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1984 by George Orwell, Part two, Chapter 9 (6)

Part two, Chapter 9 (6)

Below the Inner Party comes the Outer Party, which, if the Inner Party is described as the brain of the State, may be justly likened to the hands. Below that come the dumb masses whom we habitually refer to as ‘the proles', numbering perhaps 85 per cent of the population. In the terms of our earlier classification, the proles are the Low: for the slave population of the equatorial lands who pass constantly from conqueror to conqueror, are not a permanent or necessary part of the structure.

In principle, membership of these three groups is not hereditary. The child of Inner Party parents is in theory not born into the Inner Party. Admission to either branch of the Party is by examination, taken at the age of sixteen. Nor is there any racial discrimination, or any marked domination of one province by another. Jews, Negroes, South Americans of pure Indian blood are to be found in the highest ranks of the Party, and the administrators of any area are always drawn from the inhabitants of that area. In no part of Oceania do the inhabitants have the feeling that they are a colonial population ruled from a distant capital. Oceania has no capital, and its titular head is a person whose whereabouts nobody knows. Except that English is its chief LINGUA FRANCA and Newspeak its official language, it is not centralized in any way. Its rulers are not held together by blood-ties but by adherence to a common doctrine. It is true that our society is stratified, and very rigidly stratified, on what at first sight appear to be hereditary lines. There is far less to-and-fro movement between the different groups than happened under capitalism or even in the pre-industrial age. Between the two branches of the Party there is a certain amount of interchange, but only so much as will ensure that weaklings are excluded from the Inner Party and that ambitious members of the Outer Party are made harmless by allowing them to rise. Proletarians, in practice, are not allowed to graduate into the Party. The most gifted among them, who might possibly become nuclei of discontent, are simply marked down by the Thought Police and eliminated. But this state of affairs is not necessarily permanent, nor is it a matter of principle. The Party is not a class in the old sense of the word. It does not aim at transmitting power to its own children, as such; and if there were no other way of keeping the ablest people at the top, it would be perfectly prepared to recruit an entire new generation from the ranks of the proletariat. In the crucial years, the fact that the Party was not a hereditary body did a great deal to neutralize opposition. The older kind of Socialist, who had been trained to fight against something called ‘class privilege' assumed that what is not hereditary cannot be permanent. He did not see that the continuity of an oligarchy need not be physical, nor did he pause to reflect that hereditary aristocracies have always been shortlived, whereas adoptive organizations such as the Catholic Church have sometimes lasted for hundreds or thousands of years. The essence of oligarchical rule is not father-to-son inheritance, but the persistence of a certain world-view and a certain way of life, imposed by the dead upon the living. A ruling group is a ruling group so long as it can nominate its successors. The Party is not concerned with perpetuating its blood but with perpetuating itself. WHO wields power is not important, provided that the hierarchical structure remains always the same.

All the beliefs, habits, tastes, emotions, mental attitudes that characterize our time are really designed to sustain the mystique of the Party and prevent the true nature of present-day society from being perceived. Physical rebellion, or any preliminary move towards rebellion, is at present not possible. From the proletarians nothing is to be feared. Left to themselves, they will continue from generation to generation and from century to century, working, breeding, and dying, not only without any impulse to rebel, but without the power of grasping that the world could be other than it is. They could only become dangerous if the advance of industrial technique made it necessary to educate them more highly; but, since military and commercial rivalry are no longer important, the level of popular education is actually declining. What opinions the masses hold, or do not hold, is looked on as a matter of indifference. They can be granted intellectual liberty because they have no intellect. In a Party member, on the other hand, not even the smallest deviation of opinion on the most unimportant subject can be tolerated.

