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Hooked, CH01 THE HABIT ZONE

CH01 THE HABIT ZONE

1. THE HABIT ZONE

When I run, I zone out. I don't think about what my body is doing and my mind usually wanders elsewhere. I find it relaxing and refreshing, and run about three mornings each week. Recently, I needed to take an overseas client call during my usual morning run time. “No biggie,” I thought. “I can run in the evening instead.” However, the time-shift created some peculiar behaviors that night.

I left the house for my run at dusk and as I was about to pass a woman taking out her trash, she made eye contact and smiled. I politely saluted with, “Good morning!” — then caught my mistake. “I mean, good evening! Sorry!” I corrected myself, realizing I was about 10 hours off. She furrowed her brow and cracked a nervous smile.

Slightly embarrassed, I noted how my mind had been oblivious to the time of day. I chided myself not to do it again, but within a few minutes I passed another runner and again — as if possessed — I blurted out, “Good morning!” What was going on?

Back home, during my normal post-run shower, my mind began to wander again as it often does when I bathe. My brain's autopilot switch turned on and I proceeded with my daily routine, unaware of my actions. It wasn't until I felt the nick of the razor cutting my face that I realized I had lathered-up and started shaving. Although it is something I do every morning, shaving was painfully unnecessary in the evening. And yet, I'd done it anyway, unknowingly. The evening version of my morning run had triggered a behavioral script that instructed my body to carry out my usual, run-related activities — all without mindful awareness. Such is the nature of ingrained habits — behaviors done with little or no conscious thought — which by some estimates, guide nearly half of our daily actions.

[xvii]

Habits are one of the ways the brain learns complex behaviors. Neuroscientists believe habits give us the ability to focus our attention on other things by storing automatic responses in the basal ganglia, an area of the brain associated with involuntary actions.

[xviii]

Habits form when the brain takes a shortcut and stops actively deliberating over what to do next.

[xix] The brain quickly learns to codify behaviors that provide a solution to whatever situation it encounters.

For example, nail biting is a common behavior that occurs with little or no conscious thought. Initially, the biter might start chomping on her cuticles for a reason — to remove an unsightly hangnail, for example. However, when the behavior occurs for no conscious purpose — simply as an automatic response to a cue — the habit is in control. For many persistent nail biters, the unconscious trigger is the unpleasant feeling of stress. The more the biter associates the act of nail chomping with the temporary relief it provides, the harder it becomes to change the conditioned response.

Like nail biting, many of our daily decisions are made simply because that was the way we have found resolution in the past. The brain automatically deduces that if the decision was a good one yesterday, then it is a safe bet again today and the action becomes a routine.

On my run, my brain had associated making eye contact with another person during my run with the standard “Good morning!” greeting, thus I automatically uttered these words no matter how inappropriately timed.

Why Habits are Good for Business

If our programmed behaviors are so influential in guiding our everyday actions, surely harnessing the same power of habits can be a boon for industry. Indeed, for those able to shape them in an effective way, habits can be very good for the bottom line.

Habit-forming products change user behavior and create unprompted user engagement. The aim is to influence customers to use your product on their own, again and again, without relying on overt calls-to-action such as ads or promotions. Once a habit is formed, the user is automatically triggered to use the product during routine events such as wanting to kill time while waiting in line.

However, the framework and practices explored in this book are not one-size-fits-all and do not apply to every business or industry. Entrepreneurs should evaluate how user habits impact their particular business model and goals. While the viability of some products depends on habit-formation to thrive, that is not always the case.

For example, companies selling infrequently bought or used products or services do not require habitual users — at least, not in the sense of everyday engagement. Life insurance companies, for instance, leverage salespeople, advertising, and word-of-mouth referrals and recommendations to prompt consumers to buy policies. Once the policy is bought, there is nothing more the customer needs to do.

In this book, I refer to products in the context of businesses that require ongoing, unprompted user engagement and therefore need to build user habits. I exclude companies that compel customers to take action through other means.

Before diving into the mechanics of how habits are made, we must first understand their general importance and competitive benefits for businesses. Habit formation is good for business in several ways.

Increasing Customer Lifetime Value

MBAs are taught that a business is worth the sum of its future profits. This benchmark is how investors calculate the fair price of a company's shares. CEOs and their management teams are evaluated by their ability to increase the value of their stocks — and therefore care deeply about the ability of their companies to generate free cash flow. Management's job, in the eyes of shareholders, is to implement strategies to grow future profits by increasing revenues or decreasing expenses. Fostering consumer habits is an effective way to increase the value of a company by driving higher customer lifetime value (CLTV). CLTV is the amount of money made from a customer before she switches to a competitor, stops using the product, or dies. User habits increase how long and how frequently customers use a product, resulting in higher CLTV.

Some products have a very high CLTV. For example, credit card customers tend to stay loyal for a very long time and are worth a bundle. Hence, credit card companies are willing to spend a considerable amount of money acquiring new customers. This explains why you receive so many promotional offers, ranging from free gifts to airline bonus miles, to entice you to add another card or upgrade your current one. Your potential CLTV justifies a credit card company's marketing investment. Providing Pricing Flexibility

Renowned investor and Berkshire Hathaway CEO Warren Buffett once said, “You can determine the strength of a business over time by the amount of agony they go through in raising prices.”

[xx] Buffett and his partner, Charlie Munger, realized that as customers form routines around a product, they come to depend upon it and become less price-sensitive. The duo have pointed to consumer psychology as the rationale behind their famed investments in companies like See's Candies and Coca-Cola. [xxi] Buffett and Munger understand that habits give companies greater flexibility to increase prices.

For example, in the free-to-play video game business, it is standard practice for game developers to delay asking users to pay money until they have played consistently and habitually. Once the compulsion to play is in place and the desire to progress in the game increases, converting users into paying customers is much easier. Selling virtual items, extra lives, and special powers is where the real money lies.

As of December 2013, more than 500 million people have downloaded Candy Crush Saga, a game played mostly on mobile devices. The game's “freemium” model converts some of those users into paying customers, netting the game's maker nearly a million dollars per day. [xxii]

This pattern also applies to other services. Take Evernote, the popular note-taking and archiving software, for example. The software is free to use but the company offers upgraded features like offline viewing and collaboration tools for a price — which many devoted users are happy to pay.

Evernote's CEO Phil Libin shared some revealing insights about how the company turns non-paying users into revenue generating ones. [xxiii] In 2011, Libin published a chart now known as the “smile graph.” With the percentage of sign-ups represented on the Y-axis and time spent on the service on the X-axis, the chart showed that, although usage plummeted at first, it rocketed upward as people formed a habit of using the service. The resulting down and up curve gave the chart its emblematic smile shape (and Evernote's CEO a matching grin). In addition, as usage increased over time, so did customers’ willingness to pay. Libin noted that after the first month, only 0.5 percent of users paid for the service; however, this rate gradually increased. By month 33, 11 percent of users had started paying. At month 42, a remarkable 26 percent of customers were paying for something they had previously used for free.

[xxiv]

Supercharging Growth

Users who continually find value in a product are more likely to tell their friends about it. Frequent usage creates more opportunities to encourage people to invite their friends, broadcast content, and share through word-of-mouth. Hooked users become brand evangelists — megaphones for your company, bringing in new users at little or no cost.

Products with higher user engagement also have the potential to grow faster than their rivals. Case in point: Facebook leapfrogged its competitors, including MySpace and Friendster, even though it was relatively late to the social networking party. Although its competitors both had healthy growth rates and millions of users by the time Mark Zuckerberg's fledgling site launched beyond the closed doors of academia, his company came to dominate the industry. Facebook's success was, in part, a result of what I call the more is more principle — more frequent usage drives more viral growth. As tech-entrepreneur turned venture capitalist, David Skok points out, “The most important factor to increasing growth is ... Viral Cycle Time.”

[xxv] Viral Cycle Time is the amount of time it takes a user to invite another user, and it can have a massive impact. “For example, after 20 days with a cycle time of two days, you will have 20,470 users,” Skok writes. “But if you halved that cycle time to one day, you would have over 20 million users! It is logical that it would be better to have more cycles occur, but it is less obvious just how much better.”

Having a greater proportion of users returning to a service daily, dramatically increases Viral Cycle Time for two reasons: First, daily users initiate loops more often (think tagging a friend in a Facebook photo); second, more daily active users means more people to respond and react to each invitation. The cycle not only perpetuates the process — with higher and higher user engagement, it accelerates it.

Sharpening the Competitive Edge

User habits are a competitive advantage. Products that change customer routines are less susceptible to attacks from other companies.

Many entrepreneurs fall into the trap of building products that are only marginally better than existing solutions, hoping their innovation will be good enough to woo customers away from existing products. But when it comes to shaking consumers’ old habits, these naive entrepreneurs often find that better products don't always win — especially if a large number of users have already adopted a competing product. A classic paper by John Gourville, a professor of marketing at Harvard Business School, stipulates that, “Many innovations fail because consumers irrationally overvalue the old while companies irrationally overvalue the new.”

[xxvi]

Gourville claims that for new entrants to stand a chance, they can't just be better, they must be nine times better. Why such a high bar? Because old habits die hard and new products or services need to offer dramatic improvements to shake users out of old routines. Gourville writes that products that require a high degree of behavior change are doomed to fail even if the benefits of using the new product are clear and substantial.

For example, the technology I am using to write this book is inferior to existing alternatives in many ways. I'm referring to the QWERTY keyboard which was first developed in the 1870s for the now-ancient typewriter. QWERTY was designed with commonly used characters spaced far apart. This layout prevented typists from jamming the metal typebars of early machines.

