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The Story of the Middle Ages, 06. The Rise of the Franks

06. The Rise of the Franks

The West-Goths, the Burgundians, the Vandals, the East-Goths, and the Lombards, all helped in their own way to make Europe what it is to-day; yet none of them succeeded in founding a power that was to last as a separate state. Their work was largely to break down the rule of the Western Empire. The building up of a new state to take its place was to be the work of another people, the Franks.

The Franks were the earliest of all the Germanic invaders to fix themselves in the Roman province of Gaul, but they were the last to establish a power of their own in that land. Gaul, in the five hundred years that had passed since its conquest by Julius Caesar, had become more Roman even than Italy itself. In its long rule by foreigners, however, it had decayed in strength. The spirit of patriotism had died out; the people in the latter days of the Empire had been ground down by oppressive taxation; so it no more than the other provinces was able to offer resistance to the barbarians.

A hundred years before the West-Goths crossed the Danube, bands of the Franks had been allowed to cross the Rhine, from their homes on the right bank of that river, and to establish themselves as the allies or subjects of Rome on the western bank. There they had dwelt, gaining in numbers and in power, until news came of the deeds of Alaric. When the Vandals, Burgundians, and other Germanic tribes sought to cross the Rhine, the Franks on the left bank resisted them, but their resistance had been overcome. After that the Franks, too, set out to build up a power of their own within the Roman territory, and gradually occupied what is now northern France, together with Belgium and Holland. When the Huns swept into Gaul, the Franks had fought against them, side by side with the Romans and West-Goths. And when Attila was defeated and had retired, the Franks had been allowed to take possession of certain cities in the valley of the Rhine which the Huns had won from the Romans.

So, by the time that Odoacer overthrew the last of the Roman Emperors of the West, the Franks had succeeded in getting a good footing in the Empire. But they were yet far from strong as a people. They were still heathen, and they had not yet learned, like the Goths, to wear armor or fight on horseback. They still went to war half-naked, armed only with a barbed javelin, a sword, and an ax or tomahawk. They were not united, but were divided into a large number of small tribes, each ruled over by its own petty king. Besides all this, they had many rivals, even in Gaul itself. In the southern part of that land, reaching across the Pyrenees and taking in nearly the whole of Spain was the kingdom of the West-Goths. In the southeastern part was the kingdom of the Burgundians. In the central part, the region that included the river Seine, a Roman officer named Syagrius still ruled, though the last of the Emperors of the West had fallen. And to the East of Gaul, were tribes who still remained on German soil—the Thuringians, some tribes of the Saxons, and the Allemanians.

It was mainly due to one man that the Frankish power was not overcome, but instead was able to overcome all its enemies. This man was Clovis, the King of one of the little bands of the Franks. Five years after the fall of Rome, he had succeeded his father as King of his tribe. Though he was only sixteen years of age at that time, he soon proved himself to be one of the ablest, but alas, one of the craftiest and cruelest leaders of this crafty and cruel people. In the thirty years that he ruled, he united all the Franks under his own rule; he greatly improved the arms and organization of the army; he extended their territory to the South, East, and West; and he caused his people to be baptized as Christians.

One of the first deeds of Clovis was to make war on Syagrius, the Roman ruler. In this war the Franks were completely successful. Syagrius was defeated, and put to death; and the district over which he ruled became subject to Clovis. A story is told of this war which shows the rude and independent spirit of the Franks. When the booty was being divided by lot after the battle, Clovis wished to obtain a beautiful vase that had been taken from one of the churches, that he might return it to the priests. But one of his Franks cried out: "Thou shalt have only what the lot gives thee!" And saying this he broke the vase with his battle-ax. Clovis could do nothing then to resent this insult. But the next year he detected this soldier in a fault, and slew him in the presence of the army, saying: "It shall be done to thee as thou didst to the vase!" After the overthrow of Syagrius, Clovis turned to the conquest of other neighbors. One by one he set to work to get rid of the other kings of the Franks. Some he conquered by force; others he overcame by treachery. He persuaded the son of one king to kill his father; then he had the son put to death for the crime, and persuaded the people to take him as their king. Another king and his son were slain because they had failed to help Clovis in his wars; and he took their kingdom also. A third king was slain by Clovis's own hand, after he had been betrayed into his power. Still others of his rivals and relatives were got rid of in the same way. Then, when all were gone, he assembled the people and said: "Alas! I have now no relatives to lend me aid in time of need." But he did this, as an old writer says, not because he was made sad by their death, but craftily, that he might discover whether there remained any one else to kill.

In this way Clovis made himself sole King of the Franks. Already he had begun to extend his rule over other branches of the German people. The Allemanians, who dwelt to the eastward of the Franks, were beaten in a war which lasted several years, and were forced to take the King of the Franks as their overlord. After this the Franks began to settle in the valley of the river Main, where the Allemanians had dwelt; and in course of time this district came to be called Franconia, from their name.

Several wars too were waged between Clovis and the Burgundians; and here also the power of the Franks was increased. Most important of all were the conquests made from the West-Goths, who held Southern Gaul and Spain. Again and again Clovis led his Franks against this people. At one time Theodoric, the king of the East-Goths came to their aid and defeated Clovis with terrible slaughter. But in the end the Franks were victorious, and most of Southern Gaul was added to the Frankish territory.

Thus Clovis won for the Franks a kingdom which reached from the River Rhine on the North and East, almost to the Pyrenees Mountains on the South. To all this land, which before had borne the name Gaul, the name "Francia" was gradually applied, from the race that conquered it; and under the name of France it is still one of the most powerful states of Europe. When Clovis first became King, the Franks worshiped the old gods, Woden and Thor. Before he died, however, he and most of his people had been baptized and become Christians. His conversion came about in this way. While he was fighting against the Allemanians, he saw his Franks one day driven from the field by the enemy. He prayed to the old gods to turn the defeat into victory; but still his troops gave way. Then he bethought him that his wife Clotilda had long been urging him to give up his old gods and become a Christian. He determined now to try the God of his wife; so he cried out:

"O Christ Jesus, I beseech thee for aid! If thou wilt grant me victory over these enemies, I will believe in thee and be baptized in thy name!" With this he renewed the battle, and at last won a great victory. As a result, Clovis became a Christian, and more than half of his warriors decided to follow his example. When the news was brought to the priests, they were filled with joy, and at once preparations were made for the baptism. Painted awnings were hung over the streets. The churches were draped in white, and clouds of sweet smelling smoke arose from the censers in which incense was burning. The King was baptized first, and as he approached the basin the bishop cried out: "Bow thy head, O King, and adore that which thou hast burned, and burn that which thou hast adored!" After this, Clovis was, in name, a Christian; but his conversion was only half a conversion. He changed his beliefs, but not his conduct. When the story was told him of the way Jesus suffered death on the cross, he grasped his battle-ax fiercely and exclaimed: "If I had been there with my Franks I would have revenged his wrongs!" So, in spite of his conversion, Clovis remained a rude warrior, a cruel and unscrupulous ruler. Nevertheless, his conversion was of very great importance. The Goths, Vandals, and Burgundians, had all been Christians at the time they invaded the Empire, but their Christianity was not of the kind the Romans of the West accepted. They were Arian Christians, and, as we have seen, there was great hatred between the Arians and the Roman or Athanasian Christians. In Africa, Spain, and Italy, therefore, the people hated their Arian masters. But it was different with the Franks. Because they believed as the Roman Christians did, their Roman subjects in Gaul accepted and supported their rule, and the Pope showed himself friendly to them.

