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•TED TALKS•, Henry Markram: A brain in a supercomputer

Henry Markram: A brain in a supercomputer

Our mission is to build a detailed, realistic computer model of the human brain.

And we've done, in the past four years, a proof of concept on a small part of the rodent brain, and with this proof of concept we are now scaling the project up to reach the human brain. Why are we doing this?

There are three important reasons. The first is, it's essential for us to understand the human brain if we do want to get along in society, and I think that it is a key step in evolution. The second reason is, we cannot keep doing animal experimentation forever, and we have to embody all our data and all our knowledge into a working model. It's like a Noah's Ark. It's like an archive. And the third reason is that there are two billion people on the planet that are affected by mental disorder, and the drugs that are used today are largely empirical. I think that we can come up with very concrete solutions on how to treat disorders. Now, even at this stage, we can use the brain model to explore some fundamental questions about how the brain works.

And here, at TED, for the first time, I'd like to share with you how we're addressing one theory -- there are many theories -- one theory of how the brain works. So, this theory is that the brain creates, builds, a version of the universe,and projects this version of the universe, like a bubble, all around us. Now, this is of course a topic of philosophical debate for centuries.

But, for the first time, we can actually address this, with brain simulation, and ask very systematic and rigorous questions, whether this theory could possibly be true. The reason why the moon is huge on the horizon is simply because our perceptual bubble does not stretch out 380,000 kilometers. It runs out of space. And so what we do is we compare the buildings within our perceptual bubble, and we make a decision. We make a decision it's that big, even though it's not that big. And what that illustrates is that decisions are the key things that support our perceptual bubble.

It keeps it alive. Without decisions you cannot see, you cannot think, you cannot feel. And you may think that anesthetics work by sending you into some deep sleep, or by blocking your receptors so that you don't feel pain, but in fact most anesthetics don't work that way. What they do is they introduce a noise into the brain so that the neurons cannot understand each other. They are confused, and you cannot make a decision. So, while you're trying to make up your mind what the doctor, the surgeon, is doing while he's hacking away at your body, he's long gone. He's at home having tea. (Laughter) So, when you walk up to a door and you open it, what you compulsively have to do to perceive is to make decisions, thousands of decisions about the size of the room, the walls, the height, the objects in this room.

99 percent of what you see is not what comes in through the eyes. It is what you infer about that room. So I can say, with some certainty, "I think, therefore I am. " But I cannot say, "You think, therefore you are," because "you" are within my perceptual bubble. Now, we can speculate and philosophize this, but we don't actually have to for the next hundred years.

We can ask a very concrete question. "Can the brain build such a perception? " Is it capable of doing it? Does it have the substance to do it? And that's what I'm going to describe to you today. So, it took the universe 11 billion years to build the brain.

It had to improve it a little bit. It had to add to the frontal part, so that you would have instincts, because they had to cope on land. But the real big step was the neocortex. It's a new brain. You needed it. The mammals needed it because they had to cope with parenthood, social interactions,complex cognitive functions. So, you can think of the neocortex actually as the ultimate solution today, of the universe as we know it.

It's the pinnacle, it's the final product that the universe has produced. It was so successful in evolution that from mouse to man it expanded about a thousandfold in terms of the numbers of neurons, to produce this almost frightening organ, structure. And it has not stopped its evolutionary path. In fact, the neocortex in the human brain is evolving at an enormous speed. If you zoom into the surface of the neocortex, you discover that it's made up of little modules, G5 processors, like in a computer.

But there are about a million of them. They were so successful in evolution that what we did was to duplicate them over and over and add more and more of them to the brain until we ran out of space in the skull. And the brain started to fold in on itself, and that's why the neocortex is so highly convoluted. We're just packing in columns, so that we'd have more neocortical columns to perform more complex functions. So you can think of the neocortex actually as a massive grand piano, a million-key grand piano.

Each of these neocortical columns would produce a note. You stimulate it; it produces a symphony. But it's not just a symphony of perception. It's a symphony of your universe, your reality. Now, of course it takes years to learn how to master a grand piano with a million keys. That's why you have to send your kids to good schools, hopefully eventually to Oxford. But it's not only education. It's also genetics. You may be born lucky,where you know how to master your neocortical column, and you can play a fantastic symphony. In fact, there is a new theory of autism called the "intense world" theory, which suggests that the neocortical columns are super-columns.

