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It`s Okay To Be Smart, Why is Puberty so Weird?

Why is Puberty so Weird?

Throughout your life,

you go through many remarkable phases of metamorphosis,

and none of them are as uncomfortable as when you morph

from the adorable pudgy caterpillar of childhood

and spread your wings as an awkward teenage butterfly.

Not only are our bodies flooded with signals

to become sexually mature,

hair starts growing in strange places,

voices change, your emotions are all over the place,

bodies are growing in every which direction,

and so many secretions.

All of these changes,

as well as dozens of others that you experience

on timescales ranging from seconds to years,

are mediated by one of the strangest systems

in that already peculiar sack of meat you call a body,

the endocrine system and its hormone messengers.

To understand why this chemical soup exists,

we first need to think about the Mongol Empire, wait, what?

(upbeat music)

Hey, smart people, Joe here.

So the Mongols,

Kublai Khan, in the mid 1200s,

reigned over the largest empire in history up to that point,

and he had a problem.

Let's say Kublai, Mr. Khan, Emperor K had an idea.

How do you get it to the farthest reaches of your empire

and make sure that every distant feudal lord works together

for the good of the whole?

Not to mention,

how do you keep stability in your vast empire

before the age of lightspeed communications?

He sent emissaries to deliver his message

and make sure that it was carried out.

Your body has the same problem.

It has to send instructions to its distant reaches

to coordinate stability, peace,

and responses to the external environment,

even the occasional invader.

But instead of emissaries and ambassadors, your body sends

out tiny chemical messengers called hormones.

And instead of roads,

they travel through your circulatory system

to find the cells or organs that need to heed their message.

Hormones tell us many things,

including when we're hungry, when to sleep,

when danger is near, and even when to grow into a new body.

This problem of how to send messages over long distances

and across hugely varying timescales

is one that's likely even older than multicellular life.

This is a cellular slime mold.

They start life as individual amoeba blobbies,

but when their environment gets stressful,

like when there's not enough food,

they secrete a chemical signal that tells them to pile up

with their neighbors until they slither together

like a single slimy slug.

Thousands of amoebas act together like one,

like minions to their chemical messenger overlord,

eventually even morphing into weird tree-like structures

that allow a few lucky individuals to escape as spores

to better and more fruitful lands.

Now you might not think you have a lot in common

with a slime mold,

but they're faced with the same problem your body is.

How do you get many individual cells to communicate,

coordinate, and cooperate over long distances

and even undergo major changes?

The answer, secreted chemical messages.

I mean, think about it,

that chemically-induced slime mold metamorphosis,

isn't that unlike what happens during puberty?

I mean, you're just living your life and then bam,

your body is flooded with chemicals,

setting off a series of weird and wonderful changes.

- [Narrator] This gradual and irregular readjustment

of the glandular system is almost certain

to make Johnny nervous, excitable,

and a little emotionally unstable.

- This is the central problem

that all multicellular creatures have to solve.

Bodies need a coordinated communication system

so that all of their parts know what to do

and when to do it,

whether it's to induce changes

or to keep the body nice and stable

in the face of environmental challenges.

In humans, that means relaying messages

between 30 trillion cells spread among dozens

of different interacting systems,

a vast metropolis of intermingling cellular mishmash.

Wait, isn't that what the nervous system's for,

I mean, taking information from one cell

and sending it to different parts of the body?

For most of medical history,

we thought that every process from fertility, to appetite,

to bodily temperature was controlled by our nervous system.

But in the mid 1800s,

that way of thinking started to change,

thanks to some castrated chickens.

(chicken cackles loudly) For hundreds of years,

people knew that castrated male chickens stayed tender

and delicious instead of becoming not-so-tasty

and not-so-friendly roosters.

But in 1849, for some reason,

German zoologist, Arnold Berthold, decided to put testicles

back into some of those castrated male chickens.

And he noticed that they matured into normal roosters.

The transplanted testicles had only connected

to the bloodstream and not the nervous system.

That told him that the grow sexy rooster feathers signal

was carried in the blood and not the nerves.

Around the same time,

another German doctor was busy taking people's temperatures,

25,000 people's temperatures,

adding up to millions of total readings.

When he averaged those millions of temperatures out,

he got 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit,

which is what most people think of

as normal body temperature.

But the really interesting thing he found was that,

two individuals may have different normal body temperatures,

varying by a degree or more.

