03. The Wanderings of the West-Goths 03. Die Wanderungen der Westgoten 03. Las andanzas de los godos occidentales 03. Les errances des West-Goths 03. Le peregrinazioni dei Goti dell'Ovest 03\. 西ゴート族の放浪 03. Wędrówki Gotów Zachodu 03. As andanças dos godos do oeste 03. Странствия вестготов 03. Batı-Gotlarının Gezintileri 03. Мандри західних готів 03. 西哥特人的流浪

Up to this time the Goths had entered only a little way into the lands of the Empire. この時まで、ゴート族は帝国の土地に少ししか侵入していませんでした。 Do tego czasu Goci wkroczyli tylko w niewielkim stopniu na ziemie Imperium.

Now they were to begin a series of wanderings that took them into Greece, into Italy, into Gaul, and finally into the Spanish peninsula, where they settled down and established a power that lasted for nearly three hundred years. 今、彼らは一連の放浪を開始し、ギリシャ、イタリア、ガリア、そして最後にスペイン半島に行き、そこで定住し、300年近く続く力を確立しました.

Their leader, Alaric, was wise enough to see that the Goths could not take a city so strongly walled as Constantinople. 彼らの指導者であるアラリックは、ゴート族がコンスタンティノープルほど強力な城壁に囲まれた都市を占領できないことを理解するのに十分賢明でした。 He turned his people aside from the attack of that place, and marched them to the plunder of the rich provinces that lay to the South. 彼はその場所の攻撃から彼の人々をそらし、南に横たわる豊かな州の略奪に彼らを行進させました。 There they came into lands that had long been famous in the history of the world. そこで彼らは、世界の歴史の中で長い間有名だった土地にやって来ました。 Tam przybyli na ziemie, które od dawna były znane w historii świata. Their way first led them through Macedonia, whence the great Alexander had set out to conquer the East. 彼らの道は最初に彼らをマケドニアに導き、そこから偉大なアレキサンダーが東を征服しようと試みました。 Ich droga prowadziła najpierw przez Macedonię, skąd wielki Aleksander wyruszył na podbój Wschodu. At the pass of Thermopylae, more than eight hundred years before, a handful of heroic Greeks had held a vast army at bay for three whole days; but now their feebler descendants dared not attempt to stay the march of Alaric. At the pass of Thermopylae, more than eight hundred years before, a handful of heroic Greeks had held a vast army at bay for three whole days; but now their feebler descendants dared not attempt to stay the march of Alaric. 800年以上前のテルモピュライの峠では、一握りの英雄的なギリシャ人が丸3日間広大な軍隊を寄せ付けていませんでした。しかし今、彼らの弱々しい子孫はあえてアラリックの行進を続けようとはしなかった。 Na przełęczy Termopile, ponad osiemset lat wcześniej, garstka bohaterskich Greków powstrzymywała ogromną armię przez całe trzy dni; ale teraz ich słabsi potomkowie nie odważyli się powstrzymać marszu Alaryka. The city of Athens, beautiful with marble buildings and statuary, fell into the hands of the Goths without a blow. 大理石の建物と彫像で美しいアテネの街は、一撃もなしにゴート族の手に渡りました。 Miasto Ateny, piękne z marmurowymi budynkami i posągami, wpadło w ręce Gotów bez ciosu. It was forced to pay a heavy ransom, and then was left "like the bleeding and empty skin of a slaughtered victim. " それは重い身代金を支払うことを余儀なくされ、その後「虐殺された犠牲者の出血と空の皮膚のように」残されました。 Został zmuszony do zapłacenia wysokiego okupu, a następnie został pozostawiony "jak krwawiąca i pusta skóra zabitej ofiary". " Foi obrigada a pagar um pesado resgate e depois foi deixada "como a pele sangrenta e vazia de uma vítima abatida". " From Athens Alaric led his forces by the isthmus of Corinth into the southern peninsula of Greece. アテネからアラリックはコリントス地峡によって彼の軍隊をギリシャの南半島に導いた。 City after city yielded to the conqueror without resistance. 都市は抵抗することなく征服者に譲りました。 Miasto po mieście poddawało się zdobywcy bez oporu. Город за городом сдавался завоевателю без сопротивления. Everywhere villages were burned, cattle were driven off, precious vases, statues, gold and silver ornaments were divided among the barbarians, and multitudes of the inhabitants were slain or reduced to slavery. 村が焼かれ、牛が追い払われ、貴重な花瓶、彫像、金と銀の装飾品が野蛮人の間で分けられ、多数の住民が殺害されるか奴隷制にされました。

