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Shakespeare - His Life and Plays, Chapter five Great Success and a Personal Tragedy

Chapter five Great Success and a Personal Tragedy

In the next four years, between 1594 and 1598, Shakespeare wrote eight plays and became the leading dramatist of his time. The first three, Richard II, Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Night's Dream, show that the years of writing poems were still very much in his mind. Two are tragedies, and the third is a comedy specially written for the wedding of Lord Hunsdon's granddaughter in 1596. But all three are still loved above all for the beauty of the language. While Laurence Olivier's best part was Richard III, John Gielgud's was Richard II.

Even in these plays we can see how Shakespeare's skill in the theatre was growing. In Romeo and Juliet, the scenes between the lovers are full of beautiful speeches. But Shakespeare also included the practical words of the Nurse, who came straight from his Stratford childhood, and the rather different ways of speaking of Mercutio and Capulet, Juliets father. He was beginning to give each character a personal voice.

A Midsummer Night's Dream is perhaps the loveliest play that Shakespeare wrote. Shakespeare invented three stories and put them together cleverly as the perfect entertainment for a wedding. One is about young lovers, as usual unwilling to obey their parents' wishes; another is about the fairy king and queen, who use their magic power to confuse the lovers; the third is about a group of actors who are going to perform a play for the wedding of Theseus, the Duke of Athens, and Hippolyta.

Professional actors enjoy making fun of ordinary people trying to act. A Midsummer Night's Dream contains a number of jokes about Shakespeare and his friends. The actors in the play perform a tragedy about two young lovers, like Shakespeare's last play, Romeo and Juliet, but their performance is full of comic mistakes. The leading actor, Bottom, is like many stars in the theatre. He wants to play all the parts himself. In A Midsummer Night's Dream, though, for the first time, Shakespeare suggests that he was beginning to think of plays as art. His character Theseus says that poets are like mad people; they imagine things that are not real. But Hippolyta answers that the audience have seen a dream which has the power to stay in the mind afterwards. We can recognize that something is true more easily in art than in real life.

At one time it was thought that Shakespeare planned to write a group of four plays about English history in the early fifteenth century. But the plays are very different from each other, so it seems that he wrote them one by one. Richard II is the tragedy of a man with little political ability who becomes king. His cousin, Bolingbroke, rebelled against him and became king in his place as Henry IV. Soon afterwards, Richard was murdered in prison and Henry's supporters in the north, the Percy family, rebelled against him.

In 1596, Shakespeare had a good reason for writing a play on this subject. The Percy family were Catholics, and many years earlier the company's patron, Lord Hunsdon, had fought against them and beaten them when they had rebelled against his cousin, the Queen. When they watched Richard II, the audience were sure to think of the Queen and her cousin.

Many people in the audience also remembered two plays about the reigns of Henry IV and Henry V that had been very popular a few years before. These plays were really both about Henry V, the greatest English war leader in history at that time. He had got into trouble as a young man because he had a friend called Sir John Oldcastle and they behaved badly. When he became king, he changed completely and was remembered afterwards as a hero.

At first, Shakespeare planned to write two plays like this, one about Henry V while he was still a prince, the other about him as king. But when he invented the character of the Prince's friend, Oldcastle, he saw that it was the perfect part for one of the stars of his company, the comic actor, Will Kempe. As in many other plays, he used two similar stories for comparison; here, one is serious and one is comic. The relationship between the Prince and Oldcastle tells us something about the relationship between the Prince and his father. But because the two stories are both very interesting, Shakespeare realized that he had too much to say for one play, so he divided the first play, called Henry IV, in two.

This was not the end of the matter. Henry IV Part I was acted with great success, but soon afterwards Lord Hunsdon died and Lord Cobham took his place at the royal court. Lord Cobham belonged to the Oldcastle family. He complained that the company were making fun of Oldcastle, so Shakespeare had to change the name. This is why one of his most famous characters is called Falstaff.

There is a story that Queen Elizabeth enjoyed the play so much that she wanted to see a play about Falstaff in love. Lord Cobham died in March, and Lord Hunsdon's son took his position. He was going to join the Queen for a celebration at Windsor that summer. Shakespeare had started writing Henry IV Part II, but he had to stop and write a special entertainment, The Merry Wives of Windsor. It is said that he wrote it in two weeks.

The play is very funny and has a lot of characters with amusing accents. One of them is a Welsh teacher, who is annoyed with a little boy called William in a Latin lesson. Here Shakespeare was remembering his childhood. As usual, he used the experience to improve his next play.

Henry IV Part II is not really a history play. Falstaff and his men appear in most of the scenes, which clearly take place in the England of Shakespeare's own time. The play suggests that the great days of the past have ended. Many people felt like that towards the end of the great queen's reign. Falstaff in this play is not so amusing. He is old and tired and cheats simple country people like the judge, Shallow, while he is waiting for the Prince to become king. Then he hopes that he will be a favourite at court. But at the end of the play, the new king, Henry V, gives him money but says that he must stay away from him.

Falstaff is the first of Shakespeare's characters who is so interesting on the stage that he has a life outside the theatre. People have heard of him before they see or read the play. This situation began 200 years ago, when it became the custom to talk about characters in plays as real people. And so today we may see Henry IV Part II performed with the Prince as a kind of villain. The director thinks that the audience will feel more sorry for Falstaff and blame the Prince for what happens to him. The same custom is the reason why Shylock, the villain in The Merchant of Venice, is often changed into a man who is unfairly punished, and Hamlet becomes a sad dreamer who cannot make up his mind.

Although Shakespeare understood life better than most of his audience, he belonged to his own time. We cannot always expect him to think in the same way as we do. The Merchant of Venice is a typical example of this. Modern audiences feel guilty if they see a Jew as a villain because of the suffering of the Jewish people under Hitler. But in 1597 there were very few Jewish people in London, and they were not popular because most people thought that they had killed Jesus Christ.

Shakespeare wrote this play because the rival company had had a great success the year before with new performances of Marlowe's The Jew of Malta, written a few years earlier. Barabas, the Jew in Marlowe's play, is a villain like Richard III, with a cruel sense of humour. Burbage probably asked Shakespeare to write a part for him as good as that.

Shakespeare found an Italian story about a businessman in Venice who borrowed money from a Jew to help his nephew. The young man hoped to marry a rich woman. The businessman signed a document which allowed the Jew to cut him with a knife if he did not pay on time. There was nothing in the story about revenge. In Shakespeare's play Portia, the rich woman, becomes a beautiful young girl in love with the nephew, Bassanio. Antonio, the businessman, is Bassanio's friend, not his uncle.