But within an individual healthy body,

temperature was kept remarkably stable.

They just didn't know what was doing it.

It took more than 50 years for scientists to figure out

how these huge bodily changes,

like the roosters and their testes,

and the way that bodies keep themselves from changing,

like with temperature, are controlled.

And it turns out, they're mostly controlled

by the same thing, hormones.

All of these hormone messengers

and the tissues that make them, control them,

and shuttle them throughout the body are known

as the endocrine system.

It was the last major body system identified by doctors

because those chemical messages and the parts of cells

that sense them are all basically invisible.

Today we know of more than 50 hormones,

manufactured by at least nine lumps of tissue

that are spread through your body called glands.

Now, once hormones are sent into the bloodstream,

they travel around until they reach the right target,

usually by latching onto a specific receptor

on a certain type of cell,

and they deliver their chemical message.

Hormones help us respond to changes in blood sugar,

prepare our body to flee danger,

tell us when to store or burn extra energy,

they work in concert to prepare bodies

to grow other bodies inside of them,

and as every former teenager knows,

even influence our decision-making and mental state.

(Joe sighs loudly)

Ah, who am I kidding, your brain stays a mess, kids.

You just get better at dealing with it.

But our nervous system is also really good

at passing information to and from distant corners

of our bodies.

Why do we need this extra second layer of communication?

Electrical signals are a great way to communicate quickly.

But often, distant cells and systems

in our bodies need to stay in touch over time.

That gets tricky.

Consider this, controlling puberty

with the nervous system alone,

that would mean nerves firing around the clock

for five or six years.

And more than just signaling long-term changes,

hormones are a way for different parts of our body

to stay in sync and maintain stability.

Imagine different parts of your body getting sleepy

at different times, you'd be a mess.

But luckily, the release of melatonin is produced

by a central gland so it affects the daily rhythms

of every cell in your body simultaneously.

Electrical signals can't do that, but the nervous

and endocrine systems aren't totally separated.

They work in feedback loops.

The endocrine system acts on neurons in the brain,

which controls glands in the brain,

which sends signals to other glands

to tell them to make more or less hormone.

Stress hormones like cortisol can also alter brain function,

even our ability to learn.

And increased levels of sex hormones can make animals act

like complete idiots.

Communicating over large distances over time is a problem

all multicellular life has had to solve,

and it's an incredibly old one.

We find secreted chemical messengers

in everything from single-celled organisms,

to plants, to you, and your dog.

What's weird is that unrelated organisms separated

by enormous distances on the tree of life share

many of the same hormones.

They've just evolved to sometimes use

the same messenger chemical in vastly different ways.

In human bodies, for example,

the hormone, prolactin, is involved with breast growth

and milk production,

but elsewhere in the animal kingdom,

it impacts everything from salt concentrations in fish

to the way that bird bodies get ready to sit on their eggs.

Hormones from one species

can even elicit responses in others.

Back in the 50s, the way we found out

if women were pregnant was by injecting their pee

into frogs or rabbits

and then watching to see

if human hormones kicked off ovulation.

All of this tells us that hormones

and their chemical building blocks are an ancient

and shared way that living things send and receive signals,

maybe as old as complex life itself.

So if you're looking to blame someone

for all those awkward puberty years,

tell it to the slime molds.

So many secretions, stay curious.

And I wanna take a minute to tell you

about our Patreon page.

We rely on the support from our audience,

people like yourself, to help us make videos like this

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If you'd like to learn how you can support this show,

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We've recently reorganized a bunch of our support levels

with new perks, including the opportunity

to submit a dad joke and have it read by me,

a connoisseur of fatherly humor,

a joke like this one perhaps.

What hormone does a fish make when it's in an aquarium?

Indoor fins, swimming inside.

You can submit a better one.

Just visit the link down in the description,

and we'll see you on the next video.

Yo, what's up?

(Joe clucks loudly)

I don't know why I did that.

Why is Puberty so Weird? por qué|es|la pubertad|tan|extraña Чому||Підлітковий вік||Дивний Warum ist die Pubertät so seltsam? Pourquoi la puberté est-elle si bizarre ? Perché la pubertà è così strana? 사춘기는 왜 그렇게 이상한가요? Waarom is de puberteit zo raar? Porque é que a puberdade é tão estranha? Почему половое созревание такое странное? 为什么青春期如此奇怪？ ¿Por qué es la pubertad tan extraña?

