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PBS NewsHour (Nov to Dec 2017), Nov 3, 2017 - Extreme climate-linked events are virtually certain to increase...

Nov 3, 2017 - Extreme climate-linked events are virtually certain to increase...

Extreme climate-linked events are virtually certain to increase, according to exhaustive government report.

Judy Woodruff:

Every four years, the federal government releases the National Climate Assessment.

It is an exhaustive report undertaken by 13 different agencies, with the help of hundreds of scientists and experts.

It is generally considered the most definitive state of climate science by the U.S.

government.

The latest one contained some unusually dire warnings about what's happening to the climate, how it's already impacting parts of the U.S., and where we may be headed.

Back to Hari now, who has more from our New York studios.

Hari Sreenivasan:

The report finds that we're now in the warmest period in modern civilization.

It says — quote — “It's extremely likely that human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases, are the dominant cause of observed warning since the mid-20th century.”

That directly contradicts what President Trump, EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt, Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke and others in the administration have all said.

Scientists also write the frequency and intensity of extreme high-temperature events are virtually certain to increase, and extreme precipitation is very likely to increase as well.

There's much more.

Radley Horton is one of the authors and climate scientist at Columbia University.

Let's start with the phrase extremely likely.

There's not much room for doubt here. How do we get to that? Radley Horton:

That's right.

Well, you have got to think that this is really an incremental advance.

We have had several such national assessments. Now, with this latest report, it's more years of data, better physical understanding and improved models.

So we pushed the science forward.

We feel more confident than ever that extreme heat waves are going to be much more common, more heavy rain events, more frequent coastal flooding. Hari Sreenivasan:

I know there's a difference between weather and climate, but what are the types of data points that you're looking at to help make this case, to help understand the type of changes that are coming?

Radley Horton:

Yes.

We're really looking at extreme weather events.

These are the things that impact people on the ground and impact our society, where we're so vulnerable. What we have seen, for example, is twice as many record-breaking extreme heat events as record-breaking extreme cold events so far this century, when we look across a large number of weather stations.

That's with just about one degree Fahrenheit or a little bit more of warming.

So, already a small shift in average means much more frequent extremes. Some coastal cities are seeing five times as frequent coastal flooding as they did two generations ago just with something on order of less than a food of sea level rise. Hari Sreenivasan:

So, by the end of this century, it's likely to get worse?

Radley Horton:

We're basically locked in to a lot of additional warming and sea level rise.

Fortunately, though, if we rapidly reduce our emissions, we're still going to get some more warming, but we can avoid those worst-case trajectories and we can minimize the risk of what we call surprises, which are a big focus of this report.

The possibility of changes, such as tipping points, compounding effects of extreme events that could lead to outcomes that are even worse than what the climate models have been telling us, if we reduce emissions, we reduce the risk of those kind of surprises.

Hari Sreenivasan:

So, if we're extremely likely to cause this, we can also be a part of the solution.

So, what role does government play here in this?

Radley Horton:

Well, I think the first thing to highlight is that this is largely a government report.

Out of about 30 lead authors, the vast majority resided in federal agencies, from NOAA, to NASA, the Department of Energy.

So this really — this report really does represent federal science in action.

Furthermore, if you think about the supporting data, the satellite products, the high-tech computing, the latest in computing advances, a lot of this science resides in government. So it really is a government report that underwent several rounds of review by government agencies, in addition to the public and other groups. Hari Sreenivasan:

Next week, we have got another U.N.

conversation on climate change. This is at a time when the United States says it is going to withdraw from the Paris accords.

We have got the head of the EPA, the head of the DOE, a number of different Cabinet agencies who really still doubt the words that you're writing in this report, that the government agencies are coming up with in this report.

Radley Horton:

Yes.

So, I mean, again, sort of highlighting the role of on-the-ground folks in these agencies contributing to the report.

Clearly, whether we're talking about some of the signals we're seeing from government or some of the really disturbing aspects of the climate science, there is a lot of reason to be pessimistic.

It does seem like climate change is happening faster than we thought in some ways.

It seems, societally, that maybe we're more vulnerable than we thought, agriculture, for example, being affected by heat waves worse than we thought.

But I think we can hold out hope and have a little bit of optimism that maybe we have also underestimated our ability as society to quickly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

We're seeing some signs. I don't want to be too sanguine here, but we're seeing some evidence of the leveling of carbon dioxide emissions the last couple years, even as we're seeing economic growth.

We're seeing the prices of a lot of renewables dropping dramatically, potentially sending a price signal to companies and investors more and more demanding that corporations ask the climate question.

How vulnerable are they to climate change, and how much are they emitting, and how much could they be held liable potentially in the future? Hari Sreenivasan:

All right, Radley Horton of Columbia University, thanks so much.

Radley Horton:

Thank you.


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Extreme climate-linked events are virtually certain to increase, according to exhaustive government report. Les événements extrêmes liés au climat sont pratiquement certains d'augmenter, selon un rapport exhaustif du gouvernement.

