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TED-Ed, How the world's first metro system was built - Christian Wolmar

How the world's first metro system was built - Christian Wolmar

It was the dawn of 1863, 00:08 and London's not-yet-opened subway system, 00:11 the first of its kind in the world, had the city in an uproar. 00:16 Digging a hole under the city and putting a railroad in it 00:20 seemed the stuff of dreams. 00:22 Pub drinkers scoffed at the idea 00:24 and a local minister accused the railway company of trying to break into hell. 00:29 Most people simply thought the project, 00:31 which cost more than 100 million dollars in today's money, 00:35 would never work. 00:36 But it did. 00:38 On January 10, 1863, 00:41 30,000 people ventured underground to travel on the world's first subway 00:46 on a four-mile stretch of line in London. 00:49 After three years of construction and a few setbacks, 00:52 the Metropolitan Railway was ready for business. 00:56 The city's officials were much relieved. 00:58 They'd been desperate to find a way 01:00 to reduce the terrible congestion on the roads. 01:03 London, at the time the world's largest and most prosperous city, 01:08 was in a permanent state of gridlock, 01:10 with carts, 01:11 costermongers, 01:12 cows, 01:13 and commuters jamming the roads. 01:16 It'd been a Victorian visionary, Charles Pearson, 01:20 who first thought of putting railways under the ground. 01:23 He'd lobbied for underground trains throughout the 1840s, 01:26 but opponents thought the idea was impractical 01:29 since the railroads at the time only had short tunnels under hills. 01:34 How could you get a railway through the center of a city? 01:37 The answer was a simple system called "cut and cover." 01:42 Workers had to dig a huge trench, 01:44 construct a tunnel out of brick archways, 01:47 and then refill the hole over the newly built tunnel. 01:51 Because this was disruptive 01:52 and required the demolition of buildings above the tunnels, 01:55 most of the line went under existing roads. 01:58 Of course, there were accidents. 02:00 On one occasion, a heavy rainstorm flooded the nearby sewers 02:04 and burst through the excavation, 02:07 delaying the project by several months. 02:09 But as soon as the Metropolitan Railway opened, 02:13 Londoners rushed in to ride the new trains. 02:16 The Metropolitan quickly became a vital part of London's transport system. 02:20 Additional lines were soon built, 02:22 and new suburbs grew around the stations. 02:25 Big department stores opened next to the railroad, 02:28 and the railway company even created attractions, 02:31 like a 30-story Ferris wheel in Earls Court to bring in tourists by train. 02:37 Within 30 years, 02:38 London's subway system covered 80 kilometers, 02:41 with lines in the center of town running in tunnels, 02:44 and suburban trains operating on the surface, often on embankments. 02:48 But London was still growing, 02:50 and everyone wanted to be connected to the system. 02:53 By the late 1880s, 02:55 the city had become too dense with buildings, sewers, and electric cables 02:59 for the "cut and cover" technique, 03:01 so a new system had to be devised. 03:04 Using a machine called the Greathead Shield, 03:07 a team of just 12 workers could bore through the earth, 03:11 carving deep underground tunnels through the London clay. 03:15 These new lines, called tubes, were at varying depths, 03:19 but usually about 25 meters deeper than the "cut and cover" lines. 03:23 This meant their construction didn't disturb the surface, 03:26 and it was possible to dig under buildings. 03:29 The first tube line, the City and South London, 03:32 opened in 1890 and proved so successful 03:36 that half a dozen more lines were built in the next 20 years. 03:40 This clever new technology was even used to burrow several lines 03:44 under London's river, the Thames. 03:47 By the early 20th century, 03:49 Budapest, 03:50 Berlin, 03:51 Paris, 03:51 and New York 03:52 had all built subways of their own. 03:55 And today, with more than 160 cities in 55 countries 03:59 using underground rails to combat congestion, 04:02 we can thank Charles Pearson and the Metropolitan Railway 04:06 for getting us started on the right track.