Throughout your life, a lo largo de|tu|vida A lo largo de tu vida,

you go through many remarkable phases of metamorphosis, |||||||蜕变 |go|||||| tú|pasas|por|muchas|notables|fases|de|metamorfosis pasas por muchas fases notables de metamorfosis,

and none of them are as uncomfortable as when you morph ||||||||||变身 y|ninguna|de|ellas|son|tan|incómodas|como|cuando|tú|cambias ||||||||||перетворюєш y ninguna de ellas es tan incómoda como cuando te transformas

from the adorable pudgy caterpillar of childhood |||胖乎乎的|毛虫|| de|el|adorable|regordete|oruga|de|infancia |||пухкий||| de la adorable oruga regordeta de la infancia

and spread your wings as an awkward teenage butterfly. y|extiende|tus|alas|como|un|torpe|adolescente|mariposa ||||||незграбний|| y despliega tus alas como una torpe mariposa adolescente.

Not only are our bodies flooded with signals |||||充满|| no|solo|están|nuestros|cuerpos|inundados|con|señales |||||затоплені|| No solo nuestros cuerpos están inundados de señales

and so many secretions. |||分泌物 y|tantos|muchos|secreciones |||секреції y tantas secreciones.

All of these changes, todos|de|estos|cambios Todos estos cambios,

on timescales ranging from seconds to years, |时间尺度||||| en|escalas de tiempo|que varían|desde|segundos|a|años |часових масштабах||||| en escalas de tiempo que van desde segundos hasta años,

are mediated by one of the strangest systems |调解|||||| son|mediados|por|uno|de|los|más extraños|sistemas |опосередковані|||||| son mediados por uno de los sistemas más extraños

in that already peculiar sack of meat you call a body, |||奇怪的|袋子|||||| en|ese|ya|peculiar|saco|de|carne|tú|llamas|un|cuerpo |||досить дивний||||||| en ese ya peculiar saco de carne que llamas cuerpo,

the endocrine system and its hormone messengers. |内分泌||||| el|endocrino|sistema|y|sus|hormonas|mensajeros |ендокринний|||||посланці el sistema endocrino y sus mensajeros hormonales.

we first need to think about the Mongol Empire, wait, what? |||||||蒙古||| nosotros|primero|necesitamos|que|pensar|en|el|mongol|imperio|espera|qué |||||||монгольський||| primero necesitamos pensar en el Imperio Mongol, espera, ¿qué?

(upbeat music) animada|música) (música animada)

Hey, smart people, Joe here. Hola|inteligentes|personas|Joe|aquí Hola, gente inteligente, Joe aquí.

So the Mongols, así que|los|mongoles ||Монголи Así que los mongoles,

Kublai Khan, in the mid 1200s, Kublai|Khan|en|el|medio|1200s Кублай|хан|||| Kublai Khan, a mediados de 1200,

reigned over the largest empire in history up to that point, 统治|||最大的||||||| reinó|sobre|el|más grande|imperio|en|la historia|hasta|ese|ese|punto правив|||||||||| reinó sobre el imperio más grande de la historia hasta ese momento,

and he had a problem. y|él|tuvo|un|problema y tenía un problema.

Let's say Kublai, Mr. Khan, Emperor K had an idea. vamos a|decir|Kublai|Sr|Khan|emperador|K|tuvo|una|idea |||||імператор|||| Digamos que Kublai, el Sr. Khan, el Emperador K tuvo una idea.

How do you get it to the farthest reaches of your empire cómo|haces|tú|llevas|eso|a|los|más lejanos|rincones|de|tu|imperio ¿Cómo llevarla a los rincones más lejanos de su imperio?

and make sure that every distant feudal lord works together ||||||封建|领主|| y|haz|seguro|que|cada|distante|feudal|señor|trabaje|juntos ||||||феодальний|панове|| y asegúrate de que cada señor feudal distante trabaje en conjunto

for the good of the whole? para|el|bien|de|el|todo para el bien de todos?

Not to mention, no|a|mencionar Sin mencionar,

before the age of lightspeed communications? antes|el|edad|de|velocidad de la luz|comunicaciones ||||світловій швидкості| ¿antes de la era de las comunicaciones a la velocidad de la luz?

