Rives: Reinventing the encyclopedia game رايفز: إعادة اختراع لعبة الموسوعة Rives : Réinventer le jeu de l'encyclopédie Rives: Wymyślenie na nowo gry encyklopedycznej Rives: Reinventar o jogo da enciclopédia Ривес: Изобретение игры-энциклопедии

So, last month, the Encyclopaedia Britannica announced that it is going out of print after 244 years, which made me nostalgic, because I remember playing a game with the colossal encyclopedia set in my hometown library back when I was a kid, maybe 12 years old. And I wondered if I could update that game, not just for modern methods, but for the modern me. E me perguntei se poderia atualizar esse jogo, não apenas para métodos modernos, mas para o eu moderno.

So I tried. I went to an online encyclopedia, Wikipedia, and I entered the term "Earth." You can start anywhere, this time I chose Earth. And the first rule of the game is pretty simple. You just have to read the article until you find something you don't know, and preferably something your dad doesn't even know. And in this case, I quickly found this: The furthest point from the center of the Earth is not the tip of Mount Everest, like I might have thought, it's the tip of this mountain: Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador. وفي هذه الحالة ، سرعان ما وجدت هذا: أبعد نقطة عن مركز الأرض ليست قمة جبل إيفرست ، كما كنت أعتقد ، إنها قمة هذا الجبل: جبل شيمبورازو في الإكوادور. E neste caso, eu rapidamente descobri o seguinte: o ponto mais distante do centro da Terra não é a ponta do Monte Everest, como eu poderia ter pensado, é a ponta dessa montanha: o Monte Chimborazo, no Equador. The Earth spins, of course, as it travels around the sun, so the Earth bulges a little bit around the middle, like some Earthlings. A Terra gira, é claro, enquanto viaja ao redor do sol, então a Terra incha um pouco no meio, como alguns terráqueos. And even though Mount Chimborazo isn't the tallest mountain in the Andes, it's one degree away from the equator, it's riding that bulge, and so the summit of Chimborazo is the farthest point on Earth from the center of the Earth. E mesmo que o Monte Chimborazo não seja a montanha mais alta dos Andes, está a um grau de distância do equador, está montando aquela protuberância, e assim o cume de Chimborazo é o ponto mais distante da Terra do centro da Terra. And it is really fun to say. So I immediately decided, this is going to be the name of the game, or my new exclamation. You can use it at TED. Chimborazo, right? It's like "eureka" and "bingo" had a baby. I didn't know that; that's pretty cool. Chimborazo!

So the next rule of the game is also pretty simple. You just have to find another term and look that up. Now in the old days, that meant getting out a volume and browsing through it alphabetically, maybe getting sidetracked, that was fun.

Nowadays there are hundreds of links to choose from. I can go literally anywhere in the world, I think since I was already in Ecuador, I just decided to click on the word "tropical." That took me to this wet and warm band of the tropics that encircles the Earth.

Now that's the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the south, that much I knew, but I was surprised to learn this little fact: Those are not cartographers' lines, like latitude or the borders between nations, they are astronomical phenomena caused by the Earth's tilt, and they change. They move; they go up, they go down. In fact, for years, the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn have been steadily drifting towards the equator at the rate of about 15 meters per year, and nobody told me that. De fato, há anos, o Trópico de Câncer e o Trópico de Capricórnio estão constantemente se aproximando do equador a uma velocidade de cerca de 15 metros por ano, e ninguém me disse isso. I didn't know it. Chimborazo!

So to keep the game going, I just have to find another term and look that one up. Since I'm already in the tropics, I chose "Tropical rainforest." Famous for its diversity, human diversity. There are still dozens and dozens of uncontacted tribes living on this planet. They're all over the globe, but virtually all of them live in tropical rainforests. This is the only place you can go nowadays and not get "friended." Este é o único lugar para onde você pode ir hoje em dia e não ficar "amigo". The link that I clicked on here was exotic in the beginning and then absolutely mysterious at the very end. It mentioned leopards and ring-tailed coatis and poison dart frogs and boa constrictors and then coleoptera, which turn out to be beetles. Mencionava leopardos, quatis-de-cauda-anelada, sapos-dardo envenenados e jibóias e coleópteros, que acabam sendo besouros.