How the world's first metro system was built - Christian Wolmar Wie das erste U-Bahn-System der Welt gebaut wurde - Christian Wolmar Cómo se construyó el primer metro del mundo - Christian Wolmar Comment a été construit le premier métro du monde - Christian Wolmar Come è stata costruita la prima metropolitana del mondo - Christian Wolmar 世界初の地下鉄はどのように作られたのか - クリスチャン・ウォルマー Kaip buvo sukurta pirmoji pasaulyje metro sistema - Christian Wolmar Hoe het eerste metrosysteem ter wereld werd gebouwd - Christian Wolmar Jak zbudowano pierwszy na świecie system metra - Christian Wolmar Como foi construído o primeiro metro do mundo - Christian Wolmar Как была построена первая в мире система метро - Кристиан Вольмар Dünyanın ilk metro sistemi nasıl inşa edildi - Christian Wolmar Як будували першу в світі систему метро - Крістіан Вольмар 世界上第一个地铁系统是如何建成的 - Christian Wolmar 世界上第一個地鐵系統是如何建成的 - Christian Wolmar

It was the dawn of 1863, 00:08 and London’s not-yet-opened subway system, 00:11 the first of its kind in the world, had the city in an uproar. それは1863年の夜明けであり、00：08であり、ロンドンのまだ開通していない地下鉄システムである00:11は、世界で初めて、街を騒がせました。 Був світанок 1863 року, 00:08 і ще не відкрита система лондонського метро, 00:11 перша у своєму роді у світі, сколихнула місто. 00:16 Digging a hole under the city and putting a railroad in it 00:20 seemed the stuff of dreams. 00:16街の下に穴を掘り、そこに鉄道を入れる00:20は夢のようでした。 00:16 Escavar um buraco debaixo da cidade e pôr lá um caminho de ferro 00:20 Parecia coisa de sonho. 00:22 Pub drinkers scoffed at the idea 00:24 and a local minister accused the railway company of trying to break into hell. 00:22 سخرية شاربي الحانات من الفكرة 00:24 واتهم وزير محلي شركة السكك الحديدية بمحاولة اقتحام الجحيم. 00:22 Pub drinkers scoffed at the idea 00:24 and a local minister accused the railway company of trying to break into hell. 00:22パブを飲む人はその考えを嘲笑し、地元の大臣は鉄道会社が地獄に侵入しようとしたと非難しました。 00:22 Любителі пабу висміювали цю ідею 00:24, а місцевий міністр звинуватив залізничну компанію в спробі проникнути в пекло. 00:29 Most people simply thought the project, 00:31 which cost more than 100 million dollars in today’s money, 00:35 would never work. 00:29 اعتقد معظم الناس ببساطة أن المشروع، 00:31 الذي كلف أكثر من 100 مليون دولار بأموال اليوم، 00:35 لن ينجح أبدًا. 00:36 But it did. 00:38 On January 10, 1863, 00:41 30,000 people ventured underground to travel on the world’s first subway 00:46 on a four-mile stretch of line in London. 00:38 في 10 يناير 1863، 00:41 غامر 30 ألف شخص تحت الأرض للسفر في أول مترو أنفاق في العالم 00:46 على امتداد أربعة أميال من الخط في لندن. 00:38 1863年1月10日、00：41 30,000人が地下に出て、ロンドンの4マイルの路線で世界初の地下鉄00:46を旅しました。 00:38 10 січня 1863 року, 00:41 30 000 людей ризикнули спуститися під землю, щоб подорожувати першим у світі метро 00:46 на чотиримильній ділянці лінії в Лондоні. 00:49 After three years of construction and a few setbacks, 00:52 the Metropolitan Railway was ready for business. 00:49 بعد ثلاث سنوات من البناء وبعض النكسات، 00:52 أصبحت سكة حديد متروبوليتان جاهزة للعمل. 00:49 3年間の建設といくつかの挫折の後、00：52メトロポリタン鉄道は営業の準備が整いました。 00:49 Після трьох років будівництва та кількох невдач 00:52 столична залізниця була готова до роботи. 00:56 The city’s officials were much relieved. 00:56市の職員は大いに安心しました。 00:56 Міська влада відчула велике полегшення. 00:58 They’d been desperate to find a way 01:00 to reduce the terrible congestion on the roads. 