×

Usamos cookies para ayudar a mejorar LingQ. Al visitar este sitio, aceptas nuestras politicas de cookie.


image

Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne, Chapter 1 A Runaway Reef

Chapter 1 A Runaway Reef

THE YEAR 1866 was marked by a bizarre development, an unexplained and downright inexplicable phenomenon that surely no one has forgotten.

Without getting into those rumors that upset civilians in the seaports and deranged the public mind even far inland, it must be said that professional seamen were especially alarmed. Traders, shipowners, captains of vessels, skippers, and master mariners from Europe and America, naval officers from every country, and at their heels the various national governments on these two continents, were all extremely disturbed by the business. In essence, over a period of time several ships had encountered "an enormous thing" at sea, a long spindle–shaped object, sometimes giving off a phosphorescent glow, infinitely bigger and faster than any whale.

The relevant data on this apparition, as recorded in various logbooks, agreed pretty closely as to the structure of the object or creature in question, its unprecedented speed of movement, its startling locomotive power, and the unique vitality with which it seemed to be gifted.

If it was a cetacean , it exceeded in bulk any whale previously classified by science. No naturalist, neither Cuvier nor Lacépède, neither Professor Dumeril nor Professor de Quatrefages, would have accepted the existence of such a monster sight unseen—specifically, unseen by their own scientific eyes. Striking an average of observations taken at different times—rejecting those timid estimates that gave the object a length of 200 feet, and ignoring those exaggerated views that saw it as a mile wide and three long—you could still assert that this phenomenal creature greatly exceeded the dimensions of anything then known to ichthyologists, if it existed at all.

Now then, it did exist, this was an undeniable fact; and since the human mind dotes on objects of wonder, you can understand the worldwide excitement caused by this unearthly apparition.

As for relegating it to the realm of fiction, that charge had to be dropped. In essence, on July 20, 1866, the steamer Governor Higginson , from the Calcutta & Burnach Steam Navigation Co., encountered this moving mass five miles off the eastern shores of Australia. Captain Baker at first thought he was in the presence of an unknown reef; he was even about to fix its exact position when two waterspouts shot out of this inexplicable object and sprang hissing into the air some 150 feet.

So, unless this reef was subject to the intermittent eruptions of a geyser, the Governor Higginson had fair and honest dealings with some aquatic mammal, until then unknown, that could spurt from its blowholes waterspouts mixed with air and steam. Similar events were likewise observed in Pacific seas, on July 23 of the same year, by the Christopher Columbus from the West India & Pacific Steam Navigation Co. Consequently, this extraordinary cetacean could transfer itself from one locality to another with startling swiftness, since within an interval of just three days, the Governor Higginson and the Christopher Columbus had observed it at two positions on the charts separated by a distance of more than 700 nautical leagues. Fifteen days later and 2,000 leagues farther, the Helvetia from the Compagnie Nationale and the Shannon from the Royal Mail line, running on opposite tacks in that part of the Atlantic lying between the United States and Europe, respectively signaled each other that the monster had been sighted in latitude 42° 15' north and longitude 60° 35' west of the meridian of Greenwich. From their simultaneous observations, they were able to estimate the mammal's minimum length at more than 350 English feet;* this was because both the Shannon and the Helvetia were of smaller dimensions, although each measured 100 meters stem to stern. Now then, the biggest whales, those rorqual whales that frequent the waterways of the Aleutian Islands, have never exceeded a length of 56 meters—if they reach even that. *Author's Note: About 106 meters. An English foot is only 30.4 centimeters. One after another, reports arrived that would profoundly affect public opinion: new observations taken by the transatlantic liner Pereire , the Inman line's Etna running afoul of the monster, an official report drawn up by officers on the French frigate Normandy , dead–earnest reckonings obtained by the general staff of Commodore Fitz–James aboard the Lord Clyde . In lighthearted countries, people joked about this phenomenon, but such serious, practical countries as England, America, and Germany were deeply concerned. In every big city the monster was the latest rage; they sang about it in the coffee houses, they ridiculed it in the newspapers, they dramatized it in the theaters.

The tabloids found it a fine opportunity for hatching all sorts of hoaxes. In those newspapers short of copy, you saw the reappearance of every gigantic imaginary creature, from "Moby Dick," that dreadful white whale from the High Arctic regions, to the stupendous kraken whose tentacles could entwine a 500–ton craft and drag it into the ocean depths. They even reprinted reports from ancient times: the views of Aristotle and Pliny accepting the existence of such monsters, then the Norwegian stories of Bishop Pontoppidan, the narratives of Paul Egede, and finally the reports of Captain Harrington—whose good faith is above suspicion—in which he claims he saw, while aboard the Castilian in 1857, one of those enormous serpents that, until then, had frequented only the seas of France's old extremist newspaper, The Constitutionalist . An interminable debate then broke out between believers and skeptics in the scholarly societies and scientific journals.

The "monster question" inflamed all minds. During this memorable campaign, journalists making a profession of science battled with those making a profession of wit, spilling waves of ink and some of them even two or three drops of blood, since they went from sea serpents to the most offensive personal remarks. For six months the war seesawed.

With inexhaustible zest, the popular press took potshots at feature articles from the Geographic Institute of Brazil, the Royal Academy of Science in Berlin, the British Association, the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., at discussions in The Indian Archipelago, in Cosmos published by Father Moigno, in Petermann's Mittheilungen ,* and at scientific chronicles in the great French and foreign newspapers. When the monster's detractors cited a saying by the botanist Linnaeus that "nature doesn't make leaps," witty writers in the popular periodicals parodied it, maintaining in essence that "nature doesn't make lunatics," and ordering their contemporaries never to give the lie to nature by believing in krakens, sea serpents, "Moby Dicks," and other all–out efforts from drunken seamen. Finally, in a much–feared satirical journal, an article by its most popular columnist finished off the monster for good, spurning it in the style of Hippolytus repulsing the amorous advances of his stepmother Phædra, and giving the creature its quietus amid a universal burst of laughter. Wit had defeated science. *German: "Bulletin.