Shylock's behaviour is in the old religious tradition of revenge ('an eye for an eye'), while Portia argues for Christian mercy and forgiveness. But in the great trial scene she has to win according to the law. The document allows Shylock to cut Antonio with his knife, and he chooses to do this near Antonio's heart. But it does not say anything about blood. Shylock loses because Antonio must not lose a drop of blood when he cuts him.

But Shylock is not the devil with red hair that Elizabethan audiences expected. He is given a great speech to prove that Jews are human like Christians, not devils. Shakespeare's understanding of people of all kinds allows him to make Shylock a real character and explain his behaviour. But this does not make him right. He uses the speech as an excuse for taking his revenge.

During this busy time in the theatre, there was tragedy at home in Stratford. Shakespeare's only son, Hamnet, died in August 1596 at the age of eleven. We do not know how Shakespeare felt but it surely affected his view of life. Two months after that, he was given a coat of arms, which was the sign of a gentleman. His father had asked for one a long time before, when he was the leader of the council in Stratford. John Shakespeare was probably pleased, but William made a joke about it in The Merry Wives of Windsor. It would not now belong to his family after his own death, though, because he had no son to follow him.

We do not know anything about Shakespeare's private life in London. Stories about him suggest that he lived quietly and did not go out with other actors, drinking and looking for women. But the more powerful sonnets were probably written at this time, and they suggest that at times he felt guilty. One of the greatest of them, Sonnet 129, is about sex. All men know, he says, that sex without love seems attractive but afterwards they are ashamed of it. But although they know this, they cannot stop themselves doing it.

Shakespeare's success in the theatre had made him rich. His son was dead but he now had even more reason to take care of his wife and daughters. Early in 1597, he bought New Place, the second largest house in Stratford. Anne and their daughters moved there later in the year, while his parents stayed at the house where Shakespeare was born.

Chapter five Great Success and a Personal Tragedy Capítulo cinco Un gran éxito y una tragedia personal 第5章 大成功と個人的悲劇 Rozdział piąty Wielki sukces i osobista tragedia Capítulo 5 Grande sucesso e uma tragédia pessoal Глава пятая Большой успех и личная трагедия 第五章 巨大的成功与个人的悲剧 第五章 巨大的成功與個人的悲劇

In the next four years, between 1594 and 1598, Shakespeare wrote eight plays and became the leading dramatist of his time. 1594年から1598年の間に続く4年間で、シェークスピアは8つの劇を書き、彼の時代の主要な劇作家になりました。 Nos quatro anos seguintes, entre 1594 e 1598, Shakespeare escreveu oito peças e tornou-se o principal dramaturgo do seu tempo. В следующие четыре года, между 1594 и 1598 годами, Шекспир написал восемь пьес и стал ведущим драматургом своего времени. The first three, Richard II, Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Night’s Dream, show that the years of writing poems were still very much in his mind. 最初の3人、リチャード2世、ロミオとジュリエット、そして真夏の夜の夢は、詩を書く長年がまだ彼の心の中にあったことを示しています。 Os três primeiros, Ricardo II, Romeu e Julieta e Sonho de uma Noite de Verão, mostram que os anos de escrita de poemas ainda estavam bem presentes na sua mente. Первые три, «Ричард II», «Ромео и Джульетта» и «Сон в летнюю ночь», показывают, что годы написания стихов все еще были в его памяти. İlk üçü, II. Richard, Romeo ve Juliet ve Bir Yaz Gecesi Rüyası, şiir yazdığı yılların hâlâ zihninde olduğunu gösteriyor. Two are tragedies, and the third is a comedy specially written for the wedding of Lord Hunsdon’s granddaughter in 1596. 2つは悲劇であり、3つ目は1596年にハンズドンLordの孫娘の結婚式のために特別に書かれたコメディです。 Duas são tragédias e a terceira é uma comédia especialmente escrita para o casamento da neta de Lord Hunsdon em 1596. Две трагедии, а третья комедия, специально написанная к свадьбе внучки лорда Хансдона в 1596 году. İkisi trajedi, üçüncüsü ise Lord Hunsdon'ın torununun 1596'daki düğünü için özel olarak yazılmış bir komedi. But all three are still loved above all for the beauty of the language. Pero los tres siguen siendo amados sobre todo por la belleza del lenguaje. しかし、言語の美しさのために、3つすべては今でも何よりも愛されています。 Mas os três continuam a ser apreciados sobretudo pela beleza da língua. Но всех троих по-прежнему любят прежде всего за красоту языка. Ancak üçü de her şeyden önce dilin güzelliği için seviliyor. While Laurence Olivier’s best part was Richard III, John Gielgud’s was Richard II. ローレンス・オリヴィエの最高の部分はリチャード3世でしたが、ジョン・ギールガードはリチャード2世でした。 Enquanto o melhor papel de Laurence Olivier foi Ricardo III, o de John Gielgud foi Ricardo II. В то время как лучшей ролью Лоуренса Оливье был Ричард III, Джон Гилгуд был Ричардом II. Laurence Olivier'in en iyi yanı Richard III iken, John Gielgud'unki Richard II idi.

Even in these plays we can see how Shakespeare’s skill in the theatre was growing. これらの演劇でさえ、劇場でのシェークスピアのスキルがどのように成長していたかを見ることができます。 Mesmo nestas peças, podemos ver como a habilidade de Shakespeare no teatro estava a crescer. Даже в этих пьесах мы видим, как росло театральное мастерство Шекспира. In Romeo and Juliet, the scenes between the lovers are full of beautiful speeches. ロミオとジュリエットでは、恋人同士のシーンは美しいスピーチでいっぱいです。 Em Romeu e Julieta, as cenas entre os amantes estão repletas de belos discursos. В «Ромео и Джульетте» сцены между влюбленными полны красивых речей. Romeo ve Juliet'te aşıklar arasındaki sahneler birbirinden güzel konuşmalarla doludur. But Shakespeare also included the practical words of the Nurse, who came straight from his Stratford childhood, and the rather different ways of speaking of Mercutio and Capulet, Juliets father. Pero Shakespeare también incluyó las palabras prácticas de la enfermera, que procedía directamente de su infancia en Stratford, y las formas bastante diferentes de hablar de Mercucio y Capuleto, el padre de Julieta. しかし、シェークスピアには、ストラトフォードの子供時代から直接来た看護師の実践的な言葉と、ジュリエットの父であるメルキューティオとカピュレットのかなり異なる話し方も含まれていました。 Mas Shakespeare também incluiu as palavras práticas da Enfermeira, que veio directamente da sua infância em Stratford, e as formas bastante diferentes de falar de Mercúcio e Capuleto, o pai de Julieta. Но Шекспир также включил практические слова медсестры, которая пришла прямо из его стратфордского детства, и довольно разные способы говорить о Меркуцио и Капулетти, отце Джульетты. Ancak Shakespeare, doğrudan Stratford çocukluğundan gelen Hemşire'nin pratik sözlerini ve Juliet'in babası Mercutio ve Capulet'ten oldukça farklı konuşma biçimlerini de içeriyordu. He was beginning to give each character a personal voice. 彼は各キャラクターに個人的な声を与え始めていました。 Estava a começar a dar uma voz pessoal a cada personagem. Он начал наделять каждого персонажа личным голосом. Her karaktere kişisel bir ses vermeye başlamıştı.