In all the armies of the Roman Empire, at this time, there was but one general who was a match for Alaric in daring and skill. ローマ帝国のすべての軍隊には、この時点で、大胆さとスキルでアラリックに匹敵する将軍が1人しかいませんでした。 We wszystkich armiach Imperium Rzymskiego w tym czasie był tylko jeden generał, który dorównywał Alarykowi odwagą i umiejętnościami. He too was descended from the sturdy barbarians of the North. On również pochodził od wytrzymałych barbarzyńców z północy. His name was Stilicho, and he was not sent by the Emperor of the West to assist the Eastern Emperor. 彼の名前はスティリコであり、彼は東の皇帝を支援するために西の皇帝から送られたのではありません。 He succeeded in hemming in the Goths, at first, in the rocky valleys of Southern Greece. 彼は最初、ギリシャ南部の岩だらけの谷でゴート族の裾上げに成功しました。 But the skill and perseverance of Alaric enabled him to get his men out of the trap, while his enemies feasted and danced in enjoyment of their triumph. しかし、アラリックのスキルと忍耐力により、彼は部下を罠から脱出させることができ、敵は勝利を楽しみながらごちそうを踊りました。 Then the Eastern Emperor made Alaric the ruler of one of the provinces of the Empire, and settled his people on the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea. それから東皇帝はアラリックを帝国の1つの州の支配者にし、アドリア海の東岸に彼の民を定住させました。 In this way he hoped that the Goths might again be quieted and the danger turned aside. このようにして、彼はゴート族が再び静かになり、危険が回避されることを望んでいました。 But Alaric only used the position he had won to gather stores of food, and to manufacture shields, helmets, swords, and spears for his men, in preparation for new adventures. しかし、アラリックは、新しい冒険に備えて、食料の店を集め、部下のために盾、兜、剣、槍を製造するために獲得した地位のみを使用しました。

When all was ready, Alaric again set out, taking with him the entire nation of the West-Goths—men, women, and children—together with all their property and the booty which they had won in Greece. Now their march was to the rich and beautiful lands of Italy, where Alaric hoped to capture Rome itself, and secure the treasures which the Romans had gathered from the ends of the earth. Teraz ich marsz zmierzał do bogatych i pięknych ziem Italii, gdzie Alaryk miał nadzieję zdobyć sam Rzym i zabezpieczyć skarby, które Rzymianie zebrali z krańców ziemi. But the time had not yet come for this. Stilicho was again in arms before him in the broad plains of the river Po. Stilicho was again in arms before him in the broad plains of the river Po. From Gaul, from the provinces of the Rhine, from far-off Britain, troops were hurried to the protection of Italy. From Gaul, from the provinces of the Rhine, from far-off Britain, troops were hurried to the protection of Italy. ゴールから、ライン川の州から、遠く離れたイギリスから、軍隊はイタリアの保護に急いでいました。 On every side the Goths were threatened. あらゆる面でゴート族が脅かされました。 Z każdej strony Goci byli zagrożeni. Their long-haired chiefs, scarred with honorable wounds, began to hesitate; but their fiery young King cried out that he was resolved "to find in Italy either a kingdom or a grave! " 彼らの長髪の首長は、名誉の負傷で傷つき、躊躇し始めました。しかし、彼らの燃えるような若い王は、彼が「イタリアで王国か墓のどちらかを見つけること」を決心したと叫びました。 Ich długowłosi wodzowie, z bliznami po honorowych ranach, zaczęli się wahać; ale ich ognisty młody król zawołał, że jest zdecydowany "znaleźć we Włoszech albo królestwo, albo grób!". " At last while the Goths were piously celebrating the festival of Easter, the army of Stilicho suddenly attacked them. ついに、ゴート族がイースターの祭りを敬虔に祝っている間に、スティリコの軍隊が突然彼らを攻撃しました。 W końcu, gdy Goci pobożnie obchodzili święto Wielkanocy, armia Stilicho nagle ich zaatakowała. The Goths fought stubbornly; but after a long and bloody battle Alaric was obliged to lead his men from the field, leaving behind them the slaves and the booty which they had won. ゴート族は頑固に戦った。しかし、長く血なまぐさい戦いの後、アラリックは部下を野外から導き、奴隷と彼らが勝った戦利品を残しておくことを余儀なくされました。 Even then Alaric did not at once give up his plan of forcing his way to Rome. それでも、アラリックはローマへの道を強制するという彼の計画をすぐに断念しませんでした。 Nawet wtedy Alaryk nie zrezygnował od razu z planu przedarcia się do Rzymu. But his men were discouraged; hunger and disease attacked them; their allies deserted them; and at last the young King was obliged to lead his men back to the province on the Adriatic. しかし、彼の部下は落胆しました。空腹と病気が彼らを襲った。彼らの同盟国は彼らを捨てました。そしてついに若い王は彼の部下をアドリア海の州に連れ戻す義務がありました。