[xxvii] Of course, this physical limitation is an anachronism in the digital age, yet QWERTY keyboards remain the standard despite the invention of far better layouts.

Professor August Dvorak's keyboard design, for example, placed vowels in the center row, increasing typing speed and accuracy. Though patented in 1932, the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard was written off.

QWERTY survives due to the high costs of changing user behavior. When first introduced to the keyboard, we chicken-peck at the keys one-by-one, usually with just a finger or two. After months of practice, we instinctively learn to activate all our fingers in response to our thoughts with little to no conscious effort, and the words begin to flow effortlessly from mind to screen. But switching to an unfamiliar keyboard — even if more efficient — would force us to re-learn how to type. Fat chance!

As we will learn in chapter five, users also increase their dependency on habit-forming products by storing value in them — further reducing the likelihood of switching to an alternative. For example, every email sent and received using Google's Gmail is stored indefinitely, providing users with a lasting repository of past conversations. New followers on Twitter increase users’ clout and amplify their ability to transmit messages to their communities. Memories and experiences captured on Instagram are added to one's digital scrapbook. Switching to a new email service, social network, or photo-sharing app becomes more difficult the more people use them. The non-transferrable value created and stored inside these services discourages users from leaving.

Ultimately, user habits increase a business's return on investment. Higher customer lifetime value, greater pricing flexibility, supercharged growth, and a sharpened competitive edge together equal a more powerful bang for the company's buck. *

Building the Mind Monopoly

While user habits are a boon to companies fortunate enough to engender them, their existence inherently makes success less likely for new innovations and startups trying to disrupt the status quo. The fact is, successfully changing long-term user habits is exceptionally rare.

Altering behavior requires not only an understanding of how to persuade people to act — for example, the first time they land on a webpage — but also necessitates getting them to repeat behaviors for long periods, ideally for the rest of their lives.

Companies that succeed in building a habit-forming business are often associated with game-changing, wildly successful innovation. But like any discipline, habit design has rules and caveats that define and explain why some products change lives while others do not.

For one, new behaviors have a short half-life, as our minds tend to revert to our old ways of thinking and doing. Experiments show that lab animals habituated to new behaviors tend to regress to their first learned behaviors over time.

[xxviii] To borrow a term from accounting, behaviors are LIFO — “last in, first out.” In other words, the habits you've most recently acquired are also the ones most likely to go soonest. This helps explain the overwhelming evidence that people rarely change their habits for long. Two-thirds of alcoholics who complete a rehabilitation program will pick up the bottle, and their old habits, within a year's time. [xxix] Research shows that nearly everyone who loses weight on a diet gains back the pounds within two years.

[xxx]

The enemy of forming new habits is past behaviors, and research suggests that old habits die hard. Even when we change our routines, neural pathways remain etched in our brains, ready to be reactivated when we lose focus.

[xxxi] This presents an especially difficult challenge for product designers trying to create new lines or businesses based on forming new habits.

For new behaviors to really take hold, they must occur often. In a recent study at the University College London, researchers followed participants as they attempted to form a habit of flossing their teeth.

[xxxii] As one of its findings, the study concluded that the more frequently the new behavior occurred, the stronger the habit became. Like flossing, frequent engagement with a product — especially over a short period of time — increases the likelihood of forming new routines.

Google Search provides an example of a service built upon a frequent behavior that helped create users’ habits. If you're skeptical that Google is habit-forming (and you are a frequent Google user), just try using Bing. In a head-to-head comparison of the efficacy of an incognito search, the products are nearly identical.

[xxxiii] Even if the geniuses at Google have in fact perfected a faster algorithm, the time saved is imperceptible to everyone but robots and Mister Spock. Milliseconds matter, but they don't hook users. So why haven't more Google users switched to Bing? Habits keep users loyal. If a user is familiar with the Google interface, switching to Bing requires cognitive effort. Although many aspects of Bing are similar to Google, even a slight change in pixel placement forces the would-be user to learn a new way of interacting with the site. Adapting to the differences in the Bing interface is what actually slows down regular Google users and makes Bing feel inferior, not the technology itself.

Internet searches occur so frequently that Google is able to cement itself as the one and only solution in the habituated user's mind. Users no longer need to think about whether or not to use Google, they just do. Furthermore, whenever the company can identify the user through tracking technology, it improves search results based on past behaviors to deliver a more accurate and personalized experience, reinforcing the user's connection with the search engine. The more the product is used, the better the algorithm gets and thus, the more it is used. The result is a virtuous cycle of habit-driven behavior resulting in Google's market domination. [xxxiv]

Habit as Strategy

Sometimes a behavior does not occur as frequently as flossing or Googling, but it still becomes a habit. For an infrequent action to become a habit, the user must perceive a high degree of utility, either from gaining pleasure or avoiding pain.

Take Amazon as an example: The e-tailer has its sights set on becoming the world's one-stop shop. Amazon is so confident in its ability to form user habits that it sells and runs ads for directly competitive products on its site.

[xxxv] Customers often see the item they are about to buy listed at a cheaper price and can click away to transact elsewhere. To some, this sounds like a formula for disaster. But to Amazon, it is a shrewd business strategy.

Not only does Amazon make money from the ads it runs from competing businesses, but it also utilizes other companies’ marketing dollars to form a habit in the shopper's mind. Amazon seeks to become the solution to a frequently occurring pain-point — the customer's desire to find the items they want. By addressing shoppers’ price concerns, Amazon earns loyalty even if it doesn't make the sale, and comes across as trustworthy in the process. The tactic is backed by a 2003 study, which demonstrated that consumers’ preference for an online retailer increases when they are offered competitive price information. [xxxvi] The technique has also been used by Progressive, the car insurance company, to drive over $15 billion of annual insurance sales, up from just $3.4 billion before the tactic was implemented.

By allowing users to comparison shop from within the site, Amazon provides tremendous perceived utility to its customers. Although shopping on Amazon may not occur as frequently as searching on Google, the company solidifies its place as the default solution to customers’ purchasing needs with each successful transaction. In fact, people are so comfortable comparison shopping on Amazon that they frequently use the company's mobile app to check prices when standing in the aisles of real stores — often making a purchase from inside a competing retailer. [xxxvii]

In the Habit Zone

A company can begin to determine its product's habit-forming potential by plotting two factors: frequency (how often the behavior occurs) and perceived utility (how useful and rewarding the behavior is in the user's mind over alternative solutions). Googling occurs multiple times per day, but any particular search is negligibly better than rival services like Bing. Conversely, using Amazon may be a less frequent occurrence, but users receive great value knowing they'll find whatever they need at the one and only “everything store.” [xxxviii]

As represented in figure 1, a behavior that occurs with enough frequency and perceived utility enters the Habit Zone, helping to make it a default behavior. If either of these factors falls short and the behavior lies below the threshold, it is less likely that the desired behavior will become a habit.

Note that the line slopes downward but never quite reaches the perceived utility axis. Some behaviors never become habits because they do not occur frequently enough. No matter how much utility is involved, infrequent behaviors remain conscious actions and never create the automatic response that is characteristic of habits. On the other axis however, even a behavior which provides minimal perceived benefit can become a habit simply because it occurs frequently.

Figure 1

This concept is meant to be a guiding theory and the scale of the illustration is intentionally left blank. Unfortunately for companies, research thus far has not found a universal timescale for turning all behaviors into habits. A 2010 study found that some habits can be formed in a matter of weeks while others can take more than five months.

[xxxix] The researchers also found that the complexity of the behavior and how important the habit was to the person greatly affected how quickly the routine was formed.

There are few rules when it comes to answering “how frequent is frequent enough?” and the answer is likely specific to each business and behavior. However, as the previously mentioned flossing study demonstrates, we know that higher frequency is better.

Think of the products and services you would identify as habit-forming. Most of these are used daily, if not multiple times per day. Now, let's explore why we use these products so frequently. *

Vitamins vs. Painkillers

It's never been easier to launch a new product or service, yet most new endeavors fail. Why? Products fail for a variety of reasons: Companies run out of funding, products enter markets too early or too late, the marketplace doesn't need what companies are offering, or founders simply give up. Just as failure has many causes, success too can be attributed to a variety of factors. However, one thing is common to all successful innovations — they solve problems. That may seem obvious, but understanding the kind of problem a new product solves can be a topic of much debate.

“Are you building a vitamin or painkiller?” is a common, almost clichéd question many investors ask founders eager to cash their first venture capital check. The correct answer, from the perspective of most investors, is the latter: a painkiller. Likewise, innovators in companies big and small are constantly asked to prove their idea is important enough to merit the time and money needed to build it. Gatekeepers such as investors and managers want to invest in solving real problems — or, meeting immediate needs — by backing painkillers.

Painkillers solve an obvious need, relieving a specific pain and often have quantifiable markets. Think Tylenol, the brand name version of acetaminophen, and the product's promise of reliable relief. It's the kind of ready-made solution for which people are happy to pay. In contrast, vitamins do not necessarily solve an obvious pain-point. Instead they appeal to users’ emotional rather than functional needs. When we take our multivitamin each morning, we don't really know if it is actually making us healthier. In fact, recent evidence shows taking multivitamins may actually be doing more harm than good.

