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It`s Okay To Be Smart, Why Don't Big Animals Get More Cancer?

Why Don't Big Animals Get More Cancer?

- Animals come in all shapes and sizes,

but every complex multicellular creature

has one thing in common,

it started life as one cell.

That cell and all of the cells that it spawns,

copy themselves, divide and transform,

again, and again, and again,

to build specialized complex bodies,

containing anywhere from millions of cells

to more than a thousand trillion individual living units.

A body like yours contains around 37 trillion cells.

To build a human, factoring in the huge number of cells

that die and are lost along the way,

scientists estimate it takes 10 to the 16th cell visions.

During your lifetime, that's 10 million billion times,

that the machinery of the cell and its DNA instructions

will be copied.

Which is a lot of chances to make mistakes.

Every cell division carries a risk

of creating errors and mutations.

Most of these are harmless.

But a few rare mutations can destroy

the genetic programs or break down the machinery

that control a cell's life and death,

giving it the power to divide uncontrollably.

We call this cancer.

So logically speaking, the larger an animal is

and the longer that it lives,

it should be more likely to get cancer.

In fact, because humans are living longer and longer,

the odds of developing cancer at some point in your lifetime

are about 20%.

And it's been found

that for every 10 centimeters taller a person is,

their risk of developing cancer goes up by 10%.

(somber music)

When you consider all of this the obvious conclusion

is biologically and mathematically speaking,

giant long-lived animals like elephants

should have all the cancer. (chuckles)

So should blue whales.

And hippos.

And giraffes.

And rhinoceroses.

And megalodon.

(gentle music)

Hey smart people, Joe here.

Let's run some quick numbers.

The average human weighs about 70 kilograms

and has approximately 37 trillion cells in their body.

An elephant that weighs 5,000 kilograms.

Well that's 70 times more cells than a human has.

A blue whale, the largest thing to live on earth ever,

weighs about 150,000 kilograms.

Which means it has over 2000 times as many cells as a human.

About 79 million billion cells, which is nuts.

A giant animal means more cells.

More cells equals more cell divisions.

And more cell divisions means more chances of mutations

that could let a cell become cancerous.

So an elephant should have like,

70 times higher odds of cancer than you or me.

And for a blue whale then,

it should be like 2000 times higher.

I think that math works out.

Well, logic says that giant animals

should get tons of cancer.

But the weird thing is they just don't.

This puzzle is known as Peto's paradox,

because scientists love alliteration.

And because it's named after a scientist

named Richard Peto.

Peto noticed that even though mice

have a thousand times fewer cells than human,

and have lifespans 30 times shorter,

both species get cancer at about the same rate.

And as scientists have looked across the animal kingdom,

body size, lifespan, and cancer rates

just don't seem to be associated

like you'd predict from numbers alone.

So what is protecting

the animal kingdom's utmost examples of enormity and old age

from an unfortunate end, thanks to oncological illness?

Was that too much?

Why big thing not get cancer?

It's possible

that large animals have evolved better mechanisms

for catching and correcting mutations

before they get too dangerous.

Now for a cell to go down the pathway to cancer,

it usually requires more than one mutation

in more than one type of cancer causing gene.

There are so called oncogenic or tumor producing genes.

Now, when these are mutated and broken,

they're basically always on and they're telling the cell

to keep dividing uncontrollably.

But they are all also genes

whose job it is to keep cells from doing that.

The so-called tumor suppressor genes.

Tumor suppressor genes work

by acting as a kind of roadblock,

keeping cell division from moving forward.

Or as signals to self destruct the cell, if things go wrong.

Now, interestingly,

when scientists looked at the genome of elephants,

for one particular tumor suppressor gene,

they had 20 copies of it, and we have just one copy of it.

This means that an elephant's

tumor preventing security system

has like 20 layer redundancy.

Larger animals also have slower metabolic rates

than smaller animals.

So smaller animals create more DNA damaging byproducts

which means larger animals may get fewer mutations per cell.

Now, of course,

no one's out there putting blue whales in CAT scans.

So it could be that some large animals

actually do get cancer,

but it just doesn't kill them, so we don't notice it.

And this is where giant size could be a lifesaver.

You can imagine that in an animal to size of a bus,

a tumor needs to be pretty gigantic

to actually impact the animal's health.