00:58彼らは道路のひどい渋滞を減らす方法を01:00見つけようと必死でした。 01:03 London, at the time the world’s largest and most prosperous city, 01:08 was in a permanent state of gridlock, 01:10 with carts, 01:11 costermongers, 01:12 cows, 01:13 and commuters jamming the roads. 01:03ロンドン、当時世界最大で最も繁栄した都市、01：08は恒久的な窮地に陥り、01：10はカート、01：11はコスターモンジャー、01：12は牛、01：13、通勤者は道路。 01:03 Лондон, на той час найбільше та найпроцвітаюче місто у світі, 01:08 перебував у постійному глухому куті, 01:10 з візками, 01:11 торговцями їжею, 01:12 коровами, 01:13 і пасажирами, які забивали дороги. 01:16 It’d been a Victorian visionary, Charles Pearson, 01:20 who first thought of putting railways under the ground. 01:16 لقد كان صاحب رؤية من العصر الفيكتوري، تشارلز بيرسون، 01:20 هو أول من فكر في وضع السكك الحديدية تحت الأرض. 01:16 Вікторіанський провидець, Чарльз Пірсон, 01:20 першим подумав закласти залізниці під землю. 01:23 He’d lobbied for underground trains throughout the 1840s, 01:26 but opponents thought the idea was impractical 01:29 since the railroads at the time only had short tunnels under hills. 01:23 لقد ضغط من أجل إنشاء قطارات تحت الأرض طوال أربعينيات القرن التاسع عشر، 01:26 لكن المعارضين اعتقدوا أن الفكرة كانت غير عملية 01:29 نظرًا لأن السكك الحديدية في ذلك الوقت لم يكن بها سوى أنفاق قصيرة تحت التلال. 01:23彼は1840年代を通して地下列車にロビー活動をしていましたが、01：26当時の鉄道には丘の下に短いトンネルしかなかったため、反対派はこのアイデアは実用的ではないと考えていました。 01:23 Він лобіював підземні потяги протягом 1840-х років, 01:26 але опоненти вважали цю ідею непрактичною 01:29 оскільки залізниці того часу мали лише короткі тунелі під пагорбами. 01:34 How could you get a railway through the center of a city? 01:34 كيف يمكنك الحصول على خط سكة حديد عبر وسط المدينة؟ 01:37 The answer was a simple system called "cut and cover." 01:37 Відповідь полягала в простій системі під назвою «вирізати та прикрити». 01:42 Workers had to dig a huge trench, 01:44 construct a tunnel out of brick archways, 01:47 and then refill the hole over the newly built tunnel. 01:42 كان على العمال حفر خندق ضخم، 01:44 بناء نفق من قناطر من الطوب، 01:47 ثم إعادة ملء الحفرة فوق النفق المبني حديثًا. 01:42労働者は巨大な塹壕を掘らなければならず、01：44レンガのアーチからトンネルを建設し、01：47そして新しく建設されたトンネルの穴を埋め直さなければなりませんでした。 01:42 Arbeiders moesten een enorme geul graven, 01:44 een tunnel bouwen uit bakstenen bogen, 01:47 en dan het gat opnieuw vullen boven de nieuw gebouwde tunnel. 01:42 Os trabalhadores tiveram de escavar uma enorme vala, 01:44 construir um túnel com arcos de tijolo, 01:47 e depois voltar a encher o buraco sobre o túnel recém-construído. 01:42 Робітникам довелося вирити величезну траншею, 01:44 побудувати тунель із цегляних арок, 01:47 а потім знову засипати отвір над новозбудованим тунелем. 01:51 Because this was disruptive 01:52 and required the demolition of buildings above the tunnels, 01:55 most of the line went under existing roads. 01:51 Bunun yıkıcı olması 01:52 ve tünellerin üzerindeki binaların yıkılmasını gerektirmesi nedeniyle, 01:55 hattın çoğu mevcut yolların altından geçti. 01:58 Of course, there were accidents. 01:58 Tabii ki kazalar oldu. 02:00 On one occasion, a heavy rainstorm flooded the nearby sewers 02:04 and burst through the excavation, 02:07 delaying the project by several months. 02:00 Een keer overspoelde een zware regenbui de nabijgelegen riolen 02:04 en barstte door de opgraving, 02:07 waardoor het project met enkele maanden werd vertraagd. 