava. "I believe, I believe, I believe," he told people. And people who believed what he believed took his cause, and they made it their own, and they told people. E as pessoas que acreditaram no que ele acreditava tomaram a causa dele, e a fizeram por conta própria, e disseram às pessoas. And some of those people created structures to get the word out to even more people. E algumas dessas pessoas criaram estruturas para divulgar ainda mais as pessoas. And lo and behold, 250,000 people showed up on the right day at the right time to hear him speak. E eis que 250.000 pessoas apareceram no dia certo na hora certa para ouvi-lo falar.

How many of them showed up for him? Quantos deles apareceram para ele? Zero. They showed up for themselves. Eles apareceram por si mesmos. It’s what they believed about America that got them to travel in a bus for eight hours to stand in the sun in Washington in the middle of August. É o que eles acreditavam nos Estados Unidos que os levaram a viajar de ônibus por oito horas para ficarem expostos ao sol em Washington no meio de agosto. It’s what they believed, and it wasn’t about black versus white: 25 percent of the audience was white. É o que eles acreditavam, e não se tratava de preto versus branco: 25% da platéia era branca. Dr. King believed that there are two types of laws in this world: those that are made by a higher authority and those that are made by man. O Dr. King acreditava que existem dois tipos de leis neste mundo: aquelas que são feitas por uma autoridade superior e as que são feitas pelo homem. And not until all the laws that are made by man are consistent with the laws that are made by the higher authority will we live in a just world. Und erst wenn alle Gesetze, die von Menschen gemacht werden, mit den Gesetzen übereinstimmen, die von einer höheren Autorität gemacht werden, werden wir in einer gerechten Welt leben. E não até que todas as leis que são feitas pelo homem sejam consistentes com as leis que são feitas pela autoridade superior, viveremos em um mundo justo. It just so happened that the Civil Rights Movement was the perfect thing to help him bring his cause to life. Aconteceu que o Movimento dos Direitos Civis foi a coisa perfeita para ajudá-lo a dar vida à sua causa. We followed, not for him, but for ourselves. Seguimos, não por ele, mas por nós mesmos. And, by the way, he gave the "I have a dream" speech, not the "I have a plan" speech. E, a propósito, ele fez o discurso "Eu tenho um sonho", não o discurso "Eu tenho um plano". (Laughter)

Listen to politicians now, with their comprehensive 12-point plans. Ouça os políticos agora, com seus planos abrangentes de 12 pontos. They’re not inspiring anybody. Eles não estão inspirando ninguém. Because there are leaders and there are those who lead. Porque existem líderes e existem aqueles que lideram. Leaders hold a position of power or authority, but those who lead inspire us. Os líderes ocupam uma posição de poder ou autoridade, mas aqueles que lideram nos inspiram. Whether they’re individuals or organizations, we follow those who lead, not because we have to, but because we want to. Sejam indivíduos ou organizações, seguimos aqueles que lideram, não porque precisamos, mas porque queremos. We follow those who lead, not for them, but for ourselves. Seguimos aqueles que lideram, não por eles, mas por nós mesmos. And it’s those who start with "why" that have the ability to inspire those around them or find others who inspire them. E são aqueles que começam com o "porquê" que têm a capacidade de inspirar os que os rodeiam ou encontrar outros que os inspiram. Thank you very much.

(Applause)