But hungry cancer cells

also compete viciously with each other for resources.

So the larger that a tumor gets,

smaller hyper tumors may act as kind of parasites

on the original tumor and starve it

so that it can't grow large enough to be deadly.

Cancer is probably as ancient as multicellular life.

I mean, as soon as an organism evolves

to have multiple specialized cells working together

for the good of the whole,

there's serious evolutionary pressure

to make sure that one cell doesn't mutate

and try to out-compete all the rest.

Especially at the expense of killing the whole organism.

So, any animal that evolved to be giant,

also had to evolve stronger defenses against cancer

or else it probably didn't survive.

Basically, if your species gets big and lives a long time,

that means you figured out a way not to be a walking tumor.

The paradox actually makes a lot of sense

when you put it that way.

But what scientists hope

is that by studying how these giant animals

don't die of cancer, maybe we can learn some new tricks

for fighting cancer in our own species.

Because part of the paradox

may just be that cancer rates in humans are shockingly high.

And this may have something to do

with our modern diet and lifestyle.

The scientists have found across the animal kingdom,

cancer mortality is tightly linked to what an animal eats.

With mammals that eat other mammals

facing the highest rates of cancer death.

Now cancer isn't new in humans.

A handful of ancient mummies

have been diagnosed with tumors.

But cancer rate in people are higher today than ever before.

In modern industrialized nations,

thanks to a combination of less physical activity

and diets that are loaded

with calories and sugar and salt and fat,

increased weight alone puts humans at risk

of at least 13 types of cancer.

And this lifestyle has spread around the world

with pretty sad results.

Within a couple of decades

of switching to a Western-type diet,

people living on Pacific and Indian ocean islands,

experienced a massive surge

in so-called diseases of civilization

like diabetes and cancer.

Another major factor is how much pollution

and cancer causing chemicals

we've put into the environment around us.

These environmental carcinogens,

they play a role in up to 75% of human cancers.

Even whales are not immune from this one.

The one place in the world

where whales get as much cancer as humans,

is Canada's Saint Lawrence river estuary.

Where agricultural and industrial pollutants

have accumulated for decades.

And of course, a few lifestyle habits

that can lead to cancer are uniquely human.

I mean, whales don't use tobacco products or drink alcohol.

That we know of.

It's pretty clear there's not one single answer

to Peto's paradox.

As usual, evolution has come up with many answers

to the cancer problem in large and long living animals.

Life as they say, finds a way.

Humans, well, we can't accelerate our own evolution

to become naturally cancer-free.

But we do have one unique advantage.

We can study evolution's answers

and figure out new ways to treat the cancers that we do get.

It wouldn't hurt to eat a little better too, I guess.

Maybe krill's the next cancer fighting super food.

Stay curious.

And just one more thing.

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Thank you.

And we'll see you in the next video.

Assuming you,

click the button.

You're gonna click it, right?

Go check it out.

Hmm?

Very large bison.

And polar bears.

Hmm? Okay?

What? Yeah. Mm-hmm.

Huh? You done yet.

Okay.

That's my, cries and tall person, face.

Okay. One take (indistinct)

Why Don't Big Animals Get More Cancer? neden|-mazlar|büyük|hayvanlar|alır|daha fazla|kanser Reason for|||||| Mengapa|||||| почему|не|большие|животные|получают|больше|рака Warum erkranken große Tiere nicht häufiger an Krebs? Why Don't Big Animals Get More Cancer? ¿Por qué los animales grandes no tienen más cáncer? なぜ大きな動物はがんになりにくいのか？ 큰 동물은 왜 암에 더 잘 걸리지 않을까요? Waarom krijgen grote dieren niet meer kanker? Porque é que os animais de grande porte não têm mais cancro? Чому великі тварини рідше хворіють на рак? 为什么大型动物不会患更多癌症？為什麼大型動物不會罹患更多癌症？ Почему большие животные не болеют раком чаще? Büyük Hayvanlar Neden Daha Fazla Kanser Olmaz?

