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The Story of the Middle Ages, 01. The Ancient Germans

01. The Ancient Germans

We must begin our story with those new races which were to mix their blood with that of the peoples of the Roman Empire, and form the nations of Europe to-day.

These were the ancient Germans, the ancestors of the peoples who now speak German, English, Dutch, and Scandinavian. They lived then,—as part of their descendants still do,—in the lands extending from the North Sea and the Baltic on the North, to the Danube River on the South; and from the Rhine on the West, to the rivers Elbe and Oder on the East. This region is now one of the most flourishing countries in all the world, with many great cities and millions of inhabitants. At that time it had no cities at all and but few inhabitants. The people had just begun to settle down and cultivate the soil, where before they had moved from place to place to find fresh pasturage for their flocks and better hunting. The surface of the country was still almost as Nature had made it. Gloomy forests stretched for miles and miles where now there are sunny fields, and wide and treacherous marshes lay where the land now stands firm and solid.

In this wild country, for many years, the Germans had room to live their own life. To the East were the Slavs, a people still ruder and more uncivilized than themselves. To the West were the Gauls, in what is now France. To the South were provinces of the Roman Empire, separated from them by the broad stream of the river Danube.

The Germans, the Gauls, the Slavs, and the Romans,—though they did not know it,—might all call themselves cousins; for most of the peoples of Europe are descended from one great race, called the Aryans. Long before Athens or Rome was built, before the Germans had come into this land, before any nation had begun to keep a written account of its deeds, the forefathers of these peoples dwelt together somewhere in western Asia or eastern Europe. At last, for reasons which we cannot know after so great a stretch of time, these Aryan peoples separated and moved away in different directions. One branch of them entered Italy and became the ancestors of the Greeks and Romans. Another entered what is now France, and became the Gauls whom Caesar conquered. One settled in Germany, and still others settled in other lands both near and far.

In spite of the kinship between them, however, the Germans and Romans were very different in many ways. The Romans were short and dark, while the Germans were tall—very tall, they seemed to the Romans,—with fair skin, light hair, and clear blue eyes. The clothing of the Germans, unlike that of the Romans, was made chiefly from the skins of animals. Usually it did not cover the whole body, the arms and shoulders at least being left free. When the German was in a lazy mood he would sit for days by the fire, clad only in a long cloak of skins; then when he prepared to hunt or to fight, he would put on close-fitting garments and leave his cloak behind.

The houses in which the Germans lived were mere cabins or huts. Nothing was used but wood and that was not planed smooth, but was roughly hewn into boards and timbers. Sometimes a cave would be used for a dwelling, and often a house of timber would have an underground room attached to it; this was for warmth in winter and also for protection against their enemies. Sometimes in summer the people made huts of twigs woven together in much the same way that a basket is woven. Such houses were very flimsy, but they had the advantage of being easily moved from place to place. Often, too, the house sheltered not only the family, but the horses and cattle as well, all living under one roof. One can imagine that this was not a very healthful plan.

The Germans gained their living partly from hunting and partly from tilling the soil. They also depended a great deal upon their herds and flocks for meat, as well as for milk and the foods which they made from milk. The Germans paid great respect to their women, and the latter could often by their reproaches stop the men when defeated and in flight, and encourage them to do battle again. Nevertheless, the care of the cattle and the tilling of the soil, as well as the house-work, fell chiefly to the women. The men preferred to hunt or to fight; and when not doing either, would probably be found by the fire sleeping or idling away their time in games of chance. Most of the occupations of which we now see so much were not known to them. There was hardly any trading either among themselves or with other nations. Each family made its own things, and made very little more than it needed for its own use. The women spun and wove linen and other cloth, tanned leather, made soap,—which the Greeks and Romans did not know,—and a few other things. But all this was only for use in their own families. There were no trading places, and almost no commerce, except in a few things such as skins, and the amber of the Baltic Sea. One occupation, however, was considered good enough for any man to follow. This was the trade of the blacksmith. The skillful smith was highly honored, for he not only made tools to work with, but also weapons with which to hunt and to fight.

But usually the free man considered it beneath his dignity to work in any way. He was a warrior more than anything else. The Romans had reason to know that the Germans were very stubborn fighters; indeed, the Romans never did conquer Germany. The Germans were not made weak, as the Romans were, by indulging in all kinds of luxuries. They lived in the open air, they ate plain food, and they did not make their bodies tender by too much clothing. In every way their habits were more wholesome than those of the Romans; and besides this, each man had a spirit of independence that caused him to fight hard to avoid capture and slavery.

At one time, while Augustus was Emperor, three legions of the Roman army, under an officer named Varus, were entrapped and slain in the German forests. The shock of this defeat was felt so keenly at Rome that long after that the Emperor would awake at night from restless sleep, and cry out: "Varus, Varus, give me back my legions!" After this the Romans learned to be more careful in fighting the Germans. The Romans had the advantage of better weapons with which to fight, better knowledge of how to fight, and greater wealth with which to carry on a war. So, in spite of some decided victories over the soldiers of the Empire, the Germans were obliged for many years to acknowledge Rome as the stronger; and Roman soldiers were even stationed in some parts of the German territory.

When the German army was preparing for battle, the men arranged themselves so that each line had a greater number in it and was longer than the one in front. Thus the army formed a sort of wedge, which they called the "boar's head," from its shape. Arranged in this manner the army moved forward with one grand rush, guarding their sides with large wooden shields, and hewing with their swords and thrusting with their spears. If the first rush failed to dismay the enemy and turn them in flight, there was no longer any order or plan of battle. Each man then fought for himself, until victory or defeat ended the struggle.

Among the Germans no man dared to flee from the field of battle, for cowardice was punished with death. To leave one's shield behind was the greatest of crimes, and made a man disgraced in the sight of all. Bravery was the chief of virtues, and it was this alone which could give a man the leadership of an army. The general was chosen for his valor, and he kept his position only so long as he continued to show himself brave. He must be an example to all his followers and must fight in the front ranks. A general was made by his fellow warriors, who raised him upon their shields as a sign of their choice. If he proved less worthy than they had thought, they could as easily make another general in his place. The leader and his men were constantly reminded that upon their strength and courage depended the safety and happiness of their wives and children; for their families often followed the army to battle, and witnessed the combats from rude carts or wagons, mingling their shrill cries with the din of battle.

Times of peace among these early Germans would seem to us much like war. Every man carried his weapons about with him and used them freely. Human life was held cheap, and a quarrel was often settled by the sword. There was no strong government to punish wrong and protect the weak; so men had to protect and help themselves. A man was bound to take up the quarrels, or feuds, of his family and avenge by blood a wrong done to any of his relatives. As a result there was constant fighting. Violent deeds were frequent, and their punishment was light. If a man injured another, or even committed murder, the law might be satisfied and the offender excused, by the payment of a fine to the injured man, or to his family.

Some tribes of Germans had kings, but others had not, and were ruled by persons chosen in the meetings of the people, or "folk." Even among those tribes that had kings, the power of the ruler in time of peace was not very great. The kings were not born kings, but were chosen by the consent of the people. Some few families, because they had greater wealth, or for some other reason, were looked upon with such respect that they were considered noble, and kings were chosen from among their number. Yet each man stood upon his own merits, too; and neither wealth nor birth could keep a king in power if he proved evil in rule or weak in battle. The rulers decided only the matters that were of small importance. When it came to serious matters, such as making war or changing the customs of the tribe, the "folk" assembled together decided for itself. In their assemblies they showed disapproval by loud murmurs; while to signify approval, they clashed their shields and spears together. Every free man had the right to attend the folk-meeting of his district, and also the general assembly of the whole tribe. The power of the king was less than that of the assembly, and he was subject to it; for the assembly could depose the king, as well as elect him. In times of war, however the power of the kings was much increased; for then it was necessary that one man should do the planning, and time could not be taken up with assemblies.

At the period of which we are speaking, the Germans did not believe in one God as we do, but many. The names of some of their gods are preserved in the names which we have for the days of the week. From the god Tius comes Tuesday, from Woden comes Wednesday, and from Thor comes Thursday. Tius was the god of the heavens, and was at first the chief of the gods. Songs were sung in his honor, palaces named for him, and even human beings were sacrificed to him. Woden was afterward worshiped as the god of the sky, and also of the winds. Because he controlled the winds, it was natural that he should be the special god to whom those people looked who depended upon the sea; therefore he became the protector of sailors. He was also the god of war, and the spear was his emblem. After the worship of Tius died out, Woden became the chief god of the Germans. To him also there were sacrifices of human beings. Next in importance to Woden was Thor, the god of thunder and also of the household. His emblem was a hammer. When it thundered the people said that Thor with his hammer was fighting the ice-giants; so he was regarded as the enemy of winter, and the giver of good crops.

Besides these chief gods, there were many less important ones. Among these were spirits of the forests and rivers, and the "gnomes" or dwarfs who dwelt in the earth, guarding the stores of precious metals and jewels which it contains. Long after the old religion had come to an end the descendants of the ancient Germans remembered these spirits, and stories of their tricks and good deeds were handed down from father to son. In this way the Germans kept something of the old religion in the beautiful fairy tales which we still love; and in our Christmas and Easter customs we find other traces of their old beliefs and customs.

When missionaries went among them, however, they became Christians. This shows one of the greatest qualities which they possessed. They were willing and able to learn from other peoples, and to change their customs to suit new circumstances. Other races, like the American Indians, who did not learn so readily, have declined and died away when they have been brought in contact with a higher civilization. But the Germans could learn from the Greeks and the Romans; so they grew from a rude, half-barbarous people, into great and civilized nations.