This is one of the two chief reasons why the Frankish power was permanent. The other reason was that the Franks did not wholly leave their old home, as the other Germans did when they set out on their conquest. The Franks kept what they already had, while adding to it the neighboring lands which they had conquered. So their increase in power was a growth, as well as a conquest; and this made it more lasting.

When the barbarians conquered portions of the Roman Empire they did not kill or drive out the people who already lived there. Usually they contented themselves with taking some of the lands for themselves, and making the people pay to them the taxes which they had before paid to the Roman emperors. So it was with the Franks. The people of Gaul were allowed to remain, and to keep most of their lands; but the Franks, although they were not nearly so numerous as the Romans, ruled over the state. The old inhabitants were highly civilized while the Franks were just taking the first steps in civilization. "We make fun of them," wrote one of these Romans, "we despise them,—but we fear them also." As the years went by, the differences between the conquerors and the conquered became less. The Romans found that times were changed and they had to adopt the habits of the Franks in some respects. The Franks had already adopted the religion of their subjects; they began also to adopt their language and some of their customs. In this way, the two peoples at last became as one; but it was not until long after the time of Clovis that this end was fully reached.

When Clovis died, he left four sons. The Germans followed the practice of dividing the property of the father equally among his male children. The Franks now applied this rule to the kingdom which Clovis left, and divided it just as though it were ordinary property. Each son received a portion of the kingdom, and each was independent of the others. This plan turned out very badly and caused a great deal of misery. None of the kings was ever satisfied with his own portion; but each wished to secure for himself the whole kingdom which Clovis had ruled.

So murders and civil wars became very common among these "Merovingian" princes, as they were called. Almost all of the descendants of Clovis died a violent death; or else their long hair,—which was their pride and the mark of their kingship,—was cut and they were forced into monasteries. When one of the sons of Clovis died, his two brothers sent a message to their mother Clotilda saying:

"Send us our brother's children, that we may place them on the throne." When the children were sent, a messenger came back to the grandmother, bearing a sword and a pair of shears, and telling her to choose whether the boys should be shorn or slain. In despair the old queen cried out:

"I would rather know that they were dead than shorn!" Probably she did not mean this; but the pitiless uncles took her at her word. Two of the boys were cruelly slain; the third escaped from their hands, and to save his life he cut off his own hair and became a priest.

After a time the land of the Franks was divided into two divisions, and the people were called respectively East Franks and West Franks. Each land had a separate government. About a hundred years after the time of Clovis, two terrible women were queens in these lands. Their names were Fredegonda and Brunhilda; and their jealousy and hatred of each other caused them to commit many murders and stir up many wars. It is hard to say which of the two was the worse, but we feel some pity for Brunhilda because of her terrible end. She had murdered her grandchildren in order that she might keep the power in her own hands, and she was charged with causing the death of ten kings of Frankish race. But at last she fell into the hands of her enemies; and although she was an old woman of eighty years, she was put to death by being dragged at the heels of a wild horse. Her terrible rival had died some years before.

In many respects the laws of the Franks, and indeed of all the Germans, seem very strange to us. One of their strangest customs was that of the "feud," as it was called, and the "wergeld." Both of these had to do with such struggles as the one between Brunhilda and Fredegonda. In our day, and also among the Romans, if any one injured a man or killed him, the man or his family could go to law about it, and have the person who did the injury punished. But among the old Germans the courts of law had very little power, and many preferred to right their own wrongs. When a man was killed, his relatives would try to kill the slayer. Then the relatives of the slayer would try to protect him; and in this way a little war would arise between the two families. This was called a "feud"; and the struggle would go on until the number killed on each side equaled the number killed on the other. By and by men began to see that this was a poor way of settling their grievances. Then it became the practice for the man who did the injury to pay a sum of money to the one who was injured; and the families helped in this, just as they had in the feud. When the payment was given for the slaying of a person it was styled "wergeld" or "man-money." After this the feud was only used when the offender could not or would not pay the wergeld. Every man,—indeed every part of the body from a joint of the little finger up to the whole man,—came to have its price; and the wergeld of a Frank or of a Goth was about twice that of a Roman.

Another interesting thing about the old Germanic law was the way the trials were carried on. Let us suppose that a man is accused of stealing. We should at once try to find out whether any one had seen him commit the theft; that is, we should examine witnesses, and try to find out all the facts in the case. That was also the Roman way of doing things; but it was not the German way. The Germans had several ways of trying cases, the most curious of which was the "ordeal." If they used this, they might force the man who was accused to plunge his hand into a pot of boiling water and pick up some small object from the bottom. Then the man's hand was wrapped up and sealed; and if in three days there was no mark of scalding, the man was declared innocent. In this way they left the decision of the case to God; for they thought that he would not permit an innocent man to suffer. Besides this form of the ordeal, there were also others. In one of these the person accused had to carry a piece of red-hot iron in his hand for a certain distance. In another he was thrown, with hands and feet tied, into a running stream. If he floated, he was considered guilty; but if he sank, he was innocent, and must at once be pulled out. All of these forms of trial seem very absurd to us, but to men of the early Middle Ages they seemed perfectly natural; and they continued to be used until the thirteenth century.

In spite of the wickedness of the descendants of Clovis, and in spite of the divisions of the kingdom, the power of the Franks continued to increase. For about one hundred and seventy years the Merovingian kings were powerful rulers; then for about one hundred years they gradually lost power until they became so unimportant that they are called "do-nothing" kings. The rich estates which Clovis had left to his descendants were not wasted, through the reckless grants which the kings had made to their nobles. So poor were the kings that they could boast of but small estates and a scanty income; and when they wished to go from place to place they were forced to travel in an ox-cart, after the manner of the peasants. Now they had few followers, where before their warbands had numbered hundreds. All this made the kings so weak that the nobles no longer obeyed them. The government was left more and more to the charge of the kings' ministers; while the kings themselves were content to wear their long flowing hair, and sit upon the throne as figureheads. The time had come when, indeed, the kings "did nothing." They reigned, but they did not rule.