- Animals come in all shapes and sizes, hayvanlar|gelir|içinde|tüm|şekiller|ve|boyutlar |appear|||forms||varieties животные|приходят|в|все|формы|и|размеры - 动物有各种形状和大小， - Животные бывают самых разных форм и размеров, - Hayvanlar her şekil ve boyutta gelir,

but every complex multicellular creature ama|her|karmaşık|çok hücreli|yaratık |||many-celled| но|каждое|сложное|многоклеточное|существо mas todas as criaturas multicelulares complexas 但每一个复杂的多细胞生物 но каждое сложное многоклеточное существо ama her karmaşık çok hücreli canlı

That cell and all of the cells that it spawns, O|hücre|ve|tüm|-in|o|hücreler|ki|o|üretir |cell||||||||spawns |||||||||виводить та|клетка|и|все|из|тех|клеток|которые|она|порождает آن سلول و تمام سلول هایی که تولید می کند، Essa célula e todas as células que ela gera, 该细胞和它产生的所有细胞， Эта клетка и все клетки, которые она порождает, O hücre ve onun ürettiği tüm hücreler,

copy themselves, divide and transform, kopyalar|kendilerini|bölünür|ve|dönüşür replicate|||| копируют|себя|делятся|и|трансформируются copiam-se, dividem-se e transformam-se, копируют себя, делятся и трансформируются, kendilerini kopyalar, bölünür ve dönüşür,

again, and again, and again, tekrar|ve|tekrar|ve|tekrar снова|и|снова|и|снова снова, и снова, и снова, tekrar, tekrar ve tekrar,

to more than a thousand trillion individual living units. -den|daha|fazla|bir|bin|trilyon|bireysel|yaşayan|birimler до|более|чем|одна|тысяча|триллион|индивидуальных|живых|единиц إلى|||||||| 超过一千万亿个个人居住单位。 до более чем тысячи триллионов отдельных живых единиц. bir trilyondan fazla bireysel yaşam birimine kadar.

A body like yours contains around 37 trillion cells. bir|beden|gibi|senin|içerir|civarında|trilyon|hücre ||||||تريليون| одно|тело|как|ваше|содержит|около|триллионов|клеток Тело, подобное вашему, содержит около 37 триллионов клеток. Senin gibi bir beden yaklaşık 37 trilyon hücre içerir.

To build a human, factoring in the huge number of cells -mek için|inşa etmek|bir|insan|hesaba katarak|içinde|büyük|büyük|sayı|-in|hücreler |||biological organism|Considering|||||| ||||факторинг|||||| чтобы|построить|одного|человека|учитывая|в|огромное||количество|клеток| Чтобы создать человека, учитывая огромное количество клеток Bir insan inşa etmek için, yol boyunca ölen ve kaybolan devasa hücre sayısını dikkate alarak,

scientists estimate it takes 10 to the 16th cell visions. bilim insanları|tahmin ediyor|onu|alıyor|-e|||hücre|vizyonları ученые|оценивают|это|занимает|в|16-й|16-й|клеток|видений ученые оценивают, что требуется 10 в 16-й степени клеточных видений. Hayatınız boyunca, bu 10 milyon milyar kezdir,

During your lifetime, that's 10 million billion times, sırasında|senin|yaşam|bu|milyon|milyar|kat ||your lifetime|||| в течение|вашей|жизни|это|миллионов|миллиардов|раз За вашу жизнь это 10 миллионов миллиардов раз,

that the machinery of the cell and its DNA instructions ki|hücrenin|makinesi|-in|hücrenin|hücre|ve|onun|DNA'sı|talimatları что|механизмы|машины|клетки|и|||её|ДНК|инструкции что механизмы клетки и её ДНК инструкции hücrenin makinesi ve DNA talimatlarının

will be copied. -ecek|olacak|kopyalanacak будет|быть|скопированы будут скопированы. kopyalanacağı.