01. The Ancient Germans 01. الألمان القدماء 01. Die alten Deutschen 01. The Ancient Germans 01. Los antiguos alemanes 01. Les anciens Allemands 01. Gli antichi tedeschi 01.古代ドイツ人 01. 고대 독일인 01. Senovės germanai 01. Os antigos alemães 01. Древние германцы 01. Antik Almanlar 01. Давні германці 01.古代德国人 01. 古代德國人

We must begin our story with those new races which were to mix their blood with that of the peoples of the Roman Empire, and form the nations of Europe to-day. يجب أن نبدأ قصتنا بتلك الأجناس الجديدة التي خلطت دمائها بدماء شعوب الإمبراطورية الرومانية، وتشكل دول أوروبا اليوم. We must begin our story with those new races which were to mix their blood with that of the peoples of the Roman Empire, and form the nations of Europe to-day. 우리는 그들의 피와 로마 제국 사람들의 피가 섞여 오늘날의 유럽 국가를 형성하게 된 새로운 종족들로부터 이야기를 시작해야 합니다. Devemos começar nossa história com aquelas novas raças que deveriam misturar seu sangue com o dos povos do Império Romano, e formar as nações da Europa hoje. 我们的故事必须从那些新种族开始,他们的血统与罗马帝国各民族的血统混合在一起,形成了今天的欧洲国家。

These were the ancient Germans, the ancestors of the peoples who now speak German, English, Dutch, and Scandinavian. هؤلاء هم الألمان القدماء، أسلاف الشعوب التي تتحدث الآن الألمانية والإنجليزية والهولندية والإسكندنافية. Esses foram os antigos alemães, os ancestrais dos povos que agora falam alemão, inglês, holandês e escandinavo. They lived then,—as part of their descendants still do,—in the lands extending from the North Sea and the Baltic on the North, to the Danube River on the South; and from the Rhine on the West, to the rivers Elbe and Oder on the East. لقد عاشوا آنذاك، كما لا يزال بعض أحفادهم يعيشون، في الأراضي الممتدة من بحر الشمال وبحر البلطيق شمالًا، إلى نهر الدانوب جنوبًا؛ ومن نهر الراين في الغرب إلى نهري إلبه وأودر في الشرق. Mieszkali wtedy - podobnie jak część ich potomków nadal to robi - na ziemiach rozciągających się od Morza Północnego i Bałtyku na północy do Dunaju na południu; i od Renu na zachodzie do rzek Łaby i Odry na wschodzie. Eles viviam então - como parte de seus descendentes ainda vivem - nas terras que se estendiam desde o Mar do Norte e o Báltico no Norte, até o Rio Danúbio no Sul; e do Reno, a oeste, aos rios Elba e Oder, a leste. This region is now one of the most flourishing countries in all the world, with many great cities and millions of inhabitants. تعد هذه المنطقة الآن واحدة من أكثر البلدان ازدهارًا في جميع أنحاء العالم، حيث تضم العديد من المدن الكبرى ويسكنها الملايين. 이 지역은 현재 전 세계에서 가장 번성하는 국가 중 하나로, 많은 대도시와 수백만 명의 주민이 거주하고 있습니다. Esta região é hoje um dos países mais prósperos de todo o mundo, com muitas grandes cidades e milhões de habitantes. At that time it had no cities at all and but few inhabitants. في ذلك الوقت لم يكن بها مدن على الإطلاق وكان عدد سكانها قليلًا. 당시에는 도시가 전혀 없었고 주민도 거의 없었습니다. W tym czasie nie było tam żadnych miast i niewielu mieszkańców. The people had just begun to settle down and cultivate the soil, where before they had moved from place to place to find fresh pasturage for their flocks and better hunting. كان الناس قد بدأوا للتو في الاستقرار وزراعة الأرض، حيث كانوا في السابق ينتقلون من مكان إلى آخر للعثور على مرعى جديد لقطعانهم وصيد أفضل. 이전에는 양떼를 위한 신선한 목초지와 더 나은 사냥감을 찾기 위해 이곳저곳을 옮겨 다니던 사람들이 이제 막 정착하여 토지를 경작하기 시작했습니다. Ludzie właśnie zaczęli osiedlać się i uprawiać ziemię, podczas gdy wcześniej przenosili się z miejsca na miejsce w poszukiwaniu świeżych pastwisk dla swoich stad i lepszych warunków do polowań. The surface of the country was still almost as Nature had made it. كان سطح البلاد لا يزال كما خلقته الطبيعة تقريبًا. Powierzchnia kraju wciąż była prawie taka, jaką stworzyła ją natura. 这个国家的地表几乎还是原样。 Gloomy forests stretched for miles and miles where now there are sunny fields, and wide and treacherous marshes lay where the land now stands firm and solid. امتدت الغابات المظلمة لأميال وأميال حيث توجد الآن حقول مشمسة، وتقع مستنقعات واسعة وغادرة حيث تقف الأرض الآن ثابتة وصلبة. 지금은 햇볕이 잘 드는 들판이 있는 곳에 수 마일, 수 마일에 걸쳐 우울한 숲이 뻗어 있었고, 지금은 땅이 단단하고 견고하게 서 있는 곳에 넓고 위험한 습지가 자리 잡고 있었습니다. Ponure lasy ciągnęły się kilometrami tam, gdzie teraz są słoneczne pola, a rozległe i zdradliwe bagna leżały tam, gdzie teraz ziemia jest twarda i solidna. Florestas sombrias se estendiam por quilômetros e quilômetros onde agora existem campos ensolarados, e pântanos largos e traiçoeiros onde a terra agora está firme e sólida. 阴暗的森林绵延数英里,现在是阳光明媚的田野,而现在坚固的土地上却是宽阔而险恶的沼泽。

In this wild country, for many years, the Germans had room to live their own life. في هذا البلد البري، لسنوات عديدة، كان لدى الألمان مجال ليعيشوا حياتهم الخاصة. 이 거친 땅에서 독일인들은 오랜 세월 동안 자신들만의 삶을 살 수 있는 여유를 가졌습니다. Neste país selvagem, por muitos anos, os alemães tiveram espaço para viver suas próprias vidas. To the East were the Slavs, a people still ruder and more uncivilized than themselves. إلى الشرق كان السلافيون، وهم شعب لا يزال أكثر فظاظة وغير حضارية منهم. 동쪽에는 여전히 자신들보다 더 무례하고 미개한 슬라브족이 있었습니다. Na wschodzie znajdowali się Słowianie, lud jeszcze gorszy i bardziej niecywilizowany niż oni sami. На востоке находились славяне, народ еще более грубый и нецивилизованный, чем они сами. To the West were the Gauls, in what is now France. إلى الغرب كان هناك الغال، فيما يعرف الآن بفرنسا. 서쪽에는 지금의 프랑스에 있는 갈리아 지방이 있었습니다. To the South were provinces of the Roman Empire, separated from them by the broad stream of the river Danube. وفي الجنوب كانت هناك مقاطعات تابعة للإمبراطورية الرومانية، يفصلها عنها مجرى نهر الدانوب الواسع. 남쪽에는 로마 제국의 영토가 있었는데, 다뉴브강의 넓은 물줄기로 인해 이들과 분리되어 있었습니다.

The Germans, the Gauls, the Slavs, and the Romans,—though they did not know it,—might all call themselves cousins; for most of the peoples of Europe are descended from one great race, called the Aryans. ربما كان الألمان، والغاليون، والسلافيون، والرومان، رغم أنهم لا يعرفون ذلك، يطلقون على أنفسهم أبناء عمومتهم؛ لأن معظم شعوب أوروبا ينحدرون من عرق واحد عظيم، يسمى الآريين. 독일인, 갈리아 인, 슬라브인, 로마인은 비록 자신들은 몰랐지만 모두 사촌이라고 할 수 있습니다. 유럽 대부분의 민족은 아리아 인이라고 불리는 하나의 위대한 종족의 후손이기 때문입니다. Germanie, Galowie, Słowianie i Rzymianie - choć o tym nie wiedzieli - mogą nazywać się kuzynami, ponieważ większość ludów Europy pochodzi od jednej wielkiej rasy zwanej Aryjczykami. Long before Athens or Rome was built, before the Germans had come into this land, before any nation had begun to keep a written account of its deeds, the forefathers of these peoples dwelt together somewhere in western Asia or eastern Europe. قبل وقت طويل من بناء أثينا أو روما، وقبل أن يأتي الألمان إلى هذه الأرض، وقبل أن تبدأ أي أمة في الاحتفاظ بسجل مكتوب لأعمالها، سكن أسلاف هذه الشعوب معًا في مكان ما في غرب آسيا أو أوروبا الشرقية. Long before Athens or Rome was built, before the Germans had come into this land, before any nation had begun to keep a written account of its deeds, the forefathers of these peoples dwelt together somewhere in western Asia or eastern Europe. 아테네나 로마가 세워지기 훨씬 전, 독일인들이 이 땅에 들어오기 훨씬 전, 어떤 국가도 자신들의 행적을 기록으로 남기기 훨씬 전, 이 민족의 선조들은 서아시아나 동유럽 어딘가에서 함께 살았습니다. Na długo przed zbudowaniem Aten lub Rzymu, przed przybyciem Niemców na te ziemie, zanim jakikolwiek naród zaczął prowadzić pisemną księgę swoich czynów, przodkowie tych ludów mieszkali razem gdzieś w zachodniej Azji lub wschodniej Europie. At last, for reasons which we cannot know after so great a stretch of time, these Aryan peoples separated and moved away in different directions. أخيرًا، ولأسباب لا يمكننا معرفتها بعد فترة طويلة جدًا من الزمن، انفصلت هذه الشعوب الآرية وابتعدت في اتجاهات مختلفة. 오랜 시간이 흐른 후 알 수 없는 이유로 아리안 민족은 마침내 뿔뿔이 흩어져 각기 다른 방향으로 이동했습니다. W końcu, z powodów, których nie możemy poznać po tak długim czasie, te aryjskie ludy rozdzieliły się i odeszły w różnych kierunkach. One branch of them entered Italy and became the ancestors of the Greeks and Romans. ودخل فرع منهم إيطاليا وأصبحوا أسلاف الإغريق والرومان. Another entered what is now France, and became the Gauls whom Caesar conquered. ودخل آخر ما يعرف الآن بفرنسا، وأصبح الغاليين الذين غزاهم قيصر. Another entered what is now France, and became the Gauls whom Caesar conquered. 또 다른 부족은 지금의 프랑스로 들어가 카이사르가 정복한 갈리아가 되었습니다. One settled in Germany, and still others settled in other lands both near and far. استقر أحدهم في ألمانيا، واستقر آخرون في أراضٍ أخرى قريبة وبعيدة. 한 명은 독일에 정착했고, 다른 한 명은 가깝거나 먼 다른 나라에 정착했습니다.