Ed. During the first months of the year 1867, the question seemed to be buried, and it didn't seem due for resurrection, when new facts were brought to the public's attention.

But now it was no longer an issue of a scientific problem to be solved, but a quite real and serious danger to be avoided. The question took an entirely new turn. The monster again became an islet, rock, or reef, but a runaway reef, unfixed and elusive. On March 5, 1867, the Moravian from the Montreal Ocean Co., lying during the night in latitude 27° 30' and longitude 72° 15', ran its starboard quarter afoul of a rock marked on no charts of these waterways. Under the combined efforts of wind and 400–horsepower steam, it was traveling at a speed of thirteen knots. Without the high quality of its hull, the Moravian would surely have split open from this collision and gone down together with those 237 passengers it was bringing back from Canada. This accident happened around five o'clock in the morning, just as day was beginning to break.

The officers on watch rushed to the craft's stern. They examined the ocean with the most scrupulous care. They saw nothing except a strong eddy breaking three cable lengths out, as if those sheets of water had been violently churned. The site's exact bearings were taken, and the Moravian continued on course apparently undamaged. Had it run afoul of an underwater rock or the wreckage of some enormous derelict ship? They were unable to say. But when they examined its undersides in the service yard, they discovered that part of its keel had been smashed. This occurrence, extremely serious in itself, might perhaps have been forgotten like so many others, if three weeks later it hadn't been reenacted under identical conditions.

Only, thanks to the nationality of the ship victimized by this new ramming, and thanks to the reputation of the company to which this ship belonged, the event caused an immense uproar. No one is unaware of the name of that famous English shipowner, Cunard.

In 1840 this shrewd industrialist founded a postal service between Liverpool and Halifax, featuring three wooden ships with 400–horsepower paddle wheels and a burden of 1,162 metric tons. Eight years later, the company's assets were increased by four 650–horsepower ships at 1,820 metric tons, and in two more years, by two other vessels of still greater power and tonnage. In 1853 the Cunard Co., whose mail–carrying charter had just been renewed, successively added to its assets the Arabia , the Persia , the China , the Scotia , the Java , and the Russia , all ships of top speed and, after the Great Eastern , the biggest ever to plow the seas. So in 1867 this company owned twelve ships, eight with paddle wheels and four with propellers. If I give these highly condensed details, it is so everyone can fully understand the importance of this maritime transportation company, known the world over for its shrewd management.

No transoceanic navigational undertaking has been conducted with more ability, no business dealings have been crowned with greater success. In twenty–six years Cunard ships have made 2,000 Atlantic crossings without so much as a voyage canceled, a delay recorded, a man, a craft, or even a letter lost. Accordingly, despite strong competition from France, passengers still choose the Cunard line in preference to all others, as can be seen in a recent survey of official documents. Given this, no one will be astonished at the uproar provoked by this accident involving one of its finest steamers. On April 13, 1867, with a smooth sea and a moderate breeze, the Scotia lay in longitude 15° 12' and latitude 45° 37'. It was traveling at a speed of 13.43 knots under the thrust of its 1,000–horsepower engines. Its paddle wheels were churning the sea with perfect steadiness. It was then drawing 6.7 meters of water and displacing 6,624 cubic meters. At 4:17 in the afternoon, during a high tea for passengers gathered in the main lounge, a collision occurred, scarcely noticeable on the whole, affecting the Scotia's hull in that quarter a little astern of its port paddle wheel. The Scotia hadn't run afoul of something, it had been fouled, and by a cutting or perforating instrument rather than a blunt one. This encounter seemed so minor that nobody on board would have been disturbed by it, had it not been for the shouts of crewmen in the hold, who climbed on deck yelling: "We're sinking!

We're sinking!

At first the passengers were quite frightened, but Captain Anderson hastened to reassure them.

In fact, there could be no immediate danger. Divided into seven compartments by watertight bulkheads, the Scotia could brave any leak with impunity. Captain Anderson immediately made his way into the hold.

He discovered that the fifth compartment had been invaded by the sea, and the speed of this invasion proved that the leak was considerable. Fortunately this compartment didn't contain the boilers, because their furnaces would have been abruptly extinguished. Captain Anderson called an immediate halt, and one of his sailors dived down to assess the damage.

Within moments they had located a hole two meters in width on the steamer's underside. Such a leak could not be patched, and with its paddle wheels half swamped, the Scotia had no choice but to continue its voyage. By then it lay 300 miles from Cape Clear, and after three days of delay that filled Liverpool with acute anxiety, it entered the company docks. The engineers then proceeded to inspect the Scotia , which had been put in dry dock. They couldn't believe their eyes. Two and a half meters below its waterline, there gaped a symmetrical gash in the shape of an isosceles triangle. This breach in the sheet iron was so perfectly formed, no punch could have done a cleaner job of it. Consequently, it must have been produced by a perforating tool of uncommon toughness—plus, after being launched with prodigious power and then piercing four centimeters of sheet iron, this tool had needed to withdraw itself by a backward motion truly inexplicable. This was the last straw, and it resulted in arousing public passions all over again.

Indeed, from this moment on, any maritime casualty without an established cause was charged to the monster's account. This outrageous animal had to shoulder responsibility for all derelict vessels, whose numbers are unfortunately considerable, since out of those 3,000 ships whose losses are recorded annually at the marine insurance bureau, the figure for steam or sailing ships supposedly lost with all hands, in the absence of any news, amounts to at least 200! Now then, justly or unjustly, it was the "monster" who stood accused of their disappearance; and since, thanks to it, travel between the various continents had become more and more dangerous, the public spoke up and demanded straight out that, at all cost, the seas be purged of this fearsome cetacean .