[xl]

But we don't really care, do we? Efficacy is not why we take vitamins. Taking a vitamin is a "check it off your list" behavior we measure in terms of psychological, rather than physical, relief. We feel satisfied that we are doing something good for our bodies — even if we can't tell how much good it is actually doing us. Unlike a painkiller, which we can not function without, missing a few days of vitamin popping, say while on vacation, is no big deal. So perhaps managers and investors know best? Perhaps building painkillers, not vitamins, is always the right strategy.

Not so fast.

Let's consider a few of today's hottest consumer technology companies — say Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Pinterest. What are they selling — vitamins or painkillers? Most people would guess vitamins, thinking users aren't doing much of anything important other than perhaps seeking a quick boost of social validation. After all, think back to before you first started using these services. No one ever woke up in the middle of the night screaming, “I need something to help me update my status!”

But like so many innovations, we did not know we needed them until they became part of our everyday lives. Before making up your mind on the vitamin or painkiller debate for some of the world's most successful tech companies, consider this idea: A habit is when not doing an action causes a bit of pain. It is important to clarify that the term “pain,” as it is frequently used in business school and marketing books, is somewhat hyperbolic. In reality, the experience we are talking about is more similar to an “itch,” a feeling that manifests within the mind and causes discomfort until it is satisfied. The habit-forming products we use are simply there to provide some sort of relief. Using a technology or product to scratch the itch provides faster satisfaction than ignoring it. Once we come to depend on a tool, nothing else will do.

My answer to the vitamin or painkiller question is that habit-forming technologies are both. These services seem, at first, to be offering nice-to-have vitamins, but once the habit is established, they provide an ongoing pain remedy.

Seeking pleasure and avoiding pain are two key motivators in all species. When we feel discomfort, we seek to escape the uncomfortable sensation. In the next chapter, we will explore how emotions, often negative ones, trigger users to reach for solutions. But for now, the important thing to remember is that habit-forming products create associations in users’ minds — and that the solution to their pain may be found in your product's use. We'll discuss the morality of manipulation in chapter eight; however, it is worth noting that although some people use the terms interchangeably, habits are not the same things as addictions. Addictions are persistent, compulsive dependencies on a behavior or substance. Addictions, by definition, are self-destructive. Thus, it is irresponsible to make products that rely on creating and maintaining user addiction, since doing so would mean intentionally harming people.

A habit, on the other hand, is a behavior that can have a positive influence on a person's life. Habits can be healthy or unhealthy, and you likely have several helpful habits you carry out throughout your day. Did you brush your teeth today? Take a shower? Did you express gratitude by saying “thanks?” Or in my case, say “Good morning” while on an evening jog? These are common behaviors done with little or no deliberation — they are habits.

*

Diving Into The Hook Model

Ready to learn more about creating positive user habits? Read on to gain a deeper understanding of the Hook Model: A simple yet powerful way to help your customers form habits that connect their problem with your solution.

In the next chapters, we dive into each phase of the Hook Model. Along the way, I will provide examples you can use in the design of your own product or service. By learning a few fundamentals of how the mind works, you will increase your odds of building the right product faster.

By progressing users through the four steps of the Hook Model, — trigger, action, variable reward, and investment — hooks form habits.

*

Remember and Share

- For some businesses, forming habits is a critical component to success, but not every business requires habitual user engagement.

- When successful, forming strong user habits can have several business benefits including: higher customer lifetime value, greater pricing flexibility, supercharged growth, and a sharper competitive edge.

- Habits can not form outside the “Habit Zone,” where the behavior occurs with enough frequency and perceived utility.

- Habit-forming products often start as nice-to-haves (vitamins) but once the habit is formed, they become must-haves (painkillers).

- Habit-forming products alleviate users’ pain by relieving a pronounced itch. - Designing habit-forming products is a form of manipulation. Product builders would benefit from a bit of introspection before attempting to hook users to make sure they are building healthy habits, not unhealthy addictions (more to come on this topic in chapter eight).

*

Do This Now

If you are building a habit-forming product, write down the answers to these questions:

- What habits does your business model require?

- What problem are users turning to your product to solve?

- How do users currently solve that problem and why does it need a solution?

- How frequently do you expect users to engage with your product?

- What user behavior do you want to make into a habit?

CH01 THE HABIT ZONE CH01 DIE GEWOHNHEITSZONE CH01 LA ZONA DE HÁBITOS CH01 LA ZONE DES HABITUDES CH01 LA ZONA DELL'ABITUDINE CH01 ハビットゾーン CH01 습관 영역 CH01 ĮPROČIŲ ZONA CH01 STREFA NAWYKU CH01 A ZONA DE HÁBITOS CH01 ЗОНА ПРИВЫЧКИ CH01 ALIŞKANLIK BÖLGESİ CH01 ЗОНА ПРОЖИВАННЯ CH01 习惯区 CH01 習慣區

1\\. THE HABIT ZONE

When I run, I zone out. Wenn ich laufe, schalte ich aus. Cuando corro, me desconecto. Quando corro, mi distraggo. Когда я бегу, я отключаюсь. I don’t think about what my body is doing and my mind usually wanders elsewhere. No pienso en lo que está haciendo mi cuerpo y mi mente por lo general divaga en otra parte. 我不会考虑我的身体在做什么,我的思绪通常会飘到别处。 I find it relaxing and refreshing, and run about three mornings each week. Lo encuentro relajante y refrescante, y corro unas tres mañanas a la semana. Recently, I needed to take an overseas client call during my usual morning run time. Recientemente, necesitaba atender una llamada de un cliente en el extranjero durante mi tiempo de ejecución matutino habitual. Недавно мне нужно было ответить на звонок зарубежного клиента в обычное утреннее время. 最近,我需要在平时的晨跑时间接听一个海外客户的电话。 “No biggie,” I thought. “No es gran cosa”, pensé. «Ничего страшного, — подумал я. “I can run in the evening instead.” However, the time-shift created some peculiar behaviors that night. "Puedo correr por la noche en su lugar". Sin embargo, el cambio de tiempo creó algunos comportamientos peculiares esa noche. «Вместо этого я могу бегать вечером». Однако в ту ночь сдвиг во времени создал некоторые особенности поведения.

I left the house for my run at dusk and as I was about to pass a woman taking out her trash, she made eye contact and smiled. Salí de la casa para correr al anochecer y cuando estaba a punto de pasar a una mujer que sacaba la basura, me miró a los ojos y sonrió. Wyszłam z domu na bieg o zmierzchu i gdy miałam minąć kobietę wynoszącą śmieci, nawiązała kontakt wzrokowy i uśmiechnęła się. Я вышел из дома на пробежку в сумерках, и когда я собирался пройти мимо женщины, выносящей мусор, она посмотрела мне в глаза и улыбнулась. I politely saluted with, “Good morning!” — then caught my mistake. Saludé cortésmente con: “¡Buenos días!” — entonces captó mi error. Я вежливо отсалютовал: "Доброе утро!" - а потом понял свою ошибку. “I mean, good evening! Sorry!” I corrected myself, realizing I was about 10 hours off. ¡Lo siento!" Me corregí, dándome cuenta de que tenía unas 10 horas de descanso. She furrowed her brow and cracked a nervous smile. Ella frunció el ceño y esbozó una sonrisa nerviosa.

Slightly embarrassed, I noted how my mind had been oblivious to the time of day. Leicht verlegen stellte ich fest, dass mein Verstand die Tageszeit nicht bemerkt hatte. Ligeramente avergonzado, noté cómo mi mente había sido ajena a la hora del día. Слегка смутившись, я отметил, что мой разум не обратил внимания на время суток. 我有点尴尬,注意到我的大脑已经忘记了一天中的时间。 I chided myself not to do it again, but within a few minutes I passed another runner and again — as if possessed — I blurted out, “Good morning!” What was going on? Me reprendí a mí mismo para no volver a hacerlo, pero a los pocos minutos pasé a otro corredor y nuevamente, como si estuviera poseído, solté: "¡Buenos días!" ¿Que esta pasando? Ganiłem się, żeby nie robić tego ponownie, ale w ciągu kilku minut minąłem kolejnego biegacza i znów - jak opętany - wymamrotałem "Dzień dobry!". Co się działo? Я укорял себя, что больше не буду этого делать, но через несколько минут мимо меня пробежал еще один бегун, и я снова, словно одержимый, прокричал: "Доброе утро!". Что происходит?

Back home, during my normal post-run shower, my mind began to wander again as it often does when I bathe. De regreso a casa, durante mi ducha normal posterior a la carrera, mi mente comenzó a divagar nuevamente, como sucede a menudo cuando me baño. My brain’s autopilot switch turned on and I proceeded with my daily routine, unaware of my actions. El piloto automático de mi cerebro se encendió y seguí con mi rutina diaria, sin darme cuenta de mis acciones. It wasn’t until I felt the nick of the razor cutting my face that I realized I had lathered-up and started shaving. No fue hasta que sentí el corte de la navaja cortando mi cara que me di cuenta de que me había enjabonado y comencé a afeitarme. Although it is something I do every morning, shaving was painfully unnecessary in the evening. And yet, I’d done it anyway, unknowingly. Y, sin embargo, lo había hecho de todos modos, sin saberlo. The evening version of my morning run had triggered a behavioral script that instructed my body to carry out my usual, run-related activities — all without mindful awareness. La versión vespertina de mi carrera matutina había desencadenado un guión de comportamiento que le indicaba a mi cuerpo que llevara a cabo mis actividades habituales relacionadas con la carrera, todo sin una conciencia plena. Such is the nature of ingrained habits — behaviors done with little or no conscious thought — which by some estimates, guide nearly half of our daily actions. Bazı tahminlere göre günlük eylemlerimizin neredeyse yarısına rehberlik eden kökleşmiş alışkanlıkların - bilinçli olarak çok az düşünerek veya hiç düşünmeden yapılan davranışların - doğası böyledir.