A Party member lives from birth to death under the eye of the Thought Police. Even when he is alone he can never be sure that he is alone. Wherever he may be, asleep or awake, working or resting, in his bath or in bed, he can be inspected without warning and without knowing that he is being inspected. Nothing that he does is indifferent. His friendships, his relaxations, his behaviour towards his wife and children, the expression of his face when he is alone, the words he mutters in sleep, even the characteristic movements of his body, are all jealously scrutinized. Not only any actual misdemeanour, but any eccentricity, however small, any change of habits, any nervous mannerism that could possibly be the symptom of an inner struggle, is certain to be detected. He has no freedom of choice in any direction whatever. On the other hand his actions are not regulated by law or by any clearly formulated code of behaviour. In Oceania there is no law. Thoughts and actions which, when detected, mean certain death are not formally forbidden, and the endless purges, arrests, tortures, imprisonments, and vaporizations are not inflicted as punishment for crimes which have actually been committed, but are merely the wiping-out of persons who might perhaps commit a crime at some time in the future. A Party member is required to have not only the right opinions, but the right instincts. Many of the beliefs and attitudes demanded of him are never plainly stated, and could not be stated without laying bare the contradictions inherent in Ingsoc. If he is a person naturally orthodox (in Newspeak a GOODTHINKER), he will in all circumstances know, without taking thought, what is the true belief or the desirable emotion. But in any case an elaborate mental training, undergone in childhood and grouping itself round the Newspeak words CRIMESTOP, BLACKWHITE, and DOUBLETHINK, makes him unwilling and unable to think too deeply on any subject whatever.

A Party member is expected to have no private emotions and no respites from enthusiasm. He is supposed to live in a continuous frenzy of hatred of foreign enemies and internal traitors, triumph over victories, and self-abasement before the power and wisdom of the Party. The discontents produced by his bare, unsatisfying life are deliberately turned outwards and dissipated by such devices as the Two Minutes Hate, and the speculations which might possibly induce a sceptical or rebellious attitude are killed in advance by his early acquired inner discipline. The first and simplest stage in the discipline, which can be taught even to young children, is called, in Newspeak, CRIMESTOP. CRIMESTOP means the faculty of stopping short, as though by instinct, at the threshold of any dangerous thought. It includes the power of not grasping analogies, of failing to perceive logical errors, of misunderstanding the simplest arguments if they are inimical to Ingsoc, and of being bored or repelled by any train of thought which is capable of leading in a heretical direction. CRIMESTOP, in short, means protective stupidity. But stupidity is not enough. On the contrary, orthodoxy in the full sense demands a control over one's own mental processes as complete as that of a contortionist over his body. Oceanic society rests ultimately on the belief that Big Brother is omnipotent and that the Party is infallible. But since in reality Big Brother is not omnipotent and the party is not infallible, there is need for an unwearying, moment-to-moment flexibility in the treatment of facts. The keyword here is BLACKWHITE. Like so many Newspeak words, this word has two mutually contradictory meanings. Applied to an opponent, it means the habit of impudently claiming that black is white, in contradiction of the plain facts. Applied to a Party member, it means a loyal willingness to say that black is white when Party discipline demands this. But it means also the ability to BELIEVE that black is white, and more, to KNOW that black is white, and to forget that one has ever believed the contrary. This demands a continuous alteration of the past, made possible by the system of thought which really embraces all the rest, and which is known in Newspeak as DOUBLETHINK.

The alteration of the past is necessary for two reasons, one of which is subsidiary and, so to speak, precautionary. The subsidiary reason is that the Party member, like the proletarian, tolerates present-day conditions partly because he has no standards of comparison. He must be cut off from the past, just as he must be cut off from foreign countries, because it is necessary for him to believe that he is better off than his ancestors and that the average level of material comfort is constantly rising. But by far the more important reason for the readjustment of the past is the need to safeguard the infallibility of the Party. It is not merely that speeches, statistics, and records of every kind must be constantly brought up to date in order to show that the predictions of the Party were in all cases right. It is also that no change in doctrine or in political alignment can ever be admitted. For to change one's mind, or even one's policy, is a confession of weakness. If, for example, Eurasia or Eastasia (whichever it may be) is the enemy today, then that country must always have been the enemy. And if the facts say otherwise then the facts must be altered. Thus history is continuously rewritten. This day-to-day falsification of the past, carried out by the Ministry of Truth, is as necessary to the stability of the regime as the work of repression and espionage carried out by the Ministry of Love.

