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Shakespeare - His Life and Plays, Chapter eight Towards Tragedy

Chapter eight Towards Tragedy

In February 1603, Queen Elizabeth died. Her nearest relative, James, King of Scotland, became King of England, too. Shakespeare's company had reason to be pleased. The Earl of Southampton came out of prison and soon became a favourite of the new king and queen. James decided to take personal control of the theatre companies. Only two were allowed to operate. Shakespeare's company became the King's Men; the other company was called the Queen's.

Shakespeare probably gave up acting at about this time. He had never played the main parts. According to later stories about him, he had a fine voice and usually took serious parts - kings, dukes or old men. In Hamlet, for example, he played the Ghost. There was a practical reason for this. Shakespeare was the director of his own plays, and the most difficult scenes are usually at the end when almost all the characters are on the stage. He needed to be off the stage to organize the other actors, so he usually played the part of a man who was dead or had disappeared before the end.

His next two plays, All's Well that Ends Well and Measure for Measure, are not completely successful. Shakespeare was still using stories from popular sources, but by this time his characters were too real to support the happy ending of a fairy story. All's Well that Ends Well does not end well. The nasty young hero, Bertram, who has refused to marry a girl from a lower social class, does not deserve her.

Measure for Measure has some wonderful scenes, but it annoys women today. The heroine, Isabella, refuses to sleep with the judge to save her brothers life but does not mind when another girl takes her place. We cannot accept this kind of solution to a problem if the characters seem real. But there was one advantage for Shakespeare in using this story by an Italian writer, Cinthio. In the same book, he found the story for his next play, Othello.

Shakespeare wrote three tragedies between 1604 and 1606, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. If we compare them with his sources, we can understand their meaning from the changes that he made. Each of these three plays is great but the characters, the subject and the language are different. As always, he does not repeat his successes, but moves on to something new.

Like Hamlet, Othello is often misunderstood because people already have an idea of him in their minds when they come to the theatre. They suppose that he is a typical jealous husband. But this is the Othello of Cinthio's story, not of Shakespeare's play. Cinthio s characters do not have names, and the Moor and his wife are already married. An officer, who became Iago in Shakespeare's play, makes the Moor believe that his wife has slept with another officer, who became Cassio. The Moor and the officer murder her together. There is a trial but neither of them is proved guilty. Afterwards, the wife's relatives kill the Moor, and the officer explains what really happened when he is in prison for another crime.

Shakespeare knew that jealous husbands usually belong to comedy, not tragedy. But Desdemona loves Othello so much that she dies saying that she killed herself. Before he introduced Cinthio's story, almost halfway through the play, Shakespeare had to show Othello as a great man and Othello and Desdemona as two people who are very much in love. This love is destroyed by the lies of a clever man, Iago. Shakespeare's audience were probably surprised by the scenes that he added at the beginning. Black men were usually shown as devils on the stage, not because people hated them in real life - they had probably never seen a black person - but because black was the Devil's colour. But in this play the Devil is white.

Shakespeare's attitude becomes clear if we realize that at this time he was living with a family of French Protestants, the Mountjoys. Protestants had suffered for their religious beliefs in France, but when some moved to England they were unpopular because they worked so hard. Just before he wrote Othello, Shakespeare was asked to write some scenes for a play about Sir Thomas More, Henry VIII's minister, who was executed because he did not agree to the king's marriage to Anne Boleyn. The play was never acted but we have a scene in Shakespeare's own writing. Sir Thomas asks a crowd of people in London who have been attacking foreigners: 'How would you feel if you went to a foreign country, like France, and people did not accept you as human beings? ' Othello defends himself at the end of the play, saying that he is not jealous by nature. Everyone in the play - even Emilia, his wife - believes that Iago is the honest soldier that he pretends to be. But Shakespeare shows us why Othello is tricked. He loves his beautiful young wife but he has never really understood why she loves him. She comes from one of the best families in Venice, but she has fallen in love with a black man, a foreigner, a man almost old enough to be her father. Although he is a great soldier, and the Venetians have given him command of their army, Othello has no experience of women.