[xvii]

Habits are one of the ways the brain learns complex behaviors. Привычки - это один из способов, с помощью которого мозг учится сложному поведению. Neuroscientists believe habits give us the ability to focus our attention on other things by storing automatic responses in the basal ganglia, an area of the brain associated with involuntary actions. Неврологи считают, что привычки дают нам возможность концентрировать внимание на других вещах, сохраняя автоматические реакции в базальных ганглиях - области мозга, связанной с непроизвольными действиями.

[xviii]

Habits form when the brain takes a shortcut and stops actively deliberating over what to do next. Привычки формируются, когда мозг выбирает короткий путь и перестает активно размышлять над тем, что делать дальше.

[xix] The brain quickly learns to codify behaviors that provide a solution to whatever situation it encounters. [xix] Мозг быстро учится кодировать поведение, которое обеспечивает выход из любой ситуации, с которой он сталкивается.

For example, nail biting is a common behavior that occurs with little or no conscious thought. Por ejemplo, morderse las uñas es un comportamiento común que ocurre con poco o ningún pensamiento consciente. Например, обкусывание ногтей - это обычное поведение, которое происходит практически без сознательного мышления. Initially, the biter might start chomping on her cuticles for a reason — to remove an unsightly hangnail, for example. Inicialmente, el mordedor podría comenzar a morderse las cutículas por una razón, por ejemplo, para quitarse un padrastro antiestético. However, when the behavior occurs for no conscious purpose — simply as an automatic response to a cue — the habit is in control. Sin embargo, cuando el comportamiento ocurre sin un propósito consciente, simplemente como una respuesta automática a una señal, el hábito tiene el control. Однако когда поведение происходит без сознательной цели - просто как автоматическая реакция на сигнал - привычка находится под контролем. For many persistent nail biters, the unconscious trigger is the unpleasant feeling of stress. Para muchos mordedores de uñas persistentes, el desencadenante inconsciente es la desagradable sensación de estrés. The more the biter associates the act of nail chomping with the temporary relief it provides, the harder it becomes to change the conditioned response. Cuanto más asocia el mordedor el acto de morderse las uñas con el alivio temporal que proporciona, más difícil se vuelve cambiar la respuesta condicionada. Чем больше кусающий ассоциирует акт обгрызания ногтей с временным облегчением, тем сложнее изменить обусловленную реакцию.

Like nail biting, many of our daily decisions are made simply because that was the way we have found resolution in the past. Como morderse las uñas, muchas de nuestras decisiones diarias se toman simplemente porque esa fue la forma en que encontramos resolución en el pasado. Как и в случае с кусанием ногтей, многие из наших повседневных решений принимаются просто потому, что именно так мы находили решение в прошлом. The brain automatically deduces that if the decision was a good one yesterday, then it is a safe bet again today and the action becomes a routine. El cerebro deduce automáticamente que si la decisión fue buena ayer, hoy es una apuesta segura y la acción se convierte en una rutina.

On my run, my brain had associated making eye contact with another person during my run with the standard “Good morning!” greeting, thus I automatically uttered these words no matter how inappropriately timed. En mi carrera, mi cerebro había asociado hacer contacto visual con otra persona durante mi carrera con el estándar "¡Buenos días!" saludo, por lo que automáticamente pronuncié estas palabras sin importar cuán inapropiadamente sincronizadas.

Why Habits are Good for Business

If our programmed behaviors are so influential in guiding our everyday actions, surely harnessing the same power of habits can be a boon for industry. Si nuestros comportamientos programados son tan influyentes para guiar nuestras acciones cotidianas, seguramente aprovechar el mismo poder de los hábitos puede ser una bendición para la industria. Indeed, for those able to shape them in an effective way, habits can be very good for the bottom line. De hecho, para aquellos que pueden moldearlos de manera efectiva, los hábitos pueden ser muy buenos para el resultado final.

Habit-forming products change user behavior and create unprompted user engagement. The aim is to influence customers to use your product on their own, again and again, without relying on overt calls-to-action such as ads or promotions. Цель состоит в том, чтобы побудить клиентов использовать ваш продукт самостоятельно, снова и снова, не полагаясь на открытые призывы к действию, такие как реклама или рекламные акции. Once a habit is formed, the user is automatically triggered to use the product during routine events such as wanting to kill time while waiting in line. Una vez que se forma un hábito, el usuario se activa automáticamente para usar el producto durante eventos de rutina, como querer matar el tiempo mientras espera en la fila.

However, the framework and practices explored in this book are not one-size-fits-all and do not apply to every business or industry. Sin embargo, el marco y las prácticas exploradas en este libro no son de talla única y no se aplican a todos los negocios o industrias. Однако рамки и методы, рассмотренные в этой книге, не являются универсальными и не применимы к каждому предприятию или отрасли. Entrepreneurs should evaluate how user habits impact their particular business model and goals. Los empresarios deben evaluar cómo los hábitos de los usuarios impactan en su modelo de negocio y objetivos particulares. Предприниматели должны оценить, как привычки пользователей влияют на их конкретную бизнес-модель и цели. While the viability of some products depends on habit-formation to thrive, that is not always the case. Si bien la viabilidad de algunos productos depende de la formación de hábitos para prosperar, no siempre es así. Хотя жизнеспособность некоторых продуктов зависит от формирования привычек, это не всегда так.

For example, companies selling infrequently bought or used products or services do not require habitual users — at least, not in the sense of everyday engagement. Por ejemplo, las empresas que venden productos o servicios comprados o usados con poca frecuencia no requieren usuarios habituales, al menos, no en el sentido de compromiso diario. Например, компании, продающие редко покупаемые или используемые продукты или услуги, не нуждаются в постоянных пользователях - по крайней мере, не в смысле ежедневного участия. Örneğin, nadiren satın alınan veya kullanılan ürün veya hizmetleri satan şirketler, en azından günlük etkileşim anlamında, alışkanlık haline gelmiş kullanıcılara ihtiyaç duymazlar. Life insurance companies, for instance, leverage salespeople, advertising, and word-of-mouth referrals and recommendations to prompt consumers to buy policies. Las compañías de seguros de vida, por ejemplo, aprovechan los vendedores, la publicidad y las referencias y recomendaciones de boca en boca para incitar a los consumidores a comprar pólizas. Например, компании по страхованию жизни используют продавцов, рекламу, а также рекомендации и обращения из уст в уста, чтобы побудить потребителей купить полис. Once the policy is bought, there is nothing more the customer needs to do. Una vez que se compra la póliza, no hay nada más que el cliente deba hacer.

In this book, I refer to products in the context of businesses that require ongoing, unprompted user engagement and therefore need to build user habits. En este libro, me refiero a productos en el contexto de empresas que requieren una participación del usuario continua y espontánea y, por lo tanto, necesitan desarrollar hábitos de usuario. I exclude companies that compel customers to take action through other means. Excluyo a las empresas que obligan a los clientes a tomar medidas por otros medios.

Before diving into the mechanics of how habits are made, we must first understand their general importance and competitive benefits for businesses. Прежде чем погрузиться в механику формирования привычек, мы должны сначала понять их общую важность и конкурентные преимущества для бизнеса. Habit formation is good for business in several ways. Формирование привычек полезно для бизнеса в нескольких отношениях.

Increasing Customer Lifetime Value Увеличение пожизненной ценности клиента

MBAs are taught that a business is worth the sum of its future profits. A los MBA se les enseña que un negocio vale la suma de sus ganancias futuras. MBA учат, что стоимость бизнеса определяется суммой его будущих прибылей. This benchmark is how investors calculate the fair price of a company’s shares. Este punto de referencia es cómo los inversores calculan el precio justo de las acciones de una empresa. CEOs and their management teams are evaluated by their ability to increase the value of their stocks — and therefore care deeply about the ability of their companies to generate free cash flow. Los directores ejecutivos y sus equipos de gestión son evaluados por su capacidad para aumentar el valor de sus acciones y, por lo tanto, se preocupan profundamente por la capacidad de sus empresas para generar flujo de caja libre. Руководители компаний и их управленческие команды оцениваются по их способности увеличивать стоимость своих акций - и поэтому их очень волнует способность их компаний генерировать свободный денежный поток. Management’s job, in the eyes of shareholders, is to implement strategies to grow future profits by increasing revenues or decreasing expenses. Задача руководства, в глазах акционеров, заключается в реализации стратегий для роста будущей прибыли путем увеличения доходов или сокращения расходов. Fostering consumer habits is an effective way to increase the value of a company by driving higher customer lifetime value (CLTV). Формирование потребительских привычек - это эффективный способ повысить стоимость компании за счет увеличения пожизненной стоимости клиента (CLTV). CLTV is the amount of money made from a customer before she switches to a competitor, stops using the product, or dies. CLTV es la cantidad de dinero que gana un cliente antes de que cambie a un competidor, deje de usar el producto o muera. CLTV - это количество денег, полученных от клиента до того, как он перейдет к конкуренту, перестанет пользоваться продуктом или умрет. User habits increase how long and how frequently customers use a product, resulting in higher CLTV. Привычки пользователей увеличивают продолжительность и частоту использования продукта, что приводит к повышению CLTV.