06. The Rise of the Franks 06. صعود الفرنجة 06. Der Aufstieg der Franken 06. El ascenso de los francos 06. La montée des Francs 06. L'ascesa dei Franchi 06.フランク族の台頭 06. Frankų iškilimas 06. A Ascensão dos Francos 06. Возвышение франков 06. Frankların Yükselişi 06\. Повстання франків 06. 法兰克人的崛起 06. 法蘭克人的崛起

The West-Goths, the Burgundians, the Vandals, the East-Goths, and the Lombards, all helped in their own way to make Europe what it is to-day; yet none of them succeeded in founding a power that was to last as a separate state. وقد ساعد القوط الغربيون، والبرغنديون، والوندال، والقوط الشرقيون، واللومبارد، بطريقتهم الخاصة في جعل أوروبا على ما هي عليه اليوم؛ ومع ذلك، لم ينجح أي منهم في تأسيس دولة تدوم كدولة منفصلة. Their work was largely to break down the rule of the Western Empire. كان عملهم إلى حد كبير هو كسر حكم الإمبراطورية الغربية. The building up of a new state to take its place was to be the work of another people, the Franks. إن بناء دولة جديدة لتحل محلها كان من عمل شعب آخر، الفرنجة.

The Franks were the earliest of all the Germanic invaders to fix themselves in the Roman province of Gaul, but they were the last to establish a power of their own in that land. كان الفرنجة هم الأوائل بين جميع الغزاة الجرمانيين الذين استقروا في مقاطعة بلاد الغال الرومانية، لكنهم كانوا آخر من أسس قوة خاصة بهم في تلك الأرض. Gaul, in the five hundred years that had passed since its conquest by Julius Caesar, had become more Roman even than Italy itself. وأصبحت غالة في الخمسمائة سنة التي انقضت منذ أن فتحها يوليوس قيصر أكثر رومانية حتى من إيطاليا نفسها. In its long rule by foreigners, however, it had decayed in strength. ومع ذلك، فقد اضمحلت قوتها خلال حكمها الطويل من قبل الأجانب. The spirit of patriotism had died out; the people in the latter days of the Empire had been ground down by oppressive taxation; so it no more than the other provinces was able to offer resistance to the barbarians. لقد ماتت روح الوطنية. كان الناس في الأيام الأخيرة للإمبراطورية قد سحقتهم الضرائب الظالمة؛ لذلك لم تكن قادرة على مقاومة البرابرة أكثر من المقاطعات الأخرى. 愛国心の精神は消えていました。帝国末期の人々は、抑圧的な課税によって打ち砕かれていました。それで、他の州が野蛮人に抵抗を提供することができたに過ぎませんでした。

A hundred years before the West-Goths crossed the Danube, bands of the Franks had been allowed to cross the Rhine, from their homes on the right bank of that river, and to establish themselves as the allies or subjects of Rome on the western bank. قبل مائة عام من عبور القوط الغربيين نهر الدانوب، سُمح لفرق من الفرنجة بعبور نهر الراين من منازلهم على الضفة اليمنى لذلك النهر، وإثبات أنفسهم كحلفاء أو رعايا لروما على الضفة الغربية. . There they had dwelt, gaining in numbers and in power, until news came of the deeds of Alaric. لقد سكنوا هناك، وازدادوا في العدد والقوة، حتى جاءت الأخبار عن أفعال ألاريك. When the Vandals, Burgundians, and other Germanic tribes sought to cross the Rhine, the Franks on the left bank resisted them, but their resistance had been overcome. عندما سعى الوندال والبورغنديون والقبائل الجرمانية الأخرى إلى عبور نهر الراين، قاومهم الفرنجة على الضفة اليسرى، ولكن تم التغلب على مقاومتهم. After that the Franks, too, set out to build up a power of their own within the Roman territory, and gradually occupied what is now northern France, together with Belgium and Holland. بعد ذلك، شرع الفرنجة أيضًا في بناء قوة خاصة بهم داخل الأراضي الرومانية، واحتلوا تدريجيًا ما يُعرف الآن بشمال فرنسا، جنبًا إلى جنب مع بلجيكا وهولندا. When the Huns swept into Gaul, the Franks had fought against them, side by side with the Romans and West-Goths. عندما اجتاح الهون بلاد الغال، حاربهم الفرنجة جنبًا إلى جنب مع الرومان والقوط الغربيين. And when Attila was defeated and had retired, the Franks had been allowed to take possession of certain cities in the valley of the Rhine which the Huns had won from the Romans. وعندما هُزم أتيلا وانسحب، سُمح للفرنجة بالاستيلاء على بعض المدن في وادي الراين التي استولى عليها الهون من الرومان.

So, by the time that Odoacer overthrew the last of the Roman Emperors of the West, the Franks had succeeded in getting a good footing in the Empire. لذلك، بحلول الوقت الذي أطاح فيه أودواكر بآخر أباطرة الغرب الرومان، كان الفرنجة قد نجحوا في الحصول على موطئ قدم جيد في الإمبراطورية. But they were yet far from strong as a people. لكنهم ما زالوا بعيدين عن أن يكونوا أقوياء كشعب. They were still heathen, and they had not yet learned, like the Goths, to wear armor or fight on horseback. كانوا لا يزالون وثنيين، ولم يتعلموا بعد، مثل القوط، ارتداء الدروع أو القتال على ظهور الخيل. They still went to war half-naked, armed only with a barbed javelin, a sword, and an ax or tomahawk. وما زالوا يذهبون إلى الحرب نصف عراة، مسلحين فقط بالرمح الشائك والسيف والفأس أو التوماهوك. Они по-прежнему ходили на войну полуголыми, вооруженные только колючим копьем, мечом и топором или томагавком. They were not united, but were divided into a large number of small tribes, each ruled over by its own petty king. لم يكونوا متحدين، بل كانوا منقسمين إلى عدد كبير من القبائل الصغيرة، كل منها يحكمها ملكها الصغير. Besides all this, they had many rivals, even in Gaul itself. وإلى جانب كل هذا، كان لديهم العديد من المنافسين، حتى في بلاد الغال نفسها. In the southern part of that land, reaching across the Pyrenees and taking in nearly the whole of Spain was the kingdom of the West-Goths. في الجزء الجنوبي من تلك الأرض، وعبر جبال البيرينيه واستولت على كل إسبانيا تقريبًا، كانت مملكة القوط الغربيين. In the southern part of that land, reaching across the Pyrenees and taking in nearly the whole of Spain was the kingdom of the West-Goths. In the southeastern part was the kingdom of the Burgundians. في الجزء الجنوبي الشرقي كانت مملكة البرغنديين. In the central part, the region that included the river Seine, a Roman officer named Syagrius still ruled, though the last of the Emperors of the West had fallen. وفي الجزء الأوسط، المنطقة التي تشمل نهر السين، ظل يحكمها ضابط روماني يُدعى سياجريوس، على الرغم من سقوط آخر أباطرة الغرب. And to the East of Gaul, were tribes who still remained on German soil—the Thuringians, some tribes of the Saxons, and the Allemanians. وإلى الشرق من بلاد الغال، كانت هناك قبائل لا تزال باقية على الأراضي الألمانية - التورينجيون، وبعض قبائل الساكسونيين، والألمانيين.