Chapter 1 A Runaway Reef الفصل 1 الشعاب المرجانية الجامحة Kapitel 1 Ein entlaufenes Riff Chapter 1 A Runaway Reef Capítulo 1 Un arrecife desbocado Chapitre 1 Un récif en fuite 1 skyrius Pabėgęs rifas Rozdział 1 Uciekająca rafa Capítulo 1 Um recife em fuga Глава 1 Беглый риф Bölüm 1 Kaçak Bir Resif Розділ 1 Риф, що втік 第 1 章失控的礁石 第一章 失控的礁石

THE YEAR 1866 was marked by a bizarre development, an unexplained and downright inexplicable phenomenon that surely no one has forgotten. تميز عام 1866 بتطور غريب وظاهرة غير مفسرة ولا يمكن تفسيرها بصراحة لم ينسها أحد بالتأكيد. EL AÑO 1866 estuvo marcado por un acontecimiento extraño, un fenómeno inexplicable y francamente inexplicable que seguramente nadie ha olvidado. 1866年は、奇妙な展開、説明のつかない、まったく説明のつかない現象が特徴で、誰もが忘れることはありませんでした。 1866 YILI, hiç kimsenin unutmadığı, açıklanamayan ve düpedüz açıklanamayan bir fenomen olan tuhaf bir gelişmeyle kutlandı. 1866 рік ознаменувався химерним розвитком подій, незрозумілим і просто незбагненним явищем, яке, безперечно, ніхто не забув. 1866 年的标志是一个奇怪的发展,一个无法解释和彻头彻尾的莫名其妙的现象,肯定没有人忘记。 1866 年發生了一件奇怪的事情,這是一種無法解釋、完全無法解釋的現象,肯定沒有人會忘記。

Without getting into those rumors that upset civilians in the seaports and deranged the public mind even far inland, it must be said that professional seamen were especially alarmed. دون الخوض في تلك الشائعات التي تزعج المدنيين في الموانئ وتشوش الذهن العام حتى في المناطق الداخلية البعيدة ، يجب أن يقال إن البحارة المحترفين كانوا قلقين بشكل خاص. Without getting into those rumors that upset civilians in the seaports and deranged the public mind even far inland, it must be said that professional seamen were especially alarmed. Sin entrar en aquellos rumores que molestaban a los civiles en los puertos marítimos y trastornaban la mente del público incluso en el interior, hay que decir que los marineros profesionales estaban especialmente alarmados. Sans parler de ces rumeurs qui bouleversent les civils dans les ports maritimes et troublent l'esprit du public jusqu'à l'intérieur des terres, il faut dire que les marins professionnels sont particulièrement inquiets. 港の民間人を動揺させ、内陸部でさえ国民の心を混乱させたという噂に巻き込まれることなく、プロの船員は特に警戒していたと言わなければなりません。 Sem entrar nos rumores que perturbavam os civis nos portos marítimos e desorientavam a opinião pública mesmo no interior do país, é preciso dizer que os marinheiros profissionais estavam especialmente alarmados. Limanlardaki sivilleri kızdıran ve iç kesimlerde bile halkın zihnini çılgına çeviren bu söylentilere girmeden, profesyonel denizcilerin özellikle alarma geçtiği söylenmelidir. Не вдаючись до тих чуток, які засмучували цивільне населення в морських портах і розбурхували громадську думку навіть далеко в глибині країни, слід сказати, що професійні моряки були особливо стурбовані. 撇开那些让海港平民不安、甚至在内陆深处扰乱公众心智的谣言不谈,必须说职业海员尤其感到震惊。 Traders, shipowners, captains of vessels, skippers, and master mariners from Europe and America, naval officers from every country, and at their heels the various national governments on these two continents, were all extremely disturbed by the business. التجار ، وملاك السفن ، وقباطنة السفن ، والربان ، وكبار البحارة من أوروبا وأمريكا ، والضباط البحريين من كل بلد ، وفي أعقابهم مختلف الحكومات الوطنية في هاتين القارتين ، كانوا جميعًا منزعجين للغاية من الأعمال. Les commerçants, les armateurs, les capitaines de navires, les skippers et les capitaines de navire d'Europe et d'Amérique, les officiers de marine de tous les pays et, à leurs trousses, les différents gouvernements nationaux de ces deux continents, ont tous été extrêmement perturbés par l'affaire. Comerciantes, armadores, capitães de navios, capitães e mestres marinheiros da Europa e da América, oficiais da marinha de todos os países e, no seu encalço, os vários governos nacionais destes dois continentes, todos foram extremamente perturbados por esta atividade. Торговці, судновласники, капітани суден, шкіпери і капітани з Європи та Америки, військово-морські офіцери з усіх країн, а за ними і різні національні уряди на цих двох континентах, були вкрай стурбовані цим бізнесом. 来自欧美的贸易商、船东、船长、船长、船长,各国的海军军官,以及紧随其后的两大洲各国政府,都对这件事极为不安。 In essence, over a period of time several ships had encountered "an enormous thing" at sea, a long spindle–shaped object, sometimes giving off a phosphorescent glow, infinitely bigger and faster than any whale. من حيث الجوهر ، على مدى فترة من الزمن ، واجهت عدة سفن "شيئًا هائلاً" في البحر ، جسم طويل على شكل مغزل ، يعطي أحيانًا توهجًا فسفوريًا ، أكبر وأسرع من أي حوت بلا حدود. En esencia, durante un período de tiempo, varios barcos se habían encontrado con "una cosa enorme" en el mar, un objeto largo con forma de huso, que a veces emitía un brillo fosforescente, infinitamente más grande y más rápido que cualquier ballena. En substance, plusieurs navires ont rencontré en mer "une chose énorme", un long objet fusiforme, parfois phosphorescent, infiniment plus grand et plus rapide que n'importe quelle baleine. Essencialmente, ao longo de um período de tempo, vários navios tinham encontrado no mar "uma coisa enorme", um objeto longo em forma de fuso, por vezes com um brilho fosforescente, infinitamente maior e mais rápido do que qualquer baleia. По суті, протягом певного періоду часу кілька кораблів зіткнулися в морі з "величезною річчю" - довгим веретеноподібним об'єктом, що іноді випромінював фосфоресцентне світіння, нескінченно більшим і швидшим за будь-якого кита. 本质上,在一段时间内,几艘船在海上遇到了“一个巨大的东西”,一个长长的纺锤形物体,有时会发出磷光,比任何鲸鱼都大得多,速度也快得多。

