How Left/Right Partisanship Starts a Civil War in Spain | BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1936 Part 2 of 3 - YouTube (1) Cómo el partidismo izquierda/derecha inicia una guerra civil en España | ENTRE 2 GUERRAS I 1936 Parte 2 de 3 - YouTube (1) Jak lewicowa/prawicowa partyzantka rozpoczęła wojnę domową w Hiszpanii | MIĘDZY 2 WOJNAMI I 1936 Część 2 z 3 - YouTube (1) Como o partidarismo de esquerda/direita dá início a uma guerra civil em Espanha | ENTRE 2 GUERRAS I 1936 Parte 2 de 3 - YouTube (1) 左/右党派之争如何引发西班牙内战|两次世界大战之间，1936 年，第 2 部分（共 3 部分） - YouTube (1)

I suppose you could call the Spanish Civil War World War Two's practice run. The mass

killings, industrial warfare, and blurring of lines between civilians and combatants Tötungen, industrielle Kriegsführung und Verwischung der Grenzen zwischen Zivilisten und Kombattanten

that we will see in the years 1939 to 1945 will already happen from 1936-1939 on the

Iberian Peninsula.

But how has Spain, a country which has mostly kept itself out of international affairs,

found itself in this position? Why has it become such a powder keg? As we will soon

see, the pre-war Spanish Republic is rife with violence and strife. In its short life, a República Espanhola pré-guerra é abundante em violência e confrontos. Em sua curta vida,

it will be continually rocked by revolution, uprisings, and coups. Its defeat is never ela será continuamente abalada por revolução, levantes e golpes. Sua derrota nunca é inevitável,

inevitable, but it will not be a surprise when it descends into civil war. mas não será uma surpresa quando ela cair em guerra civil.

Welcome to Between-2-Wars a chronological summary of the interwar years, covering all Bem-vindos ao Entre Duas Guerras, um sumário cronológico do período entreguerras, cobrindo

facets of life, the uncertainty, hedonism, and euphoria, and ultimately humanity's todas as facetas da vida, a incerteza, o hedonismo e a euforia, e finalmente,

descent into the darkness of the Second World War. I'm Indy Neidell. a descida da humanidade para as trevas da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Eu sou Indy Neidell.

Since 1874, Spain has been a constitutional monarchy under the royal House of Bourbon. Desde 1874, a Espanha foi uma monarquia constitucional sob a casa real dos Bourbon.

Despite being relatively liberal, the political system is widely undemocratic. Ruling parties Apesar de ser relativamente liberal, o sistema político é amplamente antidemocrático. Os partidos governantes

have monopolized political power and corruption is rife. By 1923, the system has become so monopolizaram o poder político e a corrupção é abundante. Em 1923, o sistema tornara-se tão

discredited that even King Alfonso XIII backs a military coup- an authoritarian dictatorship desacreditado que até mesmo o rei Alfonso XIII apoia um golpe militar, uma ditadura autoritária

under Miguel Primo de Rivera. At first, it is actually pretty popular but soon runs into sob Miguel Primo de Rivera. De início, ela é bastante popular mas logo entra em dificuldades.

difficulties. Economic and social problems are widespread, and Primo begins to alienate Problemas sociais e econômicos são generalizados, e Primo começa a alienar e perder seus poderosos aliados.

and lose his powerful allies. He is forced to resign in January 1930, and, in April 1931,

local elections are held which basically become a referendum on the monarchical system. Republican que basicamente se tornam em um referendo nacional sobre o sistema monárquico.

and socialist parties dominate the results and celebrations break out nationwide. Alfonso Partidos republicanos e socialistas dominam os resultados e irrompem-se celebrações pelo país.

flees the country, although he does not technically abdicate, and a provisional government is Alfonso foge do país, embora ele tecnicamente não tenha abdicado, e um governo provisório é formado.

forged. The Second Spanish Republic is born. Nasce a Segunda República Espanhola.

General elections are held in June, and a coalition of socialist and Republican parties, Eleições gerais são realizadas em Junho, e uma coalizão de partidos socialistas e republicanos,

chiefly the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and the Radical Republican Party, are swept principalmente o Partido Socialista Operário Espanhol e o Partido Republicano Radical, sobem ao poder.

to power. They immediately set about passing new legislation to kickstart Spain's path Eles imediatamente começaram a aprovar uma nova legislação para impulsionar o caminho da Espanha para a idade moderna.

to the modern age.