But a few rare mutations can destroy ama|bir|az|nadir|mutasyonlar|-abilir|yok etmek но|несколько|редких|мутаций||могут|уничтожить Но несколько редких мутаций могут разрушить Ama birkaç nadir mutasyon,

the genetic programs or break down the machinery -i|||||||makine генетические|программы||или|сломать|механизм|| генетические программы или сломать механизм genetik programları yok edebilir veya makineyi bozabilir.

that control a cell's life and death, o|kontrol eden|bir|hücrenin|yaşamını|ve|ölümünü |||клітини||| что|контролируют|жизнь|клетки|жизнь|и|смерть которые контролируют жизнь и смерть клетки, bir hücrenin yaşamını ve ölümünü kontrol eden,

So logically speaking, the larger an animal is bu yüzden|mantıken|konuşursak|ne kadar|daha büyük|bir|hayvan|dır Therefore||||bigger||| так|логически|говоря|чем|больше|животное|животное|является Так что, логически говоря, чем больше животное, Mantıken, bir hayvan ne kadar büyükse

and the longer that it lives, ve|o|daha uzun|ki|o|yaşar и|тем|дольше|что|это|живет и чем дольше он живет, ve ne kadar uzun yaşarsa,

the odds of developing cancer at some point in your lifetime -nın|olasılıklar|-in|gelişmekte|kanser|-de|bir|noktada|-de|senin|yaşam ||||||||||entire life span вероятность|шансы|на|развитие|рака|в|какой-то|момент|в|вашей|жизни шансы на развитие рака в какой-то момент вашей жизни hayatınızın bir döneminde kanser geliştirme olasılığı

are about 20%. yaklaşık|%20 есть|около около 20%. yaklaşık %20.

(somber music) kasvetli|müzik мрачный|музыка похмура музика| (мрачная музыка) (kasvetli müzik)

When you consider all of this the obvious conclusion -dığında|sen|düşünürsün|tüm|-in|bunu|belirli|açık|sonuç когда|ты|рассматриваешь|все|из|этого|очевидный||вывод Когда вы все это учитываете, очевидный вывод Bunların hepsini düşündüğünüzde, bariz sonuç

giant long-lived animals like elephants dev|||hayvanlar|gibi|filler гигантские|||животные|такие как|слоны 大象等巨型长寿动物 гигантские долгоживущие животные, такие как слоны fil gibi dev uzun ömürlü hayvanlardır.

So should blue whales. bu yüzden|-meli|mavi|balinalar |||blue whales так|должны|голубые|киты Так же должны и синие киты. Mavi balinalar da öyle.

And hippos. ve|su aygırları и|бегемоты 还有河马。 И бегемоты. Ve su aygırları.

And giraffes. ve|zürafalar и|жирафы И жирафы. Ve zürafalar.

And rhinoceroses. ve|gergedanlar |носороги и|носороги И носороги. Ve gergedanlar.

And megalodon. ve|megalodon |мегалодон и|мегалодон И мегалодон. Ve megalodon.

(gentle music) nazik|müzik нежная|музыка ніжна| (нежная музыка) (nazik müzik)

Well that's 70 times more cells than a human has. iyi|o|kat|daha|hücre|-den|bir|insan|var ну|это|раз|больше|клеток|чем|у|человека|имеет Ну, это в 70 раз больше клеток, чем у человека. Bu, bir insanın sahip olduğundan 70 kat daha fazla hücre demek.

weighs about 150,000 kilograms. ağırlığı|yaklaşık|kilogram весит|около|килограммов весит около 150 000 килограммов. yaklaşık 150.000 kilogram ağırlığındadır.

More cells equals more cell divisions. daha fazla|hücre|eşittir|daha fazla|hücre|bölünme ||дорівнює||| больше|клеток|равно|больше|клеточных|делений Больше клеток означает больше делений клеток. Daha fazla hücre, daha fazla hücre bölünmesi demektir.

70 times higher odds of cancer than you or me. kat|daha yüksek|olasılıklar|-den|kanser|-den|sen|veya|ben раз|выше|шансы|на|рак|чем|ты|или|я в 70 раз больше шансов на рак, чем у тебя или у меня. senin ya da benimkinden 70 kat daha fazla kanser olasılığı olmalı.

This puzzle is known as Peto's paradox, bu|bulmaca|dır|bilinir|olarak|Peto'nun|paradoksu |||||Пето| этот|пазл|есть|известен|как|Пето|парадокс Эта загадка известна как парадокс Пето, Bu bulmaca Peto'nun paradoksu olarak bilinir,

because scientists love alliteration. çünkü|bilim insanları|sever|aliterasyon |||alliteration |||алітерація потому что|ученые|любят|аллитерацию потому что ученые любят аллитерацию. çünkü bilim insanları aliterasyondan hoşlanır.

named Richard Peto. adlandırılan|Richard|Peto ||Пето названный|Ричард|Пето по имени Ричард Пето. Richard Peto adında.