In spite of the kinship between them, however, the Germans and Romans were very different in many ways. على الرغم من القرابة بينهما، كان الألمان والرومان مختلفين تمامًا في نواحٍ عديدة. 그러나 독일인과 로마인은 친족 관계에도 불구하고 여러 면에서 매우 달랐습니다. Pomimo łączącego ich pokrewieństwa, Germanie i Rzymianie różnili się od siebie pod wieloma względami. The Romans were short and dark, while the Germans were tall—very tall, they seemed to the Romans,—with fair skin, light hair, and clear blue eyes. كان الرومان قصار القامة وذوي بشرة داكنة، بينما كان الألمان طوال القامة - بداوا طويلين للغاية بالنسبة للرومان - ذوي بشرة فاتحة وشعر فاتح وعيون زرقاء صافية. ローマ人は背が低くて黒髪だったのに対し、ドイツ人は背が高く、ローマ人には非常に背が高く、色白の肌、明るい髪、澄んだ青い目をしていました。 로마인은 키가 작고 피부가 까무잡잡한 반면, 독일인은 키가 매우 커서 로마인이 보기에 고운 피부와 연한 머리카락, 맑고 푸른 눈을 가졌습니다. Rzymianie byli niscy i ciemnoskórzy, podczas gdy Niemcy byli wysocy - bardzo wysocy, wydawali się Rzymianom - o jasnej skórze, jasnych włosach i czystych niebieskich oczach. Os romanos eram baixos e morenos, enquanto os alemães eram altos - muito altos, pareciam aos romanos - com pele clara, cabelos claros e olhos azuis claros. The clothing of the Germans, unlike that of the Romans, was made chiefly from the skins of animals. كانت ملابس الألمان، على عكس ملابس الرومان، تُصنع بشكل رئيسي من جلود الحيوانات. ドイツ人の衣服は、ローマ人のそれとは異なり、主に動物の皮から作られていました. 독일인의 의복은 로마인의 의복과 달리 주로 동물의 가죽으로 만들어졌습니다. Odzież Germanów, w przeciwieństwie do Rzymian, była wykonana głównie ze skór zwierząt. As roupas dos alemães, ao contrário das dos romanos, eram feitas principalmente de peles de animais. Usually it did not cover the whole body, the arms and shoulders at least being left free. عادة لا يغطي الجسم كله، على الأقل يتم ترك الذراعين والكتفين حرتين. 通常、それは全身を覆うことはなく、少なくとも腕と肩は自由に残されていました. 일반적으로 몸 전체를 덮지 않았으며 팔과 어깨는 최소한 자유롭게 남겨 두었습니다. Zazwyczaj nie zakrywał on całego ciała, a przynajmniej ramiona i barki pozostawały wolne. When the German was in a lazy mood he would sit for days by the fire, clad only in a long cloak of skins; then when he prepared to hunt or to fight, he would put on close-fitting garments and leave his cloak behind. عندما كان الألماني في مزاج كسول، كان يجلس لعدة أيام بجوار النار، لا يرتدي سوى عباءة طويلة من الجلود؛ فإذا هم بالصيد أو القتال لبس ثيابه الضيقة وترك ردائه وراءه. ドイツ人は怠惰な気分になると、何日も暖炉のそばに座って、皮の長いマントだけを着ていました。それから彼が狩りや戦いの準備をするとき、体にぴったりした服を着て外套を後にしました。 독일인은 게으른 기분이 들면 긴 가죽 망토만 걸친 채 며칠 동안 불 옆에 앉아 있다가 사냥이나 전투를 준비할 때는 몸에 꼭 맞는 옷을 입고 망토를 벗어 던지곤 했습니다. Gdy Niemiec był w leniwym nastroju, przesiadywał całymi dniami przy ognisku, odziany jedynie w długi płaszcz ze skór; następnie, gdy przygotowywał się do polowania lub walki, zakładał przylegające do ciała ubranie i zostawiał swój płaszcz. Когда германец был в ленивом настроении, он целыми днями сидел у костра, одетый только в длинный плащ из шкур; когда же он готовился к охоте или к бою, то надевал плотно прилегающую одежду, а плащ оставлял.

The houses in which the Germans lived were mere cabins or huts. وكانت المنازل التي يعيش فيها الألمان مجرد كبائن أو أكواخ. ドイツ人が住んでいた家は、単なる小屋や小屋でした。 Domy, w których mieszkali Niemcy, były zwykłymi chatami lub szałasami. Nothing was used but wood and that was not planed smooth, but was roughly hewn into boards and timbers. لم يتم استخدام أي شيء سوى الخشب ولم يتم تخطيطه بشكل سلس، ولكن تم قطعه بشكل خشن في الألواح والأخشاب. 木材以外は何も使用されておらず、平らに削られていませんでしたが、板や木材に荒削りにされていました。 목재는 매끄럽게 다듬은 것이 아니라 거칠게 깎아서 판자와 목재로 만든 것 외에는 아무것도 사용하지 않았습니다. Nie używano niczego poza drewnem, które nie było strugane na gładko, ale z grubsza cięte na deski i belki. Nada foi usado a não ser madeira, que não era bem aplainada, mas rudemente talhada em tábuas e vigas. Sometimes a cave would be used for a dwelling, and often a house of timber would have an underground room attached to it; this was for warmth in winter and also for protection against their enemies. في بعض الأحيان يتم استخدام الكهف كمسكن، وغالبًا ما يكون للمنزل الخشبي غرفة ملحقة به تحت الأرض؛ كان هذا للدفء في الشتاء وأيضًا للحماية من أعدائهم. Sometimes a cave would be used for a dwelling, and often a house of timber would have an underground room attached to it; this was for warmth in winter and also for protection against their enemies. 洞窟が住居に使用されることもあれば、木造の家に地下室が取り付けられていることもよくありました。これは冬の暖かさと敵からの保護のためでした。 때로는 동굴을 주거지로 사용하기도 하고, 나무로 지은 집에는 지하 방이 붙어 있는 경우가 많았는데, 이는 겨울철에 따뜻하게 지내고 적으로부터 보호하기 위한 것이기도 했습니다. Czasami jaskinia była wykorzystywana jako mieszkanie, a często do drewnianego domu dołączano podziemne pomieszczenie; służyło to do ogrzewania w zimie, a także do ochrony przed wrogami. Às vezes, uma caverna seria usada como habitação, e muitas vezes uma casa de madeira teria uma sala subterrânea anexada a ela; isso servia para aquecer no inverno e também para proteção contra seus inimigos. Sometimes in summer the people made huts of twigs woven together in much the same way that a basket is woven. في بعض الأحيان، كان الناس في الصيف يصنعون أكواخًا من الأغصان المنسوجة معًا بنفس الطريقة التي يتم بها نسج السلة. 夏になると、かごを編むのと同じように小枝を編んで小屋を作ることもありました。 Czasami latem ludzie budowali szałasy z gałązek splecionych ze sobą w podobny sposób, w jaki wyplata się kosz. Às vezes, no verão, as pessoas faziam cabanas de gravetos tecidos juntos da mesma maneira que uma cesta é tecida. Such houses were very flimsy, but they had the advantage of being easily moved from place to place. وكانت هذه المنازل واهية للغاية، ولكن تمتاز بسهولة نقلها من مكان إلى آخر. 그런 집은 매우 허술했지만 쉽게 옮길 수 있다는 장점이 있었습니다. Essas casas eram muito frágeis, mas tinham a vantagem de serem facilmente transportadas de um lugar para outro. Often, too, the house sheltered not only the family, but the horses and cattle as well, all living under one roof. في كثير من الأحيان، كان المنزل أيضًا لا يؤوي العائلة فحسب، بل أيضًا الخيول والماشية، حيث تعيش جميعها تحت سقف واحد. 多くの場合、家は家族だけでなく、馬や牛も保護し、すべてが1つの屋根の下に住んでいました. 종종 이 집은 가족뿐만 아니라 말과 소도 한 지붕 아래에서 함께 살며 보호하기도 했습니다. Muitas vezes, também, a casa abrigava não apenas a família, mas também os cavalos e o gado, todos vivendo sob o mesmo teto. One can imagine that this was not a very healthful plan. يمكن للمرء أن يتخيل أن هذه لم تكن خطة صحية للغاية. これはあまり健全な計画ではなかったと想像できます。 Można sobie wyobrazić, że nie był to zbyt zdrowy plan.