The relevant data on this apparition, as recorded in various logbooks, agreed pretty closely as to the structure of the object or creature in question, its unprecedented speed of movement, its startling locomotive power, and the unique vitality with which it seemed to be gifted. تتفق البيانات ذات الصلة بهذا الظهور ، كما هو مسجل في العديد من السجلات ، عن كثب فيما يتعلق ببنية الكائن أو المخلوق المعني ، وسرعته غير المسبوقة في الحركة ، وقوته الحركية المذهلة ، والحيوية الفريدة التي يبدو أنه موهوب بها. . Les données relatives à cette apparition, consignées dans divers journaux de bord, concordent assez bien quant à la structure de l'objet ou de la créature en question, à sa vitesse de déplacement sans précédent, à son étonnante puissance de locomotive et à la vitalité unique dont il semblait être doué. Os dados relevantes sobre esta aparição, tal como foram registados em vários diários de bordo, coincidem bastante no que diz respeito à estrutura do objeto ou criatura em questão, à sua velocidade de movimento sem precedentes, à sua surpreendente potência locomotora e à vitalidade única de que parecia ser dotado. Відповідні дані про це явище, записані в різних журналах, досить близько збігаються щодо структури об'єкта чи істоти, про яку йдеться, його безпрецедентної швидкості руху, вражаючої локомотивної сили та унікальної життєвої сили, якою він, здавалося, був обдарований. 记录在各种航海日志中的关于这个幻影的相关数据,在有关物体或生物的结构、前所未有的运动速度、惊人的运动能力以及它似乎被赋予的独特生命力方面非常吻合.

If it was a cetacean , it exceeded in bulk any whale previously classified by science. إذا كانت حوتًا ، فقد تجاوزت في الحجم أي حوت صنفه العلم سابقًا. S'il s'agit d'un cétacé, il dépasse en volume toutes les baleines précédemment classées par la science. Bir deniz memelisiyse, daha önce bilim tarafından sınıflandırılan herhangi bir balinayı toplu olarak aştı. Якщо це був китоподібний, то він перевищував за розмірами будь-якого кита, раніше класифікованого наукою. 如果它是鲸类动物,它的体积超过了以前科学分类的任何鲸鱼。 No naturalist, neither Cuvier nor Lacépède, neither Professor Dumeril nor Professor de Quatrefages, would have accepted the existence of such a monster sight unseen—specifically, unseen by their own scientific eyes. لم يكن أي عالم طبيعي ، لا كوفييه ولا لاسيبيد ، ولا البروفيسور دومريل ولا البروفيسور دي كواتريفيجس ، ليقبل وجود مثل هذا المشهد الوحشي غير المرئي - على وجه التحديد ، غير المرئي من قبل أعينهم العلمية. Aucun naturaliste, ni Cuvier, ni Lacépède, ni le professeur Dumeril, ni le professeur de Quatrefages, n'aurait accepté l'existence d'un tel monstre à l'abri des regards, c'est-à-dire à l'abri de leurs propres yeux de scientifiques. Nenhum naturalista, nem Cuvier, nem Lacépède, nem o professor Dumeril, nem o professor de Quatrefages, teria aceite a existência de tal monstro sem o ver, ou seja, sem o ver pelos seus próprios olhos científicos. Hiçbir doğa bilimci, ne Cuvier ne de Lacépède, ne Profesör Dumeril ne de Profesör de Quatrefages, görmeden - özellikle de kendi bilimsel gözleriyle görmeden - böylesine canavarca bir manzaranın varlığını kabul etmezdi. Жоден натураліст, ні Кюв'є, ні Ласепед, ні професор Дюмеріль, ні професор де Кутрефаж, не визнав би існування такого жахливого видовища небаченим - точніше, небаченим їхніми власними науковими очима. 没有博物学家,无论是居维叶还是拉塞佩德,无论是杜梅里尔教授还是 de Quatrefages 教授,都不会接受这样一个看不见的怪物景象的存在——具体地说,是他们自己的科学眼睛看不见的。 Striking an average of observations taken at different times—rejecting those timid estimates that gave the object a length of 200 feet, and ignoring those exaggerated views that saw it as a mile wide and three long—you could still assert that this phenomenal creature greatly exceeded the dimensions of anything then known to ichthyologists, if it existed at all. ضرب متوسط الملاحظات المأخوذة في أوقات مختلفة - رفض تلك التقديرات الخجولة التي أعطت الكائن طولًا 200 قدم ، وتجاهل تلك الآراء المبالغ فيها التي رأته بعرض ميل وثلاثة طويلة - لا يزال بإمكانك التأكيد على أن هذا المخلوق الهائل تجاوز إلى حد كبير أبعاد أي شيء كان معروفًا لعلماء الأسماك آنذاك ، إن وجد أصلاً. En faisant la moyenne des observations faites à différentes époques, en rejetant les estimations timides qui donnaient à l'objet une longueur de 200 pieds et en ignorant les vues exagérées qui le voyaient large d'un mille et long de trois, on pouvait encore affirmer que cette créature phénoménale dépassait de beaucoup les dimensions de tout ce que les ichtyologistes connaissaient alors, si tant est qu'elle ait existé. Якщо взяти середнє арифметичне спостережень, зроблених у різний час, - відкинувши ті несміливі оцінки, які давали об'єкту довжину 200 футів, та ігноруючи перебільшені погляди, які бачили його милю завширшки і три завдовжки, - можна стверджувати, що ця феноменальна істота значно перевищувала розміри будь-чого, відомого на той час іхтіологам, якщо воно взагалі існувало. 将不同时间的观察结果取平均值——拒绝那些给出该物体长度为 200 英尺的胆小估计,并忽略那些将其视为一英里宽和三英里长的夸大观点——你仍然可以断言这个非凡的生物大大超过了当时鱼类学家所知的任何东西的尺寸,如果它存在的话。