In Othello, the love between husband and wife is destroyed. The next play, King Lear, is about parents and children. There was an old play about King Lear that we can compare with Shakespeare's. The story also appeared in 'histories' of Britain, although there was no real King Lear.

In all the sources, Lear was an old king with three daughters, two bad and one good. He decided to divide the country between them equally, but he asked them to tell him which of them loved him most. Two daughters made long speeches, saying how much they loved him, but the third (in Shakespeare's play, Cordelia) did not. King Lear was angry and sent her away, but found that the older daughters were cruel to him when she had gone.

In Shakespeare's play the two older daughters are married, so they have to say that they love their father more than their husbands. Lear goes mad and, in his madness, discovers that he is not a king but only a man. For comparison, Shakespeare also used another story by Sir Philip Sidney about a man with one good son and one bad one, and gave the father the name of Gloucester. Finally, in all the sources, there is a happy ending.

Gloucester dies happily in the arms of his good son. This is the kind of ending that we can expect in stories. But the ending of Lear's story shows us a world where there is no God to save us from suffering. In this world we can only believe in human love. And this is not enough to save us from dying, or, even worse, to save the lives of the people that we love.

Lear comes on to the stage at the end of the play carrying the dead body of Cordelia in his arms. We realize then that it does not matter who is king or queen or who has political power in the country. Lear's best-loved child is dead, and he can do nothing to change that.

At such moments, most dramatists of Shakespeare's time wrote long speeches for the actor. But Shakespeare always uses simple language in scenes like these. He wanted to make sure that everyone in the audience understood what was happening. And so King Lear, before he dies of a broken heart, says that he will never see his daughter again: 'Never, never, never, never, never. ' Perhaps in this play Shakespeare showed how he felt about the death of his only son. The patron of Shakespeare's company was now a Scottish king, and so Macbeth, the third great tragedy, was probably written to please him. The story is taken from a history of Scotland, and James I believed that he belonged to the family of one of the characters, Banquo. When Shakespeare began to write about a hero who becomes a villain, he was probably thinking of the lucky escape that James had had on 5 November 1605. Some Catholics tried to kill him with an explosion under the Houses of Parliament. The Earl of Southampton and the brothers of two of Shakespeare's friends were there. The date is still celebrated in Britain every year as Guy Fawkes' Day.

When Shakespeare began writing plays, characters alone on the stage spoke to the audience mainly to tell them what was going to happen. But by the time he wrote Macbeth, he could show the hero's mind working. Before and after Macbeth murders the King, we hear him thinking about his actions. In this way, we can see how he realizes that one crime leads to another. He never feels guilty about anything that he has done, but we are unable to look away from the stage because of the power and beauty of the language.

Shakespeare's speeches, in his greatest plays, suit the character who is speaking and come naturally from what is happening on the stage. In plays like Macbeth we remember the lines because of the pictures that Shakespeare paints in our minds. Halfway through the play, Macbeth decides to kill the wife and children of his enemy, Macduff. 'Why not?' he asks himself. He imagines that he is halfway across a river of blood. It is so deep that he would feel as tired if he went back as if he crossed over to the other side. He does not feel guilty. By now, another crime is just something that makes him tired, not something that he is sorry for.

Macbeth and the later tragedies show that Shakespeare, like other Elizabethan dramatists, thought that tragedy simply meant the fall of a great man. The man did not need to be good. Most audiences admire Hamlet and feel sorry for Othello and King Lear, but Macbeth is a villain. Shakespeare's opinion of him and of all political leaders like him is clear from the words that he puts into Macbeth's own mouth at the end. Macbeth realizes that after all his crimes, he has none of the things that people look forward to when they grow old - love, friends, the knowledge that people admire them. The people around him only obey him because they are afraid.