He sent emissaries to deliver his message él|envió|emisarios|a|entregar|su|mensaje ||посланці|||| Envió emisarios para entregar su mensaje

to coordinate stability, peace, para|coordinar|estabilidad|paz para coordinar la estabilidad, la paz,

even the occasional invader. |||入侵者 including||| incluso|el|ocasional|invasor ||іноді| incluso al ocasional invasor.

out tiny chemical messengers called hormones. ||||称为| afuera|pequeños|químicos|mensajeros|llamados|hormonas pequeños mensajeros químicos llamados hormonas.

And instead of roads, y|en lugar|de|caminos Y en lugar de carreteras,

to find the cells or organs that need to heed their message. |||||||||注意|| a|encontrar|las|células|o|órganos|que|necesitan|a|prestar atención|su|mensaje |||||||||звернути увагу|| encontrar las células u órganos que necesitan prestar atención a su mensaje.

Hormones tell us many things, las hormonas|dicen|nos|muchas|cosas Las hormonas nos dicen muchas cosas,

and across hugely varying timescales y|a través de|enormemente|variables|escalas de tiempo y a través de escalas de tiempo enormemente variables

is one that's likely even older than multicellular life. |||||||多细胞| es|uno|que es|probablemente|incluso|más antiguo|que|multicelular|vida es uno que probablemente sea incluso más antiguo que la vida multicelular.

This is a cellular slime mold. |||细胞的|霉| este|es|un|celular|moco|hongo Este es un moho mucilaginoso celular.

They start life as individual amoeba blobbies, Ellos|comienzan|vida|como|individual|amebas|blobbys ||||||блоби Comienzan la vida como blobs de ameba individuales,

they secrete a chemical signal that tells them to pile up |分泌||||||||| ellos|secretan|un|químico|señal|que|dice|a ellos|a|apilar|arriba secretan una señal química que les indica que se amontonen.

with their neighbors until they slither together |||||滑行| |||||slither| con|sus|vecinos|hasta|ellos|se deslizan|juntos |||||повзти| con sus vecinos hasta que se deslizan juntos

like a single slimy slug. ||||蜗牛 como|un|solo|viscoso|caracol ||||слизький слимак como una sola babosa viscosa.

Thousands of amoebas act together like one, miles|de|amebas|actúan|juntos|como|uno ||амеби|||| Miles de amebas actúan juntas como uno,

like minions to their chemical messenger overlord, ||||||霸主 como|esbirros|a|su|químico|mensajero|señor supremo |міньйони||||посланець|господар como secuaces de su señor mensajero químico,

eventually even morphing into weird tree-like structures eventualmente|incluso|transformándose|en|extrañas|||estructuras ||перетворюючись||||| eventualmente incluso transformándose en extrañas estructuras similares a árboles

that allow a few lucky individuals to escape as spores |||||||||孢子 que|permiten|a|pocos|afortunados|individuos|a|escapar|como|esporas |||||||||спори que permiten a unos pocos individuos afortunados escapar como esporas

to better and more fruitful lands. a|mejores|y|más|fructíferas|tierras ||||плодючих| hacia tierras mejores y más fructíferas.

Now you might not think you have a lot in common ahora|tú|podrías|no|pensar|tú|tienes|un|mucho|en|común Ahora podrías no pensar que tienes mucho en común

with a slime mold, con|un|moho|mucilaginoso con un moho mucilaginoso,

but they're faced with the same problem your body is. pero||enfrentados|con|el|mismo|problema|tu|cuerpo|está pero se enfrentan al mismo problema que tiene tu cuerpo.

and even undergo major changes? y|incluso|experimentan|cambios|cambios ¿y incluso experimentar cambios importantes?

The answer, secreted chemical messages. ||分泌|| la|respuesta|secretados|químicos|mensajes ||секретовані|| La respuesta, mensajes químicos secretos.

I mean, think about it, yo|quiero decir|pienso|en|eso Quiero decir, piénsalo,

that chemically-induced slime mold metamorphosis, esa|||moco|hongo|metamorfosis ||індукований||| esa metamorfosis de moho mucilaginoso inducida químicamente,

isn't that unlike what happens during puberty? ||||||青春期 no es|eso|diferente a|lo que|sucede|durante|la pubertad ¿No es eso diferente a lo que sucede durante la pubertad?