The mutability of the past is the central tenet of Ingsoc. Past events, it is argued, have no objective existence, but survive only in written records and in human memories. The past is whatever the records and the memories agree upon. And since the Party is in full control of all records and in equally full control of the minds of its members, it follows that the past is whatever the Party chooses to make it. It also follows that though the past is alterable, it never has been altered in any specific instance. For when it has been recreated in whatever shape is needed at the moment, then this new version IS the past, and no different past can ever have existed. This holds good even when, as often happens, the same event has to be altered out of recognition several times in the course of a year. At all times the Party is in possession of absolute truth, and clearly the absolute can never have been different from what it is now. It will be seen that the control of the past depends above all on the training of memory. To make sure that all written records agree with the orthodoxy of the moment is merely a mechanical act. But it is also necessary to REMEMBER that events happened in the desired manner. And if it is necessary to rearrange one's memories or to tamper with written records, then it is necessary to FORGET that one has done so. The trick of doing this can be learned like any other mental technique.

Part two, Chapter 9 (6) Zweiter Teil, Kapitel 9 (6) Część druga, rozdział 9 (6)

Below the Inner Party comes the Outer Party, which, if the Inner Party is described as the brain of the State, may be justly likened to the hands. Debajo del Partido Interior viene el Partido Exterior, que, si se describe al Partido Interior como el cerebro del Estado, puede compararse justamente con las manos. Below that come the dumb  masses  whom  we  habitually  refer  to  as  ‘the  proles', numbering perhaps 85 per cent of the population. Debajo vienen las masas mudas a las que habitualmente nos referimos como "los proles", que representan quizás el 85 por ciento de la población. In the terms of our earlier classification, the proles are the Low: for the slave population of the equatorial lands who pass constantly from conqueror to conqueror, are not a permanent or necessary part of the structure. En los términos de nuestra clasificación anterior, los proles son los Bajos: para la población esclava de las tierras ecuatoriales que pasan constantemente de conquistador en conquistador, no son una parte permanente o necesaria de la estructura. Згідно з нашою попередньою класифікацією, проли є Низькими: для рабського населення екваторіальних земель, яке постійно переходить від завойовника до завойовника, не є постійною чи необхідною частиною структури.

