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The Awakening of Europe, 33. The Great South Land

33. The Great South Land

"We looked upon a world unknown." —WHITTIER.

At the beginning of the seventeenth century the vast ocean south of America, Africa, and Asia was unknown; there was a blank space on the old charts where Australia is now marked. As men in the days of Columbushad guessed at the great country on the far side of the Atlantic Ocean, so now they suspected some large tract of land to lie south of the equator—the Great South Land they called it vaguely, or Australia, from a word Austral, meaning south.

Many a Spaniard had left the shores of Peru in search of it, but up to this time with little result. Now that the Dutch had entered on their career of discovery in the East, it was natural that they in their turn should search for that unknown land.

In 1606 a Dutch ship sailed along part of the coast of Australia, but whenever the men landed they were driven away by wild savages with clubs. They called the headland that marked the limit of their voyage Cape Keer Weer, or Turnagain, which name it bears to-day. So ship after ship sailed to the coast of Australia under the Dutch East India Company.

In 1642 an expedition was despatched from Batavia, the headquarters of the Company, under the command of Captain Tasman, on a voyage of discovery to the Great South Land. Let him tell his own story.

"On August 14, 1642, I sailed from Batavia with two vessels," he says in his log-book, "and on September 5 anchored at Maurice Island, which has a very fine harbour. The country is mountainous, but the mountains are covered with green trees. The tops of these mountains are so high that they are lost in the clouds. The finest ebony in the world grows here. It is a tall, straight tree covered with a green bark, very thick, under which the wood is as black as pitch and as close as ivory. I left this island on the 8th of October and continued my course to the south. The weather was foggy, with hard gales and a rolling sea from the south.

"On November 24 I discovered land, which I called Van Diemen's Land, after the Governor of Batavia, and on December 1 I anchored in a bay. I heard the sound of people on the shore, but I saw nobody. I perceived in the sand the mark of wild beasts' feet, resembling those of a tiger. We did nothing more here than set up a post, on which every one cut his name or his mark, and upon which I hoisted a flag.

"On December 5 I quitted Van Diemen's Land and steered east. On the 13th I discovered a high mountainous country. I coasted along the shore and anchored in a fine bay. We found here abundance of inhabitants: they had very hoarse voices and were very large-made people. They durst not approach the ship nearer than a stone's-throw, and we often observed them playing on a kind of trumpet. These people were of a colour between brown and yellow; their hair was long, combed up, and fixed at the top of their heads with a quill. On the 19th of December these savages began to grow a little bolder, insomuch that at last they ventured on board in order to trade with one of our vessels. Fearful lest they should surprise the ship, I sent a small boat with seven men to put the sailors on their guard. My seven men being without arms, were attacked by the savages, who killed three and forced the other four to swim for their lives: from which we called that place the Bay of Murderers.

"This country appeared to us rich, fertile, and well situated; but as the weather was very foul, and we had at this time a very strong west wind, we continued our route to the north. "On January 4, 1643, we sailed to a cape (Cape Maria Van Diemen), where we found the sea rolling in from the north-east, whence we concluded we had at last found a passage, which gave us no small joy. "There was in this strait an island, which we called the Three Kings. Here we would have refreshed ourselves, but as we approached it we perceived on the mountain some thirty persons, men of very large size and each with a club in his hand. They called to us in a rough strong voice, but we could not understand what they said. They walked at a very great rate and took prodigious large strides. On January 21 we drew near to the coast of two islands, which we named Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Upon the island of Rotterdam we found plenty of hogs, fowls, and other refreshments. The people were good-natured, parting readily with what they had, and did not seem to know the use of arms." From here Tasman sailed among many small islands surrounded with shoals and rocks, known as the Friendly Islands, until he returned to Batavia by the northern coast of New Guinea.

Not only had he discovered New Zealand, but he had sailed right round the vast unknown island of Australia without knowing it.