They are highly reactive, and they are super-plastic, and so the autists are probably capable of building and learning a symphonywhich is unthinkable for us. But you can also understand that if you have a disease within one of these columns, the note is going to be off. The perception, the symphony that you create is going to be corrupted, and you will have symptoms of disease. So, the Holy Grail for neuroscience is really to understand the design of the neocoritical column -- and it's not just for neuroscience; it's perhaps to understand perception, to understand reality, and perhaps to even also understand physical reality.

So, what we did was, for the past 15 years, was to dissect out the neocortex, systematically. It's a bit like going and cataloging a piece of the rainforest. How many trees does it have? What shapes are the trees? How many of each type of tree do you have? Where are they positioned? But it's a bit more than cataloging because you actually have to describe and discover all the rules of communication, the rules of connectivity, because the neurons don't just like to connect with any neuron.

They choose very carefully who they connect with. It's also more than cataloging because you actually have to build three-dimensional digital models of them. And we did that for tens of thousands of neurons, built digital models of all the different types of neurons we came across. And once you have that, you can actually begin to build the neocortical column. And here we're coiling them up.

But as you do this, what you see is that the branches intersect actually in millions of locations, and at each of these intersections they can form a synapse. And a synapse is a chemical location where they communicate with each other.And these synapses together form the network or the circuit of the brain. Now, the circuit, you could also think of as the fabric of the brain. And when you think of the fabric of the brain, the structure, how is it built? What is the pattern of the carpet? You realize that this poses a fundamental challenge to any theory of the brain, and especially to a theory that says that there is some reality that emerges out of this carpet, out of this particular carpetwith a particular pattern. The reason is because the most important design secret of the brain is diversity.

Every neuron is different. It's the same in the forest. Every pine tree is different. You may have many different types of trees, but every pine tree is different. And in the brain it's the same.So there is no neuron in my brain that is the same as another, and there is no neuron in my brain that is the same as in yours. And your neurons are not going to be oriented and positioned in exactly the same way. And you may have more or less neurons. So it's very unlikely that you got the same fabric, the same circuitry. So, how could we possibly create a reality that we can even understand each other?

Well, we don't have to speculate. We can look at all 10 million synapses now. We can look at the fabric. And we can change neurons. We can use different neurons with different variations.We can position them in different places, orient them in different places. We can use less or more of them. And when we do that what we discovered is that the circuitry does change.But the pattern of how the circuitry is designed does not. So, the fabric of the brain, even though your brain may be smaller, bigger, it may have different types of neurons, different morphologies of neurons, we actually do share the same fabric. And we think this is species-specific, which means that that could explain why we can't communicate across species. So, let's switch it on.

But to do it, what you have to do is you have to make this come alive.We make it come alive with equations, a lot of mathematics. And, in fact, the equations that make neurons into electrical generators were discovered by two Cambridge Nobel Laureates. So, we have the mathematics to make neurons come alive. We also have the mathematics to describe how neurons collect information, and how they create a little lightning bolt to communicate with each other. And when they get to the synapse, what they do is they effectively, literally, shock the synapse. It's like electrical shock that releases the chemicals from these synapses. And we've got the mathematics to describe this process.

So we can describe the communication between the neurons. There literally are only a handful of equations that you need to simulate the activity of the neocortex. But what you do need is a very big computer.And in fact you need one laptop to do all the calculations just for one neuron. So you need 10,000 laptops. So where do you go? You go to IBM, and you get a supercomputer, because they know how to take 10,000 laptops and put it into the size of a refrigerator. So now we have this Blue Gene supercomputer. We can load up all the neurons, each one on to its processor, and fire it up, and see what happens. Take the magic carpet for a ride. Here we activate it.

And this gives the first glimpse of what is happening in your brain when there is a stimulation. It's the first view. Now, when you look at that the first time, you think,"My god. How is reality coming out of that? " But, in fact, you can start, even though we haven't trained this neocortical column to create a specific reality. But we can ask, "Where is the rose? " We can ask, "Where is it inside, if we stimulate it with a picture? " Where is it inside the neocortex? Ultimately it's got to be there if we stimulated it with it. So, the way that we can look at that is to ignore the neurons, ignore the synapses, and look just at the raw electrical activity.