A Midsummer Night’s Dream is perhaps the loveliest play that Shakespeare wrote. 真夏の夜の夢は、おそらくシェークスピアが書いた最も美しい劇です。 Sonho de uma Noite de Verão é talvez a peça mais bela que Shakespeare escreveu. «Сон в летнюю ночь» — пожалуй, самая прекрасная пьеса, написанная Шекспиром. Shakespeare invented three stories and put them together cleverly as the perfect entertainment for a wedding. シェークスピアは3つの物語を発明し、それらを巧みに組み合わせて、結婚式の完璧な娯楽にしました。 Shakespeare inventou três histórias e juntou-as de forma inteligente como o entretenimento perfeito para um casamento. Шекспир придумал три рассказа и умело сложил их, как идеальное развлечение для свадьбы. One is about young lovers, as usual unwilling to obey their parents' wishes; another is about the fairy king and queen, who use their magic power to confuse the lovers; the third is about a group of actors who are going to perform a play for the wedding of Theseus, the Duke of Athens, and Hippolyta. 1つは、通常、両親の希望に従おうとしない若い恋人についてです。もう1つは、妖精の王と女王に関するもので、彼らは魔法の力を使って恋人を混乱させます。三番目は、テセウス、アテネ公爵、ヒッポリタの結婚式のために演劇をしようとする俳優のグループについてです。 Uma é sobre jovens amantes que, como de costume, não querem obedecer aos desejos dos pais; outra é sobre o rei e a rainha das fadas, que usam o seu poder mágico para confundir os amantes; a terceira é sobre um grupo de actores que vão representar uma peça para o casamento de Teseu, o duque de Atenas, e Hipólita. Один о молодых влюбленных, которые обычно не желают подчиняться желаниям родителей; другой - о короле и королеве фей, которые используют свою магическую силу, чтобы сбить с толку влюбленных; третий - о группе актеров, которые собираются разыграть пьесу о свадьбе Тесея, герцога Афинского, и Ипполиты. Biri, her zamanki gibi ebeveynlerinin isteklerine itaat etmeye isteksiz olan genç aşıklarla ilgili; diğeri ise sihirli güçlerini aşıkların kafasını karıştırmak için kullanan peri kral ve kraliçe hakkındadır; üçüncüsü, Theseus, Atina Dükü ve Hippolyta'nın düğünü için bir oyun oynayacak olan bir grup oyuncu hakkındadır.

Professional actors enjoy making fun of ordinary people trying to act. Los actores profesionales disfrutan burlándose de la gente común que intenta actuar. プロの俳優は、行動しようとする普通の人々をからかうことを楽しんでいます。 Os actores profissionais gostam de gozar com as pessoas comuns que tentam representar. Профессиональные актеры любят подшучивать над простыми людьми, пытающимися сыграть. Profesyonel oyuncular, rol yapmaya çalışan sıradan insanlarla dalga geçmekten hoşlanırlar. A Midsummer Night’s Dream contains a number of jokes about Shakespeare and his friends. 真夏の夜の夢には、シェークスピアと彼の友人についてのジョークが数多く含まれています。 Sonho de uma Noite de Verão contém uma série de piadas sobre Shakespeare e os seus amigos. «Сон в летнюю ночь» содержит множество анекдотов о Шекспире и его друзьях. Bir Yaz Gecesi Rüyası, Shakespeare ve arkadaşları hakkında bir dizi şaka içerir. The actors in the play perform a tragedy about two young lovers, like Shakespeare’s last play, Romeo and Juliet, but their performance is full of comic mistakes. 劇中の俳優は、シェークスピアの最後の戯曲、ロミオとジュリエットのような2人の若い恋人についての悲劇を演じていますが、彼らのパフォーマンスは漫画の間違いでいっぱいです。 Os actores da peça representam uma tragédia sobre dois jovens amantes, à semelhança da última peça de Shakespeare, Romeu e Julieta, mas a sua representação está cheia de erros cómicos. Актеры в спектакле разыгрывают трагедию о двух юных влюбленных, наподобие последней пьесы Шекспира «Ромео и Джульетта», но их исполнение полно комических ошибок. The leading actor, Bottom, is like many stars in the theatre. El actor principal, Bottom, es como muchas estrellas del teatro. 主演俳優のボトムは、劇場の多くの星のようです。 O actor principal, Bottom, é como muitas estrelas do teatro. Ведущий актер Боттом похож на многих звезд театра. He wants to play all the parts himself. 彼は自分ですべてのパートを演奏したいと考えています。 Ele quer fazer todos os papéis sozinho. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, though, for the first time, Shakespeare suggests that he was beginning to think of plays as art. しかし、真夏の夜の夢の中で、シェイクスピアは初めて演劇を芸術として考え始めたと示唆しています。 Em Sonho de uma Noite de Verão, porém, pela primeira vez, Shakespeare sugere que estava a começar a pensar nas peças como arte. Однако в «Сне в летнюю ночь» Шекспир впервые предполагает, что он начал воспринимать пьесы как искусство. Yine de Bir Yaz Gecesi Rüyası'nda Shakespeare ilk kez oyunları sanat olarak düşünmeye başladığını öne sürüyor. His character Theseus says that poets are like mad people; they imagine things that are not real. Su personaje Teseo dice que los poetas son como locos; imaginan cosas que no son reales. 彼の性格テセウスは、詩人は狂人のようなものだと言っています。彼らは現実ではないものを想像します。 A sua personagem Teseu diz que os poetas são como os loucos; imaginam coisas que não são reais. Theseus karakteri, şairlerin deli insanlar gibi olduğunu söyler; gerçek olmayan şeyleri hayal ederler. But Hippolyta answers that the audience have seen a dream which has the power to stay in the mind afterwards. しかし、ヒッポリタは、観客はその後心にとどまる力を持つ夢を見たと答えています。 Mas Hipólita responde que o público viu um sonho que tem o poder de ficar na mente depois. Но Ипполита отвечает, что зрители видели сон, который впоследствии может остаться в памяти. Ancak Hippolyta, seyircinin sonradan akılda kalma gücüne sahip bir rüya gördüğünü söyler. We can recognize that something is true more easily in art than in real life. 私たちは、実生活よりもアートの方が簡単に真実であることを認識できます。 Podemos reconhecer que algo é verdadeiro mais facilmente na arte do que na vida real. Нам легче понять, что в искусстве что-то является правдой, чем в реальной жизни. Sanatta bir şeyin gerçek hayatta olduğundan daha kolay bir şekilde doğru olduğunu anlayabiliriz.