02:00 Bir keresinde, şiddetli bir yağmur fırtınası yakındaki kanalizasyonları 02:04 sular altında bıraktı ve kazıdan taşarak 02:07 projeyi birkaç ay geciktirdi. 02:00 Одного разу сильний дощ затопив сусідню каналізацію 02:04 і прорвав котловани, 02:07 затримавши проект на кілька місяців. 02:09 But as soon as the Metropolitan Railway opened, 02:13 Londoners rushed in to ride the new trains. 02:09 Ancak Metropolitan Demiryolu açılır açılmaz, 02:13 Londralılar yeni trenlere binmek için akın etti. 02:16 The Metropolitan quickly became a vital part of London’s transport system. 02:16 وسرعان ما أصبحت متروبوليتان جزءًا حيويًا من نظام النقل في لندن. 02:16 Metropolitan kısa sürede Londra'nın ulaşım sisteminin hayati bir parçası haline geldi. 02:16 Метрополітен швидко став важливою частиною транспортної системи Лондона. 02:20 Additional lines were soon built, 02:22 and new suburbs grew around the stations. 02:20 Kısa süre içinde ek hatlar inşa edildi, 02:22 ve istasyonların etrafında yeni banliyöler büyüdü. 02:25 Big department stores opened next to the railroad, 02:28 and the railway company even created attractions, 02:31 like a 30-story Ferris wheel in Earls Court to bring in tourists by train. 02:25 Demiryolunun yanında büyük mağazalar açıldı, 02:28 ve demiryolu şirketi turistleri trenle getirmek için Earls Court'ta 30 katlı bir dönme dolap gibi 02:31 atraksiyonlar bile yarattı. 02:25 Великі універмаги відкрилися поруч із залізницею, 02:28 і залізнична компанія навіть створила атракціони, 02:31 як 30-поверхове колесо огляду в Ерлз-Корт, щоб привозити туристів потягом. 02:37 Within 30 years, 02:38 London’s subway system covered 80 kilometers, 02:41 with lines in the center of town running in tunnels, 02:44 and suburban trains operating on the surface, often on embankments. 02:37 30 yıl içinde, 02:38 Londra'nın metro sistemi 80 kilometreyi kapladı, 02:41 şehir merkezindeki hatlar tünellerde, 02:44 banliyö trenleri ise yüzeyde, genellikle setler üzerinde çalışıyordu. 02:37 За 30 років 02:38 лондонська система метро охопила 80 кілометрів, 02:41 з лініями в центрі міста, що пролягають у тунелях, 02:44 і приміськими поїздами, що курсують на поверхні, часто на набережних. 02:48 But London was still growing, 02:50 and everyone wanted to be connected to the system. 02:48 Ancak Londra hala büyüyordu, 02:50 ve herkes sisteme bağlanmak istiyordu. 02:53 By the late 1880s, 02:55 the city had become too dense with buildings, sewers, and electric cables 02:59 for the "cut and cover" technique, 03:01 so a new system had to be devised. 02:53 بحلول أواخر ثمانينيات القرن التاسع عشر، 02:55، أصبحت المدينة كثيفة جدًا بالمباني والمجاري والكابلات الكهربائية 02:59 لتقنية "القطع والتغطية"، 03:01 لذلك كان لا بد من ابتكار نظام جديد. 02:53 1880'lerin sonlarına gelindiğinde, 02:55 şehir binalar, kanalizasyonlar ve elektrik kablolarıyla 02:59 "kes ve kapat" tekniği için çok yoğun hale gelmişti, bu nedenle 03:01 yeni bir sistem tasarlanması gerekiyordu. 02:53 Наприкінці 1880-х, 02:55 місто стало занадто щільним будинками, каналізаційними трубами та електричними кабелями 02:59 для техніки "вирізати та накрити", 03:01 тому потрібно було розробити нову систему. 