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Learn English With Videos (Mario Vergara), 056: What Makes the Great Wall of China So Extraordinary

056: What Makes the Great Wall of China So Extraordinary

A 13,000 mile dragon of earth and stone winds its way through the countryside of China with a history almost as long and serpentine as the structure. The Great Wall began as multiple walls of rammed earth built by individual feudal states, during the Chunqiu period to protect against nomadic raiders north of China and each other.

When Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified the states in 221 BCE, the Tibetan Plateau and Pacific Ocean became natural barriers, but the mountains in the north remained vulnerable to Mongol, Turkish, and Xiongnu invasions. To defend against them, the Emperor expanded the small walls built by his predecessors, connecting some and fortifying others. As the structures grew from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east, they collectively became known as The Long Wall. To accomplish this task, the Emperor enlisted soldiers and commoners, not always voluntarily.

Of the hundreds of thousands of builders recorded during the Qin Dynasty, many were forcibly conscripted peasants and others were criminals serving out sentences. Under the Han Dynasty, the wall grew longer still, reaching 3700 miles, and spanning from Dunhuang to the Bohai Sea. Forced labor continued under the Han Emperor Xuandi, and the walls reputation grew into a notorious place of suffering. Poems and legends of the time told of laborers buried in nearby mass graves, or even within the wall itself. And while no human remains have been found inside, grave pits do indicate that many workers died from accidents, hunger and exhaustion.

The wall was formidable but not invincible. Both Genghis and his son Khublai Khan managed to surmount the wall during the Mongol invasion of the 13th Century. After the Ming dynasty gained control in 1368, they began to refortify and further consolidate the wall using bricks and stones from local kilns. Averaging 23 feet high and 21 feet wide, the walls 5500 miles were punctuated by watchtowers. When raiders were sighted, fire and smoke signals traveled between towers until reinforcements arrived. Small openings along the wall let archers fire on invaders, while larger ones were used to drop stones and more. But even this new and improved wall was not enough.

In 1644, northern Manchu clans overthrew the Ming to establish the Qing dynasty, incorporating Mongolia as well, Thus, for the second time, China was ruled by the very people the wall had tried to keep out. With the empire's borders now extending beyond the Great Wall, the fortifications lost their purpose. And without regular reinforcement, the wall fell into disrepair, rammed earth eroded, while brick and stone were plundered for building materials. But its job wasn't finished. During World War II, China used sections for defense against Japanese invasion, and some parts are still rumored to be used for military training. But the Wall's main purpose today is cultural.

As one of the largest man-made structures on Earth, it was granted UNESCO World Heritage Status in 1987. Originally built to keep people out of China, the Great Wall now welcomes millions of visitors each year. In fact, the influx of tourists has caused the wall to deteriorate, leading the Chinese government to launch preservation initiatives. It's also often acclaimed as the only man-made structure visible from space. Unfortunately, that's not at all true. In low Earth orbit, all sorts of structures, like bridges, highways and airports are visible, and the Great Wall is only barely discernible. From the moon, it doesn't stand a chance. But regardless, it's the Earth we should be studying it from because new sections are still discovered every few years, branching off from the main body and expanding this remarkable monument to human achievement.

056: What Makes the Great Wall of China So Extraordinary 056: ما الذي يجعل سور الصين العظيم غير عادي للغاية 056: Was die Chinesische Mauer so außergewöhnlich macht 056: Τι κάνει το Σινικό Τείχος της Κίνας τόσο εξαιρετικό 056: Por qué es tan extraordinaria la Gran Muralla China 056 : Ce qui rend la Grande Muraille de Chine si extraordinaire 056：万里の長城を特別なものにしているもの 056: Co sprawia, że Wielki Mur Chiński jest tak niezwykły? 056: O que torna a Grande Muralha da China tão extraordinária 056: Что делает Великую Китайскую стену такой необычной 056: Що робить Велику китайську стіну такою надзвичайною 056：是什么让中国的长城如此非凡 056：是什麼讓中國的長城如此非凡