Judy Woodruff:

Every four years, the federal government releases the National Climate Assessment. Tous les quatre ans, le gouvernement fédéral publie l'Évaluation nationale du climat.

It is an exhaustive report undertaken by 13 different agencies, with the help of hundreds of scientists and experts. Il s'agit d'un rapport exhaustif entrepris par 13 agences différentes, avec l'aide de centaines de scientifiques et d'experts.

It is generally considered the most definitive state of climate science by the U.S. Il est généralement considéré comme l'état le plus définitif de la science du climat par les États-Unis

government.

The latest one contained some unusually dire warnings about what’s happening to the climate, how it’s already impacting parts of the U.S., and where we may be headed. Le dernier contenait des avertissements inhabituellement désastreux sur ce qui arrive au climat, comment il a déjà un impact sur certaines parties des États-Unis et où nous pourrions nous diriger.

Back to Hari now, who has more from our New York studios.

Hari Sreenivasan:

The report finds that we’re now in the warmest period in modern civilization. Le rapport constate que nous sommes maintenant dans la période la plus chaude de la civilisation moderne.

It says — quote — “It’s extremely likely that human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases, are the dominant cause of observed warning since the mid-20th century.” Il dit - je cite - "Il est extrêmement probable que les activités humaines, en particulier les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, soient la principale cause d'alerte observée depuis le milieu du XXe siècle."

That directly contradicts what President Trump, EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt, Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke and others in the administration have all said. Cela contredit directement ce que le président Trump, l'administrateur de l'EPA Scott Pruitt, le secrétaire à l'intérieur Ryan Zinke et d'autres membres de l'administration ont tous déclaré.

Scientists also write the frequency and intensity of extreme high-temperature events are virtually certain to increase, and extreme precipitation is very likely to increase as well. Les scientifiques écrivent également qu'il est pratiquement certain que la fréquence et l'intensité des températures extrêmes augmenteront, de même que les précipitations extrêmes.

There’s much more.

Radley Horton is one of the authors and climate scientist at Columbia University.

Let’s start with the phrase extremely likely.

There’s not much room for doubt here. Il n'y a pas beaucoup de place pour le doute. How do we get to that? Comment y parvenir ? Radley Horton:

That’s right.

Well, you have got to think that this is really an incremental advance. Eh bien, vous devez penser qu'il s'agit vraiment d'une avancée progressive.

We have had several such national assessments. Nous avons eu plusieurs évaluations nationales de ce type. Now, with this latest report, it’s more years of data, better physical understanding and improved models. Maintenant, avec ce dernier rapport, c'est plus d'années de données, une meilleure compréhension physique et des modèles améliorés.

So we pushed the science forward. Nous avons donc fait avancer la science.

We feel more confident than ever that extreme heat waves are going to be much more common, more heavy rain events, more frequent coastal flooding. Nous sommes plus convaincus que jamais que les vagues de chaleur extrême vont être beaucoup plus fréquentes, les pluies plus abondantes et les inondations côtières plus fréquentes. Hari Sreenivasan:

I know there’s a difference between weather and climate, but what are the types of data points that you’re looking at to help make this case, to help understand the type of changes that are coming? Je sais qu'il y a une différence entre le temps et le climat, mais quels sont les types de points de données que vous examinez pour aider à faire valoir ce cas, pour aider à comprendre le type de changements à venir ?

Radley Horton:

Yes.

We’re really looking at extreme weather events.

These are the things that impact people on the ground and impact our society, where we’re so vulnerable. Ce sont des choses qui ont un impact sur les personnes sur le terrain et sur notre société, où nous sommes si vulnérables. What we have seen, for example, is twice as many record-breaking extreme heat events as record-breaking extreme cold events so far this century, when we look across a large number of weather stations. Ce que nous avons vu, par exemple, est deux fois plus d'événements de chaleur extrême record que d'événements de froid extrême record jusqu'à présent ce siècle, lorsque nous examinons un grand nombre de stations météorologiques.

That’s with just about one degree Fahrenheit or a little bit more of warming.

So, already a small shift in average means much more frequent extremes. Ainsi, un léger changement de la moyenne se traduit déjà par des extrêmes beaucoup plus fréquents. Some coastal cities are seeing five times as frequent coastal flooding as they did two generations ago just with something on order of less than a food of sea level rise. Certaines villes côtières connaissent des inondations côtières cinq fois plus fréquentes qu'il y a deux générations, juste avec quelque chose de moins qu'une augmentation du niveau de la mer. Hari Sreenivasan:

So, by the end of this century, it’s likely to get worse?

Radley Horton:

We’re basically locked in to a lot of additional warming and sea level rise. Nous sommes fondamentalement enfermés dans beaucoup de réchauffement supplémentaire et d'élévation du niveau de la mer.

Fortunately, though, if we rapidly reduce our emissions, we’re still going to get some more warming, but we can avoid those worst-case trajectories and we can minimize the risk of what we call surprises, which are a big focus of this report. Heureusement, cependant, si nous réduisons rapidement nos émissions, nous allons encore avoir un peu plus de réchauffement, mais nous pouvons éviter ces pires trajectoires et nous pouvons minimiser le risque de ce que nous appelons les surprises, qui sont au centre de cette rapport.