It was mainly due to one man that the Frankish power was not overcome, but instead was able to overcome all its enemies. كان السبب الرئيسي وراء عدم التغلب على قوة الفرنجة هو رجل واحد، بل تمكنت بدلاً من ذلك من التغلب على جميع أعدائها. This man was Clovis, the King of one of the little bands of the Franks. كان هذا الرجل هو كلوفيس، ملك إحدى الفرق الصغيرة للفرنجة. Five years after the fall of Rome, he had succeeded his father as King of his tribe. وبعد خمس سنوات من سقوط روما، خلف والده كملك على قبيلته. Though he was only sixteen years of age at that time, he soon proved himself to be one of the ablest, but alas, one of the craftiest and cruelest leaders of this crafty and cruel people. على الرغم من أنه كان يبلغ من العمر ستة عشر عامًا فقط في ذلك الوقت، إلا أنه سرعان ما أثبت أنه أحد أقدر القادة، ولكن للأسف، أحد أكثر قادة هذا الشعب الماكر والقاسي قسوة. In the thirty years that he ruled, he united all the Franks under his own rule; he greatly improved the arms and organization of the army; he extended their territory to the South, East, and West; and he caused his people to be baptized as Christians. وفي الثلاثين سنة التي حكم فيها، وحد جميع الفرنجة تحت حكمه؛ لقد قام بتحسين أسلحة الجيش وتنظيمه بشكل كبير؛ ووسع أراضيهم إلى الجنوب والشرق والغرب. وتسبب في تعميد شعبه كمسيحيين.

One of the first deeds of Clovis was to make war on Syagrius, the Roman ruler. كان من أوائل أعمال كلوفيس هو شن الحرب على الحاكم الروماني سياجريوس. In this war the Franks were completely successful. في هذه الحرب كان الفرنجة ناجحين تمامًا. Syagrius was defeated, and put to death; and the district over which he ruled became subject to Clovis. هُزِم سياجريوس وتم إعدامه؛ وأصبحت المنطقة التي حكمها خاضعة لكلوفيس. A story is told of this war which shows the rude and independent spirit of the Franks. تُروى قصة عن هذه الحرب تظهر روح الفرنجة الوقحة والمستقلة. When the booty was being divided by lot after the battle, Clovis wished to obtain a beautiful vase that had been taken from one of the churches, that he might return it to the priests. وعندما تم تقسيم الغنائم بالقرعة بعد المعركة، أراد كلوفيس الحصول على مزهرية جميلة كانت قد أخذت من إحدى الكنائس ليعيدها إلى الكهنة. 戦いの後、戦利品がくじ引きされていたとき、クロービスは教会の1つから取った美しい花瓶を手に入れて、それを司祭に返すことを望みました。 But one of his Franks cried out: "Thou shalt have only what the lot gives thee!" لكن أحد الفرنجة صرخ قائلاً: "ليس لك إلا ما أعطاك إياه القدر!" But one of his Franks cried out: "Thou shalt have only what the lot gives thee!" しかし、彼のフランクの一人は叫びました:「あなたはたくさんがあなたに与えるものだけを持っているべきです!」 Но один из его франков воскликнул: "Ты должен иметь только то, что дает тебе жребий!" And saying this he broke the vase with his battle-ax. وعندما قال هذا كسر المزهرية بفأسه الحربي. そして、これを言って、彼は戦斧で花瓶を壊しました。 Clovis could do nothing then to resent this insult. لم يستطع كلوفيس أن يفعل شيئًا للاستياء من هذه الإهانة. クロービスはこの侮辱に憤慨するために何もすることができませんでした。 But the next year he detected this soldier in a fault, and slew him in the presence of the army, saying: "It shall be done to thee as thou didst to the vase!" لكن في العام التالي اكتشف خطأ هذا الجندي وقتله أمام الجيش قائلاً: "يُفعل بك كما فعلت بالمزهرية!" しかし翌年、彼はこの兵士に過失があったことを発見し、軍隊の前で彼を殺害し、「あなたが花瓶にしたように、それはあなたに行われるだろう!」と言った。 Но на следующий год он уличил этого воина в проступке и убил его в присутствии войска, сказав: "С тобой будет сделано то же, что ты сделал с вазой!" After the overthrow of Syagrius, Clovis turned to the conquest of other neighbors. بعد الإطاحة بـ Syagrius، تحول كلوفيس إلى غزو الجيران الآخرين. シアグリウスの転覆後、クロービスは他の隣人の征服に目を向けた。 One by one he set to work to get rid of the other kings of the Franks. بدأ يعمل واحدًا تلو الآخر للتخلص من ملوك الفرنجة الآخرين. Some he conquered by force; others he overcame by treachery. البعض غزا بالقوة. والبعض الآخر تغلب عليه بالخيانة. Одних он покорял силой, других - вероломством. He persuaded the son of one king to kill his father; then he had the son put to death for the crime, and persuaded the people to take him as their king. أقنع ابن أحد الملوك بقتل أبيه؛ ثم أمر بقتل ابنه لارتكابه هذه الجريمة، وأقنع الناس بأن يتخذوه ملكاً عليهم. Another king and his son were slain because they had failed to help Clovis in his wars; and he took their kingdom also. وقُتل ملك آخر وابنه لأنهما فشلا في مساعدة كلوفيس في حروبه؛ وأخذ مملكتهم أيضا. A third king was slain by Clovis's own hand, after he had been betrayed into his power. قُتل ملك ثالث على يد كلوفيس بعد أن تم تسليمه إلى سلطته. Третий король был убит собственной рукой Хлодвига, после того как был предан его власти. Still others of his rivals and relatives were got rid of in the same way. كما تم التخلص من منافسيه وأقاربه الآخرين بنفس الطريقة. Then, when all were gone, he assembled the people and said: "Alas! فلما انصرف الجميع جمع الناس فقال: واه! I have now no relatives to lend me aid in time of need." ليس لدي الآن أي أقارب ليقدموا لي المساعدة في وقت الحاجة". Теперь у меня нет родственников, которые могли бы оказать мне помощь в трудную минуту". But he did this, as an old writer says, not because he was made sad by their death, but craftily, that he might discover whether there remained any one else to kill. لكنه فعل ذلك، كما يقول كاتب قديم، ليس لأنه حزن لموتهم، بل بمكر ليكتشف ما إذا كان هناك أي شخص آخر ليقتله.