Peto noticed that even though mice Peto|fark etti|ki|bile|rağmen|fareler |||||миші Пето|заметил|что|даже|хотя|мыши Пето заметил, что, хотя у мышей Peto, farelerin

and have lifespans 30 times shorter, ve|sahipler|ömürler|kat|daha kısa ||тривалість життя|| и|имеют|продолжительность жизни|раз|короче и продолжительность жизни в 30 раз короче, ve yaşam sürelerinin 30 kat daha kısa olduğunu fark etti,

So what is protecting o yüzden|ne|-dir|koruyor 那么什么是保护 Так что же защищает Peki, ne koruyor

Was that too much? mı|o|çok|fazla это было|то|слишком|много Это было слишком много? Bu fazla mıydı?

It's possible bu|mümkün это есть|возможно Это возможно Bu mümkün

There are so called oncogenic or tumor producing genes. orada|var|öyle|denilen|onkogenik|veya|tümör|üreten|genler ||||онкогенні|||| там|есть|так|называемые|онкогенные|или|опухоль|производящие|гены Существуют так называемые онкогенные или опухолеобразующие гены. Sözde onkogenik veya tümör üreten genler vardır.

The so-called tumor suppressor genes. bu|||tümör|baskılayıcı|genler ||||супресор| так называемые|||опухолевые|супрессорные|гены Так называемые гены-супрессоры опухолей. Sözde tümör baskılayıcı genler.

by acting as a kind of roadblock, -erek|hareket ederek|olarak|bir|tür|-den|yol engeli путем|действуя|как|неким|видом||препятствие как своего рода преграда, bir tür engel olarak,

Or as signals to self destruct the cell, if things go wrong. veya|olarak|sinyaller|-mek için|kendini|yok etmek|hücreyi||eğer|işler|gider|yanlış или|как|сигналы|к|самоуничтожению|разрушить||клетку|если|дела|идут|плохо Или как сигналы к самоуничтожению клетки, если что-то идет не так. Ya da işler ters giderse hücrenin kendini yok etmesi için sinyaller olarak.

Now, interestingly, şimdi|ilginç bir şekilde теперь|интересно Теперь, что интересно, Şimdi, ilginç bir şekilde,

when scientists looked at the genome of elephants, -dığında|bilim insanları|baktılar|-e|-nın|genom|-in|filler когда|ученые|смотрели|на|геном||слонов| когда ученые изучали геном слонов, bilim insanları fillerinin genomuna baktıklarında,

they had 20 copies of it, and we have just one copy of it. |||-in|ona|||||||| они|имели|копий|его|его|и|мы|имеем|только|одну|копию|его|его у них было 20 копий этого гена, а у нас всего одна копия. onların 20 kopyası vardı, bizde ise sadece bir kopyası var.

This means that an elephant's Это означает, что у слона Bu, bir filin

tumor preventing security system система безопасности, предотвращающая опухоли, tümör önleyici güvenlik sisteminin

has like 20 layer redundancy. имеет около 20 уровней избыточности. yaklaşık 20 katmanlı bir yedekliliğe sahip olduğu anlamına gelir.

Larger animals also have slower metabolic rates Более крупные животные также имеют более медленный метаболизм. Daha büyük hayvanlar ayrıca daha yavaş metabolizma hızlarına sahiptir.

than smaller animals. -den daha|daha küçük|hayvanlar чем|меньшие|животные чем у меньших животных. daha küçük hayvanlardan.