For six years Alaric now awaited his time; while Stilicho, meanwhile, beat back other invaders who sought to come into Italy. Przez sześć lat Alaryk czekał na swój czas, podczas gdy Stilicho w międzyczasie pokonał innych najeźdźców, którzy próbowali dostać się do Italii. But the Western Emperor was foolish, and thought the danger was past. He listened to the enemies of Stilicho, and quarreled with him; and at last he had him put to death. Słuchał wrogów Stilicha i kłócił się z nim, a w końcu kazał go zabić. Deu ouvidos aos inimigos de Stilicho, discutiu com ele e, por fim, mandou-o matar. At once Alaric planned a new invasion. Alaryk natychmiast zaplanował nową inwazję. Barbarian warriors from all lands, attracted by his fame, flocked to his standard. Barbarzyńscy wojownicy ze wszystkich krain, przyciągnięci jego sławą, gromadzili się pod jego sztandarem. The friends of Stilicho, also, came to his aid. The new generals in Italy proved to be worthless; and the foolish Emperor shut himself up in fear in his palace in the northern part of the peninsula. Nowi generałowie we Włoszech okazali się bezwartościowi, a głupi cesarz zamknął się ze strachu w swoim pałacu w północnej części półwyspu. Alaric meanwhile did not tarry. Alaryk tymczasem nie zwlekał. On and on he pressed, over the Alps, past the plains of the Po, past the palace of the Emperor, on to the "eternal city" of Rome itself. On and on he pressed, over the Alps, past the plains of the Po, past the palace of the Emperor, on to the "eternal city" of Rome itself. E continua, atravessando os Alpes, passando pelas planícies do Pó, pelo palácio do imperador, até chegar à "cidade eterna" de Roma. In the old days, the Romans had been able to conquer Italy and the civilized world, because they were a brave, sturdy people, with a genius for war and for government. But long centuries of unchecked rule had greatly weakened them. Now they led evil and unhealthy lives. Now they led evil and unhealthy lives. They neither worked for themselves, nor fought in their country’s cause. Instead, they spent their days in marble baths, at the gladiatorial fights and wild beast shows of the theaters, and in lounging about the Forum. Instead, they spent their days in marble baths, at the gladiatorial fights and wild beast shows of the theaters, and in lounging about the Forum. 代わりに、彼らは大理石の風呂で、剣闘士の戦いや劇場の野獣ショーで、そしてフォロロマーノでのんびりと過ごしました。