Some products have a very high CLTV. Algunos productos tienen un CLTV muy alto. For example, credit card customers tend to stay loyal for a very long time and are worth a bundle. Por ejemplo, los clientes de tarjetas de crédito tienden a ser leales durante mucho tiempo y valen mucho. Например, клиенты кредитных карт, как правило, остаются лояльными в течение длительного времени и стоят немало. Hence, credit card companies are willing to spend a considerable amount of money acquiring new customers. This explains why you receive so many promotional offers, ranging from free gifts to airline bonus miles, to entice you to add another card or upgrade your current one. Esto explica por qué recibe tantas ofertas promocionales, que van desde obsequios hasta millas de bonificación de aerolíneas, para tentarlo a agregar otra tarjeta o actualizar su tarjeta actual. Your potential CLTV justifies a credit card company’s marketing investment. Providing Pricing Flexibility Обеспечение гибкости ценообразования

Renowned investor and Berkshire Hathaway CEO Warren Buffett once said, “You can determine the strength of a business over time by the amount of agony they go through in raising prices.” El renombrado inversionista y CEO de Berkshire Hathaway, Warren Buffett, dijo una vez: “Puedes determinar la fortaleza de un negocio a lo largo del tiempo por la cantidad de agonía que atraviesan al subir los precios”. Znany inwestor i prezes Berkshire Hathaway, Warren Buffett, powiedział kiedyś: "Możesz określić siłę firmy w czasie poprzez ilość agonii, jaką przechodzą przy podnoszeniu cen." Известный инвестор и генеральный директор Berkshire Hathaway Уоррен Баффет однажды сказал: "Силу бизнеса можно определить по тому, через какие муки он проходит при повышении цен".

[xx] Buffett and his partner, Charlie Munger, realized that as customers form routines around a product, they come to depend upon it and become less price-sensitive. [xx] Buffett y su socio, Charlie Munger, se dieron cuenta de que a medida que los clientes forman rutinas en torno a un producto, llegan a depender de él y se vuelven menos sensibles al precio. [Баффет и его партнер Чарли Мунгер поняли, что по мере того, как покупатели формируют привычный образ жизни вокруг продукта, они начинают зависеть от него и становятся менее чувствительными к цене. The duo have pointed to consumer psychology as the rationale behind their famed investments in companies like See’s Candies and Coca-Cola. El dúo ha señalado la psicología del consumidor como la razón fundamental detrás de sus famosas inversiones en empresas como See's Candies y Coca-Cola. В качестве обоснования своих знаменитых инвестиций в такие компании, как See's Candies и Coca-Cola, дуэт указал на психологию потребителей. [xxi] Buffett and Munger understand that habits give companies greater flexibility to increase prices.

For example, in the free-to-play video game business, it is standard practice for game developers to delay asking users to pay money until they have played consistently and habitually. Por ejemplo, en el negocio de los videojuegos free-to-play, es una práctica estándar que los desarrolladores de juegos demoren en pedirles a los usuarios que paguen dinero hasta que hayan jugado de manera consistente y habitual. Например, в бизнесе видеоигр free-to-play стандартной практикой разработчиков игр является откладывание просьбы пользователей платить деньги до тех пор, пока они не начнут играть постоянно и привычно. Once the compulsion to play is in place and the desire to progress in the game increases, converting users into paying customers is much easier. Как только появляется желание играть и стремление к прогрессу в игре, конвертировать пользователей в платящих клиентов становится намного проще. Selling virtual items, extra lives, and special powers is where the real money lies. Vender artículos virtuales, vidas extra y poderes especiales es donde se encuentra el dinero real. Продажа виртуальных предметов, дополнительных жизней и особых способностей - вот где кроются настоящие деньги.

As of December 2013, more than 500 million people have downloaded Candy Crush Saga, a game played mostly on mobile devices. The game’s “freemium” model converts some of those users into paying customers, netting the game’s maker nearly a million dollars per day. Модель игры "freemium" превращает некоторых из этих пользователей в платящих клиентов, что приносит создателю игры около миллиона долларов в день. [xxii]

This pattern also applies to other services. Take Evernote, the popular note-taking and archiving software, for example. The software is free to use but the company offers upgraded features like offline viewing and collaboration tools for a price — which many devoted users are happy to pay.

Evernote’s CEO Phil Libin shared some revealing insights about how the company turns non-paying users into revenue generating ones. [xxiii] In 2011, Libin published a chart now known as the “smile graph.” With the percentage of sign-ups represented on the Y-axis and time spent on the service on the X-axis, the chart showed that, although usage plummeted at first, it rocketed upward as people formed a habit of using the service. [xxiii] En 2011, Libin publicó un gráfico que ahora se conoce como el "gráfico de la sonrisa". Con el porcentaje de suscripciones representado en el eje Y y el tiempo dedicado al servicio en el eje X, el gráfico mostró que, aunque el uso se desplomó al principio, se disparó hacia arriba a medida que las personas adquirieron el hábito de usar el servicio. [xxiii] В 2011 году Либин опубликовал график, который теперь известен как "график улыбки". По оси Y откладывался процент зарегистрировавшихся, а по оси X - время, проведенное на сервисе, график показывал, что, хотя вначале использование сервиса резко упало, оно резко пошло вверх, когда у людей сформировалась привычка пользоваться сервисом. The resulting down and up curve gave the chart its emblematic smile shape (and Evernote’s CEO a matching grin). Получившаяся в результате кривая вниз и вверх придала графику символическую форму улыбки (а генеральному директору Evernote - соответствующую ухмылку). In addition, as usage increased over time, so did customers’ willingness to pay. Además, a medida que aumentaba el uso con el tiempo, también lo hacía la disposición a pagar de los clientes. Кроме того, с течением времени, по мере роста использования, росла и готовность клиентов платить. Libin noted that after the first month, only 0.5 percent of users paid for the service; however, this rate gradually increased. Либин отметил, что в первый месяц только 0,5 процента пользователей платили за сервис, но постепенно этот показатель увеличивался. By month 33, 11 percent of users had started paying. At month 42, a remarkable 26 percent of customers were paying for something they had previously used for free. В 42 месяца 26 процентов клиентов платили за то, чем раньше пользовались бесплатно.

[xxiv]

Supercharging Growth Повышение темпов роста

Users who continually find value in a product are more likely to tell their friends about it. Es más probable que los usuarios que continuamente encuentran valor en un producto se lo cuenten a sus amigos. Пользователи, которые постоянно находят ценность в продукте, с большей вероятностью расскажут о нем своим друзьям. Frequent usage creates more opportunities to encourage people to invite their friends, broadcast content, and share through word-of-mouth. Hooked users become brand evangelists — megaphones for your company, bringing in new users at little or no cost. Los usuarios enganchados se convierten en evangelistas de la marca: megáfonos para su empresa, atrayendo nuevos usuarios a bajo costo o sin costo alguno.

Products with higher user engagement also have the potential to grow faster than their rivals. Case in point: Facebook leapfrogged its competitors, including MySpace and Friendster, even though it was relatively late to the social networking party. Ein typisches Beispiel: Facebook überholte seine Konkurrenten, einschließlich MySpace und Friendster, obwohl es relativ spät zur Social-Networking-Party kam. Caso en cuestión: Facebook superó a sus competidores, incluidos MySpace y Friendster, a pesar de que era relativamente tarde para la fiesta de las redes sociales. Пример тому: Facebook обогнал своих конкурентов, включая MySpace и Friendster, несмотря на то, что появился на вечеринке социальных сетей относительно поздно. Although its competitors both had healthy growth rates and millions of users by the time Mark Zuckerberg’s fledgling site launched beyond the closed doors of academia, his company came to dominate the industry. Aunque sus competidores tenían tasas de crecimiento saludables y millones de usuarios cuando el incipiente sitio de Mark Zuckerberg se lanzó más allá de las puertas cerradas de la academia, su empresa llegó a dominar la industria. Facebook’s success was, in part, a result of what I call the more is more principle — more frequent usage drives more viral growth. El éxito de Facebook fue, en parte, el resultado de lo que llamo el principio de más es más: un uso más frecuente genera un mayor crecimiento viral. As tech-entrepreneur turned venture capitalist, David Skok points out, “The most important factor to increasing growth is ... Viral Cycle Time.” Как отмечает технологический предприниматель, ставший венчурным капиталистом, Дэвид Скок: "Самым важным фактором для увеличения роста является ... время вирусного цикла".

[xxv] Viral Cycle Time is the amount of time it takes a user to invite another user, and it can have a massive impact. [xxv] Время вирусного цикла - это количество времени, которое требуется пользователю, чтобы пригласить другого пользователя, и оно может иметь огромное влияние. “For example, after 20 days with a cycle time of two days, you will have 20,470 users,” Skok writes. “But if you halved that cycle time to one day, you would have over 20 million users! "Но если бы вы сократили время цикла вдвое - до одного дня, у вас было бы более 20 миллионов пользователей! It is logical that it would be better to have more cycles occur, but it is less obvious just how much better.” Логично, что лучше, когда происходит больше циклов, но менее очевидно, насколько лучше".

Having a greater proportion of users returning to a service daily, dramatically increases Viral Cycle Time for two reasons: First, daily users initiate loops more often (think tagging a friend in a Facebook photo); second, more daily active users means more people to respond and react to each invitation. Большая доля пользователей, возвращающихся к сервису ежедневно, значительно увеличивает время вирусного цикла по двум причинам: Во-первых, ежедневные пользователи чаще инициируют циклы (вспомните отметку друга на фотографии в Facebook); во-вторых, большее количество ежедневных активных пользователей означает большее количество людей, которые могут ответить и отреагировать на каждое приглашение. The cycle not only perpetuates the process — with higher and higher user engagement, it accelerates it. El ciclo no solo perpetúa el proceso: con una participación cada vez mayor del usuario, lo acelera.

