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Inter-War Period (between WW 1 and II), Zionism, Arabism & Colonialism in the Middle East | BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1936 Part 1 of 3 - YouTube (1)

Zionism, Arabism & Colonialism in the Middle East | BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1936 Part 1 of 3 - YouTube (1)

Agreements made during the Great War drew arbitrary borders through the sands of the

Middle East without regard for ethnic or religious groups. Newly found oil reserves spark further

tensions as the Western occupants have even less incentive to let go off the region. Many

people of the Jewish faith move to Palestine, wishing to establish a new state there while

the Palestinians feel like their lands are being taken from them. By the 1930s, the middle

east has become a powder keg, ready to explode. The British and French rule the area with

brutal force, manipulative divide and conquer tactics, and neglect for the wishes of the

local populace. In 1936, it flares into a revolt across the Arab world.

Welcome to Between-2-Wars a chronological summary of the interwar years, covering all

facets of life, the uncertainty, hedonism, and euphoria, and ultimately humanity's

descent into the darkness of the Second World War. I'm Indy Neidell.

When we looked at the Middle East in our 1920 episode, we saw how the British and French

Sykes-Picot agreement carved up the middle east into mandates and protectorates. Many

communities were divided politically by the lines drawn on a map, whereas others were

forced to live together with their enemies.

More than a decade has passed since these new states were created, so you might expect

these states to have developed into stable or even independent countries, but that is

not so much the case. Some have tried to challenge the status quo, resulting in harsh measures

from the British and French occupiers wishing to preserve the status quo. To complicate

things, dozens of different groups, some militarist, some pacifist, are fighting to preserve or

overthrow that status quo.

Let's start with the struggles in the British Mandate. They include Egypt, Palestine, Transjordan

and Iraq. All of these were governed differently and posed unique challenges for the British.

Perhaps the most consequential decision taken in this area by the British is one that will

go on to dictate relations in the Middle East for the remainder of the 20th century and

is still resonating today in 2020. It is the decision to allow people of the Jewish faith

to establish their own state in Palestine. The idea of a ‘Jewish state in Palestine'

is nothing new, though. The First Zionist Congress was held back in 1897, when the region

was still under Ottoman control. That congress was chaired by Hungarian journalist Theodor

Herzl, who earlier published his pamphlet ‘Judenstaat' calling for a Jewish state.

At that time, though, Jews had no modern national identity. Herzl's wish to create one is

actually very similar to other ethnic groups in the 19th century who sought to establish

a national identity.

And what would help with creating a Jewish national identity? A Jewish State.

Herzl arranges talks with various leaders, including the Ottoman Sultan, but only the

British are receptive to the idea, causing them to propose a piece of land in Kenya.

For Herzl, this is great! I mean, they can now create a state, right? Well, no. See,

the majority of the fledgling Zionist movement will prefer Israel and the Sinai desert, their

religious homeland. So Herzl puts his ideas for a Jewish state on stand-by, and dies a

short while after in 1904.

The Great War changes everything. In 1917, British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour declares

that the British government ‘favors the establishment in Palestine of a National Home

for the Jewish people.' That declaration is way more in line with the Zionists wishes.

And it suits the British as well. The Balfour Declaration is very much a wartime tool meant

to benefit the British more so than the Zionists. The area is of strategic significance, and

the declaration hopes to rally the Jews in places like America and Germany to action..

In the 1920s, the British are now overseeing Palestine with their postwar Mandate. Without

much regard for Arab nationalism in Palestine, the British begin to allow Jewish people from

all over the world to move to Palestine. Between 1924 and 1929, 82,000 Jews arrives in Palestine.

The number rises to a quarter-million between 1929 and 1939, mainly because of the rise

of global antisemitism. But it was not just that. As with Jewish nationalism, the idea

of returning to the “homeland” is nothing new. Aliyahs - Jews moving to Palestine - had

been going on since the 1880s.

But the number of Jewish immigrants in the 1930s take everyone by surprise. Arabs in

Palestine are not forced out to make room, but at the same time, Jewish settlers are

not assigned specific areas in which to live. The Arabs have lived in the region for as

long as they can remember and feel threatened by what they perceive as invaders. The British

envision a bi-National state shared by both Arabs and Jews, but all they create is a hotbed

of tension between the increasingly hostile two populations. Nationalists on both sides

detest the British idea, both claiming Palestine as their rightful homeland, and as more

and more Jews settle in the area, a peaceful resolution becomes ever more distant. In August

1929 the conflict escalates, as a dispute over the Western Wall in Jerusalem causes

the Arab Riots known as the 1929 Massacres. In one week, 133 Jewish people are killed

and 200 more are wounded. As Jews retaliate, the British attempt to enforce order, causing

the death of 20 Jewish and 116 Arab civilians.