Now then, it did exist, this was an undeniable fact; and since the human mind dotes on objects of wonder, you can understand the worldwide excitement caused by this unearthly apparition. الآن بعد ذلك ، كانت موجودة بالفعل ، كانت هذه حقيقة لا يمكن إنكارها ؛ وبما أن العقل البشري ينغمس في أشياء مدهشة ، يمكنك فهم الإثارة العالمية التي يسببها هذا الظهور الغريب. Or, il existait bel et bien, c'était un fait indéniable, et comme l'esprit humain est friand d'objets merveilleux, on peut comprendre l'engouement mondial suscité par cette apparition insolite. Şimdi vardı, bu yadsınamaz bir gerçekti; ve insan zihni merak uyandıran nesnelere odaklandığından, bu dünya dışı görüntünün neden olduğu dünya çapındaki heyecanı anlayabilirsiniz. Отже, він існував, це був незаперечний факт; а оскільки людський розум обожнює дивовижні об'єкти, можна зрозуміти всесвітній ажіотаж, викликаний цим неземним явищем. 那么,它确实存在,这是不可否认的事实;既然人类的思想钟情于奇妙的事物,你就可以理解这个超自然的幽灵在世界范围内引起的兴奋。

As for relegating it to the realm of fiction, that charge had to be dropped. أما فيما يتعلق بنقلها إلى عالم الخيال ، فلا بد من إسقاط هذه التهمة. Quant à la relégation dans le domaine de la fiction, cette accusation a dû être abandonnée. Onu kurgu alanına havale etmeye gelince, bu suçlamanın düşürülmesi gerekiyordu. 至于将其归入虚构领域,则必须取消该指控。 In essence, on July 20, 1866, the steamer Governor Higginson , from the Calcutta & Burnach Steam Navigation Co., encountered this moving mass five miles off the eastern shores of Australia. في جوهرها ، في 20 يوليو 1866 ، واجه حاكم الباخرة هيجينسون ، من شركة كلكتا وبرناش للملاحة البخارية ، هذه الكتلة المتحركة على بعد خمسة أميال من الشواطئ الشرقية لأستراليا. En fait, le 20 juillet 1866, le bateau à vapeur Governor Higginson, de la Calcutta & Burnach Steam Navigation Co. a rencontré cette masse en mouvement à cinq milles des côtes orientales de l'Australie. 实际上,1866 年 7 月 20 日,来自加尔各答和伯纳赫蒸汽航运公司的轮船 Governor Higginson 在距澳大利亚东海岸 5 英里的地方遇到了这个移动的物体。 Captain Baker at first thought he was in the presence of an unknown reef; he was even about to fix its exact position when two waterspouts shot out of this inexplicable object and sprang hissing into the air some 150 feet. اعتقد الكابتن بيكر في البداية أنه كان في وجود شعاب مرجانية غير معروفة. حتى أنه كان على وشك إصلاح موضعه بالضبط عندما انطلق ممران مائيان من هذا الجسم الذي لا يمكن تفسيره وقفز في الهواء على بعد حوالي 150 قدمًا. El Capitán Baker al principio pensó que estaba en presencia de un arrecife desconocido; incluso estaba a punto de fijar su posición exacta cuando dos chorros de agua salieron disparados de este objeto inexplicable y saltaron silbando en el aire a unos 150 pies. Le capitaine Baker crut d'abord se trouver en présence d'un récif inconnu ; il était même sur le point d'en fixer la position exacte lorsque deux trombes d'eau jaillirent de cet objet inexplicable et s'élancèrent en sifflant à quelque 150 pieds dans les airs. O capitão Baker pensou inicialmente que se encontrava na presença de um recife desconhecido; estava mesmo prestes a fixar a sua posição exacta quando duas bicas de água saíram deste objeto inexplicável e se lançaram no ar a cerca de 150 pés. 贝克船长起初以为他是在一个不知名的礁石面前。他甚至正要确定它的确切位置,这时两个水龙卷从这个莫名其妙的物体中射出,并嘶嘶地跳到大约 150 英尺的空中。

