منشأ حیات و نظریه تکامل داروین |livets opprinnelse|||| origin|life|and|theory|evolution|Darwin Der Ursprung des Lebens und Darwins Evolutionstheorie El origen de la vida y la teoría de la evolución de Darwin. منشاً حیات. و. نظریه تکامل. داروین Yaşamın kökeni ve Darwin'in evrim teorisi The origin of life and Darwin's theory of evolution

این که ما از کجا اومدیم و به کجا میریم this|that|we|from|where|we came|and|to|where|we go Where we came from and where we are going

همیشه یکی از اصلی ترین سؤال های بشر بوده always|one|of|main|most|question|plural marker|humanity|has been Has always been one of humanity's main questions

آیا میشه به این سؤال جواب داد؟ whether|it is possible|to|this|question|answer|to give Can this question be answered?

البته وقتی توی کتابهای دینی ما در این مورد نوشتن of course|when|in|books|religious|our|in|this|matter|they wrote Of course, when they wrote about this in our religious books.

پس حتما میشه so|definitely|it is possible So it must be possible.

ببینیم علم در این مورد چی میگه. let's see|science|in|this|matter|what|it says Let's see what science says about this.

زمین ۴/۵ میلیارد سال قبل شکل گرفت. Earth|billion|years|ago|shape|it took The Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago.

بعدش تا ۷۰۰ میلیون سال after that|until|million|years Then for 700 million years

اینقدر داغ و داغون بود که هیچی روش امکان شکل گرفتن نداشت. so|hot|and|devastated|was|that|nothing|on it|possibility|shape|to form|didn't have it was so hot and devastated that nothing could form on it.

۳/۸ میلیارد سال بعد از شکل گیری billion|years|after|of|shape|formation 3.8 billion years after formation

اولین گونه ی حیات روی زمین شکل گرفت. first|species|of|life|on|Earth|shape|formed the first life form on Earth emerged.

بعدش حیات چندسلولی after that|life|multicellular Then multicellular life

و در نهایت حدود ۲۰۰ هزار سال قبل and|in|the end|about|thousand|years|ago and finally around 200,000 years ago

هوموسیپین ها، اجداد ما تونستن Homo sapiens||ancestors|our|they could Homo sapiens, our ancestors, were able to

بر رقباشون پیروز بشن on|their rivals|victorious|they became defeat their rivals.

و همشونو بکشن یا بخورن and|all of them|they kill|or|they eat And they all get killed or eaten.

و در نهایت ما به عنوان آخرین مدل حیات به وجود اومدیم. and|in|end|we|to|title|last|model|life|to|existence|we came And ultimately, we came into existence as the last model of life.

چارلز داروین توی قرن نوزدهم بعد از سالها تحقیق Charles|Darwin|in|century|nineteenth|after|of|years|research Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, after years of research,

نظریه ای رو معرفی کرد به نام نظریه ی تکامل theory|a|it|introduced|he did|to|name|theory|of|evolution introduced a theory called the theory of evolution.

طبق نظریه تکامل، همه ی موجودات زنده از یک جد اولیه منشعب شدن according to|theory|evolution|all|of|organisms|living|from|a|ancestor|initial|descended|to become According to the theory of evolution, all living beings have descended from a common ancestor.

یعنی آقای ترامپ و این پاروماهی جدشون یک نفر بوده! that is|Mr|Trump|and|this|paddlefish|their ancestor|one|person|has been This means that Mr. Trump and this paddlefish have the same ancestor!

اما داروین اینو نمی دونست. but|Darwin|this|not|knew But Darwin didn't know this.

اون فهمیده بود موجودات روی زمین تغییر می کنند he|understood|was|organisms|on|earth|change|auxiliary verb|to do He understood that the creatures on Earth change.

اما نمی دونست چرا. but|not|he knew|why But he didn't know why.

داروین توی یک سفر ۵ ساله که به آمریکای جنوبی داشت Darwin|in|a|journey|year|that|to|South American|South|he had Darwin, during a 5-year journey to South America,

با چیز خیلی عجیبی مواجه شد. with|thing|very|strange|faced|he became encountered something very strange.