Sharpening the Competitive Edge Afilando la ventaja competitiva Повышение конкурентного преимущества

User habits are a competitive advantage. Products that change customer routines are less susceptible to attacks from other companies. Los productos que modifican las rutinas de los clientes son menos susceptibles a los ataques de otras empresas.

Many entrepreneurs fall into the trap of building products that are only marginally better than existing solutions, hoping their innovation will be good enough to woo customers away from existing products. Muchos empresarios caen en la trampa de crear productos que son solo marginalmente mejores que las soluciones existentes, con la esperanza de que su innovación sea lo suficientemente buena como para alejar a los clientes de los productos existentes. But when it comes to shaking consumers’ old habits, these naive entrepreneurs often find that better products don’t always win — especially if a large number of users have already adopted a competing product. Pero cuando se trata de sacudir los viejos hábitos de los consumidores, estos emprendedores ingenuos a menudo descubren que los mejores productos no siempre ganan, especialmente si una gran cantidad de usuarios ya han adoptado un producto de la competencia. Но когда дело доходит до отказа от старых привычек потребителей, эти наивные предприниматели часто обнаруживают, что лучшие продукты не всегда выигрывают, особенно если большое количество пользователей уже приняли конкурирующий продукт. A classic paper by John Gourville, a professor of marketing at Harvard Business School, stipulates that, “Many innovations fail because consumers irrationally overvalue the old while companies irrationally overvalue the new.”

[xxvi]

Gourville claims that for new entrants to stand a chance, they can’t just be better, they must be nine times better. Gourville twierdzi, że aby nowe podmioty miały szansę, nie mogą być po prostu lepsze, muszą być dziewięć razy lepsze. Гурвиль утверждает, что для того, чтобы у новых участников был шанс, они должны быть не просто лучше, они должны быть в девять раз лучше. Why such a high bar? ¿Por qué un listón tan alto? Почему такая высокая планка? Because old habits die hard and new products or services need to offer dramatic improvements to shake users out of old routines. Потому что со старыми привычками трудно избавиться, а новые продукты или услуги должны предлагать существенные улучшения, чтобы вытряхнуть пользователей из старой рутины. Gourville writes that products that require a high degree of behavior change are doomed to fail even if the benefits of using the new product are clear and substantial. Гурвиль пишет, что продукты, требующие высокой степени изменения поведения, обречены на провал, даже если выгоды от использования нового продукта очевидны и существенны.

For example, the technology I am using to write this book is inferior to existing alternatives in many ways. I’m referring to the QWERTY keyboard which was first developed in the 1870s for the now-ancient typewriter. QWERTY was designed with commonly used characters spaced far apart. QWERTY zostało zaprojektowane z powszechnie używanymi znakami rozmieszczonymi daleko od siebie. QWERTY была разработана с широко используемыми символами, расположенными далеко друг от друга. This layout prevented typists from jamming the metal typebars of early machines. Este diseño evitó que los mecanógrafos atascaran las barras de tipos de metal de las primeras máquinas. Такая компоновка не позволяла машинисткам заклинивать металлические гарнитуры на ранних машинах.

[xxvii] Of course, this physical limitation is an anachronism in the digital age, yet QWERTY keyboards remain the standard despite the invention of far better layouts. [xxvii] Por supuesto, esta limitación física es un anacronismo en la era digital, pero los teclados QWERTY siguen siendo el estándar a pesar de la invención de diseños mucho mejores. [xxvii] Конечно, это физическое ограничение является анахронизмом в эпоху цифровых технологий, однако QWERTY-клавиатуры остаются стандартом, несмотря на изобретение гораздо лучших раскладок.

Professor August Dvorak’s keyboard design, for example, placed vowels in the center row, increasing typing speed and accuracy. Though patented in 1932, the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard was written off. Хотя упрощенная клавиатура Дворжака была запатентована в 1932 году, она была списана.

QWERTY survives due to the high costs of changing user behavior. QWERTY выживает благодаря высокой стоимости изменения поведения пользователя. When first introduced to the keyboard, we chicken-peck at the keys one-by-one, usually with just a finger or two. Cuando nos presentamos por primera vez al teclado, golpeamos las teclas una por una, generalmente con solo uno o dos dedos. Когда мы впервые знакомимся с клавиатурой, мы щелкаем по клавишам одну за другой, обычно одним или двумя пальцами. After months of practice, we instinctively learn to activate all our fingers in response to our thoughts with little to no conscious effort, and the words begin to flow effortlessly from mind to screen. Después de meses de práctica, instintivamente aprendemos a activar todos nuestros dedos en respuesta a nuestros pensamientos con poco o ningún esfuerzo consciente, y las palabras comienzan a fluir sin esfuerzo de la mente a la pantalla. But switching to an unfamiliar keyboard — even if more efficient — would force us to re-learn how to type. Но переход на незнакомую клавиатуру - пусть даже более эффективную - заставит нас заново учиться набирать текст. Fat chance! ¡Posibilidad de grasa! Отличный шанс!

As we will learn in chapter five, users also increase their dependency on habit-forming products by storing value in them — further reducing the likelihood of switching to an alternative. Как мы узнаем из пятой главы, пользователи также увеличивают свою зависимость от продуктов, вызывающих привыкание, сохраняя в них ценность, что еще больше снижает вероятность переключения на альтернативу. For example, every email sent and received using Google’s Gmail is stored indefinitely, providing users with a lasting repository of past conversations. Por ejemplo, todos los correos electrónicos enviados y recibidos mediante Gmail de Google se almacenan indefinidamente, lo que proporciona a los usuarios un depósito duradero de conversaciones pasadas. Например, каждое электронное письмо, отправленное и полученное с помощью Google Gmail, хранится неограниченное время, предоставляя пользователям постоянное хранилище прошлых разговоров. New followers on Twitter increase users’ clout and amplify their ability to transmit messages to their communities. Los nuevos seguidores en Twitter aumentan la influencia de los usuarios y amplían su capacidad para transmitir mensajes a sus comunidades. Новые подписчики в Твиттере увеличивают влияние пользователей и расширяют их возможности по передаче сообщений своим сообществам. Memories and experiences captured on Instagram are added to one’s digital scrapbook. Воспоминания и опыт, запечатленные в Instagram, добавляются в цифровой альбом. Switching to a new email service, social network, or photo-sharing app becomes more difficult the more people use them. The non-transferrable value created and stored inside these services discourages users from leaving.

Ultimately, user habits increase a business’s return on investment. В конечном счете, привычки пользователей повышают рентабельность инвестиций бизнеса. Higher customer lifetime value, greater pricing flexibility, supercharged growth, and a sharpened competitive edge together equal a more powerful bang for the company’s buck. Более высокая пожизненная ценность клиента, большая гибкость ценообразования, ускоренный рост и усиление конкурентных преимуществ в совокупности дают более мощный эффект от затраченных средств компании. ***

Building the Mind Monopoly

While user habits are a boon to companies fortunate enough to engender them, their existence inherently makes success less likely for new innovations and startups trying to disrupt the status quo. While user habits are a boon to companies fortunate enough to engender them, their existence inherently makes success less likely for new innovations and startups trying to disrupt the status quo. Хотя привычки пользователей являются благом для компаний, которым посчастливилось их сформировать, их существование по своей природе делает менее вероятным успех новых инноваций и стартапов, пытающихся нарушить статус-кво. Kullanıcı alışkanlıkları, onları oluşturacak kadar şanslı olan şirketler için bir nimet olsa da, varlıkları doğal olarak statükoyu bozmaya çalışan yeni inovasyonlar ve girişimler için başarıyı daha az olası kılıyor. 虽然用户习惯对于有幸培养用户习惯的公司来说是一个福音,但它们的存在本质上使试图打破现状的新创新和初创公司成功的可能性降低。 The fact is, successfully changing long-term user habits is exceptionally rare. The fact is, successfully changing long-term user habits is exceptionally rare. Дело в том, что успешное изменение долгосрочных пользовательских привычек - явление исключительно редкое. Gerçek şu ki, uzun vadeli kullanıcı alışkanlıklarını başarılı bir şekilde değiştirmek son derece nadirdir. 事实上,成功改变长期用户习惯的情况极为罕见。

Altering behavior requires not only an understanding of how to persuade people to act — for example, the first time they land on a webpage — but also necessitates getting them to repeat behaviors for long periods, ideally for the rest of their lives.

Companies that succeed in building a habit-forming business are often associated with game-changing, wildly successful innovation. But like any discipline, habit design has rules and caveats that define and explain why some products change lives while others do not.

For one, new behaviors have a short half-life, as our minds tend to revert to our old ways of thinking and doing. For one, new behaviors have a short half-life, as our minds tend to revert to our old ways of thinking and doing. Во-первых, новые модели поведения имеют короткий период полураспада, поскольку наше сознание склонно возвращаться к старым способам мышления и действий. Birincisi, zihinlerimiz eski düşünme ve yapma biçimlerimize geri dönme eğiliminde olduğundan, yeni davranışların kısa bir yarı ömrü vardır. Experiments show that lab animals habituated to new behaviors tend to regress to their first learned behaviors over time. Эксперименты показывают, что лабораторные животные, привыкшие к новому поведению, со временем возвращаются к своему первому выученному поведению.