In this way Clovis made himself sole King of the Franks. وبهذه الطريقة جعل كلوفيس نفسه الملك الوحيد للفرنجة. Already he had begun to extend his rule over other branches of the German people. لقد بدأ بالفعل في توسيع حكمه على فروع أخرى من الشعب الألماني. The Allemanians, who dwelt to the eastward of the Franks, were beaten in a war which lasted several years, and were forced to take the King of the Franks as their overlord. تعرض الألمان، الذين سكنوا شرق الفرنجة، للهزيمة في حرب استمرت عدة سنوات، واضطروا إلى اتخاذ ملك الفرنجة سيدًا لهم. After this the Franks began to settle in the valley of the river Main, where the Allemanians had dwelt; and in course of time this district came to be called Franconia, from their name. بعد ذلك بدأ الفرنجة بالاستقرار في وادي نهر الماين، حيث كان يسكن الألمان. وبمرور الوقت أصبحت هذه المنطقة تسمى فرانكونيا نسبة إلى اسمها.

Several wars too were waged between Clovis and the Burgundians; and here also the power of the Franks was increased. كما اندلعت عدة حروب بين كلوفيس والبورغنديين. وهنا أيضاً زادت قوة الفرنجة. Несколько войн было и между Хлодвигом и бургундами, и здесь также усилилось могущество франков. Most important of all were the conquests made from the West-Goths, who held Southern Gaul and Spain. والأهم من ذلك كله كانت الفتوحات التي قام بها القوط الغربيون، الذين سيطروا على جنوب بلاد الغال وإسبانيا. Again and again Clovis led his Franks against this people. مرارًا وتكرارًا قاد كلوفيس الفرنجة ضد هذا الشعب. At one time Theodoric, the king of the East-Goths came to their aid and defeated Clovis with terrible slaughter. ذات مرة، جاء ثيودوريك، ملك القوط الشرقيين لمساعدتهم وهزم كلوفيس بمذبحة رهيبة. But in the end the Franks were victorious, and most of Southern Gaul was added to the Frankish territory. لكن في النهاية انتصر الفرنجة، وأضيفت معظم بلاد الغال الجنوبية إلى أراضي الفرنجة.

Thus Clovis won for the Franks a kingdom which reached from the River Rhine on the North and East, almost to the Pyrenees Mountains on the South. وهكذا فاز كلوفيس للفرنجة بمملكة امتدت من نهر الراين شمالاً وشرقًا، حتى جبال البيرينيه جنوبًا تقريبًا. To all this land, which before had borne the name Gaul, the name "Francia" was gradually applied, from the race that conquered it; and under the name of France it is still one of the most powerful states of Europe. على كل هذه الأرض، التي كانت تحمل اسم بلاد الغال من قبل، تم تطبيق اسم "فرانسيا" تدريجيًا، من العرق الذي غزاها؛ وتحت اسم فرنسا لا تزال واحدة من أقوى دول أوروبا. When Clovis first became King, the Franks worshiped the old gods, Woden and Thor. عندما أصبح كلوفيس ملكًا لأول مرة، عبد الفرنجة الآلهة القديمة وودن وثور. Before he died, however, he and most of his people had been baptized and become Christians. ولكن قبل وفاته، اعتمد هو ومعظم شعبه وأصبحوا مسيحيين. His conversion came about in this way. لقد جاء تحوله بهذه الطريقة. His conversion came about in this way. While he was fighting against the Allemanians, he saw his Franks one day driven from the field by the enemy. بينما كان يقاتل ضد الألمان، رأى الفرنجة ذات يوم يطردون من الميدان من قبل العدو. He prayed to the old gods to turn the defeat into victory; but still his troops gave way. وصلى إلى الآلهة القديمة لكي تحول الهزيمة إلى نصر؛ لكن قواته ما زالت تتراجع. Then he bethought him that his wife Clotilda had long been urging him to give up his old gods and become a Christian. ثم ظنه أن زوجته كلوتيلدا كانت تحثه منذ زمن طويل على التخلي عن آلهته القديمة وأن يصبح مسيحياً. He determined now to try the God of his wife; so he cried out: لقد عقد العزم الآن على تجربة إله زوجته؛ فصرخ:

"O Christ Jesus, I beseech thee for aid! "أيها المسيح يسوع، أتوسل إليك المعونة! If thou wilt grant me victory over these enemies, I will believe in thee and be baptized in thy name!" فإن نصرتني على هؤلاء الأعداء، فإني أؤمن بك وأعتمد باسمك!» If thou wilt grant me victory over these enemies, I will believe in thee and be baptized in thy name!" With this he renewed the battle, and at last won a great victory. وبهذا جدد المعركة وحقق أخيرًا نصرًا عظيمًا. As a result, Clovis became a Christian, and more than half of his warriors decided to follow his example. ونتيجة لذلك، أصبح كلوفيس مسيحياً، وقرر أكثر من نصف محاربيه أن يحذوا حذوه. When the news was brought to the priests, they were filled with joy, and at once preparations were made for the baptism. وعندما وصل الخبر إلى الكهنة، امتلأوا بالفرح، وعلى الفور تم الاستعداد للمعمودية. Painted awnings were hung over the streets. تم تعليق المظلات المطلية في الشوارع. Над улицами появились разрисованные навесы. The churches were draped in white, and clouds of sweet smelling smoke arose from the censers in which incense was burning. وكانت الكنائس مغطاة باللون الأبيض، وتصاعدت سحب الدخان ذو الرائحة الطيبة من المجامر التي كان يحرق فيها البخور. The King was baptized first, and as he approached the basin the bishop cried out: "Bow thy head, O King, and adore that which thou hast burned, and burn that which thou hast adored!" تعمد الملك أولاً، وعندما اقترب من الحوض صرخ الأسقف: "أحنِ رأسك أيها الملك، واعبد ما أحرقت، وأحرق ما عبدت!" Король крестился первым, и когда он подошел к бассейну, епископ воскликнул: "Склони голову твою, о царь, и поклонись тому, что ты сжег, и сожги то, что ты обожествил!" After this, Clovis was, in name, a Christian; but his conversion was only half a conversion. بعد ذلك، أصبح كلوفيس مسيحيًا بالاسم؛ لكن تحوله لم يكن سوى نصف تحول. He changed his beliefs, but not his conduct. لقد غير معتقداته، ولكن ليس سلوكه. When the story was told him of the way Jesus suffered death on the cross, he grasped his battle-ax fiercely and exclaimed: "If I had been there with my Franks I would have revenged his wrongs!" وعندما رويت له القصة عن الطريقة التي عانى بها يسوع من الموت على الصليب، أمسك بفأسه بعنف وصرخ: "لو كنت هناك مع الفرنجة لكنت انتقمت من أخطائه!" When the story was told him of the way Jesus suffered death on the cross, he grasped his battle-ax fiercely and exclaimed: "If I had been there with my Franks I would have revenged his wrongs!" So, in spite of his conversion, Clovis remained a rude warrior, a cruel and unscrupulous ruler. لذلك، على الرغم من تحوله، ظل كلوفيس محاربًا فظًا، وحاكمًا قاسيًا وعديم الضمير. Nevertheless, his conversion was of very great importance. ومع ذلك، كان تحوله ذا أهمية كبيرة جدًا. The Goths, Vandals, and Burgundians, had all been Christians at the time they invaded the Empire, but their Christianity was not of the kind the Romans of the West accepted. كان القوط والوندال والبورغنديون جميعًا مسيحيين وقت غزوهم للإمبراطورية، لكن مسيحيتهم لم تكن من النوع الذي قبله رومان الغرب. They were Arian Christians, and, as we have seen, there was great hatred between the Arians and the Roman or Athanasian Christians. لقد كانوا مسيحيين أريوسيين، وكما رأينا، كانت هناك كراهية عظيمة بين الأريوسيين والمسيحيين الرومان أو الأثناسيوس. In Africa, Spain, and Italy, therefore, the people hated their Arian masters. ولذلك، في أفريقيا وأسبانيا وإيطاليا، كان الناس يكرهون أسيادهم الأريوسيين. But it was different with the Franks. لكن الأمر كان مختلفاً مع الفرنجة. Because they believed as the Roman Christians did, their Roman subjects in Gaul accepted and supported their rule, and the Pope showed himself friendly to them. ولأنهم آمنوا كما آمن المسيحيون الرومان، قبل رعاياهم الرومان في بلاد الغال حكمهم ودعموا، وأظهر البابا نفسه ودودًا معهم. 彼らはローマのキリスト教徒が信じていたように信じていたので、ガウルの彼らのローマの主題は彼らの支配を受け入れて支持し、教皇は彼らに友好的であることを示しました。