As chaos and anger spreads through Palestine, groups from both sides radicalize.

On the Palestinian side, the Black Hand is founded. It is an anti-Zionist, anti-British

Jihadist organization, led by Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, a Syrian Sheik. Under al-Qassam, The Black

Hand commits terror attacks against Jewish immigrants and British residents.

Al-Qassam dies in 1935, but his movement continues in the same spirit, and dials up the terror,

taking up arms again in 1936 when two Arab nationalists are murdered. This time around,

a fairly widespread revolt begins- the Arab Revolt. Now, it's important to note that

it is not only the Black Hand doing the revolting. Anyhow, around 7.000 Arabs are actively fighting

the British by 1938. The British respond brutally by razing villages, looting, and even executions.

The destruction of food and water supplies are standard practices in making the Arabs

pay for their disobedience. By the time the revolt loses steam in 1939, 5000 Arab fighters

will have been killed.

The Arabs do get something out of their revolt, though. See, at this point, the British are

weary with the mess in Palestine, and in 1939 the Balfour declaration is amended, restricting

Jewish immigration to Palestine to 10,000 a year for the next five years. As you may

expect, this sparks a lot of resistance within the Jewish community, with some even proposing

a Jewish revolt against the British. This is not carried out, but the decision does

potentially have some drastic consequences for the international Jewish community- a

large Jewish population is left behind in Europe in 1939, and their future is looking

grimmer with each day that passes.

On the other side of the Sinaï desert, the British face additional challenges.

Egypt has struggled along against the British occupation, with men and women from all classes

and spheres participating in massive protests. Well, already in 1922, Egypt is declared ‘Independent'

by the British. There is a big ‘but' here, though. See, their new ‘independence'

doesn't apply to ‘the interests of the British empire in Egypt', Sudan, Egyptian

military defense, foreign affairs, and minority rights. So in effect, the British change Egypt's

independence status without changing the status quo there.

Britain keeps influence in Egypt to protect British interests without really any regard

for Egyptian sovereignty. The Egyptians do establish a constitution and elect their own

prime minister, which is something. And they keep putting pressure on the British to respect

their sovereignty fully, and finally, with the exhausting quagmire of the Middle East

in the 1930s, they seem to get their way

The British sign the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 in which the they promise to withdraw

all their troops from Egypt. But don't forget the ‘but', because back then with the

British there's always a ‘but': The British are allowed to keep military bases

and over 10,000 British troops in order to protect the Suez Canal. Furthermore, they

will also be involved in supplying, training and - if needed - assisting the Egyptian military

in case of war. The treaty, while framed as a step towards independence, is once again

designed to protect the status quo- especially as the Italian presence in the region becomes

stronger after their invasion of Abyssinia. Egyptian nationalists take to the streets

in outrage demonstrating the treaty, but for the time being their demonstrations are in

vain.

So, here we are in 1936. On either side of the Suez Canal, the British have problems

with their rule. It isn't just there, though- Iraq isn't a piece of cake for the British

either.

Here, Faisal, who had played a significant role in the Arab Revolt alongside T.E. Lawrence,

becomes king in 1921. But though Faisal governs Iraq, it is still a British mandate, and the

RAF is still present to maintain order.

Why the RAF? Well, a large rebellion had been squashed in 1920 and British High Command

is worried that another rebellion might rear its head. So, instead of risking British lives,

they choose to subdue any revolts from the skies instead. This results in Iraq becoming

the first country where modern ‘Strategic Bombing' is used to force an enemy into

submission. When revolts do arise, it is a slaughter. From 1920 onwards bombing attacks,

sometimes even using gas, kill close to 90,000 Iraqis, while the British only suffer nine

deaths.

Side note here: It is actually Arthur Harris, yes, later ‘Bomber Harris', who as a squadron

leader pretty much invents the heavy bomber and the ‘night terror' raid. Harris claims

that ‘the Arab and Kurd now know what real bombing means [when] within 45 minutes a full-sized

village can be practically wiped out, and a third of its inhabitants killed or injured,

by four or five machines which offer them no real target, no opportunity for glory as

warriors, no effective means of escape.' Even Winston Churchill, at this time Secretary

of State of Air, is keen to use chemical weapons against revolting Iraqis. He suggests that

they be used there ‘against recalcitrant Arabs as an experiment'.