So, unless this reef was subject to the intermittent eruptions of a geyser, the Governor Higginson had fair and honest dealings with some aquatic mammal, until then unknown, that could spurt from its blowholes waterspouts mixed with air and steam. لذلك ، ما لم تكن هذه الشعاب المرجانية معرضة للانفجارات المتقطعة لنبع ماء حار ، كان الحاكم هيجينسون يتعامل مع بعض الثدييات المائية ، التي لم تكن معروفة حتى ذلك الحين ، والتي يمكن أن تتدفق من فتحات المياه الممزوجة بالهواء والبخار. Ainsi, à moins que ce récif ne soit soumis aux éruptions intermittentes d'un geyser, le gouverneur Higginson avait des relations loyales et honnêtes avec un mammifère aquatique, jusqu'alors inconnu, qui pouvait faire jaillir de ses évents des trombes d'eau mélangées à de l'air et de la vapeur. Tak więc, o ile rafa ta nie podlegała sporadycznym erupcjom gejzeru, gubernator Higginson miał uczciwe i uczciwe interesy z jakimś wodnym ssakiem, do tej pory nieznanym, który mógł wyrzucać ze swoich otworów wyrzuty wody zmieszane z powietrzem i parą. 因此,除非这个珊瑚礁受到间歇泉间歇性喷发的影响,否则总督希金森与一些水生哺乳动物进行了公平和诚实的交易,直到那时还不为人所知,这些哺乳动物可能会从其气孔中喷出混合着空气和蒸汽的水龙卷。 Similar events were likewise observed in Pacific seas, on July 23 of the same year, by the Christopher Columbus from the West India & Pacific Steam Navigation Co. Consequently, this extraordinary cetacean could transfer itself from one locality to another with startling swiftness, since within an interval of just three days, the Governor Higginson and the Christopher Columbus had observed it at two positions on the charts separated by a distance of more than 700 nautical leagues. 因此,这种非凡的鲸类动物可以以惊人的速度从一个地方转移到另一个地方,因为在短短三天的时间间隔内,总督希金森和克里斯托弗哥伦布在海图上相隔 700 多米的两个位置观察到了它航海联盟。 Fifteen days later and 2,000 leagues farther, the Helvetia from the Compagnie Nationale and the Shannon from the Royal Mail line, running on opposite tacks in that part of the Atlantic lying between the United States and Europe, respectively signaled each other that the monster had been sighted in latitude 42° 15' north and longitude 60° 35' west of the meridian of Greenwich. 15 天后,在 2,000 里格之外,来自 Compagnie Nationale 的 Helvetia 和来自皇家邮政的 Shannon 在位于美国和欧洲之间的大西洋部分逆向行驶,分别向对方发出信号,表明这个怪物已经位于格林威治子午线北纬 42° 15' 和西经 60° 35' 处。 From their simultaneous observations, they were able to estimate the mammal’s minimum length at more than 350 English feet;* this was because both the Shannon and the Helvetia were of smaller dimensions, although each measured 100 meters stem to stern. Grâce à leurs observations simultanées, ils ont pu estimer la longueur minimale du mammifère à plus de 350 pieds anglais* ; en effet, le Shannon et l'Helvetia étaient tous deux de dimensions inférieures, bien qu'ils mesuraient chacun 100 mètres d'un bout à l'autre. Now then, the biggest whales, those rorqual whales that frequent the waterways of the Aleutian Islands, have never exceeded a length of 56 meters—if they reach even that. Or, les plus grandes baleines, ces rorquals qui fréquentent les eaux des îles Aléoutiennes, n'ont jamais dépassé 56 mètres de long - si tant est qu'elles les atteignent. *Author’s Note: About 106 meters. An English foot is only 30.4 centimeters. One after another, reports arrived that would profoundly affect public opinion: new observations taken by the transatlantic liner Pereire , the Inman line’s Etna running afoul of the monster, an official report drawn up by officers on the French frigate Normandy , dead–earnest reckonings obtained by the general staff of Commodore Fitz–James aboard the Lord Clyde . Les rapports se succèdent et marquent profondément l'opinion publique : nouvelles observations du paquebot transatlantique Pereire, l'Etna de la ligne Inman en difficulté face au monstre, rapport officiel établi par les officiers de la frégate française Normandy, calculs à l'emporte-pièce obtenus par l'état-major du commodore Fitz-James à bord du Lord Clyde... In lighthearted countries, people joked about this phenomenon, but such serious, practical countries as England, America, and Germany were deeply concerned. Dans les pays légers, les gens plaisantent sur ce phénomène, mais des pays sérieux et pratiques comme l'Angleterre, l'Amérique et l'Allemagne sont profondément préoccupés. In every big city the monster was the latest rage; they sang about it in the coffee houses, they ridiculed it in the newspapers, they dramatized it in the theaters.

The tabloids found it a fine opportunity for hatching all sorts of hoaxes. Les tabloïds ont trouvé là une belle occasion d'échafauder toutes sortes de canulars. In those newspapers short of copy, you saw the reappearance of every gigantic imaginary creature, from "Moby Dick," that dreadful white whale from the High Arctic regions, to the stupendous kraken whose tentacles could entwine a 500–ton craft and drag it into the ocean depths. They even reprinted reports from ancient times: the views of Aristotle and Pliny accepting the existence of such monsters, then the Norwegian stories of Bishop Pontoppidan, the narratives of Paul Egede, and finally the reports of Captain Harrington—whose good faith is above suspicion—in which he claims he saw, while aboard the Castilian in 1857, one of those enormous serpents that, until then, had frequented only the seas of France’s old extremist newspaper, The Constitutionalist . Ils reprennent même des récits de l'Antiquité : les opinions d'Aristote et de Pline reconnaissant l'existence de tels monstres, puis les récits norvégiens de l'évêque Pontoppidan, les récits de Paul Egede, et enfin les récits du capitaine Harrington - dont la bonne foi est au-dessus de tout soupçon - qui affirme avoir vu, à bord du Castillan en 1857, un de ces énormes serpents qui, jusqu'alors, n'avaient fréquenté que les mers du vieux journal extrémiste français Le Constitutionnel. An interminable debate then broke out between believers and skeptics in the scholarly societies and scientific journals.

The "monster question" inflamed all minds. During this memorable campaign, journalists making a profession of science battled with those making a profession of wit, spilling waves of ink and some of them even two or three drops of blood, since they went from sea serpents to the most offensive personal remarks. Au cours de cette campagne mémorable, les journalistes qui font profession de science se sont affrontés à ceux qui font profession d'esprit, faisant couler des flots d'encre et même, pour certains, deux ou trois gouttes de sang, puisqu'ils sont passés des serpents de mer aux remarques personnelles les plus offensantes. For six months the war seesawed.

With inexhaustible zest, the popular press took potshots at feature articles from the Geographic Institute of Brazil, the Royal Academy of Science in Berlin, the British Association, the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., at discussions in The Indian Archipelago, in Cosmos published by Father Moigno, in Petermann’s Mittheilungen ,* and at scientific chronicles in the great French and foreign newspapers. When the monster’s detractors cited a saying by the botanist Linnaeus that "nature doesn’t make leaps," witty writers in the popular periodicals parodied it, maintaining in essence that "nature doesn’t make lunatics," and ordering their contemporaries never to give the lie to nature by believing in krakens, sea serpents, "Moby Dicks," and other all–out efforts from drunken seamen. Lorsque les détracteurs du monstre citent un dicton du botaniste Linné selon lequel "la nature ne fait pas de bonds", des écrivains pleins d'esprit dans les périodiques populaires le parodient, affirmant en substance que "la nature ne fait pas de fous" et ordonnant à leurs contemporains de ne jamais faire mentir la nature en croyant aux krakens, aux serpents de mer, aux "Moby Dicks" et autres efforts acharnés de marins en état d'ébriété. Finally, in a much–feared satirical journal, an article by its most popular columnist finished off the monster for good, spurning it in the style of Hippolytus repulsing the amorous advances of his stepmother Phædra, and giving the creature its quietus amid a universal burst of laughter. Enfin, dans un journal satirique très redouté, un article du chroniqueur le plus populaire a définitivement achevé le monstre, le repoussant à la manière d'Hippolyte repoussant les avances amoureuses de sa belle-mère Phèdre, et donnant à la créature son quietus au milieu d'un éclat de rire universel. Wit had defeated science. L'esprit a vaincu la science. *German: "Bulletin.