Now, of course, şimdi|-in|elbette сейчас|конечно|разумеется Теперь, конечно, Şimdi, elbette,

but it just doesn't kill them, so we don't notice it. ama|bu|sadece|-mez|öldürmek|onları|bu yüzden|biz|-meyiz|fark etmek| но|это|просто|не|убивает|их|так что|мы|не|замечаем|это но это просто не убивает их, поэтому мы этого не замечаем. ama bu onları öldürmüyor, bu yüzden fark etmiyoruz.

also compete viciously with each other for resources. ayrıca|rekabet ederler|acımasızca|ile|her|biri|için|kaynaklar ||жорстоко||||| также|конкурируют|жестоко|с|каждым|другим|за|ресурсы также жестоко конкурируют друг с другом за ресурсы. kaynaklar için birbirleriyle acımasızca rekabet eder.

on the original tumor and starve it üzerinde|orijinal|orijinal|tümör|ve|aç bırak|onu на|оригинальном||опухоли|и|истощить|её на оригинальной опухоли и лишить её питания orijinal tümör üzerinde ve onu aç bırakmak

I mean, as soon as an organism evolves ben|demek istiyorum|kadar|hemen|-dığı zaman|bir|organizma|evrim geçiriyor я|имею в виду|как|только|как|организм||эволюционирует Я имею в виду, как только организм эволюционирует Yani, bir organizma evrim geçirdiği anda

for the good of the whole, -in iyiliği için|bütün|iyilik||| для|общего|блага||| на благо целого, bütünün iyiliği için,

and try to out-compete all the rest. ve|denemek|-mek|||tüm|diğer|kalanlar и|пытайся|инфинитивный союз|||всех|остальных|оставшихся и пытаться превзойти всех остальных. ve tüm diğerlerini geride bırakmaya çalışır.

The paradox actually makes a lot of sense bu|paradoks|aslında|yapar|çok|çok|kadar|anlam этот|парадокс|на самом деле|имеет|много|смысла||смысла Парадокс на самом деле имеет много смысла. Paradoks aslında oldukça mantıklı.

when you put it that way. ne zaman|sen|koydun|onu|o şekilde|yol когда|ты|положил|это|так|образом когда ты так это формулируешь. bunu böyle söylediğinde.

Because part of the paradox çünkü|parça|-in|bu|paradoks потому что|часть|парадокса|| Потому что часть парадокса Çünkü paradoksun bir kısmı

A handful of ancient mummies bir|avuç|-den|eski|mumyalar ||||мумії несколько|горсть|из|древних|мумий У handful древних мумий Bir avuç antik mumya

In modern industrialized nations, -de|modern|sanayileşmiş|ülkelerde ||індустріалізованих| в|современных|индустриализированных|странах В современных индустриализированных странах, Modern sanayileşmiş ülkelerde,

with calories and sugar and salt and fat, ile|kaloriler|ve|şeker||tuz||yağ с|калориями|и|сахаром||солью||жиром с калориями, сахаром, солью и жиром, kalori, şeker, tuz ve yağ ile,

of switching to a Western-type diet, -den|geçiş|-e|bir|||diyet после|перехода|на|западный|||диету после перехода на западный тип питания, Batı tarzı bir diyete geçtikten sonra,

experienced a massive surge deneyimledi|bir|büyük|artış |||increase |||сплеск испытали||массовый|рост испытал огромный рост büyük bir artış yaşadı

in so-called diseases of civilization -de|||hastalıklar|-in|medeniyet в|||болезнях|цивилизации| так называемых болезней цивилизации sözde medeniyet hastalıklarında

we've put into the environment around us. biz|koyduk|içine|çevremizdeki|çevre|| мы|положили|в|окружающую|среду|вокруг|нас которые мы выпустили в окружающую нас среду. çevremize koyduğumuz.

These environmental carcinogens, bu|çevresel|kanserojenler ||carcinogens ||канцерогени навколишнього середовища Эти|экологические|канцерогены Эти экологические канцерогены, Bu çevresel kanserojenler,

they play a role in up to 75% of human cancers. onlar|oynar|bir|rol|de|kadar|e|in|insan|kanserlerinde они|играют|роль|роль|в|до|75%|человеческих|человеческих|раков они играют роль в до 75% случаев рака у человека. insan kanserlerinin %75'ine kadar rol oynar.

The one place in the world o|bir|yer|-de|dünyada| то|одно|место|в|мире| Единственное место в мире Dünyadaki tek yer

is Canada's Saint Lawrence river estuary. dır|Kanada'nın|Saint|Lawrence|nehir|ağzı |Канади|святий|Лоренц||естуарій является|канадским|Святой|Лоренс|реки|устьем это эстуарий реки Святого Лаврентия в Канаде. Kanada'nın Saint Lawrence nehrinin ağzıdır.

have accumulated for decades. имеют|накопились|на протяжении|десятилетий накапливались на протяжении десятилетий. on yıllar boyunca biriktiği yer.

