Absolute Monarchy: Crash Course European History #13 (1) Absolute Monarchie: Crashkurs Europäische Geschichte #13 (1) Monarquía absoluta: Curso acelerado de Historia Europea #13 (1) Monarchia assoluta: Corso accelerato di storia europea #13 (1) 絶対君主制クラッシュコース ヨーロッパ史 第13回 (1) Monarchia absolutna: Przyspieszony kurs historii Europy #13 (1) Monarquia Absoluta: Curso Rápido de História Europeia #13 (1) Абсолютная монархия: Краткий курс европейской истории №13 (1) Абсолютна монархія: Прискорений курс європейської історії #13 (1) 绝对君主制：欧洲历史速成班#13 (1) 絕對君主制：歐洲歷史速成班#13 (1)

Hi, I'm John Green and this is crash course European history

So today we're moving into the second half of the 17th century So today we're moving into the second half of the 17th century

The 30 Years War has ended with the Treaty of Westphalia and the Scientific Revolution is producing amazing new universal laws

but life is still pretty terrible for the vast majority of people. For Kings though, things were changing with the advent of absolutism

in which the king is said to have a divine right to the throne and the

Divinest divine right monarch of them all Louis XIV,

led Western Europe's most powerful Kingdom for more than 70 years

So this is a portrait of Louis XIV - the French Sun King, painted when he was 63

Louis XIV looks regal in his massive black wig and swaths of ermine

Embellished with fleurs-de-lis the symbol of the former french royal house

His high heels show off his shapely legs in white hose

demonstrating the king's

perfection. Men's legs garbed in tightly fitted stockings were a key indication of

desirability at the time and while he may not appear super masculine to us

Louis XIV was the model of powerful kingship and indeed absolute power

Louis was four years old when he started his reign in

1643 while Europe was attempting to pull itself out of the 30 Years War earlier under Louis's father Louis XIII

rebellions abounded in the hundreds across the kingdom

Because of increasingly heavy taxation to pay for the war and the famine conditions due to the relentless little ice age

It seemed almost unthinkable to ordinary people that the king would betray his subjects with

rising taxes in a time of famine. So instead they usually blamed tax collectors and local officials

not the king after Louis XIII died, his

four-year-old son was a smidge small for France ruling

So the job was taken over by his Regent, his mother, Anne of Austria

With help from her sidekick and rumored lover the Italian born Cardinal Mazarin

The first years of Anne's Regency were the last years of the 30 Years War and she increased French military

deployments even amid all these protests with the simple and eventually successful goal of defeating the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs

To gain more territory alongside increasing the desperation of ordinary people. This constant warfare stretched

Aristocratic resources because Nobles raised and paid for their own armies in wartime

Louis's mother had to move him several times to keep him safe amid protests from peasants and nobility

Alike some of whom even went to the point of plotting Coups d'état 中にはクーデターを企てる者さえいた。

which is after all a French phrase. the Pieds Nus - or barefooted ones, the Croquants - or パイド・ヌス（裸足の者たち）、クロカン（跣足の者たち）、つまり、フランス語のフレーズである。

crunchers or crispies, and even judges of Paris were among the people resisting. One judge listed the

sacrifices of ordinary people such as selling all their furniture and sleeping on straw in order to pay rising taxes 高騰する税金を払うために、家具をすべて売り払い、藁の上で寝るというような庶民の犠牲

He said to maintain the luxury of Paris millions of innocent souls are obliged to live on black bread and oats

Did the center of the world just open? Is there a pumpernickel bagel in there?

It's the closest we could get to black bread. Now. This is a

properly great bagel

Hmm

I'm gonna eat that whole thing. Once this is done but black bread in 17th century, France...Not good. For one thing

It was often cut with sawdust, which you know, isn't ideal for bread making and also isn't ideal for nutrition おがくずでカットされることが多かったが、これはパン作りには不向きだし、栄養面でも不向きなんだ

in fact, our contemporary bread is so good that it's hard for us to imagine just

How difficult the circumstances were in the 17th century?