The Germans gained their living partly from hunting and partly from tilling the soil. كان الألمان يكسبون رزقهم جزئيًا من الصيد وجزئيًا من حراثة التربة. ドイツ人は、一部は狩猟で生計を立て、一部は土を耕して生計を立てていました。 독일인들은 부분적으로는 사냥을 통해, 부분적으로는 땅을 경작하여 생계를 유지했습니다. Niemcy utrzymywali się częściowo z polowań, a częściowo z uprawy ziemi. They also depended a great deal upon their herds and flocks for meat, as well as for milk and the foods which they made from milk. كما اعتمدوا كثيرًا على قطعانهم وأغنامهم في الحصول على اللحوم، وكذلك على الحليب والأطعمة التي يصنعونها من الحليب. 彼らはまた、肉、牛乳、および牛乳から作る食物を、牛や群れに大きく依存していました。 Byli również bardzo zależni od swoich stad i trzód, jeśli chodzi o mięso, a także mleko i żywność, którą wytwarzali z mleka. The Germans paid great respect to their women, and the latter could often by their reproaches stop the men when defeated and in flight, and encourage them to do battle again. كان الألمان يكنون احترامًا كبيرًا لنسائهم، وكان بإمكان النساء في كثير من الأحيان، من خلال توبيخهن، إيقاف الرجال عند هزيمتهم وفرارهم، وتشجيعهم على خوض المعركة مرة أخرى. The Germans paid great respect to their women, and the latter could often by their reproaches stop the men when defeated and in flight, and encourage them to do battle again. ドイツ人は女性に大きな敬意を払い、後者はしばしば彼らの非難によって、敗北して逃走中の男性を止め、再び戦うように促すことができました. 독일군은 여성에게 큰 존경을 표했고, 여성은 종종 남성들이 패배하여 도주할 때 그들의 비난으로 남성들을 멈추게 하고 다시 전투에 임할 수 있도록 격려했습니다. Niemcy darzyli swoje kobiety wielkim szacunkiem, a te ostatnie często potrafiły swoimi wyrzutami powstrzymać pokonanych i uciekających mężczyzn oraz zachęcić ich do ponownej walki. Os alemães tinham grande respeito por suas mulheres, e as últimas muitas vezes podiam, com suas reprovações, deter os homens quando derrotados e em fuga e encorajá-los a lutar novamente. 德国人非常尊重他们的妇女,而妇女常常可以通过她们的责备来制止战败和逃跑的男人,并鼓励他们再次战斗。 Nevertheless, the care of the cattle and the tilling of the soil, as well as the house-work, fell chiefly to the women. ومع ذلك، فإن رعاية الماشية وحراثة الأرض، وكذلك الأعمال المنزلية، كانت تقع بشكل رئيسي على عاتق النساء. それにもかかわらず、牛の世話や土の耕作、そして家事は主に女性の仕事でした。 그럼에도 불구하고 가축을 돌보고 땅을 경작하는 일과 집안일은 주로 여성에게 맡겨졌습니다. No entanto, o cuidado do gado e do cultivo do solo, bem como o trabalho doméstico, cabia principalmente às mulheres. The men preferred to hunt or to fight; and when not doing either, would probably be found by the fire sleeping or idling away their time in games of chance. فضل الرجال الصيد أو القتال؛ وعندما لا يفعلون أيًا منهما، فمن المحتمل أن يجدوا أنفسهم نائمين بجوار النار أو يضيعون وقتهم في ألعاب الحظ. 男性は狩りをするか戦うことを好みました。そして、どちらも行わないときは、火事で眠っているか、偶然のゲームで時間を空けていた可能性があります。 남자들은 사냥이나 싸움을 선호했고, 둘 중 하나를 하지 않을 때는 불 옆에서 잠을 자거나 우연성 게임으로 시간을 허비했습니다. Os homens preferiam caçar ou lutar; e quando não o fizesse, provavelmente seriam encontrados perto do fogo dormindo ou perdendo seu tempo em jogos de azar. 男人们更喜欢打猎或战斗。如果不做任何一件事,他们可能会被火发现在睡觉或在赌博游戏中消磨时间。 Most of the occupations of which we now see so much were not known to them. معظم المهن التي نراها الآن كثيرًا لم تكن معروفة لهم. 私たちが現在目にする職業のほとんどは、彼らには知られていませんでした。 현재 우리가 많이 접하는 대부분의 직업은 그 당시에는 알려지지 않은 직업이었습니다. Większość zawodów, o których teraz tak wiele słyszymy, nie była im znana. 我们现在看到的大多数职业他们都不知道。 There was hardly any trading either among themselves or with other nations. لم يكن هناك أي تجارة تقريبًا سواء فيما بينهم أو مع الدول الأخرى. 彼らの間でも他国との取引もほとんどありませんでした。 그들끼리 또는 다른 나라와의 교역은 거의 없었습니다. Nie było prawie żadnego handlu ani między nimi, ani z innymi narodami. 他们之间或与其他国家之间几乎没有任何贸易。 Each family made its own things, and made very little more than it needed for its own use. كانت كل عائلة تصنع أشياءها بنفسها، ولم تكن تصنع سوى القليل جدًا مما تحتاج إليه لاستخدامها الخاص. 各家族は独自のものを作り、自分たちで使用するために必要以上のものはほとんど作りませんでした。 Każda rodzina produkowała własne rzeczy i wytwarzała niewiele więcej, niż potrzebowała na własny użytek. 每个家庭都制作自己的东西,并且制作的东西只比自己使用所需的少得多。 The women spun and wove linen and other cloth, tanned leather, made soap,—which the Greeks and Romans did not know,—and a few other things. كانت النساء يغزلن وينسجن الكتان وغيره من الأقمشة، والجلود المدبوغة، ويصنعن الصابون، وهو ما لم يعرفه اليونانيون والرومان، وبعض الأشياء الأخرى. 女性たちは、リネンやその他の布を紡いで織り、革をなめし、石けんを作りましたが、ギリシア人とローマ人はそれを知りませんでした。 여성들은 린넨과 기타 천을 짜고 무두질하고 가죽을 무두질하고 비누를 만드는 등 그리스와 로마인들은 몰랐던 여러 가지 일을 했습니다. Kobiety przędły i tkały len i inne tkaniny, garbowały skóry, robiły mydło, którego Grecy i Rzymianie nie znali, i kilka innych rzeczy. As mulheres fiavam e teciam linho e outros tecidos, couro curtido, sabonete feito - que os gregos e romanos não sabiam - e algumas outras coisas. But all this was only for use in their own families. ولكن كل هذا كان فقط للاستخدام في عائلاتهم. しかし、これはすべて自分の家族でのみ使用するためのものでした。 하지만 이 모든 것은 자신의 가족에게만 해당되는 이야기였습니다. 但这一切都只适合在自己的家族中使用。 There were no trading places, and almost no commerce, except in a few things such as skins, and the amber of the Baltic Sea. لم تكن هناك أماكن تجارية، ولا تجارة تقريبًا، باستثناء أشياء قليلة مثل الجلود وعنبر بحر البلطيق. 皮革やバルト海の琥珀などを除いて、交易所はなく、ほとんど商売はありませんでした。 가죽과 발트해의 호박 등 몇 가지 품목을 제외하고는 거래 장소도 없었고, 상업도 거의 없었습니다. Não havia locais de comércio e quase nenhum comércio, exceto em algumas coisas, como peles e o âmbar do Mar Báltico. One occupation, however, was considered good enough for any man to follow. ومع ذلك، كانت مهنة واحدة تعتبر جيدة بما يكفي ليتبعها أي رجل. しかし、ある職業は、どんな人でも従うのに十分であると考えられていました. 그러나 한 가지 직업은 모든 남성이 따를 수 있는 좋은 직업으로 여겨졌습니다. Jeden zawód był jednak uważany za wystarczająco dobry dla każdego mężczyzny. Uma ocupação, entretanto, era considerada boa o suficiente para ser seguida por qualquer homem. This was the trade of the blacksmith. وكانت هذه تجارة الحداد. This was the trade of the blacksmith. これは鍛冶屋の取引でした。 이것이 바로 대장장이의 거래였습니다. Był to zawód kowala. Esse era o ofício do ferreiro. The skillful smith was highly honored, for he not only made tools to work with, but also weapons with which to hunt and to fight. كان الحداد الماهر يحظى بتقدير كبير، لأنه لم يصنع أدوات للعمل بها فحسب، بل أيضًا أسلحة للصيد والقتال. 熟練した鍛冶屋は、作業用の道具だけでなく、狩りや戦うための武器も作ったので、非常に光栄でした。 숙련된 대장장이는 작업 도구뿐만 아니라 사냥과 전투에 필요한 무기도 만들었기 때문에 높은 평가를 받았습니다. Zręczny kowal był wysoko ceniony, ponieważ wytwarzał nie tylko narzędzia do pracy, ale także broń do polowania i walki.