In principle, membership of these three groups is not hereditary. En principio, la pertenencia a estos tres grupos no es hereditaria. The child of Inner Party parents is in theory not born into the Inner Party. Дитина батьків Внутрішньої Партії теоретично не народжується у Внутрішній Партії. Admission to either branch of the Party is by examination, taken at the age of sixteen. La admisión a cualquiera de las ramas del Partido se realiza mediante examen a la edad de dieciséis años. Nor is there any racial discrimination, or any marked domination of one province by another. Tampoco hay discriminación racial, ni marcado dominio de una provincia sobre otra. Jews, Negroes, South Americans of pure Indian blood are to be found in the highest ranks of the Party, and the administrators of any area are always drawn from the inhabitants of that area. Judíos, negros, sudamericanos de pura sangre india se encuentran en los rangos más altos del Partido, y los administradores de cualquier área siempre provienen de los habitantes de esa área. In no part of Oceania do the inhabitants have the feeling that they are a colonial population ruled from a distant capital. En ninguna parte de Oceanía los habitantes tienen la sensación de ser una población colonial gobernada desde una capital lejana. Oceania has no capital, and its titular head is a person whose whereabouts nobody knows. Except that English is its chief LINGUA FRANCA and Newspeak its official language, it is not centralized in any way. Excepto que el inglés es su LINGUA FRANCA principal y el Newspeak su idioma oficial, no está centralizado de ninguna manera. За винятком того, що англійська мова є її основною LINGUA FRANCA, а новомовна – офіційною мовою, вона жодним чином не централізована. Its rulers are not held together by blood-ties but by adherence to a common doctrine. It is true that our society is stratified, and very rigidly stratified, on what at first sight appear to be hereditary lines. There is far less to-and-fro movement between the different groups than happened under capitalism or even in the pre-industrial age. Hay mucho menos movimiento de ida y vuelta entre los diferentes grupos de lo que sucedió bajo el capitalismo o incluso en la era preindustrial. Між різними групами рухів туди-сюди набагато менше, ніж це було за капіталізму чи навіть у доіндустріальну добу. Between the two branches of the Party there is a certain amount of interchange, but only so much as will ensure that weaklings are excluded from the Inner Party and that ambitious members of the Outer Party are made harmless by allowing them to rise. Entre las dos ramas del Partido hay una cierta cantidad de intercambio, pero solo tanto como para garantizar que los débiles sean excluidos del Partido Interior y que los miembros ambiciosos del Partido Exterior se vuelvan inofensivos al permitirles ascender. Proletarians, in practice, are not allowed to graduate into the Party. A los proletarios, en la práctica, no se les permite graduarse en el Partido. The most gifted among them, who might possibly become nuclei of discontent, are simply marked down by the Thought Police and eliminated. Los más dotados entre ellos, que posiblemente se conviertan en núcleos de descontento, simplemente son marcados por la Policía del Pensamiento y eliminados. But this state of affairs is not necessarily permanent, nor is it a matter of principle. Pero este estado de cosas no es necesariamente permanente, ni es una cuestión de principios. The Party is not a class in the old sense of the word. It does not aim at transmitting power to its own children, as such; and if there were no other way of keeping the ablest people at the top, it would be perfectly prepared to recruit an entire new generation from the ranks of the proletariat. No tiene como objetivo transmitir poder a sus propios hijos, como tales; y si no hubiera otra forma de mantener a las personas más capaces en la cima, estaría perfectamente preparado para reclutar a toda una nueva generación entre las filas del proletariado. In the crucial years, the fact that the Party was not a hereditary body did a great deal to neutralize opposition. En los años cruciales, el hecho de que el Partido no fuera un organismo hereditario contribuyó mucho a neutralizar la oposición. The older kind of Socialist, who had been trained to fight against something called ‘class privilege' assumed that what is not hereditary cannot be permanent. El tipo de socialista más antiguo, que había sido entrenado para luchar contra algo llamado "privilegio de clase" asumió que lo que no es hereditario no puede ser permanente. He did not see that the continuity of an oligarchy need not be physical, nor did he pause to reflect that hereditary aristocracies have always been shortlived, whereas adoptive organizations such as the Catholic Church have sometimes lasted for hundreds or thousands of years. Він не бачив, що безперервність олігархії не обов’язково має бути фізичною, а також не замислювався над тим, що спадкові аристократії завжди були недовговічними, тоді як прийомні організації, такі як католицька церква, іноді існували сотні чи тисячі років. The essence of oligarchical rule is not father-to-son inheritance, but the persistence of a certain world-view and a certain way of life, imposed by the dead upon the living. La esencia del gobierno oligárquico no es la herencia de padre a hijo, sino la persistencia de una determinada visión del mundo y una determinada forma de vida, impuesta por los muertos a los vivos. A ruling group is a ruling group so long as it can nominate its successors. Un grupo gobernante es un grupo gobernante siempre que pueda nominar a sus sucesores. Правляча група є правлячою групою, якщо вона може призначати своїх наступників. The Party is not concerned with perpetuating its blood but with perpetuating itself. Al Partido no le preocupa perpetuar su sangre, sino perpetuarse a sí mismo. WHO wields power is not important, provided that the hierarchical structure remains always the same. La OMS ejerce el poder no es importante, siempre que la estructura jerárquica sea siempre la misma.