At one time it was thought that Shakespeare planned to write a group of four plays about English history in the early fifteenth century. かつて、シェークスピアは15世紀初頭に英国の歴史について4つの劇のグループを書くことを計画していたと考えられていました。 Em tempos, pensou-se que Shakespeare planeava escrever um grupo de quatro peças sobre a história inglesa no início do século XV. Одно время считалось, что Шекспир планировал написать группу из четырех пьес об английской истории начала пятнадцатого века. But the plays are very different from each other, so it seems that he wrote them one by one. しかし、演劇は互いに非常に異なっているので、彼はそれらを一つずつ書いたようです。 Mas as peças são muito diferentes umas das outras, pelo que parece que as escreveu uma a uma. Но пьесы очень отличаются друг от друга, поэтому создается впечатление, что он писал их одну за другой. Ama oyunlar birbirinden çok farklı olduğu için tek tek yazdığı anlaşılıyor. Richard II is the tragedy of a man with little political ability who becomes king. リチャード2世は、政治的能力がほとんどなく、王になる男の悲劇です。 Ricardo II é a tragédia de um homem com pouca capacidade política que se torna rei. Ричард II — это трагедия человека с небольшими политическими способностями, который становится королем. Richard II, siyasi yeteneği az olan ve kral olan bir adamın trajedisi. His cousin, Bolingbroke, rebelled against him and became king in his place as Henry IV. 彼のいとこボーリングブロークは彼に反抗し、ヘンリー4世の代わりに王になった。 O seu primo, Bolingbroke, revoltou-se contra ele e tornou-se rei no seu lugar, como Henrique IV. Его двоюродный брат Болингброк восстал против него и стал королем вместо Генриха IV. Kuzeni Bolingbroke ona isyan etti ve yerine IV. Henry olarak kral oldu. Soon afterwards, Richard was murdered in prison and Henry’s supporters in the north, the Percy family, rebelled against him. Poco después, Richard fue asesinado en prisión y los partidarios de Henry en el norte, la familia Percy, se rebelaron contra él. その後まもなく、リチャードは刑務所で殺害され、北のヘンリーの支持者であるパーシー一家が彼に反抗した。 Pouco tempo depois, Ricardo foi assassinado na prisão e os apoiantes de Henrique no norte, a família Percy, revoltaram-se contra ele. Вскоре после этого Ричард был убит в тюрьме, и сторонники Генриха на севере, семья Перси, восстали против него. Kısa bir süre sonra, Richard hapishanede öldürüldü ve Henry'nin kuzeydeki destekçileri Percy ailesi ona isyan etti.

In 1596, Shakespeare had a good reason for writing a play on this subject. En 1596, Shakespeare tenía una buena razón para escribir una obra de teatro sobre este tema. 1596年、シェークスピアはこの主題に関する劇を書く正当な理由を持っていました。 Em 1596, Shakespeare tinha uma boa razão para escrever uma peça sobre este tema. В 1596 году у Шекспира была веская причина написать пьесу на эту тему. The Percy family were Catholics, and many years earlier the company’s patron, Lord Hunsdon, had fought against them and beaten them when they had rebelled against his cousin, the Queen. La familia Percy era católica, y muchos años antes el patrón de la compañía, Lord Hunsdon, había luchado contra ellos y los había golpeado cuando se rebelaron contra su prima, la Reina. パーシー一家はカトリック教徒であり、何年も前に会社の顧客であるフンスドンLordが彼らと戦って、従兄弟の女王に反抗したときに彼らを打ち負かしました。 A família Percy era católica e, muitos anos antes, o patrono da empresa, Lord Hunsdon, tinha lutado contra eles e derrotado-os quando se tinham rebelado contra a sua prima, a Rainha. Семья Перси была католиками, и много лет назад покровитель компании, лорд Хансдон, сражался с ними и победил их, когда они восстали против его кузины, королевы. When they watched Richard II, the audience were sure to think of the Queen and her cousin. Cuando vieron a Ricardo II, la audiencia seguramente pensaría en la Reina y su prima. 彼らがリチャード2世を見たとき、聴衆は女王と彼女のいとこを思い浮かべていました。 Quando assistiam a Ricardo II, o público não deixava de pensar na Rainha e no seu primo. Когда они смотрели «Ричарда II», публика наверняка думала о королеве и ее кузине.

Many people in the audience also remembered two plays about the reigns of Henry IV and Henry V that had been very popular a few years before. 聴衆の多くの人々は、数年前に非常に人気があったヘンリー4世とヘンリー5世の治世についての2つの演劇も思い出しました。 Muitas pessoas na plateia também se lembraram de duas peças sobre os reinados de Henrique IV e Henrique V que tinham sido muito populares alguns anos antes. Многие зрители также вспомнили две пьесы о правлении Генриха IV и Генриха V, которые были очень популярны несколько лет назад. These plays were really both about Henry V, the greatest English war leader in history at that time. これらの戯曲は、当時の歴史上最も偉大な英国の戦争指導者であるヘンリーVについての両方でした。 Estas peças eram, na verdade, ambas sobre Henrique V, o maior líder de guerra inglês da história da época. На самом деле обе эти пьесы были о Генрихе V, величайшем английском военачальнике в истории того времени. He had got into trouble as a young man because he had a friend called Sir John Oldcastle and they behaved badly. ジョン・オールドキャッスルirという友人がいて、彼らの振る舞いが悪いので、彼は若い頃トラブルに巻き込まれていました。 Em jovem, meteu-se em sarilhos porque tinha um amigo chamado Sir John Oldcastle e portaram-se mal. В молодости он попал в беду из-за того, что у него был друг по имени сэр Джон Олдкасл, и они вели себя плохо. Genç bir adam olarak, Sir John Oldcastle adında bir arkadaşı olduğu ve kötü davrandıkları için başı belaya girmişti. When he became king, he changed completely and was remembered afterwards as a hero. 彼が王になったとき、彼は完全に変わり、その後ヒーローとして記憶されました。 Quando se tornou rei, mudou completamente e foi recordado depois como um herói. Став королем, он полностью изменился, и впоследствии его вспоминали как героя. Kral olduğunda tamamen değişti ve daha sonra bir kahraman olarak anıldı.