Ed. During the first months of the year 1867, the question seemed to be buried, and it didn’t seem due for resurrection, when new facts were brought to the public’s attention.

But now it was no longer an issue of a scientific problem to be solved, but a quite real and serious danger to be avoided. Mais il ne s'agit plus d'un problème scientifique à résoudre, mais d'un danger réel et sérieux à éviter. The question took an entirely new turn. The monster again became an islet, rock, or reef, but a runaway reef, unfixed and elusive. El monstruo volvió a ser un islote, una roca o un arrecife, pero un arrecife desbocado, inamovible y escurridizo. Le monstre est redevenu un îlot, un rocher ou un récif, mais un récif fugitif, non fixé et insaisissable. On March 5, 1867, the Moravian from the Montreal Ocean Co., lying during the night in latitude 27° 30' and longitude 72° 15', ran its starboard quarter afoul of a rock marked on no charts of these waterways. Le 5 mars 1867, le Moravian de la Montreal Ocean Co. se trouvant pendant la nuit par 27° 30' de latitude et 72° 15' de longitude, heurta par sa hanche tribord un rocher qui ne figure sur aucune carte de ces voies navigables. Under the combined efforts of wind and 400–horsepower steam, it was traveling at a speed of thirteen knots. Sous l'effet combiné du vent et de la vapeur de 400 chevaux, il se déplace à une vitesse de treize nœuds. Without the high quality of its hull, the Moravian would surely have split open from this collision and gone down together with those 237 passengers it was bringing back from Canada. Sans la haute qualité de sa coque, le Moravian se serait certainement fendu lors de cette collision et aurait coulé avec les 237 passagers qu'il ramenait du Canada. This accident happened around five o’clock in the morning, just as day was beginning to break. Cet accident s'est produit vers cinq heures du matin, alors que le jour commençait à poindre.

The officers on watch rushed to the craft’s stern. Les officiers de quart se précipitent à l'arrière de l'embarcation. They examined the ocean with the most scrupulous care. They saw nothing except a strong eddy breaking three cable lengths out, as if those sheets of water had been violently churned. Ils n'ont rien vu d'autre qu'un fort remous se brisant sur trois longueurs de câble, comme si ces nappes d'eau avaient été violemment brassées. The site’s exact bearings were taken, and the Moravian continued on course apparently undamaged. Les coordonnées exactes du site ont été relevées et le Moravian a poursuivi sa route apparemment sans dommage. Had it run afoul of an underwater rock or the wreckage of some enormous derelict ship? S'est-il heurté à un rocher sous-marin ou à l'épave d'un énorme navire abandonné ? They were unable to say. But when they examined its undersides in the service yard, they discovered that part of its keel had been smashed. Mais lorsqu'ils ont examiné le dessous de l'appareil dans la cour de service, ils ont découvert qu'une partie de la quille avait été brisée. This occurrence, extremely serious in itself, might perhaps have been forgotten like so many others, if three weeks later it hadn’t been reenacted under identical conditions. Cet événement, extrêmement grave en soi, aurait peut-être été oublié comme tant d'autres, si trois semaines plus tard il n'avait pas été rejoué dans des conditions identiques.

Only, thanks to the nationality of the ship victimized by this new ramming, and thanks to the reputation of the company to which this ship belonged, the event caused an immense uproar. Seulement, grâce à la nationalité du navire victime de ce nouvel éperonnage, et grâce à la réputation de la compagnie à laquelle ce navire appartenait, l'événement a suscité un immense émoi. No one is unaware of the name of that famous English shipowner, Cunard. Personne n'ignore le nom du célèbre armateur anglais Cunard.

In 1840 this shrewd industrialist founded a postal service between Liverpool and Halifax, featuring three wooden ships with 400–horsepower paddle wheels and a burden of 1,162 metric tons. Eight years later, the company’s assets were increased by four 650–horsepower ships at 1,820 metric tons, and in two more years, by two other vessels of still greater power and tonnage. In 1853 the Cunard Co., whose mail–carrying charter had just been renewed, successively added to its assets the Arabia , the Persia , the China , the Scotia , the Java , and the Russia , all ships of top speed and, after the Great Eastern , the biggest ever to plow the seas. En 1853, la Cunard Co., cuya carta de transporte de correo acababa de ser renovada, añadió sucesivamente a sus activos el Arabia , el Persia , el China , el Scotia , el Java y el Russia , todos ellos buques de gran velocidad y, después del Great Eastern , los más grandes que jamás surcaron los mares. En 1853, la Cunard Co. dont la charte postale vient d'être renouvelée, ajoute successivement à son actif l'Arabia, le Persia, le China, le Scotia, le Java et le Russia, tous navires de grande vitesse et, après le Great Eastern, les plus grands qui aient jamais sillonné les mers. So in 1867 this company owned twelve ships, eight with paddle wheels and four with propellers. If I give these highly condensed details, it is so everyone can fully understand the importance of this maritime transportation company, known the world over for its shrewd management. Si je donne ces détails très condensés, c'est pour que chacun comprenne bien l'importance de cette entreprise de transport maritime, connue dans le monde entier pour sa gestion avisée.