All the beliefs, habits, tastes, emotions, mental attitudes that characterize our time are really designed to sustain the mystique of the Party and prevent the true nature of present-day society from being perceived. Todas las creencias, hábitos, gustos, emociones, actitudes mentales que caracterizan nuestro tiempo están realmente diseñadas para sostener la mística del Partido y evitar que se perciba la verdadera naturaleza de la sociedad actual. Усі вірування, звички, смаки, емоції, ментальні установки, які характеризують наш час, справді створені для того, щоб підтримувати містику Партії та перешкоджати сприйняттю справжньої природи сучасного суспільства. Physical rebellion, or any preliminary move towards rebellion, is at present not possible. From the proletarians nothing is to be feared. De los proletarios no hay nada que temer. Від пролетарів не треба нічого боятися. Left to themselves, they will continue from generation to generation and from century to century, working, breeding, and dying, not only without any impulse to rebel, but without the power of grasping that the world could be other than it is. Залишені самі собою, вони продовжуватимуть із покоління в покоління й із століття в століття, працюючи, розмножуючись і вмираючи, не лише без будь-якого імпульсу бунтувати, але й без сили зрозуміти, що світ може бути іншим, ніж він є. They could only become dangerous if the advance of industrial technique made it necessary to educate them more highly; but, since military and commercial rivalry are no longer important, the level of popular education is actually declining. What opinions the masses hold, or do not hold, is looked on as a matter of indifference. Las opiniones que las masas tienen, o no, se miran como una cuestión de indiferencia. Те, якої думки дотримуються чи не дотримуються маси, розглядається як питання байдуже. They can be granted intellectual liberty because they have no intellect. Se les puede conceder la libertad intelectual porque no tienen intelecto. Їм можна надати інтелектуальну свободу, тому що вони не мають інтелекту. In a Party member, on the other hand, not even the smallest deviation of opinion on the most unimportant subject can be tolerated. En un miembro del Partido, en cambio, no se puede tolerar ni la más mínima desviación de opinión sobre el tema menos importante. У члена партії, навпаки, не можна терпіти навіть найменшого відхилення в думці з найневажливішого питання.

A Party member lives from birth to death under the eye of the Thought Police. Even when he is alone he can never be sure that he is alone. Wherever he may be, asleep or awake, working or resting, in his bath or in bed, he can be inspected without warning and without knowing that he is being inspected. Де б він не був, спить чи прокинувся, працює чи відпочиває, у ванні чи в ліжку, його можуть перевірити без попередження і навіть не знаючи, що його перевіряють. Nothing that he does is indifferent. Ніщо з того, що він робить, не є байдужим. His friendships, his relaxations, his behaviour towards his wife and children, the expression of his face when he is alone, the words he mutters in sleep, even the characteristic movements of his body, are all jealously scrutinized. Його дружба, його відпочинок, його поведінка з дружиною та дітьми, вираз його обличчя, коли він один, слова, які він бурмоче уві сні, навіть характерні рухи його тіла, все це ревниво досліджується. Not only any actual misdemeanour, but any eccentricity, however small, any change of habits, any nervous mannerism that could possibly be the symptom of an inner struggle, is certain to be detected. Не тільки будь-який справжній проступок, але й будь-яка ексцентричність, якою б незначною вона була, будь-яка зміна звичок, будь-яка нервова манера, яка, можливо, може бути симптомом внутрішньої боротьби, обов’язково буде виявлена. He has no freedom of choice in any direction whatever. No tiene libertad de elección en ninguna dirección. Він не має свободи вибору в будь-якому напрямку. On the other hand his actions are not regulated by law or by any clearly formulated code of behaviour. Por otro lado, sus acciones no están reguladas por la ley ni por ningún código de conducta claramente formulado. In Oceania there is no law. En Oceanía no hay ley. Thoughts and actions which, when detected, mean certain death are not formally forbidden, and the endless purges, arrests, tortures, imprisonments, and vaporizations are not inflicted as punishment for crimes which have actually been committed, but are merely the wiping-out of persons who might perhaps commit a crime at some time in the future. Los pensamientos y acciones que, cuando se detectan, significan una muerte segura, no están formalmente prohibidos, y las interminables purgas, arrestos, torturas, encarcelamientos y vaporizaciones no se infligen como castigo por delitos que realmente se han cometido, sino que son simplemente la aniquilación de personas que quizás puedan cometer un crimen en algún momento en el futuro. Думки та дії, які, будучи виявлені, означають вірну смерть, офіційно не заборонені, а нескінченні чистки, арешти, тортури, ув’язнення та випаровування не застосовуються як покарання за злочини, які дійсно були скоєні, а є лише знищенням осіб, які, можливо, можуть скоїти злочин у майбутньому. A Party member is required to have not only the right opinions, but the right instincts. Many of the beliefs and attitudes demanded of him are never plainly stated, and could not be stated without laying bare the contradictions inherent in Ingsoc. Muchas de las creencias y actitudes que se le exigen nunca se expresan con claridad, y no podrían enunciarse sin poner al descubierto las contradicciones inherentes al Ingsoc. Багато вірувань і поглядів, які від нього вимагаються, ніколи не висловлюються прямо і не можуть бути викладені без виявлення суперечностей, властивих Ingsoc. If he is a person naturally orthodox (in Newspeak a GOODTHINKER), he will in all circumstances know, without taking thought, what is the true belief or the desirable emotion. Si es una persona naturalmente ortodoxa (en Newspeak un BUEN PENSADOR), en todas las circunstancias sabrá, sin pensar, cuál es la verdadera creencia o la emoción deseable. Якщо він ортодоксальний від природи (на новомовній мові ДОБРОМИСЛИВИЙ), він за будь-яких обставин знатиме, не замислюючись, що таке справжня віра чи бажана емоція. But in any case an elaborate mental training, undergone in childhood and grouping itself round the Newspeak words CRIMESTOP, BLACKWHITE, and DOUBLETHINK, makes him Pero, en todo caso, un elaborado entrenamiento mental, sufrido en la infancia y agruparse en torno a las palabras Newspeak CRIMESTOP, BLACKWHITE y DOUBLETHINK, lo hace Але в будь-якому випадку складна розумова підготовка, отримана в дитинстві, яка об’єднує новомовні слова CRIMESTOP, BLACKWHITE і DOUBLETHINK, змушує його unwilling and unable to think too deeply on any subject whatever.