[xxviii] To borrow a term from accounting, behaviors are LIFO — “last in, first out.” In other words, the habits you’ve most recently acquired are also the ones most likely to go soonest. [xxviii] Если заимствовать термин из бухгалтерского учета, поведение - это LIFO - "последний вошел, первый вышел". Другими словами, привычки, которые вы приобрели совсем недавно, также являются и теми, которые, скорее всего, уйдут быстрее всего. This helps explain the overwhelming evidence that people rarely change their habits for long. Это помогает объяснить подавляющее число доказательств того, что люди редко меняют свои привычки надолго. Two-thirds of alcoholics who complete a rehabilitation program will pick up the bottle, and their old habits, within a year’s time. Две трети алкоголиков, прошедших программу реабилитации, возвращаются к бутылке и своим старым привычкам в течение года. [xxix] Research shows that nearly everyone who loses weight on a diet gains back the pounds within two years.

[xxx]

The enemy of forming new habits is past behaviors, and research suggests that old habits die hard. Врагом формирования новых привычек является прошлое поведение, а исследования показывают, что старые привычки умирают с трудом. Even when we change our routines, neural pathways remain etched in our brains, ready to be reactivated when we lose focus.

[xxxi] This presents an especially difficult challenge for product designers trying to create new lines or businesses based on forming new habits. [xxxi] Это представляет собой особенно сложную задачу для дизайнеров продуктов, пытающихся создать новые линии или бизнесы, основанные на формировании новых привычек.

For new behaviors to really take hold, they must occur often. Чтобы новое поведение действительно закрепилось, оно должно происходить часто. In a recent study at the University College London, researchers followed participants as they attempted to form a habit of flossing their teeth. In a recent study at the University College London, researchers followed participants as they attempted to form a habit of flossing their teeth. University College London'da yakın zamanda yapılan bir çalışmada araştırmacılar, diş ipi kullanma alışkanlığı edinmeye çalışan katılımcıları takip etti.

[xxxii] As one of its findings, the study concluded that the more frequently the new behavior occurred, the stronger the habit became. Like flossing, frequent engagement with a product — especially over a short period of time — increases the likelihood of forming new routines. Like flossing, frequent engagement with a product — especially over a short period of time — increases the likelihood of forming new routines. Diş ipi kullanımında olduğu gibi, bir ürünle - özellikle de kısa bir süre boyunca - sık sık etkileşim kurmak, yeni rutinler oluşturma olasılığını artırır.

Google Search provides an example of a service built upon a frequent behavior that helped create users’ habits. If you’re skeptical that Google is habit-forming (and you are a frequent Google user), just try using Bing. In a head-to-head comparison of the efficacy of an incognito search, the products are nearly identical. In a head-to-head comparison of the efficacy of an incognito search, the products are nearly identical. При непосредственном сравнении эффективности поиска инкогнито продукты почти идентичны. Gizli aramanın etkinliğinin bire bir karşılaştırılmasında, ürünler neredeyse aynıdır. 在对隐身搜索效果的头对头比较中,产品几乎相同。

[xxxiii] Even if the geniuses at Google have in fact perfected a faster algorithm, the time saved is imperceptible to everyone but robots and Mister Spock. [xxxiii] Даже если гении из Google действительно усовершенствовали более быстрый алгоритм, сэкономленное время незаметно для всех, кроме роботов и мистера Спока. [xxxiii] Google'daki dahiler gerçekten de daha hızlı bir algoritma geliştirmiş olsalar bile, kazanılan zaman robotlar ve Bay Spock dışında herkes tarafından fark edilemez. Milliseconds matter, but they don’t hook users. So why haven’t more Google users switched to Bing? So why haven't more Google users switched to Bing? Так почему же больше пользователей Google не перешли на Bing? Peki neden daha fazla Google kullanıcısı Bing'e geçmedi? Habits keep users loyal. If a user is familiar with the Google interface, switching to Bing requires cognitive effort. Although many aspects of Bing are similar to Google, even a slight change in pixel placement forces the would-be user to learn a new way of interacting with the site. Although many aspects of Bing are similar to Google, even a slight change in pixel placement forces the would-be user to learn a new way of interacting with the site. Bing'in birçok yönü Google'a benzese de, piksel yerleşimindeki küçük bir değişiklik bile olası kullanıcıyı siteyle etkileşim kurmanın yeni bir yolunu öğrenmeye zorlar. Adapting to the differences in the Bing interface is what actually slows down regular Google users and makes Bing feel inferior, not the technology itself. 适应 Bing 界面的差异实际上是减慢普通 Google 用户速度并让 Bing 感到自卑的原因,而不是技术本身。

Internet searches occur so frequently that Google is able to cement itself as the one and only solution in the habituated user’s mind. Internet searches occur so frequently that Google is able to cement itself as the one and only solution in the habituated user's mind. Поиск в Интернете происходит настолько часто, что в сознании привыкшего пользователя Google закрепился как единственное и неповторимое решение. İnternet aramaları o kadar sık yapılıyor ki Google, alışkanlık kazanmış kullanıcının zihninde kendisini tek çözüm olarak sağlamlaştırabiliyor. Users no longer need to think about whether or not to use Google, they just do. Furthermore, whenever the company can identify the user through tracking technology, it improves search results based on past behaviors to deliver a more accurate and personalized experience, reinforcing the user’s connection with the search engine. Furthermore, whenever the company can identify the user through tracking technology, it improves search results based on past behaviors to deliver a more accurate and personalized experience, reinforcing the user's connection with the search engine. Ayrıca, şirket izleme teknolojisi aracılığıyla kullanıcıyı tanımlayabildiğinde, daha doğru ve kişiselleştirilmiş bir deneyim sunmak için geçmiş davranışlara dayalı olarak arama sonuçlarını iyileştirir ve kullanıcının arama motoruyla olan bağlantısını güçlendirir. The more the product is used, the better the algorithm gets and thus, the more it is used. Чем больше продукт используется, тем лучше становится алгоритм и, следовательно, тем больше он используется. The result is a virtuous cycle of habit-driven behavior resulting in Google’s market domination. Sonuç, Google'ın pazar hakimiyetiyle sonuçlanan alışkanlığa dayalı davranışların erdemli bir döngüsüdür. [xxxiv]

Habit as Strategy Strateji Olarak Alışkanlık

Sometimes a behavior does not occur as frequently as flossing or Googling, but it still becomes a habit. For an infrequent action to become a habit, the user must perceive a high degree of utility, either from gaining pleasure or avoiding pain. Для того чтобы нечастое действие стало привычкой, пользователь должен воспринимать высокую степень полезности, либо от получения удовольствия, либо от избегания боли.

Take Amazon as an example: The e-tailer has its sights set on becoming the world’s one-stop shop. Возьмем для примера Amazon: Эта электронная торговая компания стремится стать универсальным магазином в мире. Amazon is so confident in its ability to form user habits that it sells and runs ads for directly competitive products on its site. Amazon настолько уверен в своей способности формировать привычки пользователей, что продает и размещает на своем сайте рекламу товаров, являющихся прямыми конкурентами.

[xxxv] Customers often see the item they are about to buy listed at a cheaper price and can click away to transact elsewhere. [xxxv] Покупатели часто видят, что товар, который они собираются купить, предлагается по более низкой цене, и могут нажать на кнопку, чтобы совершить сделку в другом месте. To some, this sounds like a formula for disaster. Для кого-то это звучит как формула катастрофы. But to Amazon, it is a shrewd business strategy.

Not only does Amazon make money from the ads it runs from competing businesses, but it also utilizes other companies’ marketing dollars to form a habit in the shopper’s mind. Amazon не только зарабатывает на рекламе конкурирующих компаний, но и использует маркетинговые доллары других компаний для формирования привычки в сознании покупателя. Amazon seeks to become the solution to a frequently occurring pain-point — the customer’s desire to find the items they want. Amazon стремится стать решением часто встречающейся проблемы - желания покупателей найти нужные им товары. By addressing shoppers’ price concerns, Amazon earns loyalty even if it doesn’t make the sale, and comes across as trustworthy in the process. Удовлетворяя ценовые запросы покупателей, Amazon зарабатывает лояльность, даже если не совершает продажу, и при этом производит впечатление надежного партнера. The tactic is backed by a 2003 study, which demonstrated that consumers’ preference for an online retailer increases when they are offered competitive price information. Эта тактика подкреплена результатами исследования 2003 года, которое показало, что предпочтение потребителей в пользу интернет-магазина возрастает, когда им предлагается информация о конкурентных ценах. [xxxvi] The technique has also been used by Progressive, the car insurance company, to drive over $15 billion of annual insurance sales, up from just $3.4 billion before the tactic was implemented.