The crowning moment comes in December when the Spanish parliament, the Cortes, approves

a new constitution. Within it is all the reformist zeal of the new regime. Spain is defined as Dentro dela, está todo o zelo reformista do novo regime. A Espanha é definida como

a "republic of workers of all categories" and as firmly democratic and secular. Women uma "república de trabalhadores de todas as categorias", e como firmemente democrática e secular .

are given the right to vote, and a Presidency is established with influential, but strictly Mulheres recebem o direito ao voto, e uma presidência é estabelecida com poderes influentes, mas estritamente limitados.

limited, powers.

In an era where authoritarian ideas seem to be gaining ground at an alarming rate, there

is much to be celebrated about the birth of Spanish democracy.

But already the country is being squeezed from both sides of the political spectrum.

On the one hand, the Catholic Church and the forces of conservatism. On the other, the

communists and anarchists of the far-left.

Now, the regime hasn't exactly tried to make peace with the Church. The Cortes has passed Agora, o regime não tentou exatamente fazer a paz com a igreja. As Cortes passaram uma legislação que

legislation which introduces divorce and civil marriage, removes religious symbols from public introduz o divórcio e o casamento civil, remove símbolos religiosos de prédios públicos,

buildings, and enforces taxation on Church finances. Even more harshly, they ban all e aplica impostos sobre as finanças da igreja. E, mais severamente, eles banem todo o ensino por ordens religiosas,

teaching by religious orders, which not the smartest move, considering the government o que não é o movimento mais inteligente, considerando que o governo não tem realmente

doesn't have really the budget to fund the resulting teaching shortfall. But the Church o orçamento para financiar o déficit de ensino resultante. Mas a igreja é seriamente poderosa.

is seriously powerful. The Asociación Católica de Propagandistas (ACNP) owns the biggest A Asociación Católica Nacional de Propagandistas (ACNP) possui a maior

network of radio and newspapers in the county, and they pump out anti-Republican propaganda rede de rádio e jornais do país, e eles bombeiam propaganda anti-republicana

and denounce all these “attacks” against Catholic Spain. e denunciam todos esses "ataques" contra a Espanha católica.

They are joined by the conservative rural oligarchy. They are angry at legislation pushed Eles se juntam a oligarquia rural conservadora. E eles estão nervosos com a legislação passada

through by the socialists in government. New laws reduce working hours, introduce mandatory pelos socialistas no governo. Novas leis reduzem o horário de trabalho, introduzem o pagamento

overtime pay, and safeguard the right to strike. This is totally unacceptable to elites used obrigatório de horas extras e salvaguardam o direito de greve. Isso é totalmente inaceitável para as elites,

to the suddenly former social order. And for similar reasons, as well as the radical rhetoric acostumadas a, repentinamente, antiga ordem social. E por razões similares, bem como a retórica radical do regime

of the regime in general, the aristocracy and industrial classes also have no desire em geral, a aristocracia e as classes industriais também não desejam ver a república ter sucesso.

to see the Republic succeed.

On the other side of Spanish politics, much of the radical left see little difference

between the old regime and the new. Agricultural workers are particularly dissatisfied with o antigo regime e o novo. Trabalhadores agrícolas estão particularmente insatisfeitos com o ritmo das reformas

the pace of reform as the government struggles to penetrate the distant and traditional corners

of Spain. With directions from the Soviet Union, Communists work to generate support

against the Republic, but their influence is actually pretty limited. Far more powerful mas a sua influência é na verdade bastante limitada. Bem mais poderosa,

is the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). This is a confederation of trade unions é a Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). Essa é uma confederação de sindicatos

who subscribe to anarcho-syndicalism. In very basic terms this is a doctrine which believes que aderem ao anarcossindicalismo. Em termos bem básicos, essa é uma doutrina que acredita

that trade unions should be at the forefront of the fight against capitalism to achieve que os sindicatos devem ser a vanguarda da luta contra o capitalismo para atingir uma

a classless, anarchist society. Fron the get go, the CNT works to mobilize the masses through sociedade anarquista, sem classes. Desde o início, a CNT trabalha para mobilizar as massas através

grassroots organizing. And many are not afraid of using violence, as they unleash an all-out

revolutionary offensive. Armed robberies, bombings, and killings are common. Deadly

clashes between the Civil Guard and striking workers happen all over. The former still

use the same tactics that they always used in monarchist Spain- most infamous among them

they Ley de Fugas, the extrajudicial killing of prisoners on the false claim they are trying a Ley de Fugas, o assassinato extrajudicial de prisioneiros sob a falsa afirmação de tentarem fugir.

to escape. Things get especially brutal in the countryside. In the final days of 1931,

four civil guards shoot and kill a laborer during what was until then a peaceful demonstration e matam um trabalhador durante o que era até então uma demonstração pacífica,

in the south-western Badajoz province. A furious crowd pile onto the guardsman, beating them na província sudoeste de Badajoz. Uma multidão furiosa se amontoa sobre os guardas,

all to death with stones and knives.