اون فهمید که علیرغم همه ی تفاوت های ظاهری he|he realized|that|despite|all|of|differences|plural marker|apparent He realized that despite all the apparent differences,

فنچ ها و لاکپشت های جزایر ۱۳ گانه ی گالاپاگوس رو finches||and|turtle||islands|plural|of|Galapagos|them The finches and tortoises of the 13 Galapagos Islands

میشه از روی نوک یا لاکشون تشخیص داد که از کدوم جزیره هستند. one can|from|on|beak|or|their shell|identification|gave|that|from|which|island|they are can be identified by their beak or shell to determine which island they are from.

فنچ های ۵ تا از این جزایر ||to|of|these|islands The finches from 5 of these islands

نوک هایی داشتن که کاملا با پوشش گیاهی و حیوانی اون منطقه سازگار بود. ||they had|that|completely|with|cover|plant|and|animal|that|region|compatible|it was had beaks that were perfectly adapted to the vegetation and animal life of that area.

این موضوع داروین رو با سؤال مهمی مواجه کرد: this|topic|Darwin|him|with|question|important|faced|he made This issue confronted Darwin with an important question:

یعنی همه ی این فنچ ها از یک فنچ به وجود اومدن؟ that is|all|of|these|finch|||||to|existence|they came Did all these finches come from one finch?

بعد از این سفر ۵ ساله، داروین شروع کرد به مطالعه ی جنین مارها after|of|this|journey|year|Darwin|he started|he made|to|studying|of|embryo|snakes After this five-year journey, Darwin began studying the embryos of snakes.

توی جنین مارها غده های کوچیکی وجود داره درست شبیه پا. in|embryo|snakes|gland|small|tiny|existence|it has|just|like|leg In snake embryos, there are small glands that are just like legs.

اما مارهای بالغ پا ندارن but|snakes|adult|legs|they don't have But adult snakes do not have legs.

داروین جنین وال ها رو هم بررسی کرد و دید اون ها هم جنینشون پا داره Darwin|embryo|whale|plural marker|them|also|examined|he did|and|he saw|those|plural marker|also|their embryo|legs|it has Darwin also studied the embryos of whales and found that they also have legs in their embryos.

ولی جالبه که خودشون پا ندارن. but|it's interesting|that|they themselves|legs|they don't have But interestingly, they themselves do not have legs.

جالبه بدونین توی جنین انسان هم it's interesting|you know|in|embryo|human|also It's interesting to know that in human embryos as well.

آبشش هایی وجود داره که توی انسان بالغ وجود نداره gills|plural marker|existence|has|that|in|human|adult|existence|doesn't have There are gills that are not present in adult humans.

اون آبشش ها توی نوزاد تبدیل به استخون های گوش درونی میشه those|gills|plural marker|in|newborn|conversion|to|bone|plural marker|ear|inner|becomes Those gills turn into the bones of the inner ear in infants.

داروین با خودش فکر کرد شاید همه ی جانورها از یک خانواده هستن Darwin|with|himself|thought|did|maybe|all|singular marker|creatures|from|one|family|are Darwin thought to himself that perhaps all creatures come from one family.

اما چرا؟ but|why But why?

داروین به شواهد بیشتری احتیاج داشت Darwin|to|evidence|more|need|had Darwin needed more evidence.

سگ ها Dogs.

اون موقع ها، انگلیسی ها عشق سگ بودن that|time|plural marker|English|plural marker|love|dog|to be Back then, the English loved dogs.

الآن هم هستن البته |also|they are|of course They still do, of course.

اون موقع تازه مد شده بود که سگ ها رو از نژادهای مختلف با هم جفت گیری می کردن that|time|just|trend|become|was|that|||them|from|breeds|different|with|each other|pair|mating|auxiliary verb|to do At that time, it had just become fashionable to breed dogs of different breeds together.

تا ویژگی های مورد علاقه شون توی توله سگ ایجاد بشه so that|trait|plural marker|desired|interest|their|in|puppy|dog|create|becomes So that their favorite traits would be created in the puppies.

داروین با خودش فکر کرد حتما یک همچین فرایندی توی طبیعت هم وجود داره Darwin|with|himself|thought|he did|surely|a|such|process|in|nature|also|existence|it has Darwin thought to himself that such a process must also exist in nature.