Now I clicked on this on purpose, but if I'd somehow gotten here by mistake, it does remind me, for the band, see "The Beatles," for the car see "Volkswagon Beetle," but I am here for beetle beetles. This is the most successful order on the planet by far. Something between 20 and 25 percent of all life forms on the planet, including plants, are beetles. That means the next time you are in the grocery store, take a look at the four people ahead of you in line. Statistically, one of you is a beetle. Estatisticamente, um de vocês é um besouro.

And if it is you, you are astonishingly well adapted. There are scavenger beetles that pick the skin and flesh off of bones in museums. Existem besouros que retiram a pele e a carne dos ossos nos museus. There are predator beetles, that attack other insects and still look pretty cute to us. There are beetles that roll little balls of dung great distances across the desert floor to feed to their hatchlings. Há besouros que rolam bolinhas de estrume por grandes distâncias pelo chão do deserto para alimentar seus filhotes. This reminded the ancient Egyptians of their god Khepri, who renews the ball of the sun every morning, which is how that dung-rolling scarab became that sacred scarab on the breastplate of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun.

Beetles, I was reminded, have the most romantic flirtation in the animal kingdom. Lembrei-me de que os besouros têm o flerte mais romântico do reino animal. Fireflies are not flies, fireflies are beetles. Fireflies are coleoptera, and coleoptera communicate in other ways as well.

Like my next link: The chemical language of pheromones. Now the pheromone page took me to a video of a sea urchin having sex. Yeah.

(Laughter)

And the link to aphrodisiac. Now that's something that increases sexual desire, possibly chocolate. There is a compound in chocolate called phenethylamine that might be an aphrodisiac. But as the article mentions, because of enzyme breakdown, it's unlikely that phenethylamine will reach your brain if taken orally. Mas, como o artigo menciona, por causa da quebra de enzimas, é improvável que a fenetilamina atinja seu cérebro se tomada oralmente. So those of you who only eat your chocolate, you might have to experiment.

The link I clicked on here, "sympathetic magic," mostly because I understand what both of those words mean. But not when they're together like that. I do like sympathy. I do like magic. So when I click on "sympathetic magic," I get sympathetic magic and voodoo dolls. This is the boy in me getting lucky again. Sympathetic magic is imitation. If you imitate something, maybe you can have an effect on it. That's the idea behind voodoo dolls, and possibly also cave paintings. The link to cave paintings takes me to some of the oldest art known to humankind. I would love to see Google maps inside some of these caves. We've got tens-of-thousands-years-old artwork. Common themes around the globe include large wild animals and tracings of human hands, usually the left hand.

We have been a dominantly right-handed tribe for millenia, so even though I don't know why a paleolithic person would trace his hand or blow pigment on it from a tube, I can easily picture how he did it. And I really don't think it's that different form our own little dominant hand avatar right there that I'm going to use now to click on the term for "hand," go to the page for "hand," where I found the most fun and possibly embarrassing bit of trivia I've found in a long time. It's simply this: The back of the hand is formally called the opisthenar. É simplesmente o seguinte: as costas da mão são formalmente chamadas de opisthenar. Now that's embarrassing, because up until now, every time I've said, "I know it like the back of my hand," I've really been saying, "I'm totally familiar with that, I just don't know it's freaking name, right?" Agora, isso é embaraçoso, porque até agora, toda vez que eu dizia: "Eu sei como a palma da minha mão", eu realmente estava dizendo: "Estou totalmente familiarizado com isso, simplesmente não sei é um nome maldito, certo? " And the link I clicked on here, well, lemurs, monkeys and chimpanzees have the little opisthenar. E no link em que cliquei aqui, bem, lêmures, macacos e chimpanzés têm o pequeno opisthenar.