At first, Shakespeare planned to write two plays like this, one about Henry V while he was still a prince, the other about him as king. 最初は、シェークスピアはこのような2つの戯曲を書くことを計画しました。1つはまだ王子だったヘンリー5世に関するもので、もう1つは王としての彼に関するものです。 Inicialmente, Shakespeare planeou escrever duas peças como esta, uma sobre Henrique V enquanto ainda era príncipe e outra sobre ele enquanto rei. But when he invented the character of the Prince’s friend, Oldcastle, he saw that it was the perfect part for one of the stars of his company, the comic actor, Will Kempe. しかし、王子の友人であるオールドキャッスルのキャラクターを発明したとき、彼はそれが彼の会社のスターの1人であるコミック俳優、ウィル・ケンペにとって完璧な部分であることがわかりました。 Mas quando inventou a personagem do amigo do Príncipe, Oldcastle, viu que era o papel perfeito para uma das estrelas da sua companhia, o actor cómico Will Kempe. As in many other plays, he used two similar stories for comparison; here, one is serious and one is comic. 他の多くの戯曲と同様に、彼は比較のために2つの類似した物語を使用しました。ここでは、1つは深刻で、もう1つはコミックです。 Como em muitas outras peças, utilizou duas histórias semelhantes para comparação; aqui, uma é séria e a outra é cómica. The relationship between the Prince and Oldcastle tells us something about the relationship between the Prince and his father. 王子とオールドキャッスルの関係は、王子と父親の関係について何かを教えてくれます。 A relação entre o Príncipe e Oldcastle diz-nos algo sobre a relação entre o Príncipe e o seu pai. But because the two stories are both very interesting, Shakespeare realized that he had too much to say for one play, so he divided the first play, called Henry IV, in two. しかし、2つの物語はどちらも非常に興味深いので、シェークスピアは、1回の演劇では発言するのが多すぎることに気付き、ヘンリーIVと呼ばれる最初の演劇を2つに分けました。 Mas como as duas histórias são ambas muito interessantes, Shakespeare apercebeu-se de que tinha demasiado para dizer numa só peça, pelo que dividiu a primeira peça, chamada Henrique IV, em duas.

This was not the end of the matter. Este no fue el final del asunto. これは問題の終わりではありませんでした。 O assunto não ficou por aqui. На этом дело не кончилось. Henry IV Part I was acted with great success, but soon afterwards Lord Hunsdon died and Lord Cobham took his place at the royal court. ヘンリー4世第1部は大成功を収めましたが、その後すぐに、ハンスドンLordが亡くなり、コブハムLordが王宮でその地位に就きました。 Henrique IV Parte I foi representada com grande sucesso, mas pouco depois Lord Hunsdon morreu e Lord Cobham tomou o seu lugar na corte real. Lord Cobham belonged to the Oldcastle family. コブハムLordはオールドキャッスル家に属していました。 Lord Cobham pertencia à família Oldcastle. He complained that the company were making fun of Oldcastle, so Shakespeare had to change the name. 彼は会社がオールドキャッスルをからかっていると不満を漏らしたので、シェークスピアは名前を変えなければなりませんでした。 Queixou-se de que a empresa estava a gozar com a Oldcastle, pelo que Shakespeare teve de mudar o nome. This is why one of his most famous characters is called Falstaff. これが彼の最も有名なキャラクターの一人がファルスタッフと呼ばれる理由です。 É por isso que uma das suas personagens mais famosas se chama Falstaff.

There is a story that Queen Elizabeth enjoyed the play so much that she wanted to see a play about Falstaff in love. Hay una historia de que la reina Isabel disfrutó tanto de la obra que quería ver una obra sobre Falstaff enamorada. エリザベス女王が劇をとても楽しんでいたので、恋にあるファルスタッフについての劇を見たかったという話があります。 Há uma história que conta que a Rainha Isabel gostou tanto da peça que quis ver uma peça sobre Falstaff apaixonado. Есть история, что королеве Елизавете пьеса так понравилась, что ей захотелось посмотреть пьесу о влюбленном Фальстафе. Kraliçe Elizabeth'in oyundan o kadar keyif aldığına dair bir hikaye var ki, Falstaff'ın aşık olduğu bir oyun görmek istedi. Lord Cobham died in March, and Lord Hunsdon’s son took his position. コブハムLordは3月に亡くなり、ハンスドンLordの息子が彼の地位に就きました。 Lord Cobham morreu em Março e o filho de Lord Hunsdon assumiu o seu lugar. He was going to join the Queen for a celebration at Windsor that summer. 彼はその夏、ウィンザーでのお祝いのために女王に加わろうとしていました。 Ia juntar-se à Rainha para uma celebração em Windsor nesse Verão. Shakespeare had started writing Henry IV Part II, but he had to stop and write a special entertainment, The Merry Wives of Windsor. シェークスピアはヘンリー4部IIの執筆を開始しましたが、彼は特別なエンターテインメント「ウィンザーのメリーの妻」を止めて執筆しなければなりませんでした。 Shakespeare tinha começado a escrever Henrique IV Parte II, mas teve de parar para escrever um entretenimento especial, The Merry Wives of Windsor. It is said that he wrote it in two weeks. Se dice que lo escribió en dos semanas. 彼は2週間でそれを書いたと言われています。 Diz-se que o escreveu em duas semanas. Говорят, что он написал это за две недели.

The play is very funny and has a lot of characters with amusing accents. 演劇はとてもおもしろく、面白いアクセントのキャラクターがたくさんいます。 A peça é muito engraçada e tem muitas personagens com sotaques divertidos. One of them is a Welsh teacher, who is annoyed with a little boy called William in a Latin lesson. Uno de ellos es un profesor de galés, que está molesto con un niño llamado William en una lección de latín. そのうちの一人はウェールズ語の教師で、ラテン語のレッスンでウィリアムと呼ばれる小さな男の子に悩まされています。 Um deles é um professor galês, que está aborrecido com um rapazinho chamado William numa aula de latim. Here Shakespeare was remembering his childhood. ここで、シェークスピアは子供時代を思い出していました。 Aqui Shakespeare estava a recordar a sua infância. As usual, he used the experience to improve his next play. いつものように、彼はこの経験を使って次のプレーを改善しました。 Como de costume, utilizou a experiência para melhorar a sua jogada seguinte. Как обычно, он использовал полученный опыт, чтобы улучшить свою следующую игру.