A Party member is expected to have no private emotions and no respites from enthusiasm. Se espera que un miembro del Partido no tenga emociones privadas ni un respiro del entusiasmo. He is supposed to live in a continuous frenzy of hatred of foreign enemies and internal traitors, triumph over victories, and self-abasement before the power and wisdom of the Party. Se supone que debe vivir en un continuo frenesí de odio a los enemigos extranjeros y traidores internos, triunfar sobre las victorias y humillarse ante el poder y la sabiduría del Partido. Йому належить жити в безперервному шаленні ненависті до зовнішніх ворогів і внутрішніх зрадників, тріумфувати перемоги і самопринижуватися перед могутністю і мудрістю партії. The discontents produced by his bare, unsatisfying life are deliberately turned outwards and dissipated by such devices as the Two Minutes Hate, and the speculations which might possibly induce a sceptical or rebellious attitude are killed in advance by his early acquired inner discipline. Los descontentos producidos por su vida desnuda e insatisfactoria son deliberadamente vueltos hacia afuera y disipados por dispositivos como el Odio en dos minutos, y las especulaciones que posiblemente podrían inducir a una actitud escéptica o rebelde son aniquiladas de antemano por su temprana disciplina interna adquirida. Невдоволення, породжене його голим, незадовільним життям, навмисно вивертається назовні та розсіюється за допомогою таких прийомів, як «Двохвилинна ненависть», а спекуляції, які могли б викликати скептичне чи бунтівне ставлення, заздалегідь знищені його рано набутою внутрішньою дисципліною. The first and simplest stage in the discipline, which can be taught even to young children, is called, in Newspeak, CRIMESTOP. La primera y más simple etapa de la disciplina, que se puede enseñar incluso a niños pequeños, se llama, en Newspeak, CRIMESTOP. CRIMESTOP means the faculty of stopping short, as though by instinct, at the threshold of any dangerous thought. CRIMESTOP означає здатність зупинятися, ніби інстинктивно, на порозі будь-якої небезпечної думки. It includes the power of not grasping analogies, of failing to perceive logical errors, of misunderstanding the simplest arguments if they are inimical to Ingsoc, and of being bored or repelled by any train of thought which is capable of leading in a heretical direction. Incluye el poder de no captar analogías, de no percibir errores lógicos, de malinterpretar los argumentos más simples si son enemigos del Ingsoc, y de aburrirse o repelirse por cualquier línea de pensamiento que sea capaz de conducir en una dirección herética. Вона включає в себе здатність не сприймати аналогії, не сприймати логічні помилки, неправильно розуміти найпростіші аргументи, якщо вони ворожі Ingsoc, і відчувати нудьгу або відштовхування від будь-якого ходу думок, який може вести в єретичному напрямку. CRIMESTOP, in short, means protective stupidity. CRIMESTOP, en resumen, significa estupidez protectora. Коротше кажучи, CRIMESTOP означає захисну дурість. But stupidity is not enough. On the contrary, orthodoxy in the full sense demands a control over one's own mental processes as complete as that of a contortionist over his body. Por el contrario, la ortodoxia en pleno sentido exige un control sobre los propios procesos mentales tan completo como el de un contorsionista sobre su cuerpo. Навпаки, ортодоксальність у повному розумінні вимагає контролю над власними психічними процесами настільки ж повного, як контроль над своїм тілом у викривлювача. Oceanic society rests ultimately on the belief that Big Brother is omnipotent and that the Party is infallible. But since in reality Big Brother is not omnipotent and the party is not infallible, there is need for an unwearying, moment-to-moment flexibility in the treatment of facts. Pero como en realidad el Gran Hermano no es omnipotente y el partido no es infalible, es necesaria una flexibilidad incansable, momento a momento, en el tratamiento de los hechos. Але оскільки насправді Великий Брат не всемогутній і партія не є непогрішною, існує потреба в невтомній, миттєвій гнучкості в поводженні з фактами. The keyword here is BLACKWHITE. Like so many Newspeak words, this word has two mutually contradictory meanings. Applied to an opponent, it means the habit of impudently claiming that black is white, in contradiction of the plain facts. Aplicado a un oponente, significa el hábito de afirmar descaradamente que el negro es blanco, en contradicción con los hechos simples. У застосуванні до опонента це означає звичку нахабно стверджувати, що чорне — це біле, всупереч очевидним фактам. Applied to a Party member, it means a loyal willingness to say that black is white when Party discipline demands this. But it means also the ability to BELIEVE that black is white, and more, to KNOW that black is white, and to forget that one has ever believed the contrary. Pero también significa la capacidad de CREER que el negro es blanco, y más, de SABER que el negro es blanco, y de olvidar que alguna vez se ha creído lo contrario. This demands a continuous alteration of the past, made possible by the system of thought which really embraces all the rest, and which is known in Newspeak as DOUBLETHINK. Це вимагає безперервної зміни минулого, що стало можливим завдяки системі мислення, яка справді охоплює все інше, і яка відома в новомовній мові як ДВОМІСЛЕННЯ.