Some years later, when William III. was King of England, a brave sea-captain named Dampier was sent to further examine the shores of that great south land then known as New Holland. He found the country inhospitable, the natives "the most unpleasant and worst-featured of any people" he had ever seen. After this the shores of Australia seem to have been forgotten for nearly a hundred years, when Captain Cook made his famous discoveries and took possession of the country in the name of England.


33. The Great South Land 33. Das Große Südland 33. La Gran Tierra del Sur 33. La Grande Terra del Sud 33.グレート・サウス・ランド 33. 위대한 남쪽 땅 33. Wielka Południowa Kraina 33\. A Grande Terra do Sul 33. Великая Южная земля 33. 大南国

"We looked upon a world unknown." "Nous avons regardé un monde inconnu." "Abbiamo guardato un mondo sconosciuto". "Nós olhamos para um mundo desconhecido." —WHITTIER. -WHITTIER. — WHITTIER.

At the beginning of the seventeenth century the vast ocean south of America, Africa, and Asia was unknown; there was a blank space on the old charts where Australia is now marked. No início do século XVII, o vasto oceano ao sul da América, África e Ásia era desconhecido; havia um espaço em branco nas paradas antigas onde a Austrália agora está marcada. As men in the days of Columbushad guessed at the great country on the far side of the Atlantic Ocean, so now they suspected some large tract of land to lie south of the equator—the Great South Land they called it vaguely, or Australia, from a word Austral, meaning south. De même qu'à l'époque de Columbushad, les hommes avaient deviné l'existence d'un grand pays de l'autre côté de l'océan Atlantique, ils soupçonnaient aujourd'hui l'existence d'une vaste étendue de terre au sud de l'équateur - la Grande Terre du Sud, qu'ils appelaient vaguement "Australie", d'un mot qui signifie "sud". Assim como os homens da época de Colombo haviam imaginado o grande país do outro lado do Oceano Atlântico, agora eles suspeitavam que uma grande extensão de terra ficava ao sul do equador - a Grande Terra do Sul, eles a chamavam vagamente, ou Austrália, de uma palavra Austral, que significa sul.

Many a Spaniard had left the shores of Peru in search of it, but up to this time with little result. De nombreux Espagnols ont quitté les côtes du Pérou à sa recherche, mais jusqu'à présent sans grand résultat. Muitos espanhóis deixaram as costas do Peru em busca dela, mas até agora com pouco resultado. Now that the Dutch had entered on their career of discovery in the East, it was natural that they in their turn should search for that unknown land. Agora que os holandeses haviam iniciado sua carreira de descoberta no Oriente, era natural que eles, por sua vez, procurassem aquela terra desconhecida.

In 1606 a Dutch ship sailed along part of the coast of Australia, but whenever the men landed they were driven away by wild savages with clubs. En 1606, un navire hollandais longe une partie de la côte australienne, mais chaque fois que les hommes débarquent, ils sont chassés par des sauvages armés de gourdins. Em 1606, um navio holandês navegou ao longo de parte da costa da Austrália, mas sempre que os homens desembarcavam eram rechaçados por selvagens com paus. They called the headland that marked the limit of their voyage Cape Keer Weer, or Turnagain, which name it bears to-day. Ils appelèrent le promontoire qui marquait la limite de leur voyage Cape Keer Weer, ou Turnagain, nom qu'il porte encore aujourd'hui. Ze noemden de landtong die de grens van hun reis markeerde Cape Keer Weer, of Turnagain, zoals het tegenwoordig heet. Eles chamaram o promontório que marcava o limite de sua viagem de Cabo Keer Weer, ou Turnagain, nome que leva até hoje. So ship after ship sailed to the coast of Australia under the Dutch East India Company. Assim, navio após navio navegou para a costa da Austrália sob o comando da Companhia Holandesa das Índias Orientais.

In 1642 an expedition was despatched from Batavia, the headquarters of the Company, under the command of Captain Tasman, on a voyage of discovery to the Great South Land. Em 1642, uma expedição foi despachada de Batávia, sede da Companhia, sob o comando do capitão Tasman, em uma viagem de descoberta à Grande Terra do Sul. Let him tell his own story. Deixe-o contar sua própria história.