Because that is what it's creating. It's creating electrical patterns. So when we did this, we indeed, for the first time, saw these ghost-like structures:electrical objects appearing within the neocortical column. And it's these electrical objectsthat are holding all the information about whatever stimulated it. And then when we zoomed into this, it's like a veritable universe. So the next step is just to take these brain coordinates and to project them into perceptual space.

And if you do that, you will be able to step inside the reality that is created by this machine, by this piece of the brain. So, in summary, I think that the universe may have --it's possible -- evolved a brain to see itself, which may be a first step in becoming aware of itself. There is a lot more to do to test these theories, and to test any other theories. But I hope that you are at least partly convinced that it is not impossible to build a brain. We can do it within 10 years, and if we do succeed, we will send to TED, in 10 years, a hologram to talk to you. Thank you. (Applause)

Henry Markram: A brain in a supercomputer هنري ماركرام: دماغ في كمبيوتر عملاق Henry Markram: Ein Gehirn in einem Supercomputer Henry Markram: Ένας εγκέφαλος σε έναν υπερυπολογιστή Henry Markram: A brain in a supercomputer Henry Markram: un cerebro en un superordenador Henry Markram : Un cerveau dans un superordinateur Henry Markram: un cervello in un supercomputer ヘンリー・マークラム：スーパーコンピューターの中の頭脳 Henris Markramas: smegenys superkompiuteryje Henry Markram: Mózg w superkomputerze Henry Markram: Um cérebro num supercomputador Генри Маркрам: мозг в суперкомпьютере Henry Markram: Süper bilgisayarda bir beyin Генрі Маркрам: мозок у суперкомп'ютері 亨利·马克拉姆：超级计算机中的大脑 亨利-马克拉姆：超级计算机中的大脑

Our mission is to build a detailed, realistic computer model of the human brain. مهمتنا هي بناء نموذج حاسوبي مفصل وواقعي للدماغ البشري. Our mission is to build a detailed, realistic computer model of the human brain. Notre mission est de construire un modèle informatique détaillé et réaliste du cerveau humain. Naszą misją jest zbudowanie szczegółowego, realistycznego modelu komputerowego ludzkiego mózgu. Наша задача - построить подробную, реалистичную компьютерную модель человеческого мозга.

And we’ve done, in the past four years, a proof of concept on a small part of the rodent brain, and with this proof of concept we are now scaling the project up to reach the human brain. Und wir haben in den letzten vier Jahren einen Konzeptnachweis an einem kleinen Teil des Nagergehirns erbracht, und mit diesem Konzeptnachweis skalieren wir das Projekt nun auf das menschliche Gehirn. Au cours des quatre dernières années, nous avons fait la preuve du concept sur une petite partie du cerveau des rongeurs, et grâce à cette preuve du concept, nous sommes en train d'élargir le projet pour atteindre le cerveau humain. И за последние четыре года мы сделали доказательство концепции на небольшой части мозга грызунов, и с этим доказательством концепции мы теперь масштабируем проект, чтобы достичь человеческого мозга. 在过去的四年里，我们已经在啮齿类动物大脑的一小部分上进行了概念验证，通过这一概念验证，我们现在正在将该项目扩展到人类大脑。 在過去的四年裡，我們已經完成了對囓齒動物大腦一小部分的概念驗證，有了這個概念驗證，我們現在正在將項目擴大到人腦。 Why are we doing this?