The alteration of the past is necessary for two reasons, one of which is subsidiary and, so to speak, precautionary. La alteración del pasado es necesaria por dos motivos, uno de los cuales es subsidiario y, por así decirlo, precautorio. Зміна минулого необхідна з двох причин, одна з яких допоміжна і, так би мовити, запобіжна. The subsidiary reason is that the Party member, like the proletarian, tolerates present-day conditions partly because he has no standards of comparison. La razón subsidiaria es que el miembro del Partido, como el proletario, tolera las condiciones actuales en parte porque no tiene estándares de comparación. He must be cut off from the past, just as he must be cut off from foreign countries, because it is necessary for him to believe that he is better off than his ancestors and that the average level of material comfort is constantly rising. Він має бути відірваний від минулого, так само як він має бути відрізаний від чужих країн, тому що він повинен вірити, що він живе краще за своїх предків і що середній рівень матеріального комфорту постійно зростає. But by far the more important reason for the readjustment of the past is the need to safeguard the infallibility of the Party. Але значно важливішою причиною коригування минулого є необхідність зберегти непогрішимість партії. It is not merely that speeches, statistics, and records of every kind must be constantly brought up to date in order to show that the predictions of the Party were in all cases right. No se trata simplemente de que los discursos, las estadísticas y los registros de todo tipo deban actualizarse constantemente para mostrar que las predicciones del Partido eran acertadas en todos los casos. Справа не тільки в тому, що промови, статистичні дані та всілякі записи необхідно постійно оновлювати, щоб показати, що прогнози партії в усіх випадках були правильними. It is also that no change in doctrine or in political alignment can ever be admitted. También es que nunca se puede admitir ningún cambio en la doctrina o en la alineación política. Це також те, що будь-які зміни в доктрині чи політичних орієнтаціях ніколи не можуть бути прийняті. For to change one's mind, or even one's policy, is a confession of weakness. Porque cambiar de opinión, o incluso de política, es una confesión de debilidad. Бо змінити свою думку чи навіть свою політику — це визнання слабкості. If, for example, Eurasia or Eastasia (whichever it may be) is the enemy today, then that country must always have been the enemy. And if the facts say otherwise then the facts must be altered. Thus history is continuously rewritten. This day-to-day falsification of the past, carried out by the Ministry of Truth, is as necessary to the stability of the regime as the work of repression and espionage carried out by the Ministry of Love.