Chapter eight Towards Tragedy Capítulo ocho Hacia la tragedia 第八章 悲劇へ Sekizinci Bölüm Trajediye Doğru Розділ восьмий Назустріч трагедії 第八章 走向悲剧

In February 1603, Queen Elizabeth died. Her nearest relative, James, King of Scotland, became King of England, too. Shakespeare’s company had reason to be pleased. シェイクスピアの会社には、喜ばれる理由がありました。 Shakespeare'in şirketinin memnun olmak için bir nedeni vardı. The Earl of Southampton came out of prison and soon became a favourite of the new king and queen. サウサンプトン伯爵は刑務所から出てきて、すぐに新しい王と女王のお気に入りになりました。 Southampton Kontu hapisten çıktı ve kısa sürede yeni kral ve kraliçenin gözdesi haline geldi. James decided to take personal control of the theatre companies. ジェームズは、劇団を個人的に管理することにしました。 Only two were allowed to operate. Seuls deux ont été autorisés à opérer. 操作を許可されたのは2つだけでした。 Shakespeare’s company became the King’s Men; the other company was called the Queen’s. シェイクスピアの会社は王の部下になりました。他の会社はクイーンズと呼ばれていました。

Shakespeare probably gave up acting at about this time. シェークスピアはおそらくこの頃演技をあきらめたでしょう。 Шекспир, вероятно, бросил играть примерно в это время. He had never played the main parts. 彼は主役を演じたことがありませんでした。 According to later stories about him, he had a fine voice and usually took serious parts - kings, dukes or old men. 彼についてのその後の話によると、彼は素晴らしい声を持ち、通常、王、公爵、または老人のような重大な役割を果たしました。 In Hamlet, for example, he played the Ghost. たとえば、ハムレットではゴーストを演じました。 There was a practical reason for this. これには実際的な理由がありました。 Shakespeare was the director of his own plays, and the most difficult scenes are usually at the end when almost all the characters are on the stage. シェークスピアは自身の演劇の監督であり、最も難しいシーンは通常、ほとんどすべてのキャラクターが舞台に立つ最後にあります。 Шекспир был постановщиком своих пьес, и самые сложные сцены обычно заканчиваются, когда почти все персонажи находятся на сцене. He needed to be off the stage to organize the other actors, so he usually played the part of a man who was dead or had disappeared before the end. 彼は他の俳優を組織するために舞台から離れる必要があったので、彼は通常、死ぬか、終わりの前に姿を消した男の役を演じました。 Diğer oyuncuları organize etmek için sahne dışında olması gerekiyordu, bu yüzden genellikle sondan önce ölmüş ya da ortadan kaybolmuş bir adam rolünü oynuyordu.

His next two plays, All’s Well that Ends Well and Measure for Measure, are not completely successful. 彼の次の2回の演劇、「終わりを告げる万事」と「メジャーフォーメジャー」は完全に成功したわけではありません。 Sonraki iki oyunu, İyi Biten Her Şey İyi ve Ölçü İçin Ölçü, tamamen başarılı değil. Shakespeare was still using stories from popular sources, but by this time his characters were too real to support the happy ending of a fairy story. シェイクスピアはまだ人気のある情報源からの物語を使用していましたが、この時までに彼の登場人物は現実的すぎて、おとぎ話のハッピーエンドをサポートできませんでした. Шекспир все еще использовал рассказы из популярных источников, но к этому времени его персонажи были слишком реальными, чтобы поддерживать счастливый конец сказки. Shakespeare hala popüler kaynaklardan hikayeler kullanıyordu, ancak bu zamana kadar karakterleri bir peri hikayesinin mutlu sonunu destekleyemeyecek kadar gerçekti. All’s Well that Ends Well does not end well. All's Well that Ends Well は、うまく終わらない。 The nasty young hero, Bertram, who has refused to marry a girl from a lower social class, does not deserve her. 下層階級の少女と結婚することを拒否した厄介な若いヒーロー、バートラムは、彼女にふさわしくありません。 Daha düşük bir sosyal sınıftan bir kızla evlenmeyi reddeden edepsiz genç kahraman Bertram onu hak etmiyor.