But usually the free man considered it beneath his dignity to work in any way. لكن عادة ما يعتبر الرجل الحر أن العمل بأي شكل من الأشكال أقل من كرامته. But usually the free man considered it beneath his dignity to work in any way. しかし、通常、自由人は、何らかの形で働くことは自分の尊厳に反すると考えていました。 그러나 일반적으로 자유인은 어떤 식으로든 일하는 것을 자신의 품위에 어긋난다고 생각했습니다. Ale zazwyczaj wolny człowiek uważał, że praca w jakikolwiek sposób jest poniżej jego godności. 但通常自由人认为以任何方式工作都有损他的尊严。 He was a warrior more than anything else. لقد كان محاربًا أكثر من أي شيء آخر. 彼は何よりも戦士だった。 그는 무엇보다도 전사였습니다. 他是一名战士,胜过其他一切。 The Romans had reason to know that the Germans were very stubborn fighters; indeed, the Romans never did conquer Germany. كان لدى الرومان سبب لمعرفة أن الألمان كانوا مقاتلين عنيدين للغاية؛ في الواقع، لم يغزو الرومان ألمانيا أبدًا. 로마인들은 독일인들이 매우 완고한 전사라는 것을 알고 있었으며, 실제로 로마인들은 독일을 정복하지 못했습니다. Rzymianie mieli powody, by wiedzieć, że Germanie byli bardzo upartymi wojownikami; w rzeczywistości Rzymianie nigdy nie podbili Germanii. Os romanos tinham motivos para saber que os alemães eram lutadores muito teimosos; na verdade, os romanos nunca conquistaram a Alemanha. The Germans were not made weak, as the Romans were, by indulging in all kinds of luxuries. ولم يضعف الألمان، كما حدث مع الرومان، بسبب الانغماس في جميع أنواع الكماليات. The Germans were not made weak, as the Romans were, by indulging in all kinds of luxuries. ドイツ人はローマ人がそうであったように、あらゆる種類のぜいたくにふけることによって弱体化されたわけではありません。 독일인들은 로마인들처럼 온갖 사치품에 빠져서 약해지지 않았습니다. Niemcy nie stali się słabi, tak jak Rzymianie, oddając się wszelkiego rodzaju luksusom. Os alemães não foram enfraquecidos, como os romanos, por se darem ao luxo de todos os tipos. They lived in the open air, they ate plain food, and they did not make their bodies tender by too much clothing. كانوا يعيشون في الهواء الطلق، ويأكلون الطعام البسيط، ولا يجعلون أجسادهم طرية بكثرة الملابس. 彼らは戸外で暮らし、質素な食べ物を食べ、衣服を着すぎて体を柔らかくしませんでした。 그들은 야외에서 살았고, 평범한 음식을 먹었으며, 너무 많은 옷을 입어 몸을 부드럽게 만들지 않았습니다. Żyli na świeżym powietrzu, jedli zwykłe jedzenie i nie męczyli swoich ciał zbyt dużą ilością ubrań. Eles viviam ao ar livre, comiam comida simples e não tornavam seus corpos sensíveis com muitas roupas. In every way their habits were more wholesome than those of the Romans; and besides this, each man had a spirit of independence that caused him to fight hard to avoid capture and slavery. وكانت عاداتهم في كل شيء أكثر صحة من عادات الرومان؛ وإلى جانب هذا، كان لكل رجل روح الاستقلال التي جعلته يقاتل بشدة لتجنب الأسر والعبودية. あらゆる点で、彼らの習慣はローマ人よりも健全でした。これに加えて、各人は独立の精神を持っていたため、捕らえられたり奴隷になったりするのを避けるために一生懸命戦った。 모든 면에서 그들의 습관은 로마인들보다 더 건전했으며, 이 외에도 각 사람은 독립 정신을 가지고 있었기 때문에 포로가 되거나 노예가 되는 것을 피하기 위해 열심히 싸웠습니다. Pod każdym względem ich zwyczaje były zdrowsze niż Rzymian, a poza tym każdy człowiek miał ducha niezależności, który sprawiał, że ciężko walczył, aby uniknąć schwytania i niewoli. Em todos os sentidos, seus hábitos eram mais saudáveis do que os dos romanos; além disso, cada homem tinha um espírito de independência que o fazia lutar muito para evitar a captura e a escravidão.

At one time, while Augustus was Emperor, three legions of the Roman army, under an officer named Varus, were entrapped and slain in the German forests. في وقت ما، عندما كان أغسطس إمبراطورًا، وقعت ثلاثة فيالق من الجيش الروماني، تحت قيادة ضابط يُدعى فاروس، في شرك وقتلت في الغابات الألمانية. アウグストゥスが皇帝だった頃、ヴァルスという将校の下にあったローマ軍の 3 つの軍団が、ドイツの森に閉じ込められて殺害されました。 아우구스투스가 황제였던 시절, 바루스라는 장교가 지휘하던 로마군 3개 군단이 독일의 숲에 갇혀 죽임을 당한 적이 있었습니다. Pewnego razu, gdy August był cesarzem, trzy legiony armii rzymskiej pod dowództwem oficera imieniem Warus zostały uwięzione i zabite w niemieckich lasach. Ao mesmo tempo, enquanto Augusto era imperador, três legiões do exército romano, comandados por um oficial chamado Varo, foram aprisionados e mortos nas florestas alemãs. The shock of this defeat was felt so keenly at Rome that long after that the Emperor would awake at night from restless sleep, and cry out: "Varus, Varus, give me back my legions!" لقد شعرت روما بصدمة هذه الهزيمة بشدة لدرجة أنه بعد ذلك بوقت طويل كان الإمبراطور يستيقظ في الليل من نوم مضطرب ويصرخ: "فاروس، فاروس، أعد لي جحافلي!" この敗北のショックはローマで非常に強く感じられたので、皇帝は夜、落ち着きのない眠りから目を覚まし、「ヴァルス、ヴァルス、私の軍団を返してくれ!」と叫びました。 이 패배의 충격은 로마에서 극심하게 느껴졌고, 황제는 한참 후 밤에 잠에서 깨어나 이렇게 외치곤 했습니다: "바루스, 바루스, 내 군대를 돌려줘!" O choque dessa derrota foi sentido tão intensamente em Roma que muito depois disso o imperador acordava à noite de um sono agitado e gritava: "Varus, Varus, devolva-me minhas legiões!" After this the Romans learned to be more careful in fighting the Germans. بعد ذلك تعلم الرومان أن يكونوا أكثر حذرًا في قتال الألمان. 그 후 로마인들은 독일군과 싸울 때 더 조심하는 법을 배웠습니다. Po tym wydarzeniu Rzymianie nauczyli się być bardziej ostrożni w walce z Niemcami. Depois disso, os romanos aprenderam a ser mais cuidadosos na luta contra os alemães. The Romans had the advantage of better weapons with which to fight, better knowledge of how to fight, and greater wealth with which to carry on a war. كان الرومان يتمتعون بميزة وجود أسلحة أفضل للقتال، ومعرفة أفضل لكيفية القتال، وثروة أكبر لمواصلة الحرب. ローマ人は、戦うためのより優れた武器、戦い方に関するより優れた知識、そして戦争を続けるためのより大きな富という利点を持っていました. 로마인들은 더 나은 무기와 더 나은 전투 방법, 그리고 전쟁을 수행할 수 있는 더 많은 부를 가지고 있었습니다. Rzymianie mieli przewagę w postaci lepszej broni do walki, lepszej wiedzy na temat walki i większego bogactwa, dzięki któremu mogli prowadzić wojnę. 罗马人的优势在于拥有更好的战斗武器、更好的战斗知识以及更多的财富来进行战争。 So, in spite of some decided victories over the soldiers of the Empire, the Germans were obliged for many years to acknowledge Rome as the stronger; and Roman soldiers were even stationed in some parts of the German territory. لذا، وعلى الرغم من بعض الانتصارات الحاسمة على جنود الإمبراطورية، فقد اضطر الألمان لسنوات عديدة إلى الاعتراف بروما باعتبارها الأقوى؛ وتمركز الجنود الرومان في بعض أجزاء الأراضي الألمانية. So, in spite of some decided victories over the soldiers of the Empire, the Germans were obliged for many years to acknowledge Rome as the stronger; and Roman soldiers were even stationed in some parts of the German territory. それで、帝国の兵士に対するいくつかの決定された勝利にもかかわらず、ドイツ人はローマをより強いものとして認めることを長年義務付けられました。そしてローマの兵士はドイツの領土のいくつかの部分にさえ駐留していました。 따라서 제국 군인들에 대한 몇 번의 결정적인 승리에도 불구하고 독일인들은 오랫동안 로마를 강자로 인정해야 했고, 심지어 로마 군인들은 독일 영토의 일부 지역에 주둔하기도 했습니다. Tak więc, pomimo kilku zdecydowanych zwycięstw nad żołnierzami Imperium, Germanie byli zmuszeni przez wiele lat uznawać Rzym za silniejszy; a rzymscy żołnierze stacjonowali nawet w niektórych częściach terytorium Niemiec. 因此,尽管德国人对帝国士兵取得了一些决定性的胜利,但多年来他们仍然不得不承认罗马更强大。罗马士兵甚至还驻扎在德国领土的某些地方。