By allowing users to comparison shop from within the site, Amazon provides tremendous perceived utility to its customers. Although shopping on Amazon may not occur as frequently as searching on Google, the company solidifies its place as the default solution to customers’ purchasing needs with each successful transaction. Хотя покупки на Amazon, возможно, совершаются не так часто, как поиск в Google, компания с каждой успешной сделкой укрепляет свое место в качестве основного решения для удовлетворения потребностей покупателей. In fact, people are so comfortable comparison shopping on Amazon that they frequently use the company’s mobile app to check prices when standing in the aisles of real stores — often making a purchase from inside a competing retailer. [xxxvii]

In the Habit Zone

A company can begin to determine its product’s habit-forming potential by plotting two factors: frequency (how often the behavior occurs) and perceived utility (how useful and rewarding the behavior is in the user’s mind over alternative solutions). Googling occurs multiple times per day, but any particular search is negligibly better than rival services like Bing. Conversely, using Amazon may be a less frequent occurrence, but users receive great value knowing they’ll find whatever they need at the one and only “everything store.” [xxxviii]

As represented in figure 1, a behavior that occurs with enough frequency and perceived utility enters the Habit Zone, helping to make it a default behavior. Wie in Abbildung 1 dargestellt, tritt ein Verhalten, das mit ausreichender Häufigkeit und wahrgenommenem Nutzen auftritt, in die Gewohnheitszone ein und trägt dazu bei, es zu einem Standardverhalten zu machen. If either of these factors falls short and the behavior lies below the threshold, it is less likely that the desired behavior will become a habit. Если один из этих факторов не соответствует требованиям и поведение находится ниже порога, то вероятность того, что желаемое поведение станет привычкой, снижается.

Note that the line slopes downward but never quite reaches the perceived utility axis. Обратите внимание, что линия наклоняется вниз, но так и не достигает оси воспринимаемой полезности. Some behaviors never become habits because they do not occur frequently enough. No matter how much utility is involved, infrequent behaviors remain conscious actions and never create the automatic response that is characteristic of habits. On the other axis however, even a behavior which provides minimal perceived benefit can become a habit simply because it occurs frequently.

Figure 1

This concept is meant to be a guiding theory and the scale of the illustration is intentionally left blank. Эта концепция призвана стать руководящей теорией, а масштаб иллюстрации намеренно оставлен пустым. Unfortunately for companies, research thus far has not found a universal timescale for turning all behaviors into habits. К сожалению для компаний, исследования до сих пор не выявили универсального срока превращения всех моделей поведения в привычки. A 2010 study found that some habits can be formed in a matter of weeks while others can take more than five months.

[xxxix] The researchers also found that the complexity of the behavior and how important the habit was to the person greatly affected how quickly the routine was formed. [xxxix] Исследователи также обнаружили, что сложность поведения и важность привычки для человека в значительной степени влияют на то, как быстро формируется привычка.

There are few rules when it comes to answering “how frequent is frequent enough?” and the answer is likely specific to each business and behavior. Существует несколько правил, когда дело доходит до ответа на вопрос "Насколько частым является достаточно частое обращение?", и ответ, скорее всего, зависит от конкретного бизнеса и поведения. However, as the previously mentioned flossing study demonstrates, we know that higher frequency is better. Однако, как показывает ранее упомянутое исследование зубной нити, мы знаем, что более высокая частота лучше.

Think of the products and services you would identify as habit-forming. Most of these are used daily, if not multiple times per day. Большинство из них используются ежедневно, а то и несколько раз в день. Now, let’s explore why we use these products so frequently. ***

Vitamins vs. Painkillers

It’s never been easier to launch a new product or service, yet most new endeavors fail. Запустить новый продукт или услугу никогда не было так просто, однако большинство новых начинаний терпят неудачу. Why? Products fail for a variety of reasons: Companies run out of funding, products enter markets too early or too late, the marketplace doesn’t need what companies are offering, or founders simply give up. Just as failure has many causes, success too can be attributed to a variety of factors. However, one thing is common to all successful innovations — they solve problems. That may seem obvious, but understanding the kind of problem a new product solves can be a topic of much debate.

“Are you building a vitamin or painkiller?” is a common, almost clichéd question many investors ask founders eager to cash their first venture capital check. "Вы создаете витамин или обезболивающее?" - это обычный, почти клишированный вопрос, который многие инвесторы задают основателям, стремящимся обналичить свой первый чек на венчурный капитал. The correct answer, from the perspective of most investors, is the latter: a painkiller. Likewise, innovators in companies big and small are constantly asked to prove their idea is important enough to merit the time and money needed to build it. Аналогичным образом, инноваторов в больших и малых компаниях постоянно просят доказать, что их идея достаточно важна, чтобы заслужить время и деньги, необходимые для ее реализации. Gatekeepers such as investors and managers want to invest in solving real problems — or, meeting immediate needs — by backing painkillers. Такие воротилы, как инвесторы и менеджеры, хотят вкладывать деньги в решение реальных проблем - или удовлетворение насущных потребностей - поддерживая обезболивающие средства.

Painkillers solve an obvious need, relieving a specific pain and often have quantifiable markets. Think Tylenol, the brand name version of acetaminophen, and the product’s promise of reliable relief. It’s the kind of ready-made solution for which people are happy to pay. In contrast, vitamins do not necessarily solve an obvious pain-point. Instead they appeal to users’ emotional rather than functional needs. When we take our multivitamin each morning, we don’t really know if it is actually making us healthier. In fact, recent evidence shows taking multivitamins may actually be doing more harm than good.

[xl]

But we don’t really care, do we? Efficacy is not why we take vitamins. Taking a vitamin is a "check it off your list" behavior we measure in terms of psychological, rather than physical, relief. We feel satisfied that we are doing something good for our bodies — even if we can’t tell how much good it is actually doing us. Unlike a painkiller, which we can not function without, missing a few days of vitamin popping, say while on vacation, is no big deal. So perhaps managers and investors know best? Perhaps building painkillers, not vitamins, is always the right strategy.

Not so fast.

Let’s consider a few of today’s hottest consumer technology companies — say Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Pinterest. What are they selling — vitamins or painkillers? Most people would guess vitamins, thinking users aren’t doing much of anything important other than perhaps seeking a quick boost of social validation. After all, think back to before you first started using these services. No one ever woke up in the middle of the night screaming, “I need something to help me update my status!”

But like so many innovations, we did not know we needed them until they became part of our everyday lives. Before making up your mind on the vitamin or painkiller debate for some of the world’s most successful tech companies, consider this idea: A habit is when not doing an action causes a bit of pain. It is important to clarify that the term “pain,” as it is frequently used in business school and marketing books, is somewhat hyperbolic. In reality, the experience we are talking about is more similar to an “itch,” a feeling that manifests within the mind and causes discomfort until it is satisfied. The habit-forming products we use are simply there to provide some sort of relief. Using a technology or product to scratch the itch provides faster satisfaction than ignoring it. Once we come to depend on a tool, nothing else will do.

My answer to the vitamin or painkiller question is that habit-forming technologies are both. These services seem, at first, to be offering nice-to-have vitamins, but once the habit is established, they provide an ongoing pain remedy.

Seeking pleasure and avoiding pain are two key motivators in all species. When we feel discomfort, we seek to escape the uncomfortable sensation. In the next chapter, we will explore how emotions, often negative ones, trigger users to reach for solutions. But for now, the important thing to remember is that habit-forming products create associations in users’ minds — and that the solution to their pain may be found in your product’s use. We’ll discuss the morality of manipulation in chapter eight; however, it is worth noting that although some people use the terms interchangeably, habits are not the same things as addictions. Addictions are persistent, compulsive dependencies on a behavior or substance. Addictions, by definition, are self-destructive. Thus, it is irresponsible to make products that rely on creating and maintaining user addiction, since doing so would mean intentionally harming people.

A habit, on the other hand, is a behavior that can have a positive influence on a person’s life. Habits can be healthy or unhealthy, and you likely have several helpful habits you carry out throughout your day. Did you brush your teeth today? Take a shower? Did you express gratitude by saying “thanks?” Or in my case, say “Good morning” while on an evening jog? These are common behaviors done with little or no deliberation — they are habits. Это обычное поведение, совершаемое практически без обдумывания - это привычки.

***

Diving Into The Hook Model

Ready to learn more about creating positive user habits? Read on to gain a deeper understanding of the Hook Model: A simple yet powerful way to help your customers form habits that connect their problem with your solution.

In the next chapters, we dive into each phase of the Hook Model. Along the way, I will provide examples you can use in the design of your own product or service. By learning a few fundamentals of how the mind works, you will increase your odds of building the right product faster.

By progressing users through the four steps of the Hook Model, — trigger, action, variable reward, and investment — hooks form habits.

***

Remember and Share

- For some businesses, forming habits is a critical component to success, but not every business requires habitual user engagement.

- When successful, forming strong user habits can have several business benefits including: higher customer lifetime value, greater pricing flexibility, supercharged growth, and a sharper competitive edge.

- Habits can not form outside the “Habit Zone,” where the behavior occurs with enough frequency and perceived utility.

- Habit-forming products often start as nice-to-haves (vitamins) but once the habit is formed, they become must-haves (painkillers).

- Habit-forming products alleviate users’ pain by relieving a pronounced itch. - Продукты, формирующие привычку, облегчают боль пользователей, снимая выраженный зуд. - Designing habit-forming products is a form of manipulation. Product builders would benefit from a bit of introspection before attempting to hook users to make sure they are building healthy habits, not unhealthy addictions (more to come on this topic in chapter eight).

***

Do This Now

If you are building a habit-forming product, write down the answers to these questions:

- What habits does your business model require?

- What problem are users turning to your product to solve? - Для решения какой проблемы пользователи обращаются к вашему продукту?

- How do users currently solve that problem and why does it need a solution? - Как пользователи в настоящее время решают эту проблему и почему она требует решения?

- How frequently do you expect users to engage with your product? - Как часто вы ожидаете, что пользователи будут работать с вашим продуктом?

- What user behavior do you want to make into a habit? - Какое поведение пользователя вы хотите превратить в привычку?