Measure for Measure has some wonderful scenes, but it annoys women today. Measure for Measure hat einige wunderbare Szenen, aber es ärgert die Frauen von heute. メジャー・フォー・メジャーは素晴らしいシーンもあるが、今の女性を悩ませている。 The heroine, Isabella, refuses to sleep with the judge to save her brothers life but does not mind when another girl takes her place. ヒロインのイザベラは、兄弟の命を救うために裁判官と一緒に寝ることを拒否しますが、別の女の子が彼女の代わりになることを気にしません. Героиня Изабелла отказывается спать с судьей, чтобы спасти жизнь своих братьев, но не против, когда ее место занимает другая девушка. Kadın kahraman Isabella, kardeşlerinin hayatını kurtarmak için yargıçla yatmayı reddediyor ama yerine başka bir kızın geçmesine aldırmıyor. We cannot accept this kind of solution to a problem if the characters seem real. キャラクターが本物のように見える場合、この種の問題の解決策を受け入れることはできません。 But there was one advantage for Shakespeare in using this story by an Italian writer, Cinthio. しかし、シェークスピアには、イタリアの作家、シンチオがこの物語を使用するという利点がありました。 Но у Шекспира было одно преимущество в использовании рассказа итальянского писателя Синтио. In the same book, he found the story for his next play, Othello.

Shakespeare wrote three tragedies between 1604 and 1606, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. If we compare them with his sources, we can understand their meaning from the changes that he made. Если мы сравним их с его источниками, мы сможем понять их значение по внесенным им изменениям. Bunları kaynaklarıyla karşılaştırırsak, yaptığı değişikliklerden anlamlarını anlayabiliriz. Each of these three plays is great but the characters, the subject and the language are different. As always, he does not repeat his successes, but moves on to something new.

Like Hamlet, Othello is often misunderstood because people already have an idea of him in their minds when they come to the theatre. They suppose that he is a typical jealous husband. 彼らは彼が典型的な嫉妬深い夫だと思っています。 But this is the Othello of Cinthio’s story, not of Shakespeare’s play. Cinthio s characters do not have names, and the Moor and his wife are already married. シンチオの登場人物には名前がなく、ムーア人と彼の妻はすでに結婚しています。 An officer, who became Iago in Shakespeare’s play, makes the Moor believe that his wife has slept with another officer, who became Cassio. Ein Offizier, der in Shakespeares Stück zu Jago wird, lässt den Mohren glauben, dass seine Frau mit einem anderen Offizier geschlafen hat, der zu Cassio wird. シェイクスピアの戯曲でイアーゴになった将校は、ムーア人に、彼の妻がカシオになった別の将校と寝たと信じ込ませます。 The Moor and the officer murder her together. ムーア人と警官は一緒に彼女を殺害します。 There is a trial but neither of them is proved guilty. 裁判はありますが、どちらも有罪とは証明されていません。 Идет судебный процесс, но ни один из них не признан виновным. Afterwards, the wife’s relatives kill the Moor, and the officer explains what really happened when he is in prison for another crime.