When the German army was preparing for battle, the men arranged themselves so that each line had a greater number in it and was longer than the one in front. عندما كان الجيش الألماني يستعد للمعركة، رتب الرجال أنفسهم بحيث يكون في كل صف عدد أكبر ويكون أطول من الذي أمامه. ドイツ軍が戦闘の準備をしていたとき、男性は各列の数が多く、前の列よりも長くなるように配置しました。 독일군이 전투를 준비할 때 병사들은 각 대열의 숫자가 앞쪽 대열보다 많고 길어지도록 대열을 배치했습니다. Kiedy niemiecka armia przygotowywała się do bitwy, ludzie ustawiali się tak, aby każda linia była liczniejsza i dłuższa niż ta z przodu. 当德军准备战斗时,士兵们会安排好每一排的人数,并且比前面的更长。 Thus the army formed a sort of wedge, which they called the "boar's head," from its shape. وهكذا شكل الجيش ما يشبه الإسفين، أطلقوا عليه اسم "رأس الخنزير" نسبة إلى شكله. このようにして軍隊は、その形から「イノシシの頭」と呼ばれる一種のくさびを形成しました。 따라서 군대는 그 모양에서 "멧돼지 머리"라고 부르는 일종의 쐐기 모양을 형성했습니다. W ten sposób armia utworzyła rodzaj klina, który nazwali "głową dzika" od jego kształtu. Assim, o exército formou uma espécie de cunha, que eles chamaram de "cabeça de javali", devido ao seu formato. Arranged in this manner the army moved forward with one grand rush, guarding their sides with large wooden shields, and hewing with their swords and thrusting with their spears. وعلى هذا النحو تحرك الجيش إلى الأمام في اندفاعة كبيرة واحدة، يحرسون جوانبهم بدروع خشبية كبيرة، ويقطعون بسيوفهم ويطعنون برماحهم. このように配置された軍隊は、大きな木製の盾で側面を守り、剣で切り裂き、槍で突き刺しながら、1回の壮大な突進で前進しました。 이렇게 배치된 군대는 커다란 나무 방패로 양옆을 지키고, 칼을 휘두르고 창으로 찌르며 일사불란하게 전진했다. Organizado dessa maneira, o exército avançou com uma grande investida, protegendo seus lados com grandes escudos de madeira, e cortando com suas espadas e golpeando com suas lanças. If the first rush failed to dismay the enemy and turn them in flight, there was no longer any order or plan of battle. إذا فشل الاندفاع الأول في ترويع العدو ودفعه إلى الهروب، فلن يكون هناك أي نظام أو خطة للمعركة. 最初のラッシュが敵を狼狽させて逃走させることができなかった場合、もはや戦闘の順序や計画はありませんでした. 첫 번째 돌격으로 적을 놀라게 하고 도주하는 데 실패하면 더 이상 전투 명령이나 계획이 없습니다. Jeśli pierwszy zryw nie zdołał zdezorientować wroga i odwrócić go od ucieczki, nie istniał już żaden porządek ani plan bitwy. Если первый бросок не приводил противника в смятение и не обращал его в бегство, то уже не было ни порядка, ни плана сражения. Each man then fought for himself, until victory or defeat ended the struggle. ثم حارب كل رجل من أجل نفسه، حتى أنهى النصر أو الهزيمة الصراع. その後、勝利または敗北が闘争を終わらせるまで、各人は自分のために戦いました。 그런 다음 각 사람은 승리 또는 패배가 투쟁을 끝낼 때까지 자신을 위해 싸웠습니다. Następnie każdy walczył o swoje, aż do zwycięstwa lub porażki.

Among the Germans no man dared to flee from the field of battle, for cowardice was punished with death. ولم يجرؤ أحد بين الألمان على الفرار من ساحة المعركة، لأن الجبن كان يعاقب بالموت. 臆病者は死をもって罰せられたので、ドイツ人の間で誰も戦場から逃げることを敢えてしなかった. 비겁한 자는 사형에 처해졌기 때문에 독일군 중에는 감히 전장에서 도망칠 수 있는 사람이 없었습니다. Entre os alemães, nenhum homem ousava fugir do campo de batalha, pois a covardia era punida com a morte. To leave one's shield behind was the greatest of crimes, and made a man disgraced in the sight of all. إن ترك المرء درعه وراءه كان أعظم الجرائم، وجعل الرجل مهانًا في نظر الجميع. To leave one's shield behind was the greatest of crimes, and made a man disgraced in the sight of all. 盾を置き去りにすることは最大の犯罪であり、すべての人の目に恥をかかせた。 방패를 버리고 떠나는 것은 가장 큰 범죄이며, 모든 사람이 보는 앞에서 불명예스러운 일이었습니다. Porzucenie tarczy było największą zbrodnią i hańbiło człowieka w oczach wszystkich. Bravery was the chief of virtues, and it was this alone which could give a man the leadership of an army. كانت الشجاعة رأس الفضائل، وهذه وحدها هي التي يمكن أن تمنح الرجل قيادة الجيش. 勇敢さは美徳の最高峰であり、これだけで軍隊の指導力を人に与えることができた。 용기는 미덕의 으뜸이었으며, 이것만으로도 군대의 지도자가 될 수 있었습니다. Главной из добродетелей была храбрость, и только она могла дать человеку возможность возглавить армию. The general was chosen for his valor, and he kept his position only so long as he continued to show himself brave. تم اختيار الجنرال لشجاعته، ولم يحتفظ بمنصبه إلا طالما استمر في إظهار شجاعته. The general was chosen for his valor, and he kept his position only so long as he continued to show himself brave. 将軍は彼の勇気のために選ばれ、彼が勇敢さを示し続けている限り、彼はその地位を維持しました. 장군은 용맹함을 인정받아 선택되었고, 계속 용맹한 모습을 보이는 한 그 자리를 지켰습니다. Generał został wybrany ze względu na swoje męstwo i utrzymał swoją pozycję tylko tak długo, jak długo wykazywał się odwagą. He must be an example to all his followers and must fight in the front ranks. يجب أن يكون قدوة لجميع أتباعه ويجب أن يقاتل في الصفوف الأمامية. 彼はすべてのフォロワーの模範とならなければならず、最前線で戦わなければなりません。 그는 모든 추종자들에게 모범이 되어야 하며 최전방에서 싸워야 합니다. Musi być przykładem dla wszystkich swoich zwolenników i musi walczyć w pierwszych szeregach. A general was made by his fellow warriors, who raised him upon their shields as a sign of their choice. تم تعيين جنرال من قبل زملائه المحاربين، الذين رفعوه على دروعهم كعلامة على اختيارهم. 将軍は仲間の戦士によって作られ、彼らの選択のしるしとして彼を盾に掲げました。 장군은 동료 전사들이 선택의 표시로 방패 위에 올려준 장군입니다. Generał został wybrany przez innych wojowników, którzy podnieśli go na swoich tarczach na znak wyboru. If he proved less worthy than they had thought, they could as easily make another general in his place. إذا ثبت أنه أقل جدارة مما كانوا يعتقدون، فيمكنهم بسهولة تعيين جنرال آخر مكانه. 만약 그가 생각보다 가치가 없는 것으로 판명되면 다른 장수를 대신 임명할 수도 있었습니다. Gdyby okazał się mniej godny, niż sądzili, mogliby równie łatwo mianować innego generała na jego miejsce. The leader and his men were constantly reminded that upon their strength and courage depended the safety and happiness of their wives and children; for their families often followed the army to battle, and witnessed the combats from rude carts or wagons, mingling their shrill cries with the din of battle. تم تذكير القائد ورجاله باستمرار بأن قوتهم وشجاعتهم تعتمد على سلامة زوجاتهم وأطفالهم وسعادتهم؛ لأن عائلاتهم غالبًا ما كانت تتبع الجيش إلى المعركة، وتشهد المعارك من عربات أو عربات غير مهذبة، وتختلط صرخاتهم الحادة بضجيج المعركة. 指導者と部下は、自分たちの強さと勇気が妻子の安全と幸福にかかっていることを常に思い知らされました。彼らの家族はしばしば軍隊に従って戦い、無作法なカートやワゴンから戦闘を目撃し、彼らの甲高い叫び声を戦いの喧騒と混ぜ合わせた. 지도자와 그의 부하들은 자신의 힘과 용기에 아내와 아이들의 안전과 행복이 달려 있다는 사실을 끊임없이 상기해야 했습니다. 가족들은 종종 군대를 따라 전투에 나섰고, 거친 수레나 마차에서 전투를 목격하며 그들의 날카로운 울음소리가 전투의 소음과 뒤섞여 있었습니다. Wodzowi i jego ludziom stale przypominano, że od ich siły i odwagi zależało bezpieczeństwo i szczęście ich żon i dzieci; ponieważ ich rodziny często podążały za armią do bitwy i obserwowały walki z grubiańskich wozów lub wozów, mieszając ich przenikliwe krzyki z gwarem bitwy.