Iraq forms itself in the British mold, though, becoming a state with a modern army and a

government loyal to the British. In 1930, a treaty is signed, establishing an alliance,

and when the British Mandate ends in 1932, the British do withdraw all administration

from Iraq, leaving King Faisal in charge of an actual independent nation – though one

in Britain's sphere of influence.

But independence does not mean peace for the new Iraqi state. Free from British rule, riots

between Shia and Sunni Muslims break out. Soon revolts follow and the ‘stability'

of the 1920s makes place for chaos by 1936 that matches the state of Egypt and Palestine.

So that's the spheres of British influence. How about the French?

The French Mandate includes the modern states of Lebanon and Syria. They divided the territory

into the states of Allepo, Damascus, Alawite and Jabal al-Druze. Here too, the French have

to deal with nationalist movements. However, the French are applying a different tactic

here. Instead of opposing and suppressing all groups, they support the least radical

groups while other groups are suppressed. That way no united nationalist movement can

be formed. Classic ‘divide and conquer', really.

But the French have to make a significant effort to hold their grip on the region. In

1927, Sultan al-Altrash leads a revolt in the Southern-Syrian Jabal al-Druze state.

Al-Atrash was already involved in the fight for Arab or Syrian independence during the

Arab revolt in 1916, where he befriended Faisal. Now, five years after the establishment of

the Syrian states, Al-Atrashes revolt quickly turns to revolution - which then spreads all

Zionism, Arabism & Colonialism in the Middle East | BETWEEN 2 WARS I 1936 Part 1 of 3 - YouTube (1) Zionismus, Arabismus & Kolonialismus im Nahen Osten | ZWISCHEN 2 KRIEGEN I 1936 Teil 1 von 3 - YouTube (1) Syjonizm, arabizm i kolonializm na Bliskim Wschodzie | MIĘDZY 2 WOJNAMI I 1936 Część 1 z 3 - YouTube (1) 中东的犹太复国主义、阿拉伯主义和殖民主义|两次世界大战之间,1936 年,第 1 部分(共 3 部分) - YouTube (1)

Agreements made during the Great War drew arbitrary borders through the sands of the On conclut accords pendant la Grande Guerre et tracé des frontières arbitraires à travers les sables

Middle East without regard for ethnic or religious groups. Newly found oil reserves spark further du Moyen-Orient sans tenir compte des groupes ethniques ou religieux. Les réserves de pétrole nouvellement découvertes suscitent

tensions as the Western occupants have even less incentive to let go off the region. Many de nouvelles tensions, les occupants occidentaux étant encore moins incités à quitter la région. De nombreuses personnes

people of the Jewish faith move to Palestine, wishing to establish a new state there while de confession juive s’installent en Palestine, souhaitant y établir un nouvel État tandis que

the Palestinians feel like their lands are being taken from them. By the 1930s, the middle

east has become a powder keg, ready to explode. The British and French rule the area with

brutal force, manipulative divide and conquer tactics, and neglect for the wishes of the

local populace. In 1936, it flares into a revolt across the Arab world.

Welcome to Between-2-Wars a chronological summary of the interwar years, covering all Bienvenue dans l’entre-deux-guerres, un résumé chronologique de l’entre-deux-guerres, couvrant toutes

facets of life, the uncertainty, hedonism, and euphoria, and ultimately humanity's les facettes de la vie, l’incertitude, l’hédonisme et l’euphorie, et finalement

descent into the darkness of the Second World War. I'm Indy Neidell. la descente de l’humanité dans les ténèbres de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Je m’appelle Indy Neidell.

When we looked at the Middle East in our 1920 episode, we saw how the British and French Lorsque nous avons jeté un coup d'œil sur le Moyen-Orient dans notre épisode de 1920, nous avons vu comment l'accord

Sykes-Picot agreement carved up the middle east into mandates and protectorates. Many Sykes-Picot britannique et français a découpé le Moyen-Orient en mandats et protectorats. De nombreuses

communities were divided politically by the lines drawn on a map, whereas others were communautés étaient divisées politiquement par les lignes tracées sur une carte, tandis que d'autres

forced to live together with their enemies. étaient obligées de vivre avec leurs ennemis.