Shakespeare knew that jealous husbands usually belong to comedy, not tragedy. シェイクスピアは、嫉妬深い夫は通常、悲劇ではなく喜劇に属することを知っていました。 But Desdemona loves Othello so much that she dies saying that she killed herself. しかし、デズデモナはオセロが大好きで、自殺したと言って死んでしまいます。 Ama Desdemona Othello'yu o kadar çok seviyor ki kendini öldürdüğünü söyleyerek ölüyor. Before he introduced Cinthio’s story, almost halfway through the play, Shakespeare had to show Othello as a great man and Othello and Desdemona as two people who are very much in love. シンチオの物語を紹介する前に、劇のほぼ半分で、シェイクスピアはオセロを偉大な人物として、オセロとデズデモナをとても愛し合っている 2 人として見せなければなりませんでした。 Прежде чем представить историю Чинтио, почти в середине пьесы, Шекспир должен был показать Отелло как великого человека, а Отелло и Дездемону как двух людей, которые очень любят друг друга. Cinthio'nun hikayesini tanıtmadan önce, oyunun neredeyse yarısında Shakespeare, Othello'yu harika bir adam ve Othello ve Desdemona'yı birbirine çok aşık iki kişi olarak göstermek zorunda kaldı. This love is destroyed by the lies of a clever man, Iago. この愛は、賢い男、イアーゴの嘘によって破壊されます。 Shakespeare’s audience were probably surprised by the scenes that he added at the beginning. Black men were usually shown as devils on the stage, not because people hated them in real life - they had probably never seen a black person - but because black was the Devil’s colour. But in this play the Devil is white.

Shakespeare’s attitude becomes clear if we realize that at this time he was living with a family of French Protestants, the Mountjoys. Protestants had suffered for their religious beliefs in France, but when some moved to England they were unpopular because they worked so hard. プロテスタントはフランスで宗教的信念のために苦しんでいましたが、英国に移住したとき、彼らは一生懸命働いたために人気がありませんでした. Just before he wrote Othello, Shakespeare was asked to write some scenes for a play about Sir Thomas More, Henry VIII’s minister, who was executed because he did not agree to the king’s marriage to Anne Boleyn. The play was never acted but we have a scene in Shakespeare’s own writing. この劇は上演されたことはありませんが、シェイクスピア自身の著作にシーンがあります。 Sir Thomas asks a crowd of people in London who have been attacking foreigners: 'How would you feel if you went to a foreign country, like France, and people did not accept you as human beings? Сэр Томас спрашивает толпу людей в Лондоне, нападающих на иностранцев: «Как бы вы себя чувствовали, если бы отправились в чужую страну, например, во Францию, и люди не приняли бы вас как людей? '             Othello defends himself at the end of the play, saying that he is not jealous by nature. オセロは劇の最後で、自分は生まれつき嫉妬しないと弁明している。 Everyone in the play - even Emilia, his wife - believes that Iago is the honest soldier that he pretends to be. 劇中の誰もが、妻のエミリアでさえも、イアーゴが自分のふりをしている正直な兵士だと信じています。 Все в пьесе, даже Эмилия, его жена, считают, что Яго - тот честный солдат, которым он притворяется. Oyundaki herkes, hatta eşi Emilia bile, Iago'nun, kendisi gibi davrandığı dürüst asker olduğuna inanıyor. But Shakespeare shows us why Othello is tricked. しかしシェイクスピアは、なぜオセロがだまされるのかを教えてくれます。 Ama Shakespeare bize Othello'nun neden kandırıldığını gösteriyor. He loves his beautiful young wife but he has never really understood why she loves him. 彼は美しい若い妻を愛していますが、彼女が彼を愛している理由を本当に理解していません。 Он любит свою красивую молодую жену, но никогда толком не понимал, почему она любит его. She comes from one of the best families in Venice, but she has fallen in love with a black man, a foreigner, a man almost old enough to be her father. 彼女はベネチアで最高の家族の1つから来ましたが、黒人男性、外国人、父親になるのに十分な年齢の男性と恋に落ちました。 Although he is a great soldier, and the Venetians have given him command of their army, Othello has no experience of women. 彼は偉大な兵士であり、ベネチア人は彼に軍隊の指揮権を与えましたが、オセロには女性の経験はありません。 Büyük bir asker olmasına ve Venedikliler ona ordularının komutasını vermiş olmasına rağmen, Othello'nun kadınlar konusunda hiçbir deneyimi yoktur.