Like just how desperate you have to be to add sawdust to your dough 生地におがくずを入れるのに、どれだけ必死にならなければならないか。

So we're gonna jump back in time for a bit, earlier in the 17th century, a group of judges

managed to undermine the monarchy, 王政を弱体化させることに成功したのだ、

if only temporarily. You'll recall that France ended their religious civil war with Henry, 一時的にせよ。フランスがアンリと宗教内戦を終結させたことを思い出してほしい、

Paris's well worth amassed the fourth ruling. Henry was Louis XIV's パリの価値は4番目の支配者を集めた。アンリはルイ14世の

grandfather and to pay for ongoing wars Henry raised a new tax called the Paulette that was paid by government officials ヘンリーは祖父の代から続く戦争の費用を賄うため、ポーレット税と呼ばれる新しい税金を課した。

including judges over a nine-year period

and if you paid the Paulette you could keep your job for life or even sell your job to a

successor and this created a powerful class of bureaucrats who were basically immune from state oversight その結果、国家の監視を基本的に受けない強力な官僚階級が誕生した。

But Henry couldn't afford to get rid of the Paulette because he needed the cash to wage wars

The officials who bought their positions came to be known as the nobles of the robe as opposed to the old-school その地位を買った役人たちは、旧態依然とした「衣の貴族」ではなく、「衣の貴族」と呼ばれるようになった。

nobles who were called the nobles of the sword because they'd gotten their status via military 剣の貴公子と呼ばれた貴族たちは、軍隊を通じてその地位を得たからだ。

service to the king

Flash forward a few decades Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin are trying to throw these Nobles of the robe out of office 数十年後、アンヌ・ドートリッシュとマザラン枢機卿は、衣服の貴族たちを失脚させようとした。

Which the new nobles are of course not keen on leading and to threaten to arrest them もちろん、新しい貴族たちは、その指導に乗り気ではない。

I mean after all they'd paid a lot of money for those robes all of this pushed the people of Paris to their most menacing 結局のところ、彼らはそのローブのために大金を支払ったのだ。

protests until the

monarchy back down and released the judges that they had imprisoned and this triumph over the monarchy made the nobility of the robe a force

to be reckoned with and also indicated that maybe the absolute power of the monarchy 侮れないと同時に、君主制の絶対的な権力を示していた。

Wasn't actually that absolute. Alongside these protesters another contender for influence arose a new Catholic movement 実際には、それほど絶対的なものではなかった。これらの抗議者たちと並んで、影響力を争うもう一つの新しいカトリック運動が起こった。

Jansenism, called for a complete purging of the self and a fervent ヤンセニズムは、自己の完全な浄化と、熱烈な錬金術を求めた。

spirituality to replace the insufficient and even deluded practices of the church. 教会の不十分な、さらには妄信的な実践に取って代わるスピリチュアリティである。

Like for instance being a cardinal who is probably hooking up with the king's mom

the Jansenist believe only intense and full religious commitment could pull France from its dire straits and their menaced ジャンセニストは、強烈で完全な宗教的コミットメントだけがフランスを悲惨な窮地から救い出すことができると信じている。

established authority, but the most threatening uprising was the Fronde, a series of opposition movements between

1648 and

1653 in which the old nobility and the courts were like, " you can't just raise our taxes willy-nilly without asking permission "

And Anne of Austria was like, " of course we can it's a kingdom and we are ,well

if not, exactly the king at least the Kings Regent and her sidekick ".

Let's go to the thought-bubble

Louis XIV was officially crowned king in 1654 when he was 15

And as he grew older his urgent task became organizing the administration of his kingdom

Raising funds and uniting his subjects in loyalty to him 資金を集め、臣民を団結させ、彼に忠誠を誓わせる

part of his brilliance was to divert the nobility and in fact a good part of France with a 彼の才覚の一端は、貴族たち、そして実際、フランスのかなりの部分を惑わせることにあった。

spectacular court life, rather how a parent might divert a relentless unhappy child would, say, an IPad 壮大な法廷生活、むしろ親が執拗に不幸な子供をそらすにはどうしたらいいか、例えばipadのようなものだ。

But Louie's court was even more diverting than, I don't know しかし、ルイのコートは、私が知る由もないが、それよりももっと愉快だった。

what kids like? TiKTok ?

in the 1660s the King began the task of removing his

Government from the tumult of Paris by converting a hunting lodge at Versailles outside of Paris into the most spectacular パリ郊外のヴェルサイユ宮殿にあった狩猟用のロッジを最も壮麗なものに改造することで、政府はパリの騒乱から逃れることができた。