This is one of the two chief reasons why the Frankish power was permanent. وهذا هو أحد السببين الرئيسيين وراء استمرار قوة الفرنجة. The other reason was that the Franks did not wholly leave their old home, as the other Germans did when they set out on their conquest. والسبب الآخر هو أن الفرنجة لم يغادروا موطنهم القديم بالكامل، كما فعل الألمان الآخرون عندما انطلقوا في غزوهم. The Franks kept what they already had, while adding to it the neighboring lands which they had conquered. واحتفظ الإفرنج بما كان لهم، وأضافوا إليه الأراضي المجاورة التي فتحوها. So their increase in power was a growth, as well as a conquest; and this made it more lasting. لذا فإن زيادة قوتهم كانت بمثابة نمو، وكذلك غزو؛ وهذا جعلها أكثر ديمومة.

When the barbarians conquered portions of the Roman Empire they did not kill or drive out the people who already lived there. عندما غزا البرابرة أجزاء من الإمبراطورية الرومانية، لم يقتلوا أو يطردوا الأشخاص الذين عاشوا هناك بالفعل. Usually they contented themselves with taking some of the lands for themselves, and making the people pay to them the taxes which they had before paid to the Roman emperors. وكانوا عادة يكتفون بأخذ بعض الأراضي لأنفسهم، وجعل الناس يدفعون لهم الضرائب التي كانوا يدفعونها من قبل لأباطرة الرومان. So it was with the Franks. هكذا كان الحال مع الفرنجة. The people of Gaul were allowed to remain, and to keep most of their lands; but the Franks, although they were not nearly so numerous as the Romans, ruled over the state. سُمح لشعب الغال بالبقاء والاحتفاظ بمعظم أراضيهم. لكن الفرنجة، على الرغم من أنهم لم يكن عددهم يقارب عدد الرومان، فقد حكموا الدولة. The old inhabitants were highly civilized while the Franks were just taking the first steps in civilization. كان السكان القدامى متحضرين للغاية بينما كان الفرنجة يخطوون خطواتهم الأولى في الحضارة. "We make fun of them," wrote one of these Romans, "we despise them,—but we fear them also." كتب أحد هؤلاء الرومان: "إننا نسخر منهم، ونحتقرهم، ولكننا نخافهم أيضًا". As the years went by, the differences between the conquerors and the conquered became less. ومع مرور السنين، تضاءلت الفروق بين الفاتحين والمهزومين. The Romans found that times were changed and they had to adopt the habits of the Franks in some respects. ووجد الرومان أن الزمن قد تغير، وكان عليهم أن يتبعوا عادات الفرنجة في بعض النواحي. Римляне поняли, что времена изменились, и им пришлось в некоторых вопросах перенимать привычки франков. The Franks had already adopted the religion of their subjects; they began also to adopt their language and some of their customs. كان الفرنجة قد اعتنقوا بالفعل دين رعاياهم. كما بدأوا في تبني لغتهم وبعض عاداتهم. In this way, the two peoples at last became as one; but it was not until long after the time of Clovis that this end was fully reached. وبهذه الطريقة أصبح الشعبان أخيرًا واحدًا؛ ولكن لم يتم الوصول إلى هذه النهاية بالكامل إلا بعد فترة طويلة من زمن كلوفيس.

When Clovis died, he left four sons. عندما توفي كلوفيس، ترك أربعة أبناء. The Germans followed the practice of dividing the property of the father equally among his male children. اتبع الألمان ممارسة تقسيم ممتلكات الأب بالتساوي بين أبنائه الذكور. The Franks now applied this rule to the kingdom which Clovis left, and divided it just as though it were ordinary property. طبق الفرنجة الآن هذه القاعدة على المملكة التي تركها كلوفيس، وقسموها كما لو كانت ملكية عادية. Теперь франки применили это правило к королевству, которое оставил Хлодвиг, и разделили его так, как если бы это было обычное имущество. Each son received a portion of the kingdom, and each was independent of the others. وقد حصل كل ابن على نصيب من المملكة، وكان كل واحد مستقلاً عن الآخر. This plan turned out very badly and caused a great deal of misery. تحولت هذه الخطة بشكل سيء للغاية وتسببت في قدر كبير من البؤس. Этот план оказался очень неудачным и принес много страданий. None of the kings was ever satisfied with his own portion; but each wished to secure for himself the whole kingdom which Clovis had ruled. ولم يكن أحد من الملوك راضيا عن نصيبه؛ لكن كل واحد منهم كان يرغب في أن يضمن لنفسه كامل المملكة التي كان يحكمها كلوفيس.