And of course, a few lifestyle habits И, конечно, несколько привычек образа жизни Ve elbette, kanserle sonuçlanabilecek birkaç yaşam tarzı alışkanlığı

that can lead to cancer are uniquely human. которые могут привести к раку, уникальны для человека. özgün olarak insana aittir.

I mean, whales don't use tobacco products or drink alcohol. ben|demek istiyorum|balinalar|-mazlar|kullanmazlar|tütün|ürünler|veya|içmezler|alkol |||||тютюн||||алкогольні напої я|имею в виду|киты|не|используют|табачные|изделия|или|пьют|алкоголь Я имею в виду, что киты не используют табачные изделия и не пьют алкоголь. Yani, balinalar tütün ürünleri kullanmıyor ya da alkol içmiyor.

to Peto's paradox. -e|Peto'nun|paradoksu на|Пето|парадокс на парадокс Пето. .

to become naturally cancer-free. -mek|olmak|doğal olarak|| чтобы|стать|естественно|| стать естественно свободным от рака. doğal olarak kanserden arınmak.

and figure out new ways to treat the cancers that we do get. ve|bulmak|dışarı|yeni|yollar|-mek|tedavi etmek|-i|kanserleri|-dığı|biz|-iyoruz|almak и|выяснить|новые||способы|чтобы|лечить|те|раки|которые|мы|действительно|получаем и находить новые способы лечения тех раков, которые у нас есть. ve sahip olduğumuz kanserleri tedavi etmenin yeni yollarını bulabiliriz.

It wouldn't hurt to eat a little better too, I guess. bu|-maz|zarar vermek|-mek|yemek|bir|biraz|daha iyi|de|ben|tahmin ediyorum это|не было бы|повредило бы|инфинитивный союз|есть|немного|лучше||тоже|я|думаю Наверное, не помешает немного лучше питаться. Biraz daha iyi beslenmek de zarar vermez, sanırım.

Maybe krill's the next cancer fighting super food. belki|kril|en|sonraki|kanser|savaşan|süper|gıda |крила|||||| может быть|криль это|следующий|супер|рак|борющийся|супер|еда Может быть, криль — это следующий суперфуд для борьбы с раком. Belki de kril, bir sonraki kanserle savaşan süper gıda.

Stay curious. kal|meraklı оставайся|любознательным Оставайтесь любознательными. Meraklı kal.

Well, you could join our Patreon. Ну, ты мог бы присоединиться к нашему Patreon. Peki, Patreon'umuza katılabilirsin.

Thank you. teşekkür etmek|sana спасибо|тебе Спасибо. Teşekkür ederim.

Assuming you, varsayarak|sen предполагая|ты Предполагая, что вы, Varsayalım ki sen,

click the button. tıkla|o|buton нажми|эту|кнопку нажмите кнопку. butona tıkla.

Hmm? hmm Хм Хмм? Hmm?

Very large bison. çok|büyük|bizon очень|большие|бизоны Очень большие бизоны. Çok büyük bizon.

And polar bears. ve|kutup|ayılar и|полярные|медведи И белые медведи. Ve kutup ayıları.

Hmm? Okay? hmm|tamam хм|хорошо Хм? Хорошо? Hmm? Tamam mı?

What? Yeah. Mm-hmm. ne|evet|| что|да|| Что? Да. Мм-хм. Ne? Evet. Hı-hı.

Okay. tamam Хорошо Хорошо. Tamam.

That's my, cries and tall person, face. o benim|benim|ağlayan|ve|uzun|kişi|yüz ||плаче|||| Это есть|мое|крики|и|высокий|человек|лицо Essa é a minha cara, de quem chora e de quem é alto. Это мое лицо, когда я плачу и выгляжу высоким. Bu benim, ağlayan ve uzun boylu kişinin, yüzüm.

Okay. One take (indistinct) tamam|bir|çekim|belirsiz |||indistinct Хорошо|один|дубль|неразборчивый Está bem. Um take (indistinto) Хорошо. Один дубль (неразборчиво) Tamam. Bir çekim (belirsiz)

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