Henry IV Part II is not really a history play. Henry IV Part IIは、実際には歴史劇ではありません。 Henrique IV Parte II não é propriamente uma peça histórica. Falstaff and his men appear in most of the scenes, which clearly take place in the England of Shakespeare’s own time. フォルスタッフと彼の部下はほとんどの場面に登場し、それは明らかにシェークスピア自身の時代のイギリスで起こっています。 Falstaff e os seus homens aparecem na maior parte das cenas, que se passam claramente na Inglaterra do tempo de Shakespeare. Фальстаф и его люди появляются в большинстве сцен, которые явно происходят в Англии времен Шекспира. The play suggests that the great days of the past have ended. La obra sugiere que los grandes días del pasado han terminado. この劇は、過去の偉大な日々が終わったことを示唆しています。 A peça sugere que os grandes dias do passado terminaram. Спектакль говорит о том, что великие дни прошлого закончились. Many people felt like that towards the end of the great queen’s reign. Mucha gente se sintió así hacia el final del reinado de la gran reina. 多くの人々は、偉大な女王の統治の終わりに向かってそのように感じました。 Muitas pessoas sentiram o mesmo no final do reinado da grande rainha. Многие люди чувствовали это к концу правления великой королевы. Büyük kraliçenin saltanatının sonlarına doğru pek çok insan böyle hissetti. Falstaff in this play is not so amusing. この劇のファルスタッフはあまり面白くない。 Falstaff, nesta peça, não é tão divertido. He is old and tired and cheats simple country people like the judge, Shallow, while he is waiting for the Prince to become king. 彼は古くて疲れていて、王子が王になるのを待っている間、裁判官シャローのような単純な田舎の人々をだます。 Está velho e cansado e engana as pessoas simples do campo, como o juiz, Shallow, enquanto espera que o Príncipe se torne rei. Он стар и устал и обманывает простых деревенских людей, таких как судья Шеллоу, пока он ждет, когда принц станет королем. Yaşlı ve yorgundur ve Prens'in kral olmasını beklerken yargıç Sığ gibi basit taşralıları aldatır. Він старий і втомлений і обманює простих сільських людей, таких як суддя Шеллоу, поки чекає, поки Принц стане королем. Then he hopes that he will be a favourite at court. それから彼は彼が法廷でお気に入りになることを望んでいます。 Depois, espera ser o favorito da corte. But at the end of the play, the new king, Henry V, gives him money but says that he must stay away from him. しかし、劇の終わりに、新しい王ヘンリー5世は彼にお金を与えますが、彼から離れなければならないと言います。 Mas, no final da peça, o novo rei, Henrique V, dá-lhe dinheiro, mas diz-lhe que deve manter-se afastado dele. Но в конце пьесы новый король Генрих V дает ему деньги, но говорит, что он должен держаться от него подальше.

Falstaff is the first of Shakespeare’s characters who is so interesting on the stage that he has a life outside the theatre. ファルスタッフは、シェークスピアの最初の登場人物であり、舞台上で非常に興味深く、劇場外での生活を送っています。 Falstaff é a primeira das personagens de Shakespeare que é tão interessante em palco que tem uma vida fora do teatro. Фальстаф - первый из героев Шекспира, который настолько интересен на сцене, что живет вне театра. People have heard of him before they see or read the play. 劇を見たり読んだりする前に、彼のことを聞いたことがあります。 As pessoas já ouviram falar dele antes de verem ou lerem a peça. This situation began 200 years ago, when it became the custom to talk about characters in plays as real people. Esta situación comenzó hace 200 años, cuando se hizo costumbre hablar de los personajes de las obras como personas reales. この状況は200年前に始まり、劇中の登場人物について本物の人間として話すことが習慣になりました。 Esta situação começou há 200 anos, quando se tornou hábito falar de personagens de peças de teatro como pessoas reais. Такая ситуация началась 200 лет назад, когда о героях пьес стало принято говорить как о реальных людях. And so today we may see Henry IV Part II performed with the Prince as a kind of villain. Así que hoy podemos ver a Enrique IV Parte II interpretada con el Príncipe como una especie de villano. ですから、今日、ヘンリー4世の第2部は、ある種の悪役として王子と共に演じることがあります。 Por isso, hoje podemos ver Henrique IV Parte II representado com o Príncipe como uma espécie de vilão. Итак, сегодня мы можем увидеть Генриха IV, часть II, в исполнении принца как своего рода злодея. The director thinks that the audience will feel more sorry for Falstaff and blame the Prince for what happens to him. El director cree que el público sentirá más lástima por Falstaff y culpará al Príncipe de lo que le sucede. 監督は、聴衆はファルスタッフをもっと気の毒に思い、彼に何が起こったのか王子を非難すると思う。 O realizador pensa que o público sentirá mais pena de Falstaff e culpará o Príncipe pelo que lhe acontece. The same custom is the reason why Shylock, the villain in The Merchant of Venice, is often changed into a man who is unfairly punished, and Hamlet becomes a sad dreamer who cannot make up his mind. La misma costumbre es la razón por la que Shylock, el villano de El mercader de Venecia, a menudo se convierte en un hombre que es castigado injustamente, y Hamlet se convierte en un soñador triste que no puede decidirse. 同じ慣習が、ヴェネツィアの商人の悪役であるシャイロックがしばしば不当に処罰される男に変えられ、ハムレットが決心することができない悲しい夢想家になる理由です。 O mesmo costume é a razão pela qual Shylock, o vilão de O Mercador de Veneza, é frequentemente transformado num homem que é injustamente punido, e Hamlet se torna um triste sonhador que não consegue decidir-se. Тот же обычай является причиной того, что Шейлок, злодей в «Венецианском купце», часто превращается в человека, которого несправедливо наказывают, а Гамлет становится грустным мечтателем, который не может принять решение. Aynı gelenek, Venedik Taciri'ndeki kötü adam Shylock'un genellikle haksız yere cezalandırılan bir adama dönüşmesinin ve Hamlet'in karar veremeyen hüzünlü bir hayalperest haline gelmesinin nedenidir.