Violence continues in 1932. In January in Logroño, Civil Guards open fire on protesting

factory workers. 11 protesters are killed. One of them is a pregnant woman, another a

four-year-old child. That same month, a CNT-organized insurrection is staged in Catalonia. It is

put down pretty quickly, but it is violent, and more are on the horizon.

Although the right are notably less violent at this point, they stage their own power

grab some months later in August. Led by former head of the Civil Guard, General Sanjurjo,

a group of military leaders attempt to reverse the leftist course they see the government um grupo de líderes militares tentam reverter o curso esquerdista que eles vêem o governo seguindo.

following. But it is poorly organized and not nearly enough rebel troops even turn up. Mas ela é mal organizada, e nem mesmo um número suficiente de tropas rebeldes aparecem.

The rising in Madrid is particularly desperate, not lasting longer than four hours. Sanjurjo O levante em Madrid é particularmente desesperado, durando não mais do que quatro horas.

is kind of successful in Seville, though. With no shots fired, he takes control of the No entanto, Sanjurjo é meio que bem sucedido em Sevilha. Sem disparos, ele toma o controle da cidade

city for around 24 hours. But when he sees everywhere else has failed, he steps down. por cerca de 24 horas. Mas quando vê que falharam nos outros locais, ele recua.

He is sentenced to death, but this is commuted to life in prison. All in all, only around Ele é sentenciado a morte, mas isso é comutado para prisão perpétua. No final, apenas 9 pessoas são mortas.

9 people are killed.

Not wanting to be outdone by the right, the CNT carry out another insurrection in January

1933\. Like the Sanjurjo coup, it is swiftly defeated. But unlike the coup, it is very Como o golpe de Sanjurjo, ela é rapidamente derrotada. Mas, ao contrário do golpe, ela é bastante violenta.

violent. In Casas Viejas, rebels fortify themselves in a house and begin shooting at the police. Em Casas Viejas, rebeldes se fortificam em uma casa e começam a atirar na polícia.

The police set the house ablaze with the rebels and their families still inside. The escaping A polícia incendeia a casa com os rebeldes e suas famílias ainda dentro. Os sobreviventes fugitivos

survivors are executed on the spot, with a final death toll of 19 insurgents and 3 policeman. são executados na hora, com um número final de mortos de 19 insurgentes e 3 policiais.

After witnessing all these failed power-grabs, many on the right decide to adopt a more legal depois de testemunharem todas essas fracassadas tomadas de poder, muitos na direita decidem adotar

approach in their opposition. This policy becomes known as “accidentalism”, the uma abordagem mais legal na sua oposição. Essa política se torna conhecida como "acidentalismo",

belief that the form of regime itself, be it liberal, corrupt, authoritarian, doesn't a crença de que a forma do próprio regime, seja liberal, corrupto, autoritário, não importa realmente.

really matter. What does matter is what can be achieved within the framework as it stands. O que importa é o que pode ser alcançado dentro da estrutura atual.

Led by José María Gil-Robles, "accidentalists" form the Confederación Española de Derechas

Autónomas (CEDA) in February 1933, and begin challenging the system from within. It is

a broad-church, made up of Catholic organizations, monarchists, and pretty much anyone who might

not suppor the current regime. While professing to play the democratic game, though, Gil-Robles

movement reveals clear admiration for fascist movements across Europe. It has a uniformed revela uma clara admiração por regimes fascistas por toda a Europa. Possuindo uma ala jovem uniforme

and violent youth wing, holds rallies, and regularly emphasizes loyalty to the fatherland e violenta, realizando comícios, e enfatizando regularmente lealdade à pátria em uma clássica retórica ao estilo de Hitler.

in classic Hitler-style rhetoric.

Not everyone on the anti-Republican right follows an accidentalist strategy, though.

Opposing them are the catastrophists who believe in the complete overthrow of the Republican

system. The three main groups here are the Alfonsists, the Carlists, and the Falangists.