More than a decade has passed since these new states were created, so you might expect Plus d’une décennie s’est écoulée depuis la création de ces nouveaux États, vous pouvez donc vous attendre à

these states to have developed into stable or even independent countries, but that is ce que ces États soient devenus des pays stables, voire indépendants, mais ce n’est

not so much the case. Some have tried to challenge the status quo, resulting in harsh measures pas tellement le cas. Certains ont tenté de remettre en cause le statuquo, entrainant des lourdes mesures de

from the British and French occupiers wishing to preserve the status quo. To complicate la part des occupants britanniques et français qui souhaitaient préserver le statuquo. Pour compliquer

things, dozens of different groups, some militarist, some pacifist, are fighting to preserve or les choses, des dizaines de groupes différents, certains militaristes, certains pacifistes, se battent pour préserver

overthrow that status quo. renverser ce statuquo.

Let's start with the struggles in the British Mandate. They include Egypt, Palestine, Transjordan Commençons par Britanniques qui se luttent pour prendre le pouvoir. Ils inclurent l’Égypte, la Palestine, la Transjordanie et

and Iraq. All of these were governed differently and posed unique challenges for the British. l’Irak. Tous ces éléments étaient gouvernés différemment et posaient des défis uniques aux Britanniques.

Perhaps the most consequential decision taken in this area by the British is one that will Peut-être la décision la plus lourde prise à cet égard sera que les Britanniques continueront à

go on to dictate relations in the Middle East for the remainder of the 20th century and dicter les relations au Moyen-Orient – résonnant pour le reste du XXe siècle et

is still resonating today in 2020. It is the decision to allow people of the Jewish faith encore aujourd’hui, en 2020 – est d’autoriser le peuple juif

to establish their own state in Palestine.  The idea of a ‘Jewish state in Palestine' d’établir leur propre État en Palestine. L’idée que « État juif en Palestine » est

is nothing new, though. The First Zionist Congress was held back in 1897, when the region l’idée n’est rien de nouveau. Le premier congrès sioniste a eu lieu, en 1897,

was still under Ottoman control. That congress was chaired by Hungarian journalist Theodor alors que la région était maitrisée encore sous contrôle ottoman. Ce congrès était présidé par le journaliste hongrois Theodor

Herzl, who earlier published his pamphlet ‘Judenstaat' calling for a Jewish state. Herzl, qui avait auparavant publié son fascicule « Judenstaat » appelant à la création d'un État juive.

At that time, though, Jews had no modern national identity. Herzl's wish to create one is À cette époque, cependant, les Juifs n’avaient pas d’identité nationale moderne. Le souhait qu’avait Herzl était d’en créer

actually very similar to other ethnic groups in the 19th century who sought to establish similairement à ceux d’autres groupes ethniques du XIXe siècle qui cherchaient à établir

a national identity. une identité nationale.

And what would help with creating a Jewish national identity? A Jewish State. Et qu’est-ce qui aiderait à créer une identité nationale juive ? Un État juif.

Herzl arranges talks with various leaders, including the Ottoman Sultan, but only the Herzl organise des pourparlers avec divers dirigeants, y compris le sultan ottoman, mais seuls

British are receptive to the idea, causing them to propose a piece of land in Kenya. les Britanniques sont réceptifs à l’idée, ce qui les pousse à leur offrir une part de territoire au Kenya.

For Herzl, this is great! I mean, they can now create a state, right? Well, no. See, Pour Herzl, c’est génial ! Je veux dire, ils peuvent maintenant créer un état, n'est-ce pas ? Eh bien, non. Vous voyez,

the majority of the fledgling Zionist movement will prefer Israel and the Sinai desert, their la majorité du mouvement sioniste naissant préfèrerait Israël et le désert du Sinaï

religious homeland. So Herzl puts his ideas for a Jewish state on stand-by, and dies a — leur patrie religieuse. Herzl suggère entretemps de créer un État juif ;

short while after in 1904. il meurt peu de temps après, en 1904.

The Great War changes everything. In 1917, British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour declares La Grande Guerre change la donne. En 1917, le ministre britannique des Affaires étrangères, Arthur Balfour, déclare

that the British government ‘favors the establishment in Palestine of a National Home qu’il « favoriserait la création en Palestine d’un foyer national pour le peuple juif. » Cette déclaration se révélait conforme plus ou

for the Jewish people.' That declaration is way more in line with the Zionists wishes. moins à ce qu’espéraient les sionistes.