European palace complex of its day it has some

15,000 people when the court moved there in the 1680s and further thousands in the many adjacent 1680年代に宮廷が移り住んだ時には15,000人、さらに隣接する多くの土地に数千人が住んでいた。

buildings for servants and smaller Chateau built for Louis's mistresses 使用人のための建物と、ルイの愛人のために建てられた小さなシャトー

The nobility was kept busy attending to the king and queen as well as serving the monarchs

legitimate and many illegitimate children 嫡出子と多数の非嫡出子

They also outdid themselves in maneuvering for status 彼らはまた、地位向上のための工作でも凌ぎを削った。

One of the highest honors being to hand the king his nightshirt in the evening or to oversee his use of the commode. The king 最高の栄誉のひとつは、夕方に王にナイトシャツを手渡すこと、あるいは王が便器を使うのを監督することである。 王は Uma das mais altas honras é entregar ao rei a sua camisa de dormir à noite ou supervisionar a sua utilização do toucador. O rei

also sponsored and sometimes starred in spectacular operas and concerts and plays to add to the feeling of his greatness and power また、華やかなオペラやコンサート、演劇のスポンサーとなり、時には主演を務めることで、彼の偉大さと権力をより強く印象づけた。

While the nobility enhanced the scene by behaving as if the King were in fact more than humanly powerful 貴族たちは、王が実際には人並み以上の力を持っているかのように振る舞うことで、その場を盛り上げた。

It was almost like the king was a bright sun whose presence warmed all those it graced and indeed, 王はまるで明るい太陽のようであり、その存在はすべての人々を温かく包み込んだ、

That's why Louis XIV came to be known as the Sun King

Thanks, thought-bubble ! In the days of absolutism monarchs across Europe embraced the idea that they had the divine right to their absolute ありがとう、思考バブル！ 絶対主義の時代には、ヨーロッパ中の君主が、自分たちには絶対的な神の権利があるという考えを受け入れていた。

rule. The Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet preached in the royal chapel of Versailles that quote : " It is God who ジャック＝ベニーニュ・ボシュエ司教は、ヴェルサイユ宮殿の礼拝堂で次のように説いた。

establishes kings...he vested royalty in the House of David, and ordered him to cause Solomon, his son to reign in his place... ダビデは王権をダビデ家に与え、ダビデの子ソロモンに代わって統治させるよう命じた。

Princes thus act as ministers of God. " こうして王子は神の使者として行動する。

He continued, " This is why we have seen that the royal throne is not the throne of a man, but the throne of God himself. "

To his mind, " God has placed in Princes something divine. " and in fact, Bossuet maintained, 彼によれば、「神は王たちの中に神聖な何かを置いた」と実際に、ボスュエは主張した。

" Princes are gods. ". The kings divinity allowed for his regime to be free from arbitrariness or the tyranny of 「王たちは神である」と。王の神聖性は、彼の統治が恣意性や無政府主義の暴虐から解放されることを可能にした。

anarchy because whatever he did was なぜなら彼がしたことは

necessarily correct. Louis XIV probably never said the line most famously attributed to him,

" L'etat c'est moi " or " the state is me ", but it has endured for a reason " L'etat c'est moi "または" the state is me "、しかし、それは理由があって耐えてきました

He really was the state's power and authority 彼は本当に国家の権力と権威でした

and he felt that even if he never said it. But Divine Right theory also meant religious conformity. Louis XIV viewed the presence of そして、彼はそれを決して言わなくても感じていました。しかし、絶対王政論は宗教的一致も意味しました。ルイ14世は

protestants in his realm as disorderly and sinful, causing him to revoke the Edict de Nantes in 1685 1685年にナント勅令を撤回するきっかけとなったため、彼は自分の領土内のプロテスタントを混乱し罪深いとみなしていた。

Thousands of Protestants then fled France, taking their skills and successful businesses to the Netherlands, the German states, North America, South Africa その後、数千のプロテスタントがフランスから逃れ、その技能や成功したビジネスをオランダ、ドイツ諸邦、北アメリカ、南アフリカなどに持ち込んだ。

and other places. And for all the surface grandeur of Louis's regime そして、ルイ14世の政権の華やかさにもかかわらず

it worked mostly because of accomplished bureaucrats including the intendants or 主ではあるが、実務官僚によってほとんどうまくいった、監督者たるイントンダン、もしくはフランス語を発音できると偽るなら、課税を監督し、王国各地域の行政を規律化する仕事に就いた役人たち。

