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TED-ED, How do your kidneys work? Emma Bryce

How do your kidneys work? Emma Bryce

It's a hot day, and you've just downed several glasses of water,one after the other. Behind the sudden urge that follows are two bean-shaped organs that work as fine-tuned internal sensors. They balance the amount of fluid in your body, detect waste in your blood, and know when to release the vitamins, minerals, and hormones you need to stay alive.

Say hello to your kidneys.

The main role of these organs is to dispose of waste products and to turn them into urine. The body's eight liters of blood pass through the kidneys between 20 and 25 times each day, meaning that, together, these organs filter about 180 liters every 24 hours. The ingredients in your blood are constantly changing as you ingest food and drink, which explains why the kidneys need to be on permanent duty.

Blood enters each kidney through arteries that branch and branch, until they form tiny vessels that entwine with special internal modules, called nephrons. In each kidney, 1 million of these nephrons form a powerful array of filters and sensors that carefully sift through the blood. This is where we see just how refined and accurate this internal sensing system is.

To filter the blood, each nephron uses two powerful pieces of equipment: a blob-like structure called a glomerulus, and a long, stringy, straw-like tubule. The glomerulus works like a sieve, allowing only certain ingredients, such as vitamins and minerals, to pass into the tubule. Then, this vessel's job is to detect whether any of those ingredients are needed in the body. If so, they're reabsorbed in amounts that the body needs, so they can circulate in the blood again. But the blood doesn't only carry useful ingredients. It contains waste products, too. And the nephrons have to figure out what to do with them.

The tubules sense compounds the body doesn't need, like urea, left over from the breakdown of proteins, and redirects them as urine out of the kidneys and through two long sewers called ureters. The tubes empty their contents into the bladder to be discharged, ridding your body of that waste once and for all. There's water in that urine, too. If the kidney detects too much of it in your blood, for instance, when you've chugged several glasses at once, it sends the extra liquid to the bladder to be removed. On the other hand, low water levels in the blood prompt the kidney to release some back into the blood stream, meaning that less water makes it into the urine. This is why urine appears yellower when you're less hydrated. By controlling water, your kidneys stabilize the body's fluid levels. But this fine balancing act isn't the kidney's only skill. These organs have the power to activate vitamin D to secrete a hormone called renin that raises blood pressure, and another hormone called erythropoietin, which increases red blood cell production. Without the kidneys, our bodily fluids would spiral out of control. Every time we ate, our blood would receive another load of unsifted ingredients. Soon, the buildup of waste would overload our systems and we'd expire. So each kidney not only keeps things running smoothly. It also keeps us alive. Lucky then that we have two of these magical beans.

How do your kidneys work? Emma Bryce Jak fungují vaše ledviny? Emma Bryceová Wie funktionieren Ihre Nieren? Emma Bryce How do your kidneys work? Emma Bryce ¿Cómo funcionan los riñones? Emma Bryce 腎臓の働きエマ・ブライス 신장은 어떻게 작동할까요? 엠마 브라이스 Kaip veikia inkstai? Emma Bryce Jak działają nerki? Emma Bryce Como é que os rins funcionam? Emma Bryce Hur fungerar dina njurar? Emma Bryce Böbrekleriniz nasıl çalışıyor? Emma Bryce Як працюють нирки? Емма Брайс

It's a hot day, and you've just downed several glasses of water,one after the other. Je horký den a vy jste právě vypili několik sklenic vody, jednu za druhou. Es un día caluroso y acabas de beber varios vasos de agua, uno tras otro. Sıcak bir gün ve birbiri ardına birkaç bardak su içtiniz. Behind the sudden urge that follows are two bean-shaped organs that work as fine-tuned internal sensors. За этим внезапным желанием скрываются два бобовидных органа, которые работают как точно настроенные внутренние датчики. Bunu takip eden ani dürtünün arkasında, ince ayarlı iç sensörler olarak çalışan fasulye şeklindeki iki organ vardır. They balance the amount of fluid in your body, detect waste in your blood, and know when to release the vitamins, minerals, and hormones you need to stay alive. Они уравновешивают количество жидкости в организме, обнаруживают отходы в крови и знают, когда высвобождать витамины, минералы и гормоны, необходимые для выживания.

Say hello to your kidneys.

The main role of these organs is to dispose of waste products and to turn them into urine. The body's eight liters of blood pass through the kidneys between 20 and 25 times each day, meaning that, together, these organs filter about 180 liters every 24 hours. The ingredients in your blood are constantly changing as you ingest food and drink, which explains why the kidneys need to be on permanent duty. Ингредиенты в вашей крови постоянно меняются, когда вы принимаете пищу и питье, что объясняет, почему почки должны постоянно работать.