The mutability of the past is the central tenet of Ingsoc. Past events, it is argued, have no objective existence, but survive only in written records and in human memories. Los eventos pasados, se argumenta, no tienen existencia objetiva, pero sobreviven solo en registros escritos y en memorias humanas. Минулі події, стверджується, не мають об’єктивного існування, а збереглися лише в письмових записах і в людській пам’яті. The past is whatever the records and the memories agree upon. El pasado es lo que acuerden los registros y los recuerdos. Минуле – це те, про що погоджуються записи та спогади. And since the Party is in full control of all records and in equally full control of the minds of its members, it follows that the past is whatever the Party chooses to make it. En aangezien de partij de volledige controle heeft over alle archieven en even volledige controle heeft over de geest van haar leden, volgt daaruit dat het verleden alles is wat de partij ervoor kiest om het te maken. It also follows that though the past is alterable, it never has been altered in any specific instance. También se sigue que, aunque el pasado es modificable, nunca se ha modificado en ningún caso específico. З цього також випливає, що хоча минуле можна змінити, воно ніколи не було змінено в жодному конкретному випадку. For when it has been recreated in whatever shape is needed at the moment, then this new version IS the past, and no different past can ever have existed. Porque cuando ha sido recreado en cualquier forma que se necesite en este momento, entonces esta nueva versión ES el pasado, y nunca podría haber existido un pasado diferente. Want wanneer het opnieuw is gemaakt in welke vorm dan ook die op dit moment nodig is, dan IS deze nieuwe versie het verleden, en kan er nooit een ander verleden hebben bestaan. This holds good even when, as often happens, the same event has to be altered out of recognition several times in the course of a year. Esto es válido incluso cuando, como sucede a menudo, el mismo evento tiene que ser alterado para que no se reconozca varias veces en el transcurso de un año. Це актуально навіть тоді, коли, як це часто буває, ту саму подію доводиться змінювати до невпізнання кілька разів протягом року. At all times the Party is in possession of absolute truth, and clearly the absolute can never have been different from what it is now. De partij is te allen tijde in het bezit van de absolute waarheid, en het is duidelijk dat het absolute nooit anders kan zijn geweest dan het nu is. It will be seen that the control of the past depends above all on the training of memory. To make sure that all written records agree with the orthodoxy of the moment is merely a mechanical act. But it is also necessary to REMEMBER that events happened in the desired manner. Maar het is ook nodig om te HERINNEREN dat de gebeurtenissen op de gewenste manier zijn gebeurd. And if it is necessary to rearrange one's memories or to tamper with written records, then it is necessary to FORGET that one has done so. Y si es necesario reordenar los propios recuerdos o alterar los registros escritos, entonces es necesario OLVIDAR que uno lo ha hecho. І якщо необхідно переставляти свої спогади чи підробляти письмові записи, то треба ЗАБУТИ, що це зроблено. The trick of doing this can be learned like any other mental technique. El truco de hacer esto se puede aprender como cualquier otra técnica mental.