I click on chimpanzee, and I get our closest genetic relative. Pan troglodytes, the name we give him, means "cave dweller." He doesn't. He lives in rainforests and savannas. It's just that we're always thinking of this guy as lagging behind us, evolutionarily or somehow uncannily creeping up on us, and in some cases, he gets places before us. É que estamos sempre pensando nesse cara que está atrasado, evolutivamente ou de alguma maneira estranhamente assustadora, e em alguns casos, ele consegue lugares diante de nós. Like my next link, the almost irresistible link, Ham the Astrochimp. Como meu próximo link, o link quase irresistível, Ham, o Astrochimp. I click on him, and I really thought he was going to bring me full circle twice, in fact. He's born in Cameroon, which is smack in the middle of my tropics map, and more specifically his skeleton wound up in the Smithsonian museum getting picked clean by beetles. Ele nasceu nos Camarões, que está bem no meio do meu mapa tropical, e mais especificamente seu esqueleto acabou no museu Smithsonian sendo apanhado por besouros. In between those two landmarks in Ham's life, he flew into space. He experienced weightlessness and re-entry months before the first human being to do it, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. Ele experimentou falta de peso e reentrada meses antes do primeiro ser humano a fazê-lo, o cosmonauta soviético Yuri Gagarin.

When I click on Yuri Gagarin's page, I get this guy who was surprisingly short in stature, huge in heroism. Quando clico na página de Yuri Gagarin, recebo um cara que era surpreendentemente baixo em estatura, enorme em heroísmo. Top estimates, Soviet estimates, put this guy at 1.65 meters, that is less than five and a half feet tall max, possibly because he was malnourished as a child. As estimativas mais altas, estimativas soviéticas, colocam esse sujeito a 1,65 metros, com menos de um metro e meio de altura, possivelmente porque ele estava desnutrido quando criança.

Germans occupied Russia. A Nazi officer took over the Gagarin household, and he and his family built and lived in a mud hut. Um oficial nazista assumiu a casa de Gagarin, e ele e sua família construíram e moravam em uma cabana de barro. Years later, the boy from that cramped mud hut would grow up to be the man in that cramped capsule on the tip of a rocket who volunteered to be launched into outer space, the first one of any of us to really physically leave this planet. And he didn't just leave it, he circled it once. Fifty years later, as a tribute, the International Space Station, which is still up there tonight, synced its orbit with Gagarin's orbit, at the exact same time of day, and filmed it, so you can go online and you can watch over 100 minutes of what must have been an absolutely mesmerizing ride, possibly a lonely one, the first person to ever see such a thing. And then when you've had your fill of that, you can click on one more link. You can come back to Earth. You return to where you started. You can finish your game. You just need to find one more fact that you didn't know. And for me, I quickly landed on this one: The Earth has a tolerance of about .17 percent from the reference spheroid, which is less than the .22 percent allowed in billiard balls. E, para mim, rapidamente cheguei a este ponto: a Terra tem uma tolerância de cerca de 0,17% do esferóide de referência, que é inferior aos 0,22% permitidos em bolas de bilhar.

This is the kind of fact I would have loved as a boy. Esse é o tipo de fato que eu adoraria quando menino. I found it myself. It's got some math that I can do. I'm pretty sure my dad doesn't know it. What this means is that if you could shrink the Earth to the size of a billiard ball, if you could take planet Earth, with all its mountain tops and caves and rainforests, astronauts and uncontacted tribes and chimpanzees, voodoo dolls, fireflies, chocolate, sea creatures making love in the deep blue sea, you just shrink that to the size of a billiard ball, it would be as smooth as a billiard ball, presumably a billiard ball with a slight bulge around the middle. O que isso significa é que, se você pudesse encolher a Terra do tamanho de uma bola de bilhar, se pudesse pegar o planeta Terra, com todos os seus cumes e cavernas e florestas tropicais, astronautas e tribos e chimpanzés isolados, bonecos de vodu, vaga-lumes, chocolate, criaturas marinhas fazendo amor no azul profundo do mar, você reduz que, do tamanho de uma bola de bilhar, seria tão suave quanto uma bola de bilhar, presumivelmente uma bola de bilhar com uma ligeira protuberância no meio.

That's pretty cool. I didn't know that. Chimborazo!

Thank you.

(Applause)