A 13,000 mile dragon of earth and stone winds its way through the countryside of China with a history almost as long and serpentine as the structure. يشق تنين من الأرض والحجر بطول 13000 ميل طريقه عبر ريف الصين مع تاريخ طويل تقريبًا وأفعواني مثل الهيكل. 土と石の13,000マイルのドラゴンが中国の田園地帯を曲がりくねっており、その歴史は構造物とほぼ同じくらい長く曲がりくねっています。 Um dragão de 13.000 milhas de terra e pedra serpenteia pelo interior da China com uma história quase tão longa e sinuosa quanto a estrutura. Дракон из земли и камня длиной 13 000 миль прокладывает свой путь через сельскую местность Китая, история которого почти такая же длинная и змеевидная, как и его структура. The Great Wall began as multiple walls of rammed earth built by individual feudal states, during the Chunqiu period to protect against nomadic raiders north of China and each other. بدأ السور العظيم كجدران متعددة من الأرض المدهونة التي بنتها الدول الإقطاعية الفردية ، خلال فترة تشونكيو للحماية من الغزاة البدو شمال الصين وبعضهم البعض. La Grande Muraille a commencé comme de multiples murs de terre battue construits par des États féodaux individuels, pendant la période Chunqiu pour se protéger des pillards nomades au nord de la Chine et les uns des autres. 万里の長城は、春秋時代に、中国北部の遊牧民の襲撃者やお互いから保護するために、個々の封建国家によって建てられた版築の複数の壁として始まりました。 A Grande Muralha começou como múltiplas paredes de taipa construídas por estados feudais individuais, durante o período Chunqiu para proteger contra invasores nômades ao norte da China e uns aos outros.

When Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified the states in 221 BCE, the Tibetan Plateau and Pacific Ocean became natural barriers, but the mountains in the north remained vulnerable to Mongol, Turkish, and Xiongnu invasions. 始皇帝が紀元前221年に州を統一したとき、チベット高原と太平洋は自然の障壁になりましたが、北部の山々はモンゴル、トルコ、匈奴の侵略に対して脆弱なままでした。 Quando o imperador Qin Shi Huang unificou os estados em 221 aC, o planalto tibetano e o oceano Pacífico tornaram-se barreiras naturais, mas as montanhas ao norte permaneceram vulneráveis às invasões mongóis, turcas e xiongnu. To defend against them, the Emperor expanded the small walls built by his predecessors, connecting some and fortifying others. それらを防ぐために、皇帝は前任者によって建てられた小さな壁を拡張し、いくつかを接続し、他を強化しました。 Para se defender deles, o Imperador ampliou as pequenas muralhas construídas por seus predecessores, conectando algumas e fortificando outras. As the structures grew from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east, they collectively became known as The Long Wall. 構造物が西のリンタオから東の遼東に成長するにつれて、それらは総称して長壁として知られるようになりました。 À medida que as estruturas cresciam de Lintao, no oeste, para Liaodong, no leste, elas se tornaram conhecidas coletivamente como The Long Wall. To accomplish this task, the Emperor enlisted soldiers and commoners, not always voluntarily. Pour accomplir cette tâche, l'empereur enrôla des soldats et des roturiers, pas toujours volontairement. この任務を遂行するために、天皇は必ずしも自発的にではなく、兵士と庶民を雇いました。 Para realizar essa tarefa, o imperador alistou soldados e plebeus, nem sempre voluntariamente.

Of the hundreds of thousands of builders recorded during the Qin Dynasty, many were forcibly conscripted peasants and others were criminals serving out sentences. 秦王朝の間に記録された数十万の建設業者のうち、多くは強制徴兵された農民であり、他は刑を宣告する犯罪者でした。 Das centenas de milhares de construtores registrados durante a Dinastia Qin, muitos eram camponeses recrutados à força e outros eram criminosos cumprindo sentenças. Из сотен тысяч строителей, зарегистрированных в период правления династии Цинь, многие были насильно призванными крестьянами, а другие - преступниками, отбывавшими наказание. Under the Han Dynasty, the wall grew longer still, reaching 3700 miles, and spanning from Dunhuang to the Bohai Sea. 漢王朝の下では、壁はさらに長くなり、3700マイルに達し、敦煌から敦煌海まで広がっていました。 Sob a Dinastia Han, a parede cresceu ainda mais, alcançando 3.700 milhas, e estendendo-se de Dunhuang ao Mar de Bohai. Forced labor continued under the Han Emperor Xuandi, and the walls reputation grew into a notorious place of suffering. 漢皇帝スアンディの下で強制労働が続き、壁の評判は悪名高い苦しみの場所へと成長しました。 O trabalho forçado continuou sob o imperador Han Xuandi, e a reputação das paredes se tornou um notório lugar de sofrimento. Poems and legends of the time told of laborers buried in nearby mass graves, or even within the wall itself. 当時の詩や伝説は、近くの集団墓地に、あるいは壁自体の中にさえ埋葬された労働者について語っています。 Poemas e lendas da época falavam de trabalhadores enterrados em valas comuns próximas, ou mesmo dentro da própria parede. Поэмы и легенды того времени рассказывали о рабочих, похороненных в близлежащих братских могилах или даже внутри самой стены. And while no human remains have been found inside, grave pits do indicate that many workers died from accidents, hunger and exhaustion. 中には人間の遺体は発見されていませんが、墓穴は多くの労働者が事故、飢餓、疲労で亡くなったことを示しています。 E embora nenhum resto humano tenha sido encontrado dentro, as covas indicam que muitos trabalhadores morreram de acidentes, fome e exaustão.