03:04 Using a machine called the Greathead Shield, 03:07 a team of just 12 workers could bore through the earth, 03:11 carving deep underground tunnels through the London clay. 03:04 باستخدام آلة تسمى Greathead Shield، 03:07 تمكن فريق مكون من 12 عاملًا فقط من الحفر عبر الأرض، 03:11 نحت أنفاق عميقة تحت الأرض عبر طين لندن. 03:04グレートヘッドシールドと呼ばれる機械を使用して、03：07わずか12人の労働者のチームが地球をくぐり抜け、03：11ロンドンの粘土に深い地下トンネルを彫りました。 03:04 Greathead Shield adı verilen bir makine kullanarak, 03:07 sadece 12 işçiden oluşan bir ekip toprağı delebiliyor, 03:11 Londra kilinin içinden derin yeraltı tünelleri açabiliyordu. 03:04 Використовуючи машину під назвою Greathead Shield, 03:07 команда з 12 робітників могла проривати землю, 03:11 прокладаючи глибокі підземні тунелі в лондонській глині. 03:15 These new lines, called tubes, were at varying depths, 03:19 but usually about 25 meters deeper than the "cut and cover" lines. 03:15チューブと呼ばれるこれらの新しい線は、さまざまな深さでした。03：19ですが、通常、「カットアンドカバー」線よりも約25メートル深くなっています。 03:15 Tüp adı verilen bu yeni hatlar farklı derinliklerdeydi, 03:19 ancak genellikle "kes ve ört" hatlarından yaklaşık 25 metre daha derindeydi. 03:23 This meant their construction didn’t disturb the surface, 03:26 and it was possible to dig under buildings. 03:23 وهذا يعني أن بنائها لم يخل بالسطح، 03:26 وكان من الممكن الحفر تحت المباني. 03:23 Bu, inşaatlarının yüzeyi rahatsız etmediği ve 03:26 binaların altını kazmanın mümkün olduğu anlamına geliyordu. 03:29 The first tube line, the City and South London, 03:32 opened in 1890 and proved so successful 03:36 that half a dozen more lines were built in the next 20 years. 03:29 İlk metro hattı olan Şehir ve Güney Londra 03:32 1890 yılında açıldı ve o kadar başarılı oldu ki 03:36 sonraki 20 yıl içinde yarım düzine daha hat inşa edildi. 03:40 This clever new technology was even used to burrow several lines 03:44 under London’s river, the Thames. 03:40 تم استخدام هذه التقنية الجديدة الذكية لحفر عدة خطوط 03:44 تحت نهر التايمز في لندن. 03:40 Esta nova e inteligente tecnologia foi mesmo utilizada para escavar várias linhas 03:44 debaixo do rio Tamisa, em Londres. 03:40 Bu akıllıca yeni teknoloji, Londra'nın Thames nehrinin altına birkaç hat 03:44 gömmek için bile kullanıldı. 03:40 Цю розумну нову технологію навіть використали, щоб прокопати кілька ліній 03:44 під лондонською річкою Темзою. 03:47 By the early 20th century, 03:49 Budapest, 03:50 Berlin, 03:51 Paris, 03:51 and New York 03:52 had all built subways of their own. 03:47 بحلول أوائل القرن العشرين، 03:49 بودابست، 03:50 برلين، 03:51 باريس، 03:51 ونيويورك 03:52، قامت جميعها ببناء مترو أنفاق خاص بها. 03:47 20. yüzyılın başlarında, 03:49 Budapeşte, 03:50 Berlin, 03:51 Paris, 03:51 ve New York 03:52 kendi metrolarını inşa etmişlerdi. 03:47 На початку 20 століття 03:49 Будапешт, 03:50 Берлін, 03:51 Париж, 03:51 і Нью-Йорк 03:52 усі побудували власні метро. 03:55 And today, with more than 160 cities in 55 countries 03:59 using underground rails to combat congestion, 04:02 we can thank Charles Pearson and the Metropolitan Railway 04:06 for getting us started on the right track. 03:55 En vandaag, met meer dan 160 steden in 55 landen 03:59 die ondergrondse rails gebruiken om congestie te bestrijden, 04:02 kunnen we Charles Pearson en de Metropolitan Railway 04:06 bedanken voor het op de goede weg zijn. 03:55 Ve bugün, 55 ülkede 160'tan fazla şehir 03:59 tıkanıklıkla mücadele etmek için yeraltı raylarını kullanırken, 04:02 Charles Pearson'a ve Metropolitan Demiryollarına 04:06 bizi doğru yola soktukları için teşekkür edebiliriz.