"On August 14, 1642, I sailed from Batavia with two vessels," he says in his log-book, "and on September 5 anchored at Maurice Island, which has a very fine harbour. "Le 14 août 1642, je suis parti de Batavia avec deux navires", indique-t-il dans son journal de bord, "et le 5 septembre, j'ai jeté l'ancre à l'île Maurice, qui a un très beau port. "Em 14 de agosto de 1642, zarpei de Batávia com dois navios", diz ele em seu diário de bordo, "e em 5 de setembro ancorei na Ilha Maurice, que tem um porto muito bom. The country is mountainous, but the mountains are covered with green trees. O país é montanhoso, mas as montanhas estão cobertas de árvores verdes. The tops of these mountains are so high that they are lost in the clouds. Os topos dessas montanhas são tão altos que se perdem nas nuvens. The finest ebony in the world grows here. O melhor ébano do mundo cresce aqui. It is a tall, straight tree covered with a green bark, very thick, under which the wood is as black as pitch and as close as ivory. C'est un grand arbre droit recouvert d'une écorce verte, très épaisse, sous laquelle le bois est noir comme de la poix et proche de l'ivoire. Het is een hoge, rechte boom bedekt met een groene schors, erg dik, waaronder het hout zo zwart is als pek en zo dicht als ivoor. É uma árvore alta e reta coberta por uma casca verde, muito grossa, sob a qual a madeira é negra como breu e próxima como marfim. I left this island on the 8th of October and continued my course to the south. J'ai quitté cette île le 8 octobre et j'ai poursuivi ma route vers le sud. The weather was foggy, with hard gales and a rolling sea from the south. Le temps est brumeux, les coups de vent sont violents et la mer est agitée par le sud. O tempo estava nublado, com fortes vendavais e um mar agitado vindo do sul.

"On November 24 I discovered land, which I called Van Diemen's Land, after the Governor of Batavia, and on December 1 I anchored in a bay. "Em 24 de novembro descobri a terra, que chamei de Van Diemen's Land, em homenagem ao governador da Batávia, e em 1º de dezembro ancorei em uma baía. I heard the sound of people on the shore, but I saw nobody. I perceived in the sand the mark of wild beasts' feet, resembling those of a tiger. Percebi na areia a marca de patas de feras, parecidas com as de um tigre. We did nothing more here than set up a post, on which every one cut his name or his mark, and upon which I hoisted a flag. Nous n'avons rien fait d'autre que d'installer un poteau sur lequel chacun a inscrit son nom ou sa marque, et sur lequel j'ai hissé un drapeau. Nada mais fizemos aqui do que erguer um poste, no qual cada um gravou seu nome ou sua marca, e no qual eu hasteei uma bandeira.