- [Narrator] This gradual and irregular readjustment ||逐渐的||不规则|调整 ||gradual|y|irregular|reajuste |||||переналаштування - [Narrador] Este reajuste gradual e irregular

of the glandular system is almost certain ||腺体的|||| ||glandular|||| de|el|glandular|sistema|es|casi|cierto ||залозистий|||| del sistema glandular es casi seguro

to make Johnny nervous, excitable, a|hacer|Johnny|nervioso|excitable ||Джонні||збуджений que hará que Johnny esté nervioso, excitado,

and a little emotionally unstable. y|un|poco|emocionalmente|inestable ||||емоційно нестабільний y un poco emocionalmente inestable.

- This is the central problem |es|el|central|problema - Este es el problema central

that all multicellular creatures have to solve. ||多细胞|||| que|todos|multicelulares|criaturas|tienen|que|resolver que todas las criaturas multicelulares tienen que resolver.

Bodies need a coordinated communication system los cuerpos|necesitan|un|coordinado|sistema de comunicación|sistema |||координована|| Los cuerpos necesitan un sistema de comunicación coordinado

so that all of their parts know what to do para que|que|todas|de|sus|partes|sepan|qué|que|hacer para que todas sus partes sepan qué hacer.

and when to do it, y|cuándo|a|hacer|eso y cuándo hacerlo,

whether it's to induce changes si|es|para|inducir|cambios |||індусувати| ya sea para inducir cambios

In humans, that means relaying messages ||||传递| |||means|| en|humanos|eso|significa|transmitiendo|mensajes ||||передавання|

of different interacting systems, de|diferentes|interactuantes|sistemas

a vast metropolis of intermingling cellular mishmash. ||大都市||交织||混合物 una|vasta|metrópoli|de|entremezclándose|celular|confusión ||метрополія||переплетення клітин||клітинний мішанина

and sending it to different parts of the body? y|enviando|eso|a|diferentes|partes|del|el|cuerpo y enviarla a diferentes partes del cuerpo?

For most of medical history, para|la mayoría|de|médica|historia Durante la mayor parte de la historia médica,

we thought that every process from fertility, to appetite, ||||||生育||食欲 nosotros|pensamos|que|cada|proceso|de|fertilidad|a|apetito ||||||плідність|| pensamos que cada proceso, desde la fertilidad hasta el apetito,

But in the mid 1800s, pero|en|el|medio|1800s Pero a mediados de 1800,

thanks to some castrated chickens. |||阉过的| |||castrated| gracias|a|unos|castrados|pollos дякую|||кастровані| gracias a algunos pollos castrados.

(chicken cackles loudly) For hundreds of years, pollo|cacarea|||cientos|de|años |крякає||||| (el pollo cacarea fuertemente) Durante cientos de años,

people knew that castrated male chickens stayed tender la gente|sabía|que|castrados|machos|pollos|se mantenían|tiernos |||||||м'який la gente sabía que los pollos machos castrados se mantenían tiernos

and delicious instead of becoming not-so-tasty y|deliciosos|en lugar|de|convirtiéndose||| y deliciosos en lugar de volverse no tan sabrosos.

and not-so-friendly roosters. y||||gallos ||||півні y gallos no tan amigables.

But in 1849, for some reason, pero|en|por|alguna|razón Pero en 1849, por alguna razón,

German zoologist, Arnold Berthold, decided to put testicles |||||||睾丸 alemán|zoológico|Arnold|Berthold|decidió|a|poner|testículos |зоолог|Арнольд|Бертольд||||яєчка el zoólogo alemán, Arnold Berthold, decidió poner testículos

And he noticed that they matured into normal roosters. y|él|notó|que|ellos|maduraron|en|normales|gallos |||||дорослішали||| Y notó que maduraron en gallos normales.

The transplanted testicles had only connected los|trasplantados|testículos|habían|solo|conectado |пересаджені|||| Los testículos trasplantados solo se habían conectado

to the bloodstream and not the nervous system. ||血液循环||||| a|la|corriente sanguínea|y|no|el|nervioso|sistema al sistema circulatorio y no al sistema nervioso.

was carried in the blood and not the nerves. fue|llevado|en|la|sangre|y|no|los|nervios se transportaba en la sangre y no en los nervios.