And it suits the British as well. The Balfour Declaration is very much a wartime tool meant Ce qui convient aussi aux Britanniques. La Déclaration Balfour est, en fait

to benefit the British more so than the Zionists. The area is of strategic significance, and un outil de guerre destiné à bénéficier d’avantages aux Britanniques qu’aux sionistes. La région est d’une importance stratégique, et

the declaration hopes to rally the Jews in places like America and Germany to action.. la déclaration espère rallier les Juifs dans des endroits dont l’Amérique et l’Allemagne à l’action.

In the 1920s, the British are now overseeing Palestine with their postwar Mandate. Without Dans les années 1920, les Britanniques supervisent désormais la Palestine avec leur mandat d’après-guerre.

much regard for Arab nationalism in Palestine, the British begin to allow Jewish people from Sans trop tenir compte du nationalisme arabe en Palestine, les Britanniques commencent à autoriser le peuple juif

all over the world to move to Palestine. Between 1924 and 1929, 82,000 Jews arrives in Palestine. du monde entier à s’installer en Palestine. Entre 1924 et 1929, 82 000 Juifs émigrent en Palestine.

The number rises to a quarter-million between 1929 and 1939, mainly because of the rise Leur nombre s’accroit à un quart de millions entre 1929 et 1939, principalement en raison de

of global antisemitism. But it was not just that. As with Jewish nationalism, the idea la montée de l’antisémitisme mondial. Mais ce n’était pas seulement ça. Comme pour le nationalisme juif, l’idée de

of returning to the “homeland” is nothing new. Aliyahs - Jews moving to Palestine - had retourner dans la « patrie » n’est pas nouvelle. Les Alyas — les Juifs qui s’intallerent en Palestine —

been going on since the 1880s. s’y étaient installés depuis les années 1880.

But the number of Jewish immigrants in the 1930s take everyone by surprise. Arabs in Mais l'immigration juive croissante dans les années 1930 surprend tout le monde. Les Arabes de

Palestine are not forced out to make room, but at the same time, Jewish settlers are Palestine ne sont pas contraints de leur évincer, mais entretemps les colons juifs ne

not assigned specific areas in which to live. The Arabs have lived in the region for as se voient pas accorder de zones déterminées dans lesquelles ils vivront. Les Arables y vivent

long as they can remember and feel threatened by what they perceive as invaders. The British tant qu'’ls se souviennent et se sentent menacés par ce qu'ils perçoivent comme des envahisseurs. Les Britanniques

envision a bi-National state shared by both Arabs and Jews, but all they create is a hotbed envisagent un État binational partagé entre les Arabes et les Juifs, mais tout ce qu’ils créent est un foyer

of tension between the increasingly hostile two populations. Nationalists on both sides de tension entre les deux populations de plus en plus hostiles. Les nationalistes des deux côtés

detest the British idea, both claiming Palestine as their rightful homeland, and as more détestent l’idée des Britanniques, revendiquant tous deux la Palestine étant leur patrie légitime, et à mesure que de plus

and more Jews settle in the area, a peaceful resolution becomes ever more distant. In August en plus des Juifs s’installent dans la région, une résolution pacifique devient un rêve de plus en plus lointain.

1929 the conflict escalates, as a dispute over the Western Wall in Jerusalem causes En août 1929, le conflit s’est intensifié, car un différend sur le mur occidental à Jérusalem provoque la grande

the Arab Riots known as the 1929 Massacres. In one week, 133 Jewish people are killed émeute arabe connues sous le nom de massacres de 1929. En une semaine, 133 Juifs sont tués

and 200 more are wounded. As Jews retaliate, the British attempt to enforce order, causing et 200 autres sont blessés. Alors que les Juifs ripostent, les Britanniques tentent de faire respecter l’ordre,

the death of 20 Jewish and 116 Arab civilians. faisant 200 autres pertes alors que les Juifs ripostent, les Britanniques tentent d’imposer l’ordre, provoquant la perte de 20 juifs et 116 civils arabes.

As chaos and anger spreads through Palestine, groups from both sides radicalize. Alors que le chaos et la colère se propagent à travers la Palestine, des groupes des deux côtés se radicalisent.