"On December 5 I quitted Van Diemen's Land and steered east. "Em 5 de dezembro, deixei Van Diemen's Land e me dirigi para o leste. On the 13th I discovered a high mountainous country. I coasted along the shore and anchored in a fine bay. J'ai longé la côte et jeté l'ancre dans une belle baie. Ik kuste langs de kust en ging voor anker in een mooie baai. Eu costeei ao longo da costa e ancorei em uma bela baía. We found here abundance of inhabitants: they had very hoarse voices and were very large-made people. Nous avons trouvé ici une abondance d'habitants : ils avaient des voix très rauques et étaient très corpulents. Encontramos aqui abundância de habitantes: eles tinham vozes muito roucas e eram pessoas muito grandes. They durst not approach the ship nearer than a stone's-throw, and we often observed them playing on a kind of trumpet. Ils ne s'approchaient pas du navire à moins d'un jet de pierre, et nous les avons souvent observés en train de jouer sur une sorte de trompette. Eles não ousavam aproximar-se do navio mais do que um tiro de pedra, e muitas vezes os observávamos tocando uma espécie de trombeta. These people were of a colour between brown and yellow; their hair was long, combed up, and fixed at the top of their heads with a quill. Ces gens étaient d'une couleur entre le brun et le jaune ; leurs cheveux étaient longs, peignés et fixés au sommet de la tête avec une plume d'oie. Deze mensen hadden een kleur tussen bruin en geel; hun haar was lang, omhoog gekamd en met een ganzenveer boven op hun hoofd bevestigd. Essas pessoas eram de uma cor entre marrom e amarelo; seus cabelos eram longos, penteados para cima e presos no topo de suas cabeças com uma pena. On the 19th of December these savages began to grow a little bolder, insomuch that at last they ventured on board in order to trade with one of our vessels. Le 19 décembre, ces sauvages commencèrent à s'enhardir un peu, si bien qu'ils se risquèrent enfin à monter à bord pour commercer avec l'un de nos navires. A 19 de dezembro esses selvagens começaram a ficar um pouco mais ousados, de modo que finalmente se aventuraram a embarcar para negociar com um de nossos navios. Fearful lest they should surprise the ship, I sent a small boat with seven men to put the sailors on their guard. Craignant qu'ils ne surprennent le navire, j'ai envoyé un petit bateau avec sept hommes pour mettre les marins sur leurs gardes. Com medo de que surpreendam o navio, enviei um pequeno barco com sete homens para colocar os marinheiros em guarda. My seven men being without arms, were attacked by the savages, who killed three and forced the other four to swim for their lives: from which we called that place the Bay of Murderers. Mes sept hommes étant sans armes, ils furent attaqués par les sauvages, qui en tuèrent trois et forcèrent les quatre autres à nager pour sauver leur vie : c'est pourquoi nous avons appelé cet endroit la baie des assassins. Meus sete homens, sem armas, foram atacados pelos selvagens, que mataram três e forçaram os outros quatro a nadar para salvar suas vidas: de onde chamamos aquele lugar de Baía dos Assassinos.

"This country appeared to us rich, fertile, and well situated; but as the weather was very foul, and we had at this time a very strong west wind, we continued our route to the north. "Ce pays nous parut riche, fertile et bien situé ; mais comme le temps était très mauvais et que nous avions à ce moment-là un très fort vent d'ouest, nous continuâmes notre route vers le nord. "Este país nos pareceu rico, fértil e bem situado; mas como o tempo estava muito ruim e tínhamos nessa época um vento oeste muito forte, continuamos nossa rota para o norte. "On January 4, 1643, we sailed to a cape (Cape Maria Van Diemen), where we found the sea rolling in from the north-east, whence we concluded we had at last found a passage, which gave us no small joy. "Le 4 janvier 1643, nous avons navigué jusqu'à un cap (Cap Maria Van Diemen), où nous avons trouvé la mer qui roulait du nord-est, d'où nous avons conclu que nous avions enfin trouvé un passage, ce qui n'a pas manqué de nous réjouir. "Em 4 de janeiro de 1643, navegamos para um cabo (Cabo Maria Van Diemen), onde encontramos o mar vindo do nordeste, de onde concluímos que finalmente havíamos encontrado uma passagem, o que nos deu muita alegria. "There was in this strait an island, which we called the Three Kings. "Il y avait dans ce détroit une île que nous appelions les Trois Rois. "Havia neste estreito uma ilha, que chamávamos de Três Reis. Here we would have refreshed ourselves, but as we approached it we perceived on the mountain some thirty persons, men of very large size and each with a club in his hand. Nous voulions nous y rafraîchir, mais en approchant, nous aperçûmes sur la montagne une trentaine de personnes, des hommes de très grande taille, chacun avec une massue à la main. Qui ci saremmo rifocillati, ma avvicinandoci scorgemmo sulla montagna una trentina di persone, uomini di taglia molto grande e ognuno con una mazza in mano. Aqui teríamos nos refrescado, mas ao nos aproximarmos vimos na montanha cerca de trinta pessoas, homens de estatura muito grande e cada um com uma clava na mão. They called to us in a rough strong voice, but we could not understand what they said. Eles nos chamavam com uma voz áspera e forte, mas não conseguíamos entender o que eles diziam. They walked at a very great rate and took prodigious large strides. Ils marchaient à une très grande vitesse et faisaient des pas prodigieux. Camminavano a grande velocità e facevano passi prodigiosi. Eles caminhavam em um ritmo muito grande e davam passos largos e prodigiosos. On January 21 we drew near to the coast of two islands, which we named Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Le 21 janvier, nous nous sommes approchés de la côte de deux îles que nous avons appelées Amsterdam et Rotterdam. Il 21 gennaio ci avvicinammo alla costa di due isole, che chiamammo Amsterdam e Rotterdam. Em 21 de janeiro nos aproximamos da costa de duas ilhas, que chamamos de Amsterdã e Roterdã. Upon the island of Rotterdam we found plenty of hogs, fowls, and other refreshments. Sull'isola di Rotterdam trovammo un'abbondanza di maiali, polli e altri generi di ristoro. Na ilha de Roterdã encontramos muitos porcos, aves e outros alimentos. The people were good-natured, parting readily with what they had, and did not seem to know the use of arms." Les gens étaient bon enfant, se séparaient volontiers de ce qu'ils avaient, et ne semblaient pas connaître le maniement des armes". As pessoas eram de boa índole, dividindo-se prontamente com o que tinham e não pareciam saber o uso de armas." From here Tasman sailed among many small islands surrounded with shoals and rocks, known as the Friendly Islands, until he returned to Batavia by the northern coast of New Guinea. De là, Tasman navigue parmi de nombreuses petites îles entourées de hauts-fonds et de rochers, connues sous le nom d'îles Friendly, jusqu'à ce qu'il retourne à Batavia par la côte nord de la Nouvelle-Guinée. Da qui Tasman navigò tra molte piccole isole circondate da secche e scogli, note come Isole Amiche, finché non tornò a Batavia dalla costa settentrionale della Nuova Guinea. A partir daqui, Tasman navegou entre muitas pequenas ilhas cercadas por baixios e rochas, conhecidas como Ilhas Amigas, até retornar a Batávia pela costa norte da Nova Guiné.