Although Shakespeare understood life better than most of his audience, he belonged to his own time. Aunque Shakespeare entendía la vida mejor que la mayoría de su audiencia, pertenecía a su propia época. シェークスピアはほとんどの聴衆よりも人生をよく理解していましたが、彼は自分の時間に属していました。 Apesar de Shakespeare ter compreendido a vida melhor do que a maioria do seu público, ele pertenceu ao seu próprio tempo. We cannot always expect him to think in the same way as we do. No siempre podemos esperar que él piense de la misma manera que nosotros. 彼が私たちと同じように考えることを常に期待することはできません。 Não podemos esperar que ele pense sempre da mesma forma que nós. The Merchant of Venice is a typical example of this. ヴェネツィアの商人は、この典型的な例です。 O Mercador de Veneza é um exemplo típico desta situação. Modern audiences feel guilty if they see a Jew as a villain because of the suffering of the Jewish people under Hitler. 現代の聴衆は、ヒトラーの下でユダヤ人が苦しんでいるために、ユダヤ人を悪役と見なすと罪悪感を覚えます。 O público moderno sente-se culpado se vir um judeu como vilão, devido ao sofrimento do povo judeu sob Hitler. Современная публика чувствует себя виноватой, если видит в евреях злодея из-за страданий еврейского народа при Гитлере. But in 1597 there were very few Jewish people in London, and they were not popular because most people thought that they had killed Jesus Christ. しかし、1597年にはロンドンにユダヤ人はほとんどいませんでしたが、ほとんどの人がイエス・キリストを殺したと思ったので、彼らは人気がありませんでした。 Mas em 1597 havia muito poucos judeus em Londres e eles não eram populares porque a maioria das pessoas pensava que eles tinham matado Jesus Cristo.

Shakespeare wrote this play because the rival company had had a great success the year before with new performances of Marlowe’s The Jew of Malta, written a few years earlier. シェークスピアがこの劇を書いたのは、ライバル会社が数年前に書かれたマーロウの「マルタのユダヤ人」の新しい公演で前年に大成功を収めたからです。 Shakespeare escreveu esta peça porque a companhia rival tinha tido um grande sucesso no ano anterior com novas representações de O Judeu de Malta, de Marlowe, escrita alguns anos antes. Barabas, the Jew in Marlowe’s play, is a villain like Richard III, with a cruel sense of humour. マーロウの劇中のユダヤ人バラバスは、リチャード3世のような悪役であり、残酷なユーモアのセンスを持っています。 Barabas, o judeu da peça de Marlowe, é um vilão como Ricardo III, com um sentido de humor cruel. Burbage probably asked Shakespeare to write a part for him as good as that. Burbage probablemente le pidió a Shakespeare que le escribiera un papel tan bueno como eso. Burbageはおそらくシェークスピアに彼と同じくらい良い部分を書くように頼んだでしょう。 Provavelmente, Burbage pediu a Shakespeare que lhe escrevesse um papel tão bom como aquele. Бербедж, вероятно, просил Шекспира написать для него такую же хорошую партию.

Shakespeare found an Italian story about a businessman in Venice who borrowed money from a Jew to help his nephew. シェークスピアは、Veniceを助けるためにユダヤ人からお金を借りたベニスのビジネスマンについてのイタリアの物語を見つけました。 Shakespeare encontrou uma história italiana sobre um homem de negócios em Veneza que pediu dinheiro emprestado a um judeu para ajudar o seu sobrinho. The young man hoped to marry a rich woman. 若い男は金持ちの女性と結婚したいと思った。 O jovem esperava casar-se com uma mulher rica. The businessman signed a document which allowed the Jew to cut him with a knife if he did not pay on time. 実業家は、ユダヤ人が期限内に支払わなければナイフで彼を切ることを許可する文書に署名しました。 O empresário assinou um documento que permitia ao judeu cortá-lo com uma faca se não pagasse a tempo. There was nothing in the story about revenge. No había nada en la historia sobre venganza. 復venについての話には何もありませんでした。 Não havia nada na história sobre vingança. В истории не было ничего о мести. In Shakespeare’s play Portia, the rich woman, becomes a beautiful young girl in love with the nephew, Bassanio. シェークスピアの戯曲で、裕福な女性であるポーシャは、Basのバサニオに恋をする美しい少女になります。 Na peça de Shakespeare, Pórcia, a mulher rica, torna-se uma bela jovem apaixonada pelo sobrinho Bassânio. Shakespeare'in oyununda zengin kadın Portia, yeğeni Bassanio'ya aşık güzel bir genç kız olur. Antonio, the businessman, is Bassanio’s friend, not his uncle. ビジネスマンのアントニオは、叔父ではなく、バサニオの友人です。 António, o homem de negócios, é amigo de Bassânio, não seu tio.

Shylock’s behaviour is in the old religious tradition of revenge ('an eye for an eye'), while Portia argues for Christian mercy and forgiveness. シャイロックの振る舞いは復religiousの古い宗教的伝統(「目を見る目」)にありますが、ポーシャはキリスト教の慈悲と赦しを主張します。 O comportamento de Shylock insere-se na velha tradição religiosa da vingança ("olho por olho"), enquanto Pórcia defende a misericórdia e o perdão cristãos. Поведение Шейлока соответствует старой религиозной традиции мести («око за око»), в то время как Порция выступает за христианское милосердие и прощение. Shylock'un davranışı eski dini intikam geleneğindedir ("göze göz"), Portia ise Hristiyan merhametini ve bağışlayıcılığını savunur. But in the great trial scene she has to win according to the law. しかし、偉大な裁判の場面では、彼女は法律に従って勝たなければなりません。 Mas na grande cena do julgamento, ela tem de ganhar de acordo com a lei. Ama büyük dava sahnesinde kanuna göre kazanmak zorunda. The document allows Shylock to cut Antonio with his knife, and he chooses to do this near Antonio’s heart. この文書により、シャイロックはアントニオをナイフで切ることができ、アントニオの心臓の近くでこれを行うことを選択しました。 O documento permite a Shylock cortar António com a sua faca, e ele escolhe fazê-lo perto do coração de António. Документ позволяет Шейлоку разрезать Антонио ножом, и он решает сделать это около сердца Антонио. Belge, Shylock'un Antonio'yu bıçağıyla kesmesine izin veriyor ve bunu Antonio'nun kalbine yakın bir yerde yapmayı seçiyor. But it does not say anything about blood. しかし、血については何も言いません。 Mas não diz nada sobre o sangue. Но там ничего не сказано о крови. Shylock loses because Antonio must not lose a drop of blood when he cuts him. Shylock verliert, weil Antonio keinen Tropfen Blut verlieren darf, wenn er ihn schneidet. シャイロックが負けるのは、アントニオが彼を切ったときに血を一滴も失ってはならないからです。 Shylock perde porque António não pode perder uma gota de sangue quando o corta. Шейлок проигрывает, потому что Антонио не должен терять ни капли крови, когда режет его.