So murders and civil wars became very common among these "Merovingian" princes, as they were called. لذلك أصبحت جرائم القتل والحروب الأهلية شائعة جدًا بين هؤلاء الأمراء "الميروفنجيين"، كما كانوا يُطلق عليهم. Almost all of the descendants of Clovis died a violent death; or else their long hair,—which was their pride and the mark of their kingship,—was cut and they were forced into monasteries. مات جميع أحفاد كلوفيس تقريبًا موتًا عنيفًا؛ أو تم قص شعرهم الطويل، الذي كان فخرهم وعلامة ملكيتهم، وأجبروا على دخول الأديرة. When one of the sons of Clovis died, his two brothers sent a message to their mother Clotilda saying: وعندما مات أحد أبناء كلوفيس، أرسل شقيقاه رسالة إلى أمهما كلوتيلدا قائلين:

"Send us our brother's children, that we may place them on the throne." "أرسل لنا أبناء أخينا لنجلسهم على العرش". When the children were sent, a messenger came back to the grandmother, bearing a sword and a pair of shears, and telling her to choose whether the boys should be shorn or slain. عندما تم إرسال الأطفال، عاد رسول إلى الجدة، حاملاً سيفًا ومقصًا، وطلب منها أن تختار ما إذا كان يجب قص شعر الأولاد أو ذبحهم. In despair the old queen cried out: في اليأس صرخت الملكة العجوز:

"I would rather know that they were dead than shorn!" "أفضل أن أعرف أنهم ماتوا بدلاً من قص شعرهم!" Probably she did not mean this; but the pitiless uncles took her at her word. ربما لم تكن تقصد ذلك؛ لكن أعمامها عديمي الرحمة صدقوا كلامها. Two of the boys were cruelly slain; the third escaped from their hands, and to save his life he cut off his own hair and became a priest. قُتل اثنان من الصبية بقسوة. ونجا الثالث من أيديهم، ولكي ينقذ نفسه قام بقص شعره وصار كاهنًا.

After a time the land of the Franks was divided into two divisions, and the people were called respectively East Franks and West Franks. وبعد فترة انقسمت أرض الفرنجة إلى قسمين، وسمي الشعب على التوالي الفرنجة الشرقيين والفرنجة الغربيين. Each land had a separate government. وكان لكل أرض حكومة منفصلة. About a hundred years after the time of Clovis, two terrible women were queens in these lands. بعد حوالي مائة عام من زمن كلوفيس، كانت هناك امرأتان رهيبتان ملكتين في هذه الأراضي. Their names were Fredegonda and Brunhilda; and their jealousy and hatred of each other caused them to commit many murders and stir up many wars. كانت أسماؤهم فريدجوندا وبرونهيلدا. وكانت الغيرة والكراهية لبعضهم البعض سببا في ارتكابهم جرائم قتل كثيرة وإثارة العديد من الحروب. It is hard to say which of the two was the worse, but we feel some pity for Brunhilda because of her terrible end. من الصعب أن نقول أيهما كان الأسوأ، لكننا نشعر ببعض الشفقة على برونهيلدا بسبب نهايتها الرهيبة. Трудно сказать, кто из них был хуже, но мы испытываем некоторую жалость к Брунгильде из-за ее ужасного конца. She had murdered her grandchildren in order that she might keep the power in her own hands, and she was charged with causing the death of ten kings of Frankish race. لقد قتلت أحفادها لتحتفظ بالسلطة في يديها، ووجهت إليها تهمة التسبب في وفاة عشرة ملوك من العرق الفرنجي. Она убила своих внуков, чтобы сохранить власть в своих руках, и была обвинена в смерти десяти королей франкского рода. But at last she fell into the hands of her enemies; and although she was an old woman of eighty years, she was put to death by being dragged at the heels of a wild horse. لكنها في النهاية وقعت في أيدي أعدائها؛ وعلى الرغم من أنها كانت امرأة عجوز في الثمانين من عمرها، فقد تم إعدامها عن طريق جرها في أعقاب حصان بري. Но в конце концов она попала в руки врагов и, хотя была уже восьмидесятилетней старухой, ее предали смерти, волоча по пятам дикого коня. Her terrible rival had died some years before. وكان منافسها الرهيب قد مات قبل بضع سنوات.

In many respects the laws of the Franks, and indeed of all the Germans, seem very strange to us. في كثير من النواحي، تبدو قوانين الفرنجة، بل وقوانين جميع الألمان، غريبة جدًا بالنسبة لنا. One of their strangest customs was that of the "feud," as it was called, and the "wergeld." ومن أغرب عاداتهم عادات "العداء" كما كان يسمى و"wergeld". One of their strangest customs was that of the "feud," as it was called, and the "wergeld." Одним из самых странных обычаев был "феод", как его называли, и "вергельд". Both of these had to do with such struggles as the one between Brunhilda and Fredegonda. كلاهما كان لهما علاقة بصراعات مثل تلك التي وقعت بين برونهيلدا وفريديجوندا. Both of these had to do with such struggles as the one between Brunhilda and Fredegonda. In our day, and also among the Romans, if any one injured a man or killed him, the man or his family could go to law about it, and have the person who did the injury punished. في أيامنا هذه، وكذلك بين الرومان، إذا قام شخص ما بجرح رجل أو قتله، فيمكن للرجل أو عائلته رفع دعوى قضائية بشأن ذلك، ومعاقبة الشخص الذي تسبب في الإصابة. But among the old Germans the courts of law had very little power, and many preferred to right their own wrongs. ولكن بين الألمان القدامى لم تكن للمحاكم سوى سلطة قليلة للغاية، وكان كثيرون منهم يفضلون تصحيح أخطائهم. When a man was killed, his relatives would try to kill the slayer. عندما يُقتل رجل، يحاول أقاربه قتل القاتل. Then the relatives of the slayer would try to protect him; and in this way a little war would arise between the two families. ثم يحاول أقارب القاتل حمايته؛ وبهذه الطريقة ستنشأ حرب صغيرة بين العائلتين. This was called a "feud"; and the struggle would go on until the number killed on each side equaled the number killed on the other. كان هذا يسمى "العداء". ويستمر الصراع حتى يتساوى عدد القتلى من كل جانب مع عدد القتلى من الجانب الآخر. By and by men began to see that this was a poor way of settling their grievances. شيئًا فشيئًا بدأ الرجال يرون أن هذه كانت طريقة سيئة لتسوية شكاواهم. Then it became the practice for the man who did the injury to pay a sum of money to the one who was injured; and the families helped in this, just as they had in the feud. ثم جرت العادة على الرجل الذي أصابه أن يدفع للمصاب مبلغاً من المال؛ وقد ساعدت العائلات في ذلك، تمامًا كما حدث في العداء. When the payment was given for the slaying of a person it was styled "wergeld" or "man-money." عندما تم دفع المبلغ مقابل قتل شخص ما، كان يُطلق عليه اسم "wergeld" أو "أموال الرجل". After this the feud was only used when the offender could not or would not pay the wergeld. بعد ذلك، تم استخدام العداء فقط عندما لا يستطيع الجاني أو لا يرغب في دفع المبلغ. Every man,—indeed every part of the body from a joint of the little finger up to the whole man,—came to have its price; and the wergeld of a Frank or of a Goth was about twice that of a Roman. كل إنسان، بل كل جزء من الجسم من مفصل الإصبع الصغير إلى الرجل كله، أصبح له ثمنه؛ وكان عدد سكان الفرنجة أو القوطي ضعف نظيره الروماني تقريبًا.