In Othello, the love between husband and wife is destroyed. オセロでは、夫婦間の愛が破壊されます。 Othello'da karı koca arasındaki aşk yok edilir. The next play, King Lear, is about parents and children. There was an old play about King Lear that we can compare with Shakespeare’s. リア王については、シェイクスピアのものと比較できる古い劇がありました。 Была старая пьеса о короле Лире, которую можно сравнить с пьесой Шекспира. Shakespeare'inkiyle kıyaslayabileceğimiz Kral Lear hakkında eski bir oyun vardı. The story also appeared in 'histories' of Britain, although there was no real King Lear. この話は英国の「歴史」にも登場しますが、実際のリア王は存在しませんでした。

In all the sources, Lear was an old king with three daughters, two bad and one good. He decided to divide the country between them equally, but he asked them to tell him which of them loved him most. Он решил разделить страну между ними поровну, но попросил их сказать ему, кто из них любит его больше всего. Ülkeyi aralarında eşit olarak paylaşmaya karar verdi, ancak onlardan hangisinin onu en çok sevdiğini söylemelerini istedi. Two daughters made long speeches, saying how much they loved him, but the third (in Shakespeare’s play, Cordelia) did not. King Lear was angry and sent her away, but found that the older daughters were cruel to him when she had gone. リア王は怒って彼女を送り出しましたが、彼女が去ったとき、年上の娘たちは彼に対して残酷であることがわかりました。

In Shakespeare’s play the two older daughters are married, so they have to say that they love their father more than their husbands. シェークスピアの戯曲では、2人の年上の娘が結婚しているため、夫よりも父親を愛していると言わなければなりません。 В пьесе Шекспира две старшие дочери замужем, поэтому они должны сказать, что любят своего отца больше, чем своих мужей. Lear goes mad and, in his madness, discovers that he is not a king but only a man. リアは発狂し、彼の狂気の中で、彼は王ではなく人間にすぎないことを発見します。 For comparison, Shakespeare also used another story by Sir Philip Sidney about a man with one good son and one bad one, and gave the father the name of Gloucester. 比較のために、シェイクスピアは、フィリップ・シドニー卿による、良い息子と悪い息子を持つ男性についての別の物語も使用し、父親にグロスターという名前を付けました。 Karşılaştırma için Shakespeare, Sir Philip Sidney'in bir iyi oğlu ve bir kötü oğlu olan bir adam hakkında başka bir hikayesini de kullandı ve babaya Gloucester adını verdi. Finally, in all the sources, there is a happy ending.

Gloucester dies happily in the arms of his good son. This is the kind of ending that we can expect in stories. これは、物語で期待できる結末です。 But the ending of Lear’s story shows us a world where there is no God to save us from suffering. しかし、リアの話の結末は、私たちを苦しみから救う神がいない世界を示しています。 Ancak Lear'ın hikayesinin sonu bize, bizi acı çekmekten kurtaracak bir Tanrı'nın olmadığı bir dünyayı gösteriyor. In this world we can only believe in human love. この世界では、人間の愛しか信じられません。 And this is not enough to save us from dying, or, even worse, to save the lives of the people that we love. そして、これは私たちを死から救うのに十分ではなく、さらに悪いことに、私たちが愛する人々の命を救うのにも十分ではありません。

Lear comes on to the stage at the end of the play carrying the dead body of Cordelia in his arms. リアは舞台に登場し、劇の終わりにコーディリアの死体を両腕に乗せます。 We realize then that it does not matter who is king or queen or who has political power in the country. その時、誰が国王であるか女王であるか、またはその国で誰が政治的権力を持っているかは問題ではないことに気づきます。 Lear’s best-loved child is dead, and he can do nothing to change that. リアの最も愛されている子供は死んでおり、彼はそれを変えるために何もすることができません。