Blood enters each kidney through arteries that branch and branch, until they form tiny vessels that entwine with special internal modules, called nephrons. Кровь поступает в каждую почку через артерии, которые разветвляются и разветвляются, пока не образуют крошечные сосуды, которые переплетаются со специальными внутренними модулями, называемыми нефронами. In each kidney, 1 million of these nephrons form a powerful array of filters and sensors that carefully sift through the blood. En cada riñón, 1 millón de estas nefronas forman una poderosa serie de filtros y sensores que tamizan cuidadosamente la sangre. В каждой почке 1 миллион таких нефронов образуют мощный массив фильтров и сенсоров, тщательно просеивающих кровь. This is where we see just how refined and accurate this internal sensing system is. Именно здесь мы видим, насколько совершенна и точна эта внутренняя сенсорная система.

To filter the blood, each nephron uses two powerful pieces of equipment: a blob-like structure called a glomerulus, and a long, stringy, straw-like tubule. Для фильтрации крови каждый нефрон использует два мощных элемента оборудования: шарообразную структуру, называемую клубочком, и длинную, волокнистую, похожую на соломинку трубочку. The glomerulus works like a sieve, allowing only certain ingredients, such as vitamins and minerals, to pass into the tubule. Клубочек работает как сито, пропуская в канальцы только определенные ингредиенты, такие как витамины и минералы. Then, this vessel's job is to detect whether any of those ingredients are needed in the body. Then, this vessel's job is to detect whether any of those ingredients are needed in the body. Затем работа этого сосуда состоит в том, чтобы определить, нужны ли какие-либо из этих ингредиентов в организме. If so, they're reabsorbed in amounts that the body needs, so they can circulate in the blood again. Если это так, они реабсорбируются в количествах, необходимых организму, поэтому они могут снова циркулировать в крови. But the blood doesn't only carry useful ingredients. Но кровь содержит не только полезные ингредиенты. It contains waste products, too. And the nephrons have to figure out what to do with them. И нефроны должны понять, что с ними делать.

The tubules sense compounds the body doesn't need, like urea, left over from the breakdown of proteins, and redirects them as urine out of the kidneys and through two long sewers called ureters. Канальцы воспринимают ненужные организму соединения, такие как мочевина, оставшаяся после распада белков, и перенаправляют их в виде мочи из почек в два длинных коллектора, называемых мочеточниками. The tubes empty their contents into the bladder to be discharged, ridding your body of that waste once and for all. Трубки опорожняют свое содержимое в мочевой пузырь, чтобы освободиться, избавляя ваше тело от этих отходов раз и навсегда. There's water in that urine, too. В этой моче тоже есть вода. If the kidney detects too much of it in your blood, for instance, when you've chugged several glasses at once, it sends the extra liquid to the bladder to be removed. Если почка обнаруживает слишком много его в крови, например, когда вы выпили несколько стаканов одновременно, она отправляет лишнюю жидкость в мочевой пузырь для удаления. On the other hand, low water levels in the blood prompt the kidney to release some back into the blood stream, meaning that less water makes it into the urine. С другой стороны, низкий уровень воды в крови побуждает почки высвобождать некоторое ее количество обратно в кровоток, а это означает, что меньше воды попадает в мочу. This is why urine appears yellower when you're less hydrated. Вот почему моча кажется более желтой, когда вы менее увлажнены. By controlling water, your kidneys stabilize the body's fluid levels. Контролируя воду, ваши почки стабилизируют уровень жидкости в организме. But this fine balancing act isn't the kidney's only skill. Но этот тонкий баланс — не единственное умение почек. These organs have the power to activate vitamin D to secrete a hormone called renin that raises blood pressure, and another hormone called erythropoietin, which increases red blood cell production. Эти органы способны активировать витамин D для секреции гормона ренина, который повышает кровяное давление, и другого гормона, называемого эритропоэтином, который увеличивает выработку эритроцитов. Without the kidneys, our bodily fluids would spiral out of control. Без почек наши телесные жидкости вышли бы из-под контроля. Every time we ate, our blood would receive another load of unsifted ingredients. Каждый раз, когда мы ели, наша кровь получала новую порцию непросеянных ингредиентов. Soon, the buildup of waste would overload our systems and we'd expire. Вскоре накопление отходов перегрузит наши системы, и мы вымрем. So each kidney not only keeps things running smoothly. Таким образом, каждая почка не только обеспечивает бесперебойную работу. It also keeps us alive. Lucky then that we have two of these magical beans.