Around the same time, Alrededor|la|misma|tiempo Alrededor de la misma época,

25,000 people's temperatures, de las personas|temperaturas la temperatura de 25,000 personas,

When he averaged those millions of temperatures out, cuando|él|promedió|esas|millones|de|temperaturas|afuera ||в середньому||||| Cuando promedió esas millones de temperaturas,

he got 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, él|obtuvo|grados|Fahrenheit obtuvo 98.6 grados Fahrenheit,

as normal body temperature. como|normal|corporal|temperatura como temperatura corporal normal.

varying by a degree or more. variando|por|un|grado|o|más variando en un grado o más.

temperature was kept remarkably stable. temperatura|fue|mantenida|notablemente|estable la temperatura se mantenía notablemente estable.

how these huge bodily changes, ||||变化 cómo|estos|enormes|corporales|cambios cómo estos enormes cambios corporales,

like the roosters and their testes, |||||睾丸 como|los|gallos|y|sus|testículos |||||яєчка como los gallos y sus testículos,

like with temperature, are controlled. |||son|controlados como con la temperatura, son controlados.

by the same thing, hormones. ||||激素 por|la|misma|cosa|hormonas por la misma cosa, hormonas.

All of these hormone messengers todos|de|estos|hormona|mensajeros Todos estos mensajeros hormonales

as the endocrine system. como|el|endocrino|sistema como el sistema endocrino.

Today we know of more than 50 hormones, hoy|nosotros|sabemos|de|más|que|hormonas Hoy sabemos de más de 50 hormonas,

manufactured by at least nine lumps of tissue |||||块|| fabricadas|por|al|menos|nueve|masas|de|tejido виготовлений||||||| fabricadas por al menos nueve grupos de tejido

that are spread through your body called glands. |||||||腺体 que|son|esparcidas|por|tu|cuerpo|llamadas|glándulas |||||||залози que se distribuyen por tu cuerpo llamados glándulas.

usually by latching onto a specific receptor ||附着||||受体 usualmente|al|engancharse|a|un|específico|receptor ||приєднуючись||||рецептор generalmente al unirse a un receptor específico

prepare our body to flee danger, 准备||||逃避| preparan|nuestro|cuerpo|a|huir|peligro ||||втекти| preparan nuestro cuerpo para huir del peligro,

they work in concert to prepare bodies |||||准备| ellos|trabajan|en|conjunto|para|preparar|cuerpos trabajan en conjunto para preparar cuerpos

even influence our decision-making and mental state. incluso|influyen|nuestra|||y|mental|estado incluso influyen en nuestra toma de decisiones y estado mental.

(Joe sighs loudly) (Joe suspira en voz alta)

Ah, who am I kidding, your brain stays a mess, kids. Ah, a quién engaño, tu cerebro sigue siendo un desastre, niños.

You just get better at dealing with it. Simplemente te vuelves mejor lidiando con ello.

But our nervous system is also really good Pero nuestro sistema nervioso también es realmente bueno

of our bodies. de|nuestros|cuerpos de nuestros cuerpos.

But often, distant cells and systems ||distant||| pero|a menudo|distantes|células|y|sistemas Pero a menudo, las células y sistemas distantes

That gets tricky. eso|se vuelve|complicado Eso se complica.

Consider this, controlling puberty |||puberty considera|esto|controlar|la pubertad Considera esto, controlar la pubertad

with the nervous system alone, con|el|nervioso|sistema|solo solo con el sistema nervioso,

for five or six years. por|cinco|o|seis|años durante cinco o seis años.

And more than just signaling long-term changes, ||||信号传递||| y|más|que|solo|señalando|||cambios ||||сигналізація||| Y más que solo señalar cambios a largo plazo,

to stay in sync and maintain stability. |||同步||| para|mantenerse|en|sincronía|y|mantener|estabilidad se mantengan en sincronía y mantengan la estabilidad.

But luckily, the release of melatonin is produced |||||褪黑激素|| pero|por suerte|la|liberación|de|melatonina|es|producida Pero afortunadamente, la liberación de melatonina se produce

by a central gland so it affects the daily rhythms |||gland|||||| por|una|central|glándula|así|eso|afecta|los|diarios|ritmos |||залоза|||||| por una glándula central, por lo que afecta los ritmos diarios

of every cell in your body simultaneously. ||||||同时 de|cada|célula|en|tu|cuerpo|simultáneamente de cada célula en tu cuerpo simultáneamente.

They work in feedback loops. ellos|trabajan|en|retroalimentación|bucles ||||петлі Trabajan en bucles de retroalimentación.