The wall was formidable but not invincible. 壁は手ごわいものでしたが、無敵ではありませんでした。 A parede era formidável, mas não invencível. Both Genghis and his son Khublai Khan managed to surmount the wall during the Mongol invasion of the 13th Century. ジンギスと彼の息子クビライカーンは、13世紀のモンゴルの侵略の間になんとか壁を乗り越えました。 Tanto Genghis quanto seu filho Khublai Khan conseguiram superar a muralha durante a invasão mongol do século XIII. After the Ming dynasty gained control in 1368, they began to refortify and further consolidate the wall using bricks and stones from local kilns. 明王朝が1368年に支配権を獲得した後、彼らは地元の窯からのレンガと石を使用して壁を強化し、さらに強化し始めました。 Depois que a dinastia Ming assumiu o controle em 1368, eles começaram a fortalecer e consolidar ainda mais a parede usando tijolos e pedras de fornos locais. Averaging 23 feet high and 21 feet wide, the walls 5500 miles were punctuated by watchtowers. D'une hauteur moyenne de 23 pieds et d'une largeur de 21 pieds, les murs de 5500 miles étaient ponctués de tours de guet. 高さ23フィート、幅21フィートの平均で、5500マイルの壁は望楼によって中断されました。 Com uma média de 23 pés de altura e 21 pés de largura, as paredes de 5.500 milhas eram pontuadas por torres de vigia. When raiders were sighted, fire and smoke signals traveled between towers until reinforcements arrived. 襲撃者が目撃されたとき、援軍が到着するまで、火と煙の信号が塔の間を移動しました。 Quando invasores foram avistados, sinais de fogo e fumaça viajaram entre as torres até que os reforços chegassem. Small openings along the wall let archers fire on invaders, while larger ones were used to drop stones and more. De petites ouvertures le long du mur permettaient aux archers de tirer sur les envahisseurs, tandis que les plus grandes étaient utilisées pour larguer des pierres et plus encore. 壁に沿った小さな開口部は、射手が侵入者に発砲することを可能にし、大きな開口部は石などを落とすために使用されました。 Pequenas aberturas ao longo da parede permitiam que os arqueiros atirassem nos invasores, enquanto as maiores eram usadas para jogar pedras e muito mais. But even this new and improved wall was not enough. しかし、この新しく改良された壁でさえ十分ではありませんでした。 Mas mesmo essa parede nova e melhorada não era suficiente.