At such moments, most dramatists of Shakespeare’s time wrote long speeches for the actor. そのような瞬間、シェークスピアの時代のほとんどの劇作家は俳優のために長いスピーチを書きました。 But Shakespeare always uses simple language in scenes like these. しかし、シェークスピアは常にこのようなシーンでシンプルな言語を使用しています。 He wanted to make sure that everyone in the audience understood what was happening. 彼は聴衆の誰もが何が起こっているのかを確実に理解したかったのです。 And so King Lear, before he dies of a broken heart, says that he will never see his daughter again: 'Never, never, never, never, never. そして、リア王は失恋で亡くなる前に、二度と娘に会うことはないと言います:「決して、決して、決して、決して、決して。 '             Perhaps in this play Shakespeare showed how he felt about the death of his only son. おそらくこの劇で、シェイクスピアは一人息子の死についてどのように感じているかを示した. The patron of Shakespeare’s company was now a Scottish king, and so Macbeth, the third great tragedy, was probably written to please him. シェイクスピアの劇団のパトロンは現在スコットランドの王だったので、マクベス、第三の偉大な悲劇はおそらく彼を喜ばせるために書かれた. The story is taken from a history of Scotland, and James I believed that he belonged to the family of one of the characters, Banquo. 物語はスコットランドの歴史に基づいており、ジェームズ1世は、登場人物の1人であるバンクォーの家族に属していると信じていました. When Shakespeare began to write about a hero who becomes a villain, he was probably thinking of the lucky escape that James had had on 5 November 1605. シェイクスピアが悪役になる英雄について書き始めたとき、彼はおそらく、ジェームズが 1605 年 11 月 5 日に幸運にも逃れたことを考えていたのでしょう。 Когда Шекспир начал писать о герое, который становится злодеем, он, вероятно, думал о счастливом побеге, совершенном Джеймсом 5 ноября 1605 года. Some Catholics tried to kill him with an explosion under the Houses of Parliament. いくつかのカトリック教徒は、議会の下で爆発で彼を殺そうとしました。 Некоторые католики пытались убить его взрывом под зданием парламента. The Earl of Southampton and the brothers of two of Shakespeare’s friends were there. サウサンプトン伯爵とシェイクスピアの友人二人の兄弟がそこにいました。 The date is still celebrated in Britain every year as Guy Fawkes' Day. Das Datum wird in Großbritannien immer noch jedes Jahr als Guy Fawkes' Day gefeiert. この日は今でもイギリスで毎年ガイ・フォークスの日として祝われています。

When Shakespeare began writing plays, characters alone on the stage spoke to the audience mainly to tell them what was going to happen. シェイクスピアが戯曲を書き始めたとき、登場人物だけが舞台で聴衆に話しかけ、主に何が起こるかを伝えました。 Когда Шекспир начал писать пьесы, персонажи на сцене в одиночку говорили со зрителями, главным образом, чтобы рассказать им, что должно было произойти. But by the time he wrote Macbeth, he could show the hero’s mind working. しかし、彼が『マクベス』を書く頃には、主人公の精神が働いていることを示すことができました。 Но к тому времени, когда он написал «Макбет», он смог показать, что у героя работает разум. Ama Macbeth'i yazdığı zaman, kahramanın zihninin çalıştığını gösterebilirdi. Before and after Macbeth murders the King, we hear him thinking about his actions. マクベスが王を殺害する前後に、彼が自分の行動について考えているのを聞きます。 До и после того, как Макбет убил короля, мы слышим, как он думает о своих действиях. Macbeth, Kralı öldürmeden önce ve sonra, onun eylemleri hakkında düşündüğünü duyuyoruz. In this way, we can see how he realizes that one crime leads to another. このようにして、ある犯罪が別の犯罪につながることを彼がどのように認識しているかを見ることができます。 He never feels guilty about anything that he has done, but we are unable to look away from the stage because of the power and beauty of the language. 彼は自分がしたことについて何も罪悪感を抱くことはありませんが、言語の力と美しさのために舞台から目をそらすことはできません。 Он никогда не чувствует себя виноватым из-за того, что он сделал, но мы не можем отвести взгляд от сцены из-за силы и красоты языка.