Stress hormones like cortisol can also alter brain function, |||皮质醇||||| ||||||affect|| estrés|hormonas|como|cortisol|pueden|también|alterar|cerebro|función |||кортизол||||| Las hormonas del estrés como el cortisol también pueden alterar la función cerebral,

even our ability to learn. incluso|nuestra|habilidad|para|aprender incluso nuestra capacidad para aprender.

And increased levels of sex hormones can make animals act y|aumentados|niveles|de|sexo|hormonas|pueden|hacer|a los animales|actuar і|||||||змушувати|| Y los niveles aumentados de hormonas sexuales pueden hacer que los animales actúen

like complete idiots. como|completos|idiotas ||повні ідіоти como completos idiotas.

We find secreted chemical messengers nosotros|encontramos|secretados|químicos|mensajeros Encontramos mensajeros químicos secretados

in everything from single-celled organisms, en|todo|desde|||organismos en todo, desde organismos unicelulares,

to plants, to you, and your dog. a|plantas|a|ti|y|tu|perro hasta plantas, hasta tú y tu perro.

What's weird is that unrelated organisms separated ||||unrelated|| lo que|es raro|es|que|no relacionados|organismos|separados ||||непов'язані|| Lo extraño es que organismos no relacionados separados

many of the same hormones. muchos|de|los|mismos|hormonas muchas de las mismas hormonas.

In human bodies, for example, en|humanos|cuerpos|por|ejemplo En los cuerpos humanos, por ejemplo,

the hormone, prolactin, is involved with breast growth ||泌乳素||||| la|hormona|prolactina|está|involucrada|con|crecimiento|de ||пролактин||||| la hormona, prolactina, está involucrada en el crecimiento de los senos

and milk production, y|leche|producción y la producción de leche,

Hormones from one species hormonas|de|una|especie Las hormonas de una especie

can even elicit responses in others. ||引出||| ||elicit||| puede|incluso|provocar|respuestas|en|otros ||викликати||| incluso puede provocar respuestas en otros.

Back in the 50s, the way we found out atrás|en|los|50|la|manera|nosotros|encontramos|afuera En los años 50, la forma en que descubríamos

if women were pregnant was by injecting their pee si|las mujeres|estaban|embarazadas|fue|por|inyectar|su|orina ||||||ін'єкцією|| si las mujeres estaban embarazadas era inyectando su orina

into frogs or rabbits en|ranas|o|conejos en ranas o conejos.

and then watching to see y|luego|observando|para|ver y luego observando para ver

if human hormones kicked off ovulation. |||||排卵 |||kicked||ovulation si|humanos|hormonas|iniciaron|la|ovulación |||||овуляція si las hormonas humanas desencadenaban la ovulación.

All of this tells us that hormones todo|de|esto|dice|nos|que|hormonas Todo esto nos dice que las hormonas

and their chemical building blocks are an ancient |||||||古老的 y|sus|químicas|constructivas|bloques|son|un|antiguo y sus bloques de construcción químicos son antiguos.

maybe as old as complex life itself. ||||复杂|| tal vez|tan|viejo|como|compleja|vida|misma quizás tan antigua como la vida compleja misma.

tell it to the slime molds. dile|eso|a|los|mohos|mucilaginosos díselo a los mohos mucilaginosos.

So many secretions, stay curious. así|muchos|secreciones|mantente|curioso Tantas secreciones, mantente curioso.

about our Patreon page. ||Patreon| sobre|nuestra|Patreon|página sobre nuestra página de Patreon.

We've recently reorganized a bunch of our support levels hemos|recientemente|reorganizado|un|montón|de|nuestro|soporte|niveles ||реорганізували|||||| Recientemente hemos reorganizado un montón de nuestros niveles de soporte

a connoisseur of fatherly humor, |鉴赏家||| un|conocedor|de|paternal|humor |поціновувач||батьківський| un conocedor del humor paternal,

What hormone does a fish make when it's in an aquarium? qué|hormona|hace|un|pez|produce|cuando|está|en|un|acuario ||||||||||акваріум ¿Qué hormona produce un pez cuando está en un acuario?

Indoor fins, swimming inside. interior|aletas|nadando|adentro Aletas interiores, nadando adentro.

Yo, what's up? yo|qué es|arriba ¿Qué tal?

(Joe clucks loudly) (Joe cacarea en voz alta)

I don't know why I did that. No sé por qué hice eso.

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