داروین فهمید که مرگ علت اصلی از بین رفتن یک گونه Darwin|he understood|that|death|cause|main|of|between|going|a|species Darwin realized that death is the main cause of a species' extinction.

و جایگزین شدنش با یک گونه ی دیگه هست. and|replacing|its becoming|with|a|species|of|another|is and being replaced by another species.

به عبارت دیگه مرگ، انتخاب طبیعته to|phrase|another|death|choice|is natural In other words, death is nature's choice.

از بین حیوانات اونهایی میتونن نسلشون رو ادامه بدن from|among|animals|those|they can|their generation|it|continuation|they give Among animals, those who can continue their lineage

که بتونن بر دشمنانشون غلبه کنن that|they can|over|their enemies|overcoming|they do are the ones who can overcome their enemies.

حتا اگه با کلک زدن even|if|with|trick|to play Even if by cheating

اونایی که نتونن، میمیرن those|that|can't|they die Those who can't, will die

یه چیز دیگه این که a|thing|another|this|that Another thing is that

داروین می دونست که هیچ دو برادر و خواهری شبیه هم نیستن Darwin|he|knew|that|no|two|brother|and|sister|similar|to each other|they are not Darwin knew that no two siblings are alike

مثلا پنگوئن ها رو در نظر بگیرین for example|penguins||them|in|consideration|take For example, consider penguins.

پوست انواع پنگوئن حتی شده یک کم با هم فرق داره skin|types|penguin|even|become|a|little|with|each other|difference|has The skin of different types of penguins even varies a little.

و اوناییشون که پوستشون به اندازه ی کافی کلفت نباشه and|those of them|that|their skin|to|size|enough|thick|not|is not And those whose skin is not thick enough,

توسط آب و هوای خشن از بین می رن by|water|and|weather|harsh|from|between|will|die are eliminated by harsh weather.

وقتی آخریشون از بین بره، منقرض میشن when|their last|from|among|goes|extinct|they become When the last of them disappears, they will go extinct.

داروین توی سال ۱۸۵۹ Darwin|in|year Darwin published the book 'On the Origin of Species' in 1859.

کتاب منشأ انواع رو منتشر کرد book|origin|species|it|published|he did It is still considered a very important book for scientists.

که هنوز هم برای دانشمندها کتاب خیلی مهمی محسوب میشه that|still|also|for|scientists|book|very|important|considered|it is

زیر این ویدیو، لینک دانلود ترجمه ی فارسی این کتاب رو گذاشتم under|this|video|link|download|translation|of|Persian|this|book|it|I put I have posted the link to download the Persian translation of this book below this video.

که میتونین به رایگان دانلود کنین. that|you can|to|free|download|you do You can download it for free.

اما داروین به ضعف های نظریه ش آگاه بود but|Darwin|to|weaknesses|plural marker|theory|his|aware|he was However, Darwin was aware of the weaknesses of his theory.

اون نمی دونست تکامل دقیقا چطوری کار میکنه he|not|he knew|evolution|exactly|how|| He did not know exactly how evolution works.

سال ها بعد، کشف DNA و ژن ها year|plural suffix|later|discovery|DNA|and|| Years later, the discovery of DNA and genes

فقط مهر تأییدی بود روی نظریه ی تکامل داروین |only|approval|||||| was just a confirmation of Darwin's theory of evolution.

ما فهمیدیم ژن ها از طریق تولید مثل و جهش تغییر می کنند |we understood|||||production|||mutation||auxiliary verb| We understood that genes change through reproduction and mutation.

جهش های ژنتیکی به تغییرات رندومی گفته می شه که ||||changes|random|||| Genetic mutations are referred to as random changes that

روی این ساختارهای DNA انجام میشه و on|these|structures|DNA|done|it becomes|and It is done on these DNA structures and

و باعث میشه هر ژنی با ژن دیگه یک کم فرق داشته باشه. |causes|it becomes|every|gene|with|gene|another|a|little|difference|has|it is causes each gene to be slightly different from another gene.

جهش های ژنتیکی دلیل اصلی اینه که شما mutation|plural marker|genetic|reason|main|this is|that|you Genetic mutations are the main reason why you

دقیقا شبیه برادر یا خواهرتون نیستید exactly|similar|brother|or|your sister|you are not are not exactly like your brother or sister.