Shakespeare’s speeches, in his greatest plays, suit the character who is speaking and come naturally from what is happening on the stage. シェイクスピアの演説は、彼の最高の戯曲で、演説している登場人物に合っていて、舞台で起こっていることから自然に出てきます。 In plays like Macbeth we remember the lines because of the pictures that Shakespeare paints in our minds. マクベスのような劇では、シェイクスピアが私たちの心に描く絵のために、線を覚えています。 Halfway through the play, Macbeth decides to kill the wife and children of his enemy, Macduff. 劇の途中で、マクベスは敵であるマクダフの妻と子供たちを殺すことにしました。 'Why not?' 'なぜだめですか?' he asks himself. He imagines that he is halfway across a river of blood. 彼は自分が血の川の途中にいると想像します。 Он представляет, что находится на полпути через реку крови. Bir kan nehrinin ortasında olduğunu hayal ediyor. It is so deep that he would feel as tired if he went back as if he crossed over to the other side. 向こう側に渡るように戻ったら疲れてしまうほど深い。 Оно настолько глубокое, что он почувствовал бы себя усталым, если бы вернулся, как если бы перешел на другую сторону. O kadar derin ki karşı tarafa geçmiş gibi geri dönse kendini yorgun hissederdi. He does not feel guilty. By now, another crime is just something that makes him tired, not something that he is sorry for. 今では、別の犯罪は彼を疲れさせるものであり、彼が後悔しているものではありません。 К настоящему времени другое преступление - это просто то, что утомляет его, а не то, о чем он сожалеет.

Macbeth and the later tragedies show that Shakespeare, like other Elizabethan dramatists, thought that tragedy simply meant the fall of a great man. マクベスとその後の悲劇は、シェイクスピアが、他のエリザベス朝の劇作家と同様に、悲劇は単に偉大な人のmeant落を意味するものだと考えていたことを示しています。 «Макбет» и более поздние трагедии показывают, что Шекспир, как и другие драматурги елизаветинской эпохи, считал, что трагедия просто означает падение великого человека. Macbeth ve sonraki trajediler, Shakespeare'in, diğer Elizabeth dönemi oyun yazarları gibi, trajedinin sadece büyük bir adamın düşüşü anlamına geldiğini düşündüğünü gösteriyor. The man did not need to be good. 男は善である必要はなかった。 Adamın iyi olmasına gerek yoktu. Most audiences admire Hamlet and feel sorry for Othello and King Lear, but Macbeth is a villain. ほとんどの聴衆はハムレットを賞賛し、オセロとリア王に申し訳なく思っていますが、マクベスは悪役です。 Большинство зрителей восхищаются Гамлетом и жалеют Отелло и Короля Лира, но Макбет - злодей. Shakespeare’s opinion of him and of all political leaders like him is clear from the words that he puts into Macbeth’s own mouth at the end. 彼と彼のようなすべての政治指導者に対するシェークスピアの意見は、最後にマクベス自身の口に入れた言葉から明らかです。 Shakespeare'in kendisi ve onun gibi tüm siyasi liderler hakkındaki görüşü, sonunda Macbeth'in ağzına koyduğu sözlerden açıkça anlaşılmaktadır. Macbeth realizes that after all his crimes, he has none of the things that people look forward to when they grow old - love, friends, the knowledge that people admire them. マクベスは、すべての犯罪の後、愛、友人、人々が彼らを賞賛するという知識-老いているときに人々が楽しみにしているものは何もないことを理解しています。 Макбет понимает, что после всех своих преступлений у него нет ничего из того, чего люди с нетерпением ждут, когда стареют, - любви, друзей, знания того, что люди ими восхищаются. Macbeth, tüm suçlarından sonra, insanların yaşlandıklarında sabırsızlıkla bekledikleri şeylerin hiçbirine sahip olmadığının farkındadır - aşk, arkadaşlar, insanların onlara hayran olduğu bilgisi. The people around him only obey him because they are afraid. 彼の周りの人々は恐れているので彼に従うだけです。