No transoceanic navigational undertaking has been conducted with more ability, no business dealings have been crowned with greater success. Aucune entreprise de navigation transocéanique n'a été menée avec plus d'habileté, aucune transaction commerciale n'a été couronnée d'un plus grand succès. In twenty–six years Cunard ships have made 2,000 Atlantic crossings without so much as a voyage canceled, a delay recorded, a man, a craft, or even a letter lost. En vingt-six ans, les navires de la Cunard ont effectué 2 000 traversées de l'Atlantique sans qu'aucun voyage n'ait été annulé, qu'aucun retard n'ait été enregistré, qu'aucun homme, qu'aucune embarcation, ni même qu'aucune lettre n'ait été perdue. Accordingly, despite strong competition from France, passengers still choose the Cunard line in preference to all others, as can be seen in a recent survey of official documents. Given this, no one will be astonished at the uproar provoked by this accident involving one of its finest steamers. On April 13, 1867, with a smooth sea and a moderate breeze, the Scotia lay in longitude 15° 12' and latitude 45° 37'. It was traveling at a speed of 13.43 knots under the thrust of its 1,000–horsepower engines. Viajaba a una velocidad de 13,43 nudos bajo el empuje de sus motores de 1.000 caballos de fuerza. Il se déplaçait à une vitesse de 13,43 nœuds sous la poussée de ses moteurs de 1 000 chevaux. Its paddle wheels were churning the sea with perfect steadiness. Sus ruedas de paletas agitaban el mar con perfecta estabilidad. It was then drawing 6.7 meters of water and displacing 6,624 cubic meters. At 4:17 in the afternoon, during a high tea for passengers gathered in the main lounge, a collision occurred, scarcely noticeable on the whole, affecting the Scotia’s hull in that quarter a little astern of its port paddle wheel. À 4h17 de l'après-midi, au cours d'un high tea pour les passagers réunis dans le salon principal, une collision se produit, peu perceptible dans l'ensemble, affectant la coque du Scotia dans ce quartier, un peu en arrière de sa roue à aubes de bâbord. The Scotia hadn’t run afoul of something, it had been fouled, and by a cutting or perforating instrument rather than a blunt one. Le Scotia ne s'est pas heurté à quelque chose, il a été encrassé, et par un instrument coupant ou perforant plutôt que par un instrument contondant. This encounter seemed so minor that nobody on board would have been disturbed by it, had it not been for the shouts of crewmen in the hold, who climbed on deck yelling: Cette rencontre semble si anodine que personne à bord n'en aurait été troublé, si ce n'est par les cris des hommes d'équipage dans la cale, qui montent sur le pont en hurlant : "We’re sinking!

We’re sinking!

At first the passengers were quite frightened, but Captain Anderson hastened to reassure them. Les passagers sont d'abord effrayés, mais le capitaine Anderson s'empresse de les rassurer.

In fact, there could be no immediate danger. Divided into seven compartments by watertight bulkheads, the Scotia could brave any leak with impunity. Captain Anderson immediately made his way into the hold.

He discovered that the fifth compartment had been invaded by the sea, and the speed of this invasion proved that the leak was considerable. Fortunately this compartment didn’t contain the boilers, because their furnaces would have been abruptly extinguished. Heureusement que ce compartiment ne contenait pas les chaudières, car leurs fours auraient été brusquement éteints. Captain Anderson called an immediate halt, and one of his sailors dived down to assess the damage.

Within moments they had located a hole two meters in width on the steamer’s underside. En unos momentos habían localizado un agujero de dos metros de ancho en la parte inferior del vapor. En quelques instants, ils ont repéré un trou de deux mètres de large sur le dessous du paquebot. Such a leak could not be patched, and with its paddle wheels half swamped, the Scotia had no choice but to continue its voyage. Tal fuga no pudo repararse, y con sus ruedas de paletas medio inundadas, el Scotia no tuvo más remedio que continuar su viaje. Une telle fuite ne peut être colmatée et, avec ses roues à aubes à moitié submergées, le Scotia n'a d'autre choix que de poursuivre son voyage. By then it lay 300 miles from Cape Clear, and after three days of delay that filled Liverpool with acute anxiety, it entered the company docks. Il se trouve alors à 300 milles de Cape Clear et, après trois jours de retard qui plongent Liverpool dans une angoisse aiguë, il entre dans les docks de la compagnie. The engineers then proceeded to inspect the Scotia , which had been put in dry dock. They couldn’t believe their eyes. Two and a half meters below its waterline, there gaped a symmetrical gash in the shape of an isosceles triangle. À deux mètres cinquante sous la ligne de flottaison, une entaille symétrique en forme de triangle isocèle s'est ouverte. This breach in the sheet iron was so perfectly formed, no punch could have done a cleaner job of it. Cette brèche dans la tôle était si parfaitement formée qu'aucun poinçon n'aurait pu faire un travail plus propre. Consequently, it must have been produced by a perforating tool of uncommon toughness—plus, after being launched with prodigious power and then piercing four centimeters of sheet iron, this tool had needed to withdraw itself by a backward motion truly inexplicable. Par conséquent, elle devait être produite par un outil perforant d'une dureté peu commune - de plus, après avoir été lancé avec une puissance prodigieuse et avoir ensuite transpercé quatre centimètres de tôle, cet outil avait dû se retirer par un mouvement de recul proprement inexplicable. This was the last straw, and it resulted in arousing public passions all over again.

Indeed, from this moment on, any maritime casualty without an established cause was charged to the monster’s account. En effet, à partir de ce moment, tout sinistre maritime sans cause établie est imputé au compte du monstre. This outrageous animal had to shoulder responsibility for all derelict vessels, whose numbers are unfortunately considerable, since out of those 3,000 ships whose losses are recorded annually at the marine insurance bureau, the figure for steam or sailing ships supposedly lost with all hands, in the absence of any news, amounts to at least 200! Cet animal scandaleux devait assumer la responsabilité de tous les navires abandonnés, dont le nombre est malheureusement considérable, puisque sur les 3.000 navires dont les pertes sont enregistrées annuellement au bureau des assurances maritimes, le chiffre des navires à vapeur ou à voile supposés perdus avec tous les hommes, en l'absence de toute nouvelle, s'élève au moins à 200 ! Now then, justly or unjustly, it was the "monster" who stood accused of their disappearance; and since, thanks to it, travel between the various continents had become more and more dangerous, the public spoke up and demanded straight out that, at all cost, the seas be purged of this fearsome cetacean .