حدود سال ۲۰۰۰ ما تونستیم بفهمیم که ژن هر موجودی about|year|we|could|understand|that|gene|every|creature Around the year 2000, we were able to understand that the gene of every organism

اطلاعات ژن موجودات دیگه رو هم داره information|gene|creatures|other|it|also|has contains information about the genes of other organisms.

و خیلی از ژن های ما and|many|of|genes|plural marker|our And many of our genes

با ژن موجودات دیگه ای مثل میمون و ماهی مشترکه with|gene|creatures|other|like|like|monkey|and|fish|is shared are shared with the genes of other creatures like monkeys and fish.

پس اگه ما توی بدنمون ژن های موجودات دیگه رو هم داریم so|if|we|in|our body|genes|plural marker|organisms|other|them|also|we have So if we have genes from other organisms in our bodies,

پس چرا هممون انسان هستیم و نه غورباقه؟ so|why|all of us|human|we are|and|not|frog then why are we all human and not frogs?

ژن ها رشته های خیلی دراز اطلاعات هستن ||||very|long|information|they are Genes are very long strands of information

که با ترکیبی از حروف A، T، C، G شکل میگیره that|with|combination|of|letters|A|T|C|G|shape|it takes that are formed with a combination of the letters A, T, C, G.

وسط ترکیب های خیلی بزرگ و طولانی این چهار حرف in the middle|combinations|plural marker|very|large|and|long|these|four|letters Among the very large and long combinations of these four letters

رشته ای وجود داره به نام ژن سوییچ strand|a|existence|has|to|name|gene|switch there is a string called the switch gene

ژن سوئیچ هست که در واقع مشخص می کنه gene|switch|is|that|in|actually|determines|prefix for present tense|it does The switch gene actually determines

کدوم ویژگی ها باید توی بدن جاندار غالب باشه which|||must|in|body|organism|dominant|it is which traits should be dominant in the organism's body

و کدوم ویژگی ها پنهان باشه and|which|||hidden|it is And which traits might be hidden?

و فقط از طریق تولید مثل به فرزندان منتقل بشه. and|only|from|through|reproduction|to offspring|to|children|transferred|it is And only be passed on to offspring through reproduction.

بعد از کشف ژنتیک after|from|discovery|genetics After the discovery of genetics,

دانشمندا تونستن با ترکیب کردن ژن ها و استفاده از ژن سوییچ scientists|they could|with|combining||gene||||||switch scientists were able to combine genes and use gene switches.

گونه های جدید خلق کنن. ||new|create|they create Create new species.

مثلا این مگس بی خال که ژن سوییچش for example|this|fly|without|spot|that|gene|its switch For example, this spot-free fly whose switch gene

با ژن یک مگس خالدار with|gene|a|fly|spotted was replaced with the gene of a spotted fly

و ژن یک فسفرماهی جایگزین شده بود and|gene|a|zebrafish|replaced|become|was and the gene of a phosphorescent fish.

فرزنداش این شکلی شدن. his children|this|shape|they became His children have become like this.

پس طبیعت پیر تونسته با استفاده از ژن ها so|nature|old|it has been able|with|use|of|| So nature has been able to ensure its survival using genes.

دووم خودشو تضمین کنه. survival|its own|guarantee|it can Animals and humans die, but two things of theirs do not disappear.

حیوون ها و آدم ها میمیرن اما دو چیزشون از بین نمیره animal|plural marker|and|human|plural marker|they die|but|two|their things|from|between|it does not disappear

ژن ها و تلاش هایی که برای بهتر شدن انجام دادن. ||and|efforts|those|that|for|better|becoming|done|to give The genes and the efforts made to improve.

توی ویدیوهای بعدی in the|videos|next In the next videos

بازم در مورد نظریه ی تکامل حرف می زنیم again|in|about|theory|of|evolution|talk|will|we will We will talk again about the theory of evolution

تا ببینیم جد آدم کی بوده until|we see|ancestor|human|when|has been To see who the ancestor of humans was.

ژن سوییچ چرا و چطوری ایجاد شده gene|switch|why|and|how|created|has been Why and how was the switch gene created?

و اولین نوع حیات روی زمین چطور شکل گرفته and|first|type|life|on|Earth|how|formed|has been And how did the first type of life on Earth form?

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