But Shylock is not the devil with red hair that Elizabethan audiences expected. しかし、シャイロックはエリザベス朝の観客が期待した赤い髪の悪魔ではありません。 Mas Shylock não é o diabo de cabelo ruivo que o público isabelino esperava. Ancak Shylock, Elizabeth dönemi izleyicilerinin beklediği kızıl saçlı şeytan değil. He is given a great speech to prove that Jews are human like Christians, not devils. 彼はユダヤ人がキリスト教徒のような人間であり、悪魔ではないことを証明するために素晴らしいスピーチを与えられます。 É-lhe dado um grande discurso para provar que os judeus são humanos como os cristãos, e não demónios. Он произносит прекрасную речь, чтобы доказать, что евреи такие же люди, как христиане, а не дьяволы. Shakespeare’s understanding of people of all kinds allows him to make Shylock a real character and explain his behaviour. シェークスピアはあらゆる種類の人々を理解しているため、シャイロックを本物のキャラクターにし、その行動を説明することができます。 O conhecimento que Shakespeare tem das pessoas de todos os géneros permite-lhe fazer de Shylock uma personagem real e explicar o seu comportamento. Понимание Шекспиром самых разных людей позволяет ему сделать Шейлока настоящим персонажем и объяснить его поведение. But this does not make him right. しかし、これは彼を正しくしません。 Mas isso não lhe dá razão. Но это не делает его правым. He uses the speech as an excuse for taking his revenge. 彼はスピーチを復venの口実にしています。 Usa o discurso como desculpa para se vingar. Он использует эту речь как предлог для мести.

During this busy time in the theatre, there was tragedy at home in Stratford. 劇場でのこの忙しい時間の間に、ストラットフォードの自宅で悲劇がありました。 Durante este período atarefado no teatro, houve uma tragédia em casa, em Stratford. Shakespeare’s only son, Hamnet, died in August 1596 at the age of eleven. シェークスピアの唯一の息子であるハムネットは、1596年8月に11歳で亡くなりました。 O único filho de Shakespeare, Hamnet, morreu em Agosto de 1596, com onze anos de idade. We do not know how Shakespeare felt but it surely affected his view of life. シェークスピアがどのように感じたかは分かりませんが、それは確かに彼の人生観に影響を与えました。 Não sabemos como Shakespeare se sentiu, mas isso afectou certamente a sua visão da vida. Two months after that, he was given a coat of arms, which was the sign of a gentleman. Dos meses después de eso, le dieron un escudo de armas, que era el signo de un caballero. その2ヶ月後、彼は紳士のしるしであった紋章を与えられました。 Dois meses depois, foi-lhe dado um brasão de armas, que era o sinal de um cavalheiro. Bundan iki ay sonra, bir beyefendinin işareti olan bir arması verildi. His father had asked for one a long time before, when he was the leader of the council in Stratford. 彼の父は、彼がストラットフォードの議会のリーダーであったとき、ずっと前に1つを求めていました。 O seu pai tinha pedido uma há muito tempo, quando era líder do conselho em Stratford. Его отец просил об этом задолго до этого, когда он был лидером совета в Стратфорде. John Shakespeare was probably pleased, but William made a joke about it in The Merry Wives of Windsor. ジョン・シェークスピアはおそらく喜ぶだろうが、ウィリアムはウィンザーのメリー妻でそれについて冗談を言った。 John Shakespeare deve ter ficado satisfeito, mas William fez uma piada sobre o assunto em The Merry Wives of Windsor. It would not now belong to his family after his own death, though, because he had no son to follow him. しかし、彼は彼の死後、彼の家族に属していませんでした、彼には彼に従うべき息子がいなかったからです。 No entanto, após a sua morte, não pertenceria à sua família, porque não tinha nenhum filho que o seguisse. Однако после его смерти он не принадлежал его семье, потому что у него не было сына, который мог бы последовать за ним.

We do not know anything about Shakespeare’s private life in London. ロンドンでのシェークスピアの私生活については何も知りません。 Não sabemos nada sobre a vida privada de Shakespeare em Londres. Stories about him suggest that he lived quietly and did not go out with other actors, drinking and looking for women. 彼についての物語は、彼が静かに住んでいて、他の俳優と一緒に出かけず、飲酒して女性を探していなかったことを示唆しています。 As histórias sobre ele sugerem que vivia tranquilamente e não saía com outros actores, bebendo e procurando mulheres. But the more powerful sonnets were probably written at this time, and they suggest that at times he felt guilty. しかし、より強力なソネットはおそらくこの時点で書かれたものであり、彼らは時々彼が罪悪感を感じたことを示唆しています。 Mas os sonetos mais fortes foram provavelmente escritos nessa altura e sugerem que, por vezes, se sentia culpado. One of the greatest of them, Sonnet 129, is about sex. それらの最大の1つであるSonnet 129は、セックスに関するものです。 Um dos maiores, o Soneto 129, é sobre sexo. All men know, he says, that sex without love seems attractive but afterwards they are ashamed of it. 彼は、すべての男性が愛のないセックスは魅力的であると知っているが、その後それを恥じていることを知っています。 Todos os homens sabem, diz ele, que o sexo sem amor parece atraente, mas depois envergonham-se dele. Все мужчины знают, говорит он, что секс без любви кажется привлекательным, но потом они стыдятся этого. But although they know this, they cannot stop themselves doing it. しかし、彼らはこれを知っていますが、それをやめることはできません。 Mas, apesar de o saberem, não conseguem impedir-se de o fazer.

Shakespeare’s success in the theatre had made him rich. 劇場でのシェークスピアの成功は、彼を金持ちにしました。 O sucesso de Shakespeare no teatro tornou-o rico. His son was dead but he now had even more reason to take care of his wife and daughters. 彼の息子は亡くなりましたが、彼には妻と娘の面倒を見るより多くの理由がありました。 O seu filho tinha morrido, mas agora tinha ainda mais razões para cuidar da sua mulher e das suas filhas. Его сын умер, но теперь у него было еще больше причин заботиться о жене и дочерях. Early in 1597, he bought New Place, the second largest house in Stratford. 1597年の初め、彼はストラトフォードで2番目に大きな家であるニュープレイスを購入しました。 No início de 1597, comprou New Place, a segunda maior casa de Stratford. Anne and their daughters moved there later in the year, while his parents stayed at the house where Shakespeare was born. アンとその娘たちはその年の後半にそこに移り、両親はシェークスピアが生まれた家に滞在しました。 Anne e as suas filhas mudaram-se para lá no final do ano, enquanto os pais dele ficaram na casa onde Shakespeare nasceu. Анна и их дочери переехали туда позже в том же году, а его родители остались жить в доме, где родился Шекспир.