In 1644, northern Manchu clans overthrew the Ming to establish the Qing dynasty, incorporating Mongolia as well, Thus, for the second time, China was ruled by the very people the wall had tried to keep out. En 1644, les clans mandchous du nord ont renversé les Ming pour établir la dynastie Qing, incorporant également la Mongolie. Ainsi, pour la deuxième fois, la Chine était gouvernée par les mêmes personnes que le mur avait essayé de garder à l'écart. 1644年、満洲北部の氏族が明を倒して清王朝を樹立し、モンゴルも取り入れました。このように、中国は2度目に、壁が避けようとしたまさにその人々によって支配されました。 Em 1644, os clãs manchus do norte derrubaram os Ming para estabelecer a dinastia Qing, incorporando também a Mongólia. Assim, pela segunda vez, a China foi governada pelas mesmas pessoas que o muro tentou impedir. В 1644 году северные маньчжурские кланы свергли династию Мин и основали династию Цин, присоединив к ней и Монголию. Таким образом, во второй раз Китай оказался под властью тех самых людей, от которых пыталась отгородиться стена. With the empire's borders now extending beyond the Great Wall, the fortifications lost their purpose. 帝国の国境が万里の長城を越えて広がったため、要塞は目的を失いました。 Com as fronteiras do império agora se estendendo além da Grande Muralha, as fortificações perderam seu propósito. And without regular reinforcement, the wall fell into disrepair, rammed earth eroded, while brick and stone were plundered for building materials. Et sans renforcement régulier, le mur est tombé en mauvais état, la terre battue s'est érodée, tandis que la brique et la pierre ont été pillées pour les matériaux de construction. そして、定期的な補強なしで、壁は荒廃し、版築は侵食され、レンガと石は建築材料のために略奪されました。 E sem reforço regular, a parede caiu em desuso, a terra batida erodiu, enquanto tijolos e pedras foram saqueados para materiais de construção. But its job wasn't finished. しかし、その仕事は終わっていませんでした。 During World War II, China used sections for defense against Japanese invasion, and some parts are still rumored to be used for military training. 第二次世界大戦中、中国は日本の侵略に対する防御のためにセクションを使用しました、そして、いくつかの部分はまだ軍事訓練のために使用されると噂されています。 Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, a China usou seções para defesa contra a invasão japonesa, e ainda há rumores de que algumas partes foram usadas para treinamento militar. But the Wall's main purpose today is cultural. しかし、今日の壁の主な目的は文化的です。 Mas o principal objetivo do Muro hoje é cultural.

As one of the largest man-made structures on Earth, it was granted UNESCO World Heritage Status in 1987. 地球上で最大の人工建造物の1つとして、1987年にユネスコの世界遺産に登録されました。 Como uma das maiores estruturas feitas pelo homem na Terra, foi concedido o status de Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO em 1987. Originally built to keep people out of China, the Great Wall now welcomes millions of visitors each year. 万里の長城はもともと人々を中国から遠ざけるために建てられましたが、今では毎年何百万人もの訪問者を迎えています。 Originalmente construída para manter as pessoas fora da China, a Grande Muralha agora recebe milhões de visitantes todos os anos. In fact, the influx of tourists has caused the wall to deteriorate, leading the Chinese government to launch preservation initiatives. 実際、観光客の流入により壁が劣化し、中国政府は保存イニシアチブを開始しました。 De fato, o fluxo de turistas causou a deterioração do muro, levando o governo chinês a lançar iniciativas de preservação. It's also often acclaimed as the only man-made structure visible from space. また、宇宙から見える唯一の人工構造物としても高く評価されています。 Também é frequentemente aclamado como a única estrutura feita pelo homem visível do espaço. Unfortunately, that's not at all true. 残念ながら、それはまったく真実ではありません。 Infelizmente, isso não é verdade. In low Earth orbit, all sorts of structures, like bridges, highways and airports are visible, and the Great Wall is only barely discernible. 低軌道では、橋、高速道路、空港など、あらゆる種類の構造物が見え、万里の長城はほとんど識別できません。 Na órbita baixa da Terra, todos os tipos de estruturas, como pontes, rodovias e aeroportos são visíveis, e a Grande Muralha é quase imperceptível. From the moon, it doesn't stand a chance. Depuis la lune, cela n'a aucune chance. 月から、それはチャンスに耐えられません。 Da lua, não tem chance. С Луны у него нет шансов. But regardless, it's the Earth we should be studying it from because new sections are still discovered every few years, branching off from the main body and expanding this remarkable monument to human achievement. Aber egal, es ist die Erde, von der aus wir es studieren sollten, weil immer noch alle paar Jahre neue Abschnitte entdeckt werden, die vom Hauptkörper abzweigen und dieses bemerkenswerte Monument menschlicher Errungenschaften erweitern. Mais quoi qu'il en soit, c'est la Terre à partir de laquelle nous devrions l'étudier, car de nouvelles sections sont encore découvertes toutes les quelques années, partant du corps principal et agrandissant ce monument remarquable à la réalisation humaine. しかし、それにもかかわらず、私たちがそれを研究する必要があるのは地球です。なぜなら、新しいセクションがまだ数年ごとに発見され、本体から分岐し、この驚くべき記念碑を人間の業績に拡大しているからです。 Mas, independentemente disso, é da Terra que devemos estudá-la, porque novas seções ainda são descobertas a cada poucos anos, ramificando-se do corpo principal e expandindo este notável monumento à conquista humana.