In the old days Hannibal had thundered at the gates of Rome in vain; but it was not to be so now with Alaric. In the old days Hannibal had thundered at the gates of Rome in vain; but it was not to be so now with Alaric. 昔、ハンニバルはローマの門で無駄に雷鳴を上げていました。しかし、今はアラリックではそうではありませんでした。 W dawnych czasach Hannibal na próżno grzmiał w bramy Rzymu, ale teraz z Alarykiem miało być inaczej. Three times in three successive years he advanced to the siege of the city. 3年連続で3回、彼は都市の包囲に進んだ。 Trzy razy w ciągu trzech kolejnych lat posunął się do oblężenia miasta. The first time he blockaded it till the people cried out in their hunger and were forced to eat loathsome food. The first time he blockaded it till the people cried out in their hunger and were forced to eat loathsome food. 人々が彼らの空腹で叫び、嫌な食べ物を食べることを余儀なくされるまで、彼は最初にそれを封鎖しました。 Za pierwszym razem zablokował go, aż ludzie płakali z głodu i zostali zmuszeni do jedzenia obrzydliwego jedzenia. Still no help came from the Emperor, and when they tried to overawe Alaric with the boast of the numbers of their city, he only replied: "The thicker the hay the easier it is mowed. " それでも皇帝からの助けはなく、彼らが自分たちの街の数の自慢でアラリックを畏敬の念を抱かせようとしたとき、彼は「干し草が厚いほど刈り取りやすくなる」とだけ答えました。 Wciąż nie nadeszła żadna pomoc od cesarza, a kiedy próbowali obezwładnić Alaryka przechwałkami o liczebności ich miasta, odpowiedział tylko: "Im grubsze siano, tym łatwiej się je kosi". " Помощи от императора не последовало, а когда они попытались ошеломить Алариха хвастовством численностью своего города, он лишь ответил: "Чем толще сено, тем легче его косить". " When asked what terms he would give them, Alaric demanded as ransom all their gold, silver, and precious goods, together with their slaves who were of barbarian blood. アラリックは彼らにどのような条件を与えるか尋ねられたとき、彼らのすべての金、銀、そして貴重な品物を、野蛮な血の奴隷と一緒に身代金として要求しました。 Zapytany o warunki, jakie by im dał, Alaryk zażądał jako okupu całego ich złota, srebra i cennych dóbr, wraz z ich niewolnikami, którzy byli krwi barbarzyńskiej. In dismay they asked: "And what then will you leave to us?" "Your lives," he grimly replied. Alaric, however, was not so hard as his word. Alaric nie był jednak tak twardy jak jego słowa. On payment of a less ransom than he had at first demanded, he consented to retire. Po zapłaceniu mniejszego okupu niż początkowo żądał, zgodził się odejść. But when the foolish Emperor, secure in his palace in Northern Italy, refused to make peace, Alaric advanced once more upon the doomed city, and again it submitted. But when the foolish Emperor, secure in his palace in Northern Italy, refused to make peace, Alaric advanced once more upon the doomed city, and again it submitted. Ale kiedy głupi cesarz, bezpieczny w swoim pałacu w północnej Italii, odmówił zawarcia pokoju, Alaryk ponownie zaatakował skazane na zagładę miasto, które ponownie się poddało. This time Alaric set up a mock-Emperor of his own to rule. This time Alaric set up a mock-Emperor of his own to rule. 今回、アラリックは彼自身のモック皇帝を統治するために設立しました。 Tym razem Alaryk ustanowił własnego cesarza, który miał sprawować rządy. But in a few months he grew tired of him, and overturned him with as little thought as he had shown in setting him up. But in a few months he grew tired of him, and overturned him with as little thought as he had shown in setting him up. しかし、数ヶ月で彼は彼に飽きて、彼が彼をセットアップする際に示したのと同じくらい少しの考えで彼をひっくり返しました。 Ale w ciągu kilku miesięcy zmęczył się nim i obalił go tak samo bezmyślnie, jak go założył. As a great historian tells us of this Emperor, he was in turn "promoted, degraded, insulted, restored, again degraded, and again insulted, and finally abandoned to his fate. " 偉大な歴史家がこの皇帝について私たちに語ったように、彼は今度は「昇進し、堕落し、侮辱され、回復し、再び堕落し、そして再び侮辱され、そしてついに彼の運命に見捨てられた」。 Как рассказывает великий историк об этом императоре, его поочередно "повышали, унижали, оскорбляли, восстанавливали, снова унижали, снова оскорбляли и, наконец, бросили на произвол судьбы". " In the year 410 A.D., Alaric advanced a third time upon the city. This time the gates of Rome were opened by slaves who hoped to gain freedom through the city’s fall. Tym razem bramy Rzymu zostały otwarte przez niewolników, którzy mieli nadzieję uzyskać wolność poprzez upadek miasta. For the first time since the burning of Rome by the Gauls, eight hundred years before, the Romans now saw a foreign foe within their gates—slaying, destroying, plundering, committing endless outrages upon the people and their property. To the Romans it seemed that the end of the world was surely at hand.