There are three important reasons. The first is, it’s essential for us to understand the human brain if we do want to get along in society, and I think that it is a key step in evolution. Erstens ist es für uns unerlässlich, das menschliche Gehirn zu verstehen, wenn wir in der Gesellschaft zurechtkommen wollen, und ich denke, dass dies ein wichtiger Schritt in der Evolution ist. Premièrement, il est essentiel pour nous de comprendre le cerveau humain si nous voulons nous entendre en société, et je pense qu'il s'agit d'une étape clé de l'évolution. Во-первых, нам важно понимать человеческий мозг, если мы хотим жить в обществе, и я думаю, что это ключевой шаг в эволюции. 首先，如果我們想在社會中相處，了解人腦是必不可少的，我認為這是進化的關鍵一步。 The second reason is, we cannot keep doing animal experimentation forever, and we have to embody all our data and all our knowledge into a working model. Der zweite Grund ist, dass wir nicht ewig Tierversuche machen können, und wir müssen alle unsere Daten und unser gesamtes Wissen in ein funktionierendes Modell einbinden. La deuxième raison est que nous ne pouvons pas continuer à faire de l'expérimentation animale indéfiniment et que nous devons intégrer toutes nos données et toutes nos connaissances dans un modèle fonctionnel. Вторая причина заключается в том, что мы не можем бесконечно проводить эксперименты на животных, и мы должны воплотить все наши данные и все наши знания в работающую модель. 第二個原因是，我們不能永遠做動物實驗，我們必須將我們所有的數據和所有的知識體現在一個工作模型中。 It’s like a Noah’s Ark. Это как Ноев Ковчег. It’s like an archive. C'est comme une archive. 這就像一個檔案館。 And the third reason is that there are two billion people on the planet that are affected by mental disorder, and the drugs that are used today are largely empirical. Und der dritte Grund ist, dass es zwei Milliarden Menschen auf der Welt gibt, die von psychischen Störungen betroffen sind, und die Medikamente, die heute verwendet werden, sind weitgehend empirisch. And the third reason is that there are two billion people on the planet that are affected by mental disorder, and the drugs that are used today are largely empirical. La troisième raison est qu'il y a deux milliards de personnes sur la planète qui souffrent de troubles mentaux et que les médicaments utilisés aujourd'hui sont en grande partie empiriques. И третья причина заключается в том, что на планете существует два миллиарда человек, страдающих психическими расстройствами, и лекарства, которые используются сегодня, в значительной степени эмпирически. 第三個原因是地球上有 20 億人受到精神障礙的影響，而今天使用的藥物主要是經驗性的。 I think that we can come up with very concrete solutions on how to treat disorders. I think that we can come up with very concrete solutions on how to treat disorders. Je pense que nous pouvons trouver des solutions très concrètes sur la manière de traiter les troubles. 我認為我們可以就如何治療疾病提出非常具體的解決方案。 Now, even at this stage, we can use the brain model to explore some fundamental questions about how the brain works. Now, even at this stage, we can use the brain model to explore some fundamental questions about how the brain works. Même à ce stade, nous pouvons utiliser le modèle cérébral pour explorer certaines questions fondamentales sur le fonctionnement du cerveau. 現在，即使在這個階段，我們也可以使用大腦模型來探索有關大腦如何工作的一些基本問題。

And here, at TED, for the first time, I’d like to share with you how we’re addressing one theory -- there are many theories -- one theory of how the brain works. And here, at TED, for the first time, I'd like to share with you how we're addressing one theory -- there are many theories -- one theory of how the brain works. 在這裡，在 TED，我想第一次和你們分享我們如何處理一個理論——有很多理論——一個關於大腦如何工作的理論。 So, this theory is that the brain creates, builds, a version of the universe,and projects this version of the universe, like a bubble, all around us. Diese Theorie besagt also, dass das Gehirn eine Version des Universums erschafft, aufbaut und diese Version des Universums wie eine Blase um uns herum projiziert. So, this theory is that the brain creates, builds, a version of the universe,and projects this version of the universe, like a bubble, all around us. Selon cette théorie, le cerveau crée, construit, une version de l'univers, et projette cette version de l'univers, comme une bulle, tout autour de nous. Taigi, ši teorija yra ta, kad smegenys kuria, kuria, visatos versiją ir projektuoja šią visatos versiją kaip burbulą, aplink mus. Итак, эта теория состоит в том, что мозг создает, строит версию вселенной и проецирует эту версию вселенной, как пузырь, вокруг нас. 所以，這個理論是大腦創造、構建了一個版本的宇宙，並將這個版本的宇宙投射到我們周圍，就像一個泡泡。 Now, this is of course a topic of philosophical debate for centuries. Now, this is of course a topic of philosophical debate for centuries. Это, конечно, тема философских споров на протяжении веков. 現在，這當然是幾個世紀以來