InEnDantS, if I'm pretending to be able to pronounce French, whose jobs were regularized to oversee tax collections, and the ルイ14世の全職員の中で最も卓越し重要だったのは、ジャン＝バティスト・コルベールであり、彼が監督する行政の中で最も著名で重要な役職であった。

administration's of the various regions of the kingdom. The most prominent and important of all Louis's officials was Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who oversaw これらは主に事務官僚達によって効果的に運営され、イントンダンども、実際はフランス語を発音できると心得る者達による課税の監督、および王国各地域の行政の規律化のための作業を行われたことにより、大部分はうまくいった。

finances and public works among other things. Despite being of middle-class birth, Colbert drove the kingdom's economy 中流階級出身でありながら、コルベールは王国の経済を牽引した。

Including its merchants, shipbuilders and artisans. Colbert also oversaw French expansion into North America コルベールはまた、フランスの北米進出を監督した。

sending out settlers and officials, traders combed the continent for the 開拓者や役人を送り出し、商人たちは大陸をくまなく探し回った。

desperately needed furs that were in high demand during the intense cold of the Little Ice Age

Colbert is most famous for his support of

mercantilism, a policy that saw economic development and trade as

akin to war. Merkin to his thinkers believed that there was only so much wealth in the world a finite and fixed amount マーキンと彼の思想家たちは、世界には有限で一定量の富しか存在しないと考えていた。

And in such a zero-sum world, the only way for one kingdom to win would be for other kingdoms to lose このようなゼロサムの世界では、ある王国が勝つためには、他の王国が負けるしかないのだ

We now know this isn't true. But mercantilism was an important driver of policy and foreign relations at the time

there were many applications of this theory refusing entry of another Kingdom ships for instance or この理論を応用して、他国の船の入港を拒否したり、あるいは、「覇権を握る」ことを目的とした、さまざまな政策が採られたのである。

enacting high tariffs on competitors goods

We can see one example of this in cotton textiles, which were

wildly popular but Europeans had no idea how to produce such lively and washable fabrics 大流行したが、ヨーロッパ人はこのような生き生きとした洗濯可能な生地を作る方法を知らなかった。

So they were outlawed in France フランスでは非合法だった

Smuggling, however, thrived with women and men alike

Wearing cotton and even high officials brought them in illegally. In this and other areas of life people did disobey 綿花を身につけ、高官でさえ違法に持ち込んだ。 このような生活や他の分野で、人々は従わなかった。

Absolutist rules. Still, Louis had a lot of power, including the power to wage war それでもルイは、戦争遂行権を含む多くの権力を握っていた。

He waged four major ones first the war of devolution in which France gained territory in the north 彼は最初に征服戦争で、フランスは北部で領土を獲得しました

Second, the Dutch war which gained additional land to the north and along the eastern border 第二に、オランダ戦争が北部と東部の国境沿いに追加の土地を獲得しました

Third, the War of the League of Augsburg 第三に、アウクスブルク同盟戦争

In which he lost much of the land won in the Dutch war. And fourth, the war of the Spanish Succession 彼はオランダ戦争で獲得した土地の大部分を失いました。そして4番目に、スペイン継承戦争

again with significant losses 再び大きな損失を被ります

including in Canada this time to Britain, who you might not have expected to be mixed up in the Spanish war of succession 今回はカナダでも、スペイン継承戦争に巻き込まれるとは思っていなかったかもしれませんが、イギリスに対して

but

Everyone wanted in on warring in 17th century Europe. Clearly, like the ideal reality TV contestant, Louis was not there to make friends 17世紀のヨーロッパでの戦争に参加したがっていたのは誰もが望んでいた。おそらく、理想的なリアリティTVの出場者のように、ルイは友達を作るためにそこにいたわけではなかった。

but we can see through this exchange of lands, through endless war how a しかし、この土地の交換を通して、終わりのない戦争を通して、我々はどのようにしてわかるか