On the Palestinian side, the Black Hand is founded. It is an anti-Zionist, anti-British De leur part, les Palestiniens de la Main noire. Il s’agit d’une organisation

Jihadist organization, led by Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, a Syrian Sheik. Under al-Qassam, The Black jihadiste antisioniste et antibritannique, dirigée par Izz al-Din al-Qassam, un cheik syrien. Sous al-Qassam, La Main noire

Hand commits terror attacks against Jewish immigrants and British residents. dont des attaques terroristes contre des immigrants juifs et des résidents britanniques.

Al-Qassam dies in 1935, but his movement continues in the same spirit, and dials up the terror, Al-Qassam décède en 1935, mais son mouvement se poursuit dans le même esprit, et accentue la terreur,

taking up arms again in 1936 when two Arab nationalists are murdered. This time around, reprenant les armes, en 1936, lorsque deux nationalistes arabes sont assassinés. Cette fois-ci,

a fairly widespread revolt begins- the Arab Revolt. Now, it's important to note that une révolte assez répandue commence — la révolte arabe. Or, il est important de noter que

it is not only the Black Hand doing the revolting. Anyhow, around 7.000 Arabs are actively fighting ce n’est pas seulement la Main noire qui se révolte. Quoi qu’il en soit, environ 7 000 Arabes se combattent activement contre

the British by 1938. The British respond brutally by razing villages, looting, and even executions. les Britanniques en 1938. Les Britanniques ripostèrent brutalement en rasant des villages, en pillant et même en exécutèrent.

The destruction of food and water supplies are standard practices in making the Arabs La destruction des approvisionnements alimentaires et en eau est une pratique courante pour obliger les Arabes à

pay for their disobedience. By the time the revolt loses steam in 1939, 5000 Arab fighters payer pour leur désobéissance. Au moment où la révolte se dissipa en 1939, 5 000

will have been killed. combattants arabes auront été tués.

The Arabs do get something out of their revolt, though. See, at this point, the British are Mais les Arabes tirent quelques conclusions dans leur révolte. Voilà, à ce stade, les Britanniques sont las de

weary with the mess in Palestine, and in 1939 the Balfour declaration is amended, restricting ce désordre en Palestine, et, en 1939, la déclaration Balfour est modifiée, limitant l’immigration juive

Jewish immigration to Palestine to 10,000 a year for the next five years. As you may en Palestine à 10 000 par an pendant les cinq prochaines années. Comme vous vous en doutez,

expect, this sparks a lot of resistance within the Jewish community, with some even proposing cela suscite beaucoup de résistance au sein de la communauté juive, certains proposants même

a Jewish revolt against the British. This is not carried out, but the decision does une révolte juive contre les Britanniques. Cela ne s’est pas réalisé, mais la décision à

potentially have some drastic consequences for the international Jewish community- a potentiellement des conséquences dramatiques pour la communauté juive internationale — une

large Jewish population is left behind in Europe in 1939, and their future is looking grande population juive vivait en Europe, en 1939, et leur avenir

grimmer with each day that passes. s’annonce plus sombre chaque jour qui se passait.

On the other side of the Sinaï desert, the British face additional challenges. De l’autre côté du désert du Sinaï, les Britanniques sont confrontés à de nouveaux défis.

Egypt has struggled along against the British occupation, with men and women from all classes L'Égypte a lutté contre l'occupation britannique, avec des hommes et des femmes de toutes classes

and spheres participating in massive protests. Well, already in 1922, Egypt is declared ‘Independent' et sphères participant à des manifestations massives. Eh bien, déjà en 1922, l’Égypte est déclarée « indépendante »

by the British. There is a big ‘but' here, though. See, their new ‘independence' par les Britanniques. Il y a cependant un énorme « mais » ici. Vous constatez que leur nouvelle

doesn't apply to ‘the interests of the British empire in Egypt', Sudan, Egyptian « indépendance » ne s’applique pas aux « intérêts de l’Empire britannique en Égypte », au Soudan, à la défense

military defense, foreign affairs, and minority rights. So in effect, the British change Egypt's militaire égyptienne, aux Affaires étrangères et aux droits des minorités. En fait, les Britanniques changent le statut d’indépendance de

independence status without changing the status quo there. l’Égypte sans y changer le statuquo.