Not only had he discovered New Zealand, but he had sailed right round the vast unknown island of Australia without knowing it. Non seulement il a découvert la Nouvelle-Zélande, mais il a fait le tour de l'immense île inconnue qu'est l'Australie sans le savoir. Ele não apenas descobriu a Nova Zelândia, mas também navegou ao redor da vasta ilha desconhecida da Austrália sem saber.

Some years later, when William III. was King of England, a brave sea-captain named Dampier was sent to further examine the shores of that great south land then known as New Holland. était roi d'Angleterre, un courageux capitaine de navire nommé Dampier fut envoyé pour examiner plus avant les côtes de cette grande terre du sud alors connue sous le nom de Nouvelle-Hollande. era rei da Inglaterra, um bravo capitão do mar chamado Dampier foi enviado para examinar melhor as costas daquela grande terra ao sul, então conhecida como Nova Holanda. He found the country inhospitable, the natives "the most unpleasant and worst-featured of any people" he had ever seen. Il trouve le pays inhospitalier et les indigènes "les plus désagréables et les plus malingres de tous les peuples" qu'il ait jamais vus. Trovò il paese inospitale, gli indigeni "i più sgradevoli e con il peggior aspetto di qualsiasi altro popolo" che avesse mai visto. Hij vond het land onherbergzaam, de inboorlingen "de meest onaangename en slechtste van alle mensen" die hij ooit had gezien. Ele achou o país inóspito, os nativos "os mais desagradáveis e com as piores características de qualquer povo" que ele já tinha visto. After this the shores of Australia seem to have been forgotten for nearly a hundred years, when Captain Cook made his famous discoveries and took possession of the country in the name of England. Après cela, les rivages de l'Australie semblent avoir été oubliés pendant près de cent ans, lorsque le capitaine Cook fit ses célèbres découvertes et prit possession du pays au nom de l'Angleterre. Depois disso, as costas da Austrália parecem ter sido esquecidas por quase cem anos, quando o capitão Cook fez suas famosas descobertas e tomou posse do país em nome da Inglaterra.