Times of peace among these early Germans would seem to us much like war. قد تبدو لنا أوقات السلام بين هؤلاء الألمان الأوائل أشبه بالحرب. これらの初期のドイツ人の間での平和の時代は、私たちには戦争のように見えるでしょう. 초기 독일인들의 평화로운 시절은 우리에게는 전쟁과 매우 흡사해 보였을 것입니다. Czasy pokoju wśród tych wczesnych Niemców wydają nam się bardzo podobne do wojny. Every man carried his weapons about with him and used them freely. كان كل رجل يحمل أسلحته معه ويستخدمها بحرية. 모든 사람이 자신의 무기를 가지고 다니며 자유롭게 사용했습니다. Każdy mężczyzna nosił przy sobie broń i swobodnie jej używał. Human life was held cheap, and a quarrel was often settled by the sword. كانت الحياة البشرية رخيصة الثمن، وكثيرًا ما كانت تُحل الخلافات بالسيف. 人命は安く抑えられ、喧嘩は剣で解決することが多かった。 사람의 목숨은 값싸게 여겨졌고, 다툼은 종종 칼로 해결되었습니다. Ludzkie życie było tanie, a kłótnie często rozstrzygano mieczem. There was no strong government to punish wrong and protect the weak; so men had to protect and help themselves. ولم تكن هناك حكومة قوية لمعاقبة المخطئين وحماية الضعفاء؛ لذلك كان على الرجال حماية أنفسهم ومساعدتهم. 잘못을 처벌하고 약자를 보호할 강력한 정부가 없었기 때문에 남성들은 스스로를 보호하고 도와야 했습니다. Nie było silnego rządu, który karałby zło i chronił słabych, więc ludzie musieli chronić i pomagać sobie sami. A man was bound to take up the quarrels, or feuds, of his family and avenge by blood a wrong done to any of his relatives. كان على الرجل أن يقبل المشاجرات أو العداوات بين عائلته وأن ينتقم بالدم لظلم ارتكبه في حق أي من أقاربه. A man was bound to take up the quarrels, or feuds, of his family and avenge by blood a wrong done to any of his relatives. 人は、家族の喧嘩や確執を取り上げ、親族の誰かに犯された不正を血で復讐しなければなりませんでした。 한 남자가 가족의 다툼이나 불화를 떠맡고 친척이 저지른 잘못을 피의 복수로 갚을 수밖에 없었습니다. Mężczyzna był zobowiązany do wzięcia udziału w kłótniach lub waśniach swojej rodziny i pomszczenia krwią krzywdy wyrządzonej komukolwiek z jego krewnych. Мужчина был обязан принимать на себя ссоры, или вражду, своей семьи и кровью отомстить за обиду, нанесенную кому-либо из его родственников. As a result there was constant fighting. ونتيجة لذلك كان هناك قتال مستمر. その結果、絶え間ない戦いがありました。 Violent deeds were frequent, and their punishment was light. وكانت أعمال العنف متكررة، وكانت عقوبتها خفيفة. Violent deeds were frequent, and their punishment was light. 폭력적인 행위가 빈번하게 일어났지만 그 처벌은 가벼웠습니다. Gwałtowne czyny były częste, a ich kara była łagodna. If a man injured another, or even committed murder, the law might be satisfied and the offender excused, by the payment of a fine to the injured man, or to his family. إذا قام رجل بإصابة شخص آخر، أو حتى ارتكب جريمة قتل، فقد يتم استيفاء القانون وإعفاء الجاني، من خلال دفع غرامة للرجل المتضرر، أو لعائلته. 人が他人に怪我を負わせたり、殺人を犯したりした場合、法律は満足し、加害者またはその家族に罰金を支払うことによって、犯罪者は免責される可能性があります。 어떤 사람이 다른 사람을 다치게 하거나 심지어 살인을 저지른 경우, 법은 다친 사람이나 그 가족에게 벌금을 지불하는 것으로 만족하고 범죄자는 면죄부를 받을 수 있습니다.

Some tribes of Germans had kings, but others had not, and were ruled by persons chosen in the meetings of the people, or "folk." كان لبعض قبائل الألمان ملوك، لكن لم يكن لدى البعض الآخر ملوك، وكان يحكمهم أشخاص يتم اختيارهم في اجتماعات الشعب، أو "الشعب". ドイツ人のいくつかの部族には王がいましたが、他の部族には王がなく、人々の集会で選ばれた人、つまり「民衆」によって統治されました。 독일인 부족 중에는 왕이 있는 부족도 있었지만, 왕이 없는 부족도 있었으며 백성들의 회의에서 선출된 사람, 즉 "민중"이 통치했습니다. Even among those tribes that had kings, the power of the ruler in time of peace was not very great. وحتى بين تلك القبائل التي كان لها ملوك، لم تكن قوة الحاكم في زمن السلم كبيرة جدًا. 王のいる部族でさえ、平時の支配者の力はそれほど大きくはありませんでした。 왕이 있는 부족들 사이에서도 평화로운 시기에 통치자의 힘은 그리 크지 않았습니다. The kings were not born kings, but were chosen by the consent of the people. ولم يولد الملوك ملوكاً، بل تم اختيارهم برضا الشعب. 왕들은 타고난 왕이 아니라 백성들의 동의를 얻어 선출된 왕입니다. Some few families, because they had greater wealth, or for some other reason, were looked upon with such respect that they were considered noble, and kings were chosen from among their number. بعض العائلات القليلة، بسبب ثرواتها الكبيرة، أو لسبب آخر، كان يُنظر إليها باحترام لدرجة أنها اعتبرت نبلاء، وتم اختيار الملوك من بين عددهم. 일부 소수의 가문은 재산이 많거나 다른 이유로 인해 고귀한 존재로 여겨질 만큼 존경받았고, 그 중에서 왕이 선출되었습니다. Niektóre rodziny, ze względu na większe bogactwo lub z innego powodu, były postrzegane z takim szacunkiem, że uważano je za szlachetne, a królowie byli wybierani spośród nich. Yet each man stood upon his own merits, too; and neither wealth nor birth could keep a king in power if he proved evil in rule or weak in battle. ومع ذلك، فقد وقف كل رجل على مزاياه أيضًا؛ ولم تكن الثروة ولا المولد قادرة على إبقاء الملك في السلطة إذا أثبت شره في الحكم أو ضعفه في المعركة. それでも、それぞれの人は自分の長所にも立っていました。そして、もし王が支配において悪であったり、戦いで弱かったりした場合、富も誕生も王を権力の座に保つことはできませんでした。 그러나 각 사람은 자신의 장점에 따라 서 있었으며, 왕이 통치에서 악하거나 전투에서 약하다는 것이 증명되면 부나 출생도 왕의 권력을 유지할 수 없었습니다. Jednak każdy człowiek opierał się również na własnych zasługach; ani bogactwo, ani urodzenie nie mogły utrzymać króla przy władzy, jeśli okazał się zły w rządzeniu lub słaby w walce. The rulers decided only the matters that were of small importance. قرر الحكام فقط الأمور ذات الأهمية الصغيرة. 支配者たちは重要度の低い事柄だけを決定しました。 통치자들은 그다지 중요하지 않은 문제들만 결정했습니다. When it came to serious matters, such as making war or changing the customs of the tribe, the "folk" assembled together decided for itself. عندما يتعلق الأمر بالأمور الجادة، مثل شن الحرب أو تغيير عادات القبيلة، فإن "القوم" المجتمعين يقررون بأنفسهم. 戦争や部族の慣習の変更などの重大な問題になると、集まった「民」が自分で決定しました。 전쟁을 일으키거나 부족의 관습을 바꾸는 것과 같은 중대한 사안에 관해서는 함께 모인 '민중'이 스스로 결정했습니다. Kiedy przychodziło do poważnych spraw, takich jak prowadzenie wojny lub zmiana zwyczajów plemienia, "lud" zebrany razem decydował sam. In their assemblies they showed disapproval by loud murmurs; while to signify approval, they clashed their shields and spears together. وأظهروا في مجالسهم الاستنكار بالتمتمات العالية؛ وللدلالة على الموافقة، قاموا بضرب دروعهم ورماحهم معًا. 彼らの集会では、彼らは大きなつぶやきによって不承認を示しました。承認を示すために、彼らは盾と槍を衝突させました. 집회에서는 큰 소리로 불만을 표시하고, 승인을 표시하기 위해 방패와 창을 서로 부딪쳤습니다. Podczas zgromadzeń okazywali dezaprobatę głośnymi pomrukami, a na znak aprobaty zderzali ze sobą tarcze i włócznie. Every free man had the right to attend the folk-meeting of his district, and also the general assembly of the whole tribe. كان لكل رجل حر الحق في حضور الاجتماع الشعبي لمنطقته، وكذلك الجمعية العامة للقبيلة بأكملها. すべての自由人は、自分の地区の民衆集会と部族全体の総会に出席する権利を持っていました。 모든 자유인은 자신이 속한 지역의 민회와 전체 부족의 총회에 참석할 권리가 있었습니다. Każdy wolny człowiek miał prawo uczestniczyć w zgromadzeniu ludowym swojego okręgu, a także w zgromadzeniu ogólnym całego plemienia. The power of the king was less than that of the assembly, and he was subject to it; for the assembly could depose the king, as well as elect him. وكانت قوة الملك أقل من سلطة الجماعة وكان خاضعًا لها. لأن الجمعية يمكنها عزل الملك وانتخابه. 王の権力は議会のそれよりも小さく、彼はそれに服従した。議会は王を解任することも、彼を選出することもできたからです。 왕의 권한은 의회의 권한보다 적었고, 왕은 의회에 복종했습니다. 의회는 왕을 선출할 뿐만 아니라 왕을 해임할 수도 있었기 때문입니다. In times of war, however the power of the kings was much increased; for then it was necessary that one man should do the planning, and time could not be taken up with assemblies. لكن في أوقات الحرب كانت قوة الملوك تتزايد كثيرًا. لأنه في ذلك الوقت كان من الضروري أن يقوم رجل واحد بالتخطيط، ولم يكن من الممكن إشغال الوقت بالاجتماعات. しかし、戦争時には、王の権力は大幅に増加しました。というのは、1 人の男性が計画を立てる必要があり、組み立てに時間を割くことができなかったからです。 그러나 전쟁이 일어나면 왕의 권한이 훨씬 더 커졌기 때문에 한 사람이 계획을 세워야 했고, 집회에 시간을 할애할 수 없었습니다. Jednak w czasach wojny władza królów znacznie się zwiększała, ponieważ wtedy konieczne było, aby jeden człowiek zajmował się planowaniem, a czasu nie można było poświęcić na zgromadzenia.