Britain keeps influence in Egypt to protect British interests without really any regard L’Angleterre continue d’exercer son influence en Égypte pour protéger ses intérêts sans vraiment se soucier de la souveraineté

for Egyptian sovereignty. The Egyptians do establish a constitution and elect their own égyptienne. Les Égyptiens établissent une constitution et élisent leur

prime minister, which is something. And they keep putting pressure on the British to respect Premier ministre, ce qui n’est pas rien. Et ils continuent de faire pression sur les Britanniques pour

their sovereignty fully, and finally, with the exhausting quagmire of the Middle East qu’ils respectent pleinement leur souveraineté et, finalement, avec le bourbier exténuant du Moyen-Orient

in the 1930s, they seem to get their way dans les années 1930, ils semblent faire ce qu’ils veulent.

The British sign the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 in which the they promise to withdraw Les Britanniques signent le traité anglo-égyptien de 1936 dans lequel ils promettent de retirer toutes.

all their troops from Egypt. But don't forget the ‘but', because back then with the leurs troupes d’Égypte. Mais n’oubliez pas le « mais », car à l’époque avec les Britanniques,

British there's always a ‘but': The British are allowed to keep military bases y a toujours un « mais » : les Britanniques sont autorisés à conserver des bases militaires et il

and over 10,000 British troops in order to protect the Suez Canal. Furthermore, they plus de 10 000 soldats britanniques pour protéger le canal de Suez . Furthermore, they

will also be involved in supplying, training and - if needed - assisting the Egyptian military De plus, ils auront aussi participé dans l’approvisionnement, la formation et — si nécessaire — l’assistance aux militaires égyptiens en

in case of war. The treaty, while framed as a step towards independence, is once again cas de guerre. Le traité, tout en étant conçu comme une étape vers l’indépendance, est une fois

designed to protect the status quo- especially as the Italian presence in the region becomes de plus conçu pour protéger le statuquo — d’autant que la présence italienne dans la région devient plus forte

stronger after their invasion of Abyssinia. Egyptian nationalists take to the streets suite a leur invasion de l’Abyssinie. Les nationalistes égyptiens descendent dans la rue pour protester

in outrage demonstrating the treaty, but for the time being their demonstrations are in aigrement contre le traité, mais pour le moment leurs manifestations

vain. sont vaines.

So, here we are in 1936. On either side of the Suez Canal, the British have problems Donc, maintenant nous sommes en 1936. De part et d’autre du canal de Suez, les Britanniques éprouvent des difficultés avec

with their rule. It isn't just there, though- Iraq isn't a piece of cake for the British leur gouvernement. Ce n’est pas seulement à cet endroit, cependant — l’Irak n’est pas un morceau de gâteau pour les Britanniques

either. non plus.

Here, Faisal, who had played a significant role in the Arab Revolt alongside T.E. Lawrence, Or, Faisal, qui avait joué un rôle important dans la révolte arabe au côté de T.E. Lawrence,

becomes king in 1921. But though Faisal governs Iraq, it is still a British mandate, and the devient roi en 1921. Mais bien que Faisal gouverne l’Irak, c’est toujours un mandat britannique et

RAF is still present to maintain order. la RAF y est toujours pour assurer le maintien de l’ordre.

Why the RAF? Well, a large rebellion had been squashed in 1920 and British High Command Pourquoi la RAF ? Eh bien, une rébellion massive avait été écrasée en 1920, et le haut commandement britannique

is worried that another rebellion might rear its head. So, instead of risking British lives, craint qu’une autre rébellion ne se redresse la tête. Ainsi, au lieu de risquer des pertes chez les Britanniques,

they choose to subdue any revolts from the skies instead. This results in Iraq becoming ils choisissent plutôt de maîtriser les révoltes du haut du ciel. Cela fait de l’Irak

the first country where modern ‘Strategic Bombing' is used to force an enemy into le premier pays où le « bombardement stratégique » moderne est utilisé pour forcer un ennemi à se soumettre.

submission. When revolts do arise, it is a slaughter. From 1920 onwards bombing attacks, Lorsque des révoltes surviennent, c’est un massacre. À partir de 1920, des bombardements,

sometimes even using gas, kill close to 90,000 Iraqis, while the British only suffer nine parfois mêmes au gaz, tuent près de 90 000 Irakiens, tandis que les Britanniques ne subissent que neuf

deaths. pertes.