Another interesting thing about the old Germanic law was the way the trials were carried on. شيء آخر مثير للاهتمام حول القانون الجرماني القديم هو الطريقة التي جرت بها المحاكمات. Еще одним интересным моментом в древнегерманском праве был способ проведения судебных процессов. Let us suppose that a man is accused of stealing. لنفترض أن رجلاً متهم بالسرقة. We should at once try to find out whether any one had seen him commit the theft; that is, we should examine witnesses, and try to find out all the facts in the case. يجب أن نحاول على الفور معرفة ما إذا كان أي شخص قد رآه يرتكب السرقة؛ أي أنه يجب علينا استجواب الشهود، ومحاولة معرفة كل الوقائع في القضية. That was also the Roman way of doing things; but it was not the German way. وكانت تلك أيضًا هي الطريقة الرومانية في فعل الأشياء؛ لكنها لم تكن الطريقة الألمانية. The Germans had several ways of trying cases, the most curious of which was the "ordeal." كان لدى الألمان عدة طرق لمحاكمة القضايا، وأكثرها إثارة للفضول كانت "المحنة". If they used this, they might force the man who was accused to plunge his hand into a pot of boiling water and pick up some small object from the bottom. وإذا استخدموا هذا، فقد يجبرون الرجل المتهم على غمر يده في وعاء به ماء مغلي والتقاط شيء صغير من القاع. Then the man's hand was wrapped up and sealed; and if in three days there was no mark of scalding, the man was declared innocent. ثم كانت يد الرجل ملفوفة ومختومة. وإذا لم يكن هناك أثر للحرق في ثلاثة أيام، برئ الرجل. In this way they left the decision of the case to God; for they thought that he would not permit an innocent man to suffer. وبهذه الطريقة تركوا القرار في القضية لله. لأنهم ظنوا أنه لا يدع إنسانا بريئا يتألم. Besides this form of the ordeal, there were also others. وإلى جانب هذا الشكل من المحنة، كان هناك أيضا أشكال أخرى. Besides this form of the ordeal, there were also others. In one of these the person accused had to carry a piece of red-hot iron in his hand for a certain distance. وفي إحدى هذه الحالات، كان على المتهم أن يحمل في يده قطعة من الحديد الساخن لمسافة معينة. In another he was thrown, with hands and feet tied, into a running stream. وفي حادثة أخرى أُلقي به، ويداه وقدماه مقيدتان، في نهر جار. If he floated, he was considered guilty; but if he sank, he was innocent, and must at once be pulled out. إذا طرح، يعتبر مذنبا؛ ولكن إذا غرق، فهو بريء ويجب انتشاله على الفور. All of these forms of trial seem very absurd to us, but to men of the early Middle Ages they seemed perfectly natural; and they continued to be used until the thirteenth century. كل هذه الأشكال من المحاكمات تبدو لنا سخيفة للغاية، لكنها بدت طبيعية تمامًا لرجال العصور الوسطى المبكرة؛ واستمر استخدامها حتى القرن الثالث عشر.

In spite of the wickedness of the descendants of Clovis, and in spite of the divisions of the kingdom, the power of the Franks continued to increase. وعلى الرغم من شر نسل كلوفيس، ورغم انقسامات المملكة، استمرت قوة الفرنجة في التزايد. For about one hundred and seventy years the Merovingian kings were powerful rulers; then for about one hundred years they gradually lost power until they became so unimportant that they are called "do-nothing" kings. لمدة مائة وسبعين عامًا تقريبًا كان الملوك الميروفنجيون حكامًا أقوياء. ثم فقدوا سلطتهم تدريجيًا لمدة مائة عام تقريبًا حتى أصبحوا غير مهمين جدًا لدرجة أنهم يطلق عليهم ملوك "لا يفعلون شيئًا". The rich estates which Clovis had left to his descendants were not wasted, through the reckless grants which the kings had made to their nobles. إن الممتلكات الغنية التي تركها كلوفيس لأحفاده لم تهدر بسبب المنح المتهورة التي قدمها الملوك لنبلائهم. クロービスが彼の子孫に残した豊かな財産は、王たちが彼らの貴族に与えた無謀な助成金によって無駄にされませんでした。 Богатые владения, которые Хлодвиг оставил своим потомкам, не были растрачены из-за безрассудных пожалований, которые короли делали своим вельможам. So poor were the kings that they could boast of but small estates and a scanty income; and when they wished to go from place to place they were forced to travel in an ox-cart, after the manner of the peasants. وكان الملوك فقراء إلى الحد الذي لم يكن معهم إلا أن يتباهوا بضيعاتهم الصغيرة ودخلهم الضئيل؛ وعندما أرادوا الانتقال من مكان إلى آخر، كانوا يضطرون إلى السفر في عربة يجرها ثور، على طريقة الفلاحين. So poor were the kings that they could boast of but small estates and a scanty income; and when they wished to go from place to place they were forced to travel in an ox-cart, after the manner of the peasants. 王たちはとても貧しかったので、彼らは自慢することができましたが、小さな財産とわずかな収入しかありませんでした。そして、彼らが場所から場所へ行きたいと思ったとき、彼らは農民のやり方に従って、牛車で旅行することを余儀なくされました。 Now they had few followers, where before their warbands had numbered hundreds. الآن أصبح لديهم عدد قليل من الأتباع، حيث كان عدد عصاباتهم الحربية قبل ذلك بالمئات. Now they had few followers, where before their warbands had numbered hundreds. All this made the kings so weak that the nobles no longer obeyed them. كل هذا جعل الملوك ضعفاء لدرجة أن النبلاء لم يعودوا يطيعونهم. The government was left more and more to the charge of the kings' ministers; while the kings themselves were content to wear their long flowing hair, and sit upon the throne as figureheads. لقد تركت الحكومة أكثر فأكثر لوزراء الملوك. بينما كان الملوك أنفسهم يكتفون بشعرهم الطويل المنسدل، ويجلسون على العرش كرموز. The government was left more and more to the charge of the kings' ministers; while the kings themselves were content to wear their long flowing hair, and sit upon the throne as figureheads. Управление государством все больше и больше переходило в руки министров королей, а сами короли довольствовались тем, что носили свои длинные волосы и сидели на троне в качестве фигурантов. The time had come when, indeed, the kings "did nothing." لقد حان الوقت الذي "لم يفعل فيه الملوك شيئًا". They reigned, but they did not rule. لقد ملكوا ولم يحكموا. Sie regierten, aber sie regierten nicht. They reigned, but they did not rule.