At the period of which we are speaking, the Germans did not believe in one God as we do, but many. في الفترة التي نتحدث عنها، لم يكن الألمان يؤمنون بإله واحد مثلنا، بل بإله متعدد. 私たちが話している時代に、ドイツ人は私たちのように 1 つの神を信じていたのではなく、多くの神を信じていました。 우리가 이야기하고 있는 시기에 독일인들은 우리처럼 한 신을 믿지 않고 여러 신을 믿었습니다. The names of some of their gods are preserved in the names which we have for the days of the week. وأسماء بعض آلهتهم محفوظة في الأسماء التي لدينا لأيام الأسبوع. 彼らの神のいくつかの名前は、曜日の名前に保存されています。 그들의 신들 중 일부의 이름은 우리가 가지고 있는 요일 이름에 보존되어 있습니다. Imiona niektórych z ich bogów zachowały się w nazwach dni tygodnia. From the god Tius comes Tuesday, from Woden comes Wednesday, and from Thor comes Thursday. من الإله تيوس يأتي يوم الثلاثاء، ومن ودن يأتي الأربعاء، ومن ثور يأتي الخميس. 화요일에는 티우스 신, 수요일에는 워든 신, 목요일에는 토르 신이 등장합니다. Od boga Tiusa pochodzi wtorek, od Wodena środa, a od Thora czwartek. Tius was the god of the heavens, and was at first the chief of the gods. كان تيوس إله السماء، وكان في البداية رئيس الآلهة. ティウスは天界の神であり、最初は神々の長でした。 Songs were sung in his honor, palaces named for him, and even human beings were sacrificed to him. غنت الأغاني على شرفه، وسميت القصور باسمه، وحتى تم التضحية به من البشر. 彼に敬意を表して歌が歌われ、彼にちなんで名付けられた宮殿があり、人間でさえ彼に犠牲にされました。 그를 기리는 노래가 불렸고, 그의 이름을 딴 궁전이 지어졌으며, 심지어 인간까지 제물로 바쳐졌습니다. Na jego cześć śpiewano pieśni, nazywano jego imieniem pałace, a nawet składano mu ofiary z ludzi. Woden was afterward worshiped as the god of the sky, and also of the winds. تم بعد ذلك عبادة وودن باعتباره إله السماء والرياح أيضًا. その後、ウォーデンは空の神として、また風の神として崇拝されました。 이후 우덴은 하늘의 신이자 바람의 신으로 숭배받게 됩니다. Because he controlled the winds, it was natural that he should be the special god to whom those people looked who depended upon the sea; therefore he became the protector of sailors. ولأنه كان يتحكم في الرياح، كان من الطبيعي أن يكون الإله الخاص الذي ينظر إليه هؤلاء الناس الذين يعتمدون على البحر؛ لذلك أصبح حامي البحارة. 바람을 다스리는 신이기에 바다에 의존하는 사람들이 찾는 특별한 신이 되는 것은 당연했고, 그래서 뱃사람들의 수호신이 되었습니다. He was also the god of war, and the spear was his emblem. وكان أيضًا إله الحرب، وكان الرمح شعاره. 彼は戦争の神でもあり、槍は彼の紋章でした. 그는 또한 전쟁의 신이었으며 창은 그의 상징이었습니다. After the worship of Tius died out, Woden became the chief god of the Germans. وبعد انتهاء عبادة تيوس، أصبح فودن الإله الرئيسي للألمان. 티우스에 대한 숭배가 사라진 후 보덴은 독일인의 최고 신이 되었습니다. To him also there were sacrifices of human beings. وله أيضاً كانت ذبائح من البشر. 彼にも人間の犠牲がありました。 그에게도 인간의 희생이 있었습니다. Next in importance to Woden was Thor, the god of thunder and also of the household. التالي في الأهمية بالنسبة لـ Woden كان Thor، إله الرعد وأيضًا إله المنزل. Next in importance to Woden was Thor, the god of thunder and also of the household. ウォーデンにとって次に重要だったのは、雷の神であり、家庭の神でもあるトールでした。 워든 다음으로 중요한 존재는 천둥의 신이자 가정의 수호신인 토르입니다. His emblem was a hammer. وكان شعاره مطرقة. 彼のエンブレムはハンマーでした。 When it thundered the people said that Thor with his hammer was fighting the ice-giants; so he was regarded as the enemy of winter, and the giver of good crops. عندما رعد الناس قالوا إن ثور بمطرقته كان يقاتل عمالقة الجليد؛ لذلك اعتبر عدو الشتاء ومعطي المحاصيل الجيدة. 雷が鳴ったとき、人々はトールがハンマーを持って氷の巨人と戦っていると言いました。そのため、彼は冬の敵と見なされ、良い作物を与えてくれました。 천둥이 치자 사람들은 망치를 든 토르가 얼음 거인들과 싸우고 있다고 말했고, 그래서 토르는 겨울의 적이자 풍작을 가져다주는 존재로 여겨졌어요.

Besides these chief gods, there were many less important ones. وإلى جانب هذه الآلهة الرئيسية، كان هناك العديد من الآلهة الأقل أهمية. これらの主要な神々のほかに、それほど重要でない神々がたくさんいました。 이 주요 신들 외에도 덜 중요한 신들이 많이 있었습니다. Among these were spirits of the forests and rivers, and the "gnomes" or dwarfs who dwelt in the earth, guarding the stores of precious metals and jewels which it contains. وكان من بينهم أرواح الغابات والأنهار، و"التماثيل" أو الأقزام الذين سكنوا الأرض، وحراسة مخازن المعادن الثمينة والمجوهرات التي تحتوي عليها. 이들 중에는 숲과 강의 정령과 땅속에 살면서 귀금속과 보석의 보물창고를 지키는 '노움' 또는 난쟁이들이 있었습니다. Long after the old religion had come to an end the descendants of the ancient Germans remembered these spirits, and stories of their tricks and good deeds were handed down from father to son. وبعد فترة طويلة من انتهاء الدين القديم، تذكر أحفاد الجرمان القدماء هذه الأرواح، وتناقلت قصص حيلهم وأعمالهم الصالحة من الأب إلى الابن. 古い宗教が終わってからずっと後、古代ドイツ人の子孫はこれらの精霊を思い出し、彼らのトリックと善行の物語は父から息子へと受け継がれました. 옛 종교가 사라진 지 오래지 않아 고대 독일인의 후손들은 이 영혼들을 기억했고, 그들의 재주와 선행에 대한 이야기가 아버지로부터 아들에게로 전해졌습니다. Długo po tym, jak stara religia dobiegła końca, potomkowie starożytnych Niemców pamiętali o tych duchach, a historie o ich sztuczkach i dobrych uczynkach były przekazywane z ojca na syna. In this way the Germans kept something of the old religion in the beautiful fairy tales which we still love; and in our Christmas and Easter customs we find other traces of their old beliefs and customs. وبهذه الطريقة احتفظ الألمان بشيء من الدين القديم في القصص الخيالية الجميلة التي ما زلنا نحبها؛ وفي عادات عيد الميلاد وعيد الفصح نجد آثارًا أخرى لمعتقداتهم وعاداتهم القديمة. 이렇게 독일인들은 우리가 여전히 사랑하는 아름다운 동화에 옛 종교의 흔적을 간직했고, 크리스마스와 부활절 풍습에서도 그들의 오래된 믿음과 관습의 흔적을 발견할 수 있습니다.

When missionaries went among them, however, they became Christians. ولكن عندما ذهب المبشرون بينهم، أصبحوا مسيحيين. しかし、宣教師が彼らの中に行ったとき、彼らはクリスチャンになりました。 그러나 선교사들이 그들 가운데로 들어가자 그들은 기독교인이 되었습니다. Kiedy jednak misjonarze udali się do nich, stali się chrześcijanami. This shows one of the greatest qualities which they possessed. وهذا يدل على إحدى أعظم الصفات التي كانوا يتمتعون بها. 이것은 그들이 가진 가장 큰 자질 중 하나를 보여줍니다. To pokazuje jedną z ich największych zalet. They were willing and able to learn from other peoples, and to change their customs to suit new circumstances. وكانوا راغبين وقادرين على التعلم من الشعوب الأخرى، وعلى تغيير عاداتهم لتتناسب مع الظروف الجديدة. 그들은 다른 민족으로부터 기꺼이 배우고 새로운 환경에 맞게 관습을 바꿀 수 있었습니다. Other races, like the American Indians, who did not learn so readily, have declined and died away when they have been brought in contact with a higher civilization. أما الأجناس الأخرى، مثل الهنود الأمريكيين، الذين لم يتعلموا بهذه السهولة، فقد تراجعت وتلاشت عندما اتصلوا بحضارة أعلى. アメリカインディアンのような他の人種は、すぐには学ばなかったが、高度な文明と接触したときに衰退し、死んでしまった. 아메리칸 인디언처럼 쉽게 배우지 못한 다른 종족은 더 높은 문명과 접촉한 후 쇠퇴하고 사라졌습니다. Inne rasy, takie jak Indianie amerykańscy, które nie uczyły się tak łatwo, podupadły i wymarły, gdy weszły w kontakt z wyższą cywilizacją. But the Germans could learn from the Greeks and the Romans; so they grew from a rude, half-barbarous people, into great and civilized nations. لكن الألمان يمكن أن يتعلموا من اليونانيين والرومان؛ وهكذا تحولوا من شعب فظ نصف همجي إلى أمم عظيمة ومتحضرة. しかし、ドイツ人はギリシャ人やローマ人から学ぶことができました。そのため、彼らは無礼で半分野蛮な人々から、偉大で文明化された国へと成長しました。 하지만 독일인들은 그리스와 로마인들로부터 배울 수 있었기 때문에 무례하고 야만적이었던 민족에서 위대하고 문명화된 국가로 성장했습니다.