At the end of the sixth day Alaric and his Goths came forth from the city, carrying their booty and their captives with them. Pod koniec szóstego dnia Alaryk i jego Goci wyszli z miasta, niosąc ze sobą łupy i jeńców. They now marched into the south of Italy, destroying all who resisted and plundering what took their fancy. Marcharam então para o sul de Itália, destruindo todos os que resistiam e pilhando o que lhes apetecia. In this way they came into the southernmost part. There they began busily preparing to cross over into Sicily, to plunder that fertile province. But this was not to be. In the midst of the preparations, their leader Alaric—"Alaric the Bold," as they loved to call him—suddenly sickened. Soon he grew worse; and after an illness of only a few days, he died, leaving the Goths weakened by the loss of the greatest king they were ever to know.

Alaric’s life had been one of the strangest in history; and his burial was equally strange. His followers wished to lay him where no enemy might disturb his grave. To this end they compelled their captives to dig a new channel for a little river near by, and turn aside its waters. この目的のために、彼らは捕虜に近くの小さな川のために新しい水路を掘り、その水を脇に置くように強いました。 W tym celu zmusili swoich jeńców do wykopania nowego kanału dla małej rzeki w pobliżu i odwrócenia jej wód. Then, in the old bed of the stream, they buried their beloved leader, clad in his richest armor, and mounted upon his favorite war horse. それから、小川の古いベッドで、彼らは彼らの最愛のリーダーを葬り、彼の最も豊かな鎧を身に着け、そして彼のお気に入りの戦火の馬に乗りました。 When all was finished, the stream was turned back into its old channel, and the captives were slain, in order that they might not reveal the place of the burial. すべてが終わったとき、彼らが埋葬の場所を明らかにしないかもしれないために、流れはその古い水路に戻されて、捕虜は殺されました。 Gdy wszystko było gotowe, strumień zawrócono do starego koryta, a jeńców zabito, aby nie ujawnili miejsca pochówku. And there, to this day, rest the bones of Alaric, the West-Gothic King. そしてそこで、今日まで、西ゴシック王であるアラリックの骨を休ませてください。 I tam, po dziś dzień, spoczywają kości Alaryka, zachodnio-gotyckiego króla.

Of the West-Goths after the death of Alaric, we need say very little. O Gotach Zachodnich po śmierci Alaryka nie musimy mówić zbyt wiele. The foolish Emperor of the West remained foolish to the end; but his advisers now saw that something must be done to get rid of the barbarians. Głupi cesarz Zachodu pozostał głupi do końca, ale jego doradcy dostrzegli, że trzeba coś zrobić, aby pozbyć się barbarzyńców. The new leader of the Goths, too, was a wise and moderate man. He saw that his people, though they could fight well, and overturn a state, were not yet ready to form a government of their own. Widział, że jego ludzie, choć potrafili dobrze walczyć i obalić państwo, nie byli jeszcze gotowi do utworzenia własnego rządu. "I wish," he said, "not to destroy, but to restore and maintain the prosperity of the Roman Empire." Other barbarians had meanwhile pressed into the Empire; so it was agreed that the Goths should march into Gaul and Spain, drive out the barbarians who had pushed in there, and rule the land in the name of the Emperor of the West. Other barbarians had meanwhile pressed into the Empire; so it was agreed that the Goths should march into Gaul and Spain, drive out the barbarians who had pushed in there, and rule the land in the name of the Emperor of the West. W międzyczasie inni barbarzyńcy wtargnęli do Imperium; uzgodniono więc, że Goci powinni wkroczyć do Galii i Hiszpanii, wypędzić barbarzyńców, którzy tam wtargnęli, i rządzić krajem w imieniu cesarza Zachodu. This they did; and there they established a power which became strong and prosperous, and lasted until new barbarians from the North, and the Moors from Africa, pressed in upon them, and brought, at the same time, their kingdom and their history to an end. This they did; and there they established a power which became strong and prosperous, and lasted until new barbarians from the North, and the Moors from Africa, pressed in upon them, and brought, at the same time, their kingdom and their history to an end.