Side note here: It is actually Arthur Harris, yes, later ‘Bomber Harris', who as a squadron Petite digression à ce sujet : c’est en fait, Arthur Harris, lui-même, plus tard « Bomber Harris », qui en tant

leader pretty much invents the heavy bomber and the ‘night terror' raid. Harris claims que chef d’escadron invente à presque lui seul le bombardier lourd et le raid « terreur nocturne ». Harris affirme que :

that ‘the Arab and Kurd now know what real bombing means [when] within 45 minutes a full-sized « les Arabes et les Kurdes savent maintenant ce que signifie un véritable bombardement [quand] en 45 minutes, un village de

village can be practically wiped out, and a third of its inhabitants killed or injured, taille normale peut être pratiquement anéanti, et un tiers de ses habitants tués ou blessés,

by four or five machines which offer them no real target, no opportunity for glory as et un le tiers de ses habitants tués ou blessés, par 4 ou 5 engins qui ne leur offrent aucune cible réelle, aucune chance de gloire en tant

warriors, no effective means of escape.' Even Winston Churchill, at this time Secretary que guerriers, aucun moyen efficace de s’échapper. » Même Winston Churchill, alors secrétaire d’État à l’Air

of State of Air, is keen to use chemical weapons against revolting Iraqis. He suggests that tient à utiliser des armes chimiques contre les Irakiens. Il suggère qu’ils

they be used there ‘against recalcitrant Arabs as an experiment'. sont utilisés ici pour « contre les Arabes récalcitrants comme expérience ».

Iraq forms itself in the British mold, though, becoming a state with a modern army and a L'Irak se forme cependant la façon britannique, devenant un État doté d'une armée moderne et

government loyal to the British. In 1930, a treaty is signed, establishing an alliance, d'un gouvernement fidèle aux Britanniques. En 1930, un traité a été signé pour établir

and when the British Mandate ends in 1932, the British do withdraw all administration une alliance, et lorsque le mandat britannique prit fin en 1932 ; les Britanniques retirent toute son administration

from Iraq, leaving King Faisal in charge of an actual independent nation – though one de l'Irak, laissant le roi Faisal à la tête d'une véritable nation indépendante — même si elle est dans la sphère

in Britain's sphere of influence. d'influence des Britanniques.

But independence does not mean peace for the new Iraqi state. Free from British rule, riots Mais l'indépendance ne signifie pas la paix pour le nouvel État irakien. Libérées de la domination britannique,

between Shia and Sunni Muslims break out. Soon revolts follow and the ‘stability' des émeutes éclatent entre musulmans chiites et sunnites. Bientôt, des révoltes s'ensuivent et la « stabilité ».

of the 1920s makes place for chaos by 1936 that matches the state of Egypt and Palestine. des années 1920 fait place au chaos en 1936 qui correspond à celui de l’Égypte et de la Palestine

So that's the spheres of British influence. How about the French? Voilà donc les sphères d’influence britannique. Et les Français ?

The French Mandate includes the modern states of Lebanon and Syria. They divided the territory Le mandat français comprend les États modernes du Liban et de la Syrie. Ils ont divisé

into the states of Allepo, Damascus, Alawite and Jabal al-Druze. Here too, the French have le territoire en États d’Allepo, de Damas, d’Alawite et de Jabal al-Druze. Donc aussi les Français

to deal with nationalist movements. However, the French are applying a different tactic doivent faire face aux mouvements nationalistes. Cependant, les Français appliquent une tactique différente

here. Instead of opposing and suppressing all groups, they support the least radical pour le moment. Cependant, au lieu de s’opposer et de supprimer tous les groupes, ils soutiennent les groupes les moins radicaux

groups while other groups are suppressed. That way no united nationalist movement can tandis que d’autres groupes sont supprimés. De cette façon, aucun mouvement nationaliste uni ne

be formed. Classic ‘divide and conquer', really. peut être formé. « Diviser pour mieux conquérir », vraiment !

But the French have to make a significant effort to hold their grip on the region. In Mais les Français doivent faire un effort important pour garder leur emprise dans la région.

1927, Sultan al-Altrash leads a revolt in the Southern-Syrian Jabal al-Druze state. En 1927, le sultan al-Altrash mène une révolte dans l’État sud syrien de Jabal al-Druze.

Al-Atrash was already involved in the fight for Arab or Syrian independence during the Al-Atrash était déjà impliqué dans la lutte pour l’indépendance arabe ou syrienne lors de

Arab revolt in 1916, where he befriended Faisal. Now, five years after the establishment of la révolte arabe de 1916, où il se lia d’amitié avec Faisal. Maintenant, cinq ans après la création

the Syrian states, Al-Atrashes revolt quickly turns to revolution - which then spreads all des États syriens, la révolte Al-Atrashes se transforme rapidement en révolution — qui se propage ensuite dans