The possibility of changes, such as tipping points, compounding effects of extreme events that could lead to outcomes that are even worse than what the climate models have been telling us, if we reduce emissions, we reduce the risk of those kind of surprises. La possibilité de changements, tels que des points de basculement, des effets aggravants d'événements extrêmes qui pourraient conduire à des résultats encore pires que ce que les modèles climatiques nous ont dit, si nous réduisons les émissions, nous réduisons le risque de ce genre de surprises.

Hari Sreenivasan:

So, if we’re extremely likely to cause this, we can also be a part of the solution. Donc, si nous sommes extrêmement susceptibles de causer cela, nous pouvons également faire partie de la solution.

So, what role does government play here in this?

Radley Horton:

Well, I think the first thing to highlight is that this is largely a government report. Eh bien, je pense que la première chose à souligner est qu'il s'agit en grande partie d'un rapport du gouvernement.

Out of about 30 lead authors, the vast majority resided in federal agencies, from NOAA, to NASA, the Department of Energy. Sur environ 30 auteurs principaux, la grande majorité résidait dans des agences fédérales, de la NOAA à la NASA, le ministère de l'Énergie.

So this really — this report really does represent federal science in action. Ce rapport représente donc réellement la science fédérale en action.

Furthermore, if you think about the supporting data, the satellite products, the high-tech computing, the latest in computing advances, a lot of this science resides in government. De plus, si vous pensez aux données à l'appui, aux produits satellitaires, à l'informatique de haute technologie, aux dernières avancées informatiques, une grande partie de cette science réside au gouvernement. So it really is a government report that underwent several rounds of review by government agencies, in addition to the public and other groups. Il s'agit donc vraiment d'un rapport gouvernemental qui a fait l'objet de plusieurs séries d'examens par des organismes gouvernementaux, en plus du public et d'autres groupes. Hari Sreenivasan:

Next week, we have got another U.N.

conversation on climate change. This is at a time when the United States says it is going to withdraw from the Paris accords.

We have got the head of the EPA, the head of the DOE, a number of different Cabinet agencies who really still doubt the words that you’re writing in this report, that the government agencies are coming up with in this report. Nous avons le chef de l'EPA, le chef du DOE, un certain nombre d'agences du Cabinet différentes qui doutent vraiment encore des mots que vous écrivez dans ce rapport, que les agences gouvernementales proposent dans ce rapport.

Radley Horton:

Yes.

So, I mean, again, sort of highlighting the role of on-the-ground folks in these agencies contributing to the report. Donc, je veux dire, encore une fois, mettre en évidence le rôle des personnes sur le terrain dans ces agences qui contribuent au rapport.

Clearly, whether we’re talking about some of the signals we’re seeing from government or some of the really disturbing aspects of the climate science, there is a lot of reason to be pessimistic. De toute évidence, que nous parlions de certains des signaux que nous voyons du gouvernement ou de certains des aspects vraiment inquiétants de la science du climat, il y a beaucoup de raisons d'être pessimistes.

It does seem like climate change is happening faster than we thought in some ways.

It seems, societally, that maybe we’re more vulnerable than we thought, agriculture, for example, being affected by heat waves worse than we thought. Il semble, sociétalement, que nous soyons peut-être plus vulnérables que nous ne le pensions, l'agriculture, par exemple, étant plus touchée par les vagues de chaleur que nous ne le pensions.

But I think we can hold out hope and have a little bit of optimism that maybe we have also underestimated our ability as society to quickly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Mais je pense que nous pouvons garder espoir et avoir un peu d'optimisme sur le fait que nous avons peut-être également sous-estimé notre capacité en tant que société à réduire rapidement les émissions de gaz à effet de serre.

We’re seeing some signs. I don’t want to be too sanguine here, but we’re seeing some evidence of the leveling of carbon dioxide emissions the last couple years, even as we’re seeing economic growth. Je ne veux pas être trop optimiste ici, mais nous voyons des preuves du nivellement des émissions de dioxyde de carbone au cours des deux dernières années, alors même que nous assistons à une croissance économique.

We’re seeing the prices of a lot of renewables dropping dramatically, potentially sending a price signal to companies and investors more and more demanding that corporations ask the climate question. Nous constatons que les prix de nombreuses énergies renouvelables chutent de manière spectaculaire, envoyant potentiellement un signal de prix aux entreprises et aux investisseurs de plus en plus exigeants que les entreprises se posent la question climatique.

How vulnerable are they to climate change, and how much are they emitting, and how much could they be held liable potentially in the future? Dans quelle mesure sont-ils vulnérables au changement climatique, et combien émettent-ils, et combien pourraient-ils être tenus responsables potentiellement à l'avenir ? Hari Sreenivasan:

All right, Radley Horton of Columbia University, thanks so much.

Radley Horton:

Thank you. Nous vous remercions.