The Alfonsists seek the restoration of Alfonso XIII with a militaristic and staunchly Catholic

dictatorship. The Carlists are pretty similar but instead see an alternative branch of the Os Carlistas são bastante parecidos, mas eles vêem um braço alternativo da casa de Bourbon

House of Bourbon as the true heirs to Spain's throne. Both the Alfonsists and the Carlists como os verdadeiros herdeiros do trono espanhol. Ambos os Alfonsistas e os Carlistas

are reactionary and devoutly Catholic. Like the CEDA, both movements also have significant são reacionários e devotamente católicos. Assim como a CEDA, ambos movimentos também possuem

fascist traits. But it is the Falangists who are most clearly fascist. In 1933, Falangists traços fascistas significativos. Mas são os Falangistas quem são mais claramente fascistas. Em 1933,

are an assortment of fascist groups which by 1934 will have unified under José Antonio os Falangistas são um sortimento de grupos fascistas que em 1934 terão se unificado sob José Antonio

Primo de Rivera, the eldest son of the former dictator and modelled on Mussolini's fascist Primo de Rivera, o filho mais velho do antigo ditador e modelado nos ideais fascistas de Benito Mussolini.

ideas.

For now these "catostrophists" play a marginal role in Spanish politics. But they will come

to be critical players in just a few years.

So, already in its first two years. The Spanish Republic is facing severe challenges.

Social tensions are rising ever-more as the economic situation worsens. The political

alliance of Republicans and socialists is falling apart. They are growing increasingly

distrustful of one another as the Radicals seem to pull rightward and the Socialist Workers

Party pull leftward. The government collapses in the fall of 1933 and new elections are

held in November. Now, but while the Republican coalition is falling apart, the right-wing

movement, under Gil-Robles CEDA, has remained united. This works significantly in their permaneceu unificada. Isso funcionou significativamente ao seu favor.

favor. See, the Spanish electoral system heavily favors strong coalitions rather than fragmented

partisanships, and the CEDA wins the highest number of votes. They are short of an overall

majority, and the Radical party are still able to form a government with the blessing e o Partido Radical ainda é capaz de formar um governo com a benção do presidente.

of the President. But it is a coalition with much more of a rightwing bent, excluding the

socialists and relying on the parliamentary support of the CEDA.

If the new government wasn't weary enough about the instability of the Republic, they

most certainly are when on the day of the opening session of the Cortes, December 8th,

the CNT stage their third insurrection. Again, it is put down but not without significant

difficulty and bloodshed. Spain seems to be slipping into a state of quasi-civil war. e derramamento de sangue. A Espanha parece estar deslizando para um estado de quase-guerra civil.

Now, one of the biggest reasons for the failures of the Spanish leftwing movement so far in Agora, uma das grandes razões para os fracassos da esquerda espanhola até agora, ambos no parlamento

both parliament and revolution is that they often hate each other almost as much as they e na revolução, é que eles muitas vezes se odeiam mais do que eles odeiam capitalismo.

hate capitalism. But many are beginning to realize that this can't go on and start searching

for new ways to beat back the rising reactionary tide. The most significant thinker here is

Joaquín Maurín who advocates a united front of Workers Alliances. It is a popular idea que advoga um fronte unido de alianças de trabalhadores. É uma ideia popular

among many leftists and it is soon put to the test on October 6, 1934. It all starts entre os esquerdistas e é logo coloca ao teste em 6 de Outubro de 1934. Tudo começa

when three CEDA politicians are given government positions. In response various left wing groups quando três políticos da CEDA recebem posições de governo. Em resposta, vários grupos de esquerda

collectively stage strikes and protests up and down the country. The government declares realizam, coletivamente, greves e protestos por todo o país. O governo declara um estado de guerra

a state of war and manages to control the poorly organized revolution in most regions. e consegue controlar a revolução mal organizada em grande parte das regiões.

But things not so easily in the province of Asturias where tens of thousands of socialist,

anarchist, and communist miners collectively establish a full-blown revolutionary commune.

The desperate government turn towards the much-admired General Francisco Franco for

help. Franco's answer to the revolution the use of the Spanish airforce and crack A resposta de Franco à revolução é o uso da força aérea espanhola e das tropas de elite das colônias espanholas.

troops from the colonies. The fighting is savage. Rail-lines and rebel strongholds are

bombed, and government forces carry out summary executions en-masse on captured revolutionaries. realizam execuções sumárias em massa dos revolucionários capturados.

There are also stories of miners families being raped and mutilated by marauding government Há também histórias de famílias de mineradores sendo estupradas e mutiladas pelas tropas saqueadoras

troops. After two-weeks, these brutal tactics eventually quell the rebellion. The revolutionaries do governo. Após duas semanas, essas táticas brutais eventualmente suprimem a rebelião.

have been responsible for atrocities themselves. Around 40 “class-enemies” were murdered No entanto, os revolucionários foram eles mesmos responsáveis por atrocidades. Cerca de 40 "inimigos de classes"

in these two weeks, most of them priests trying to escape from raided Churches. Some 900 revolutionaries

and about 250 government forces were killed across Spain in these two weeks.

The uprising in Asturia and the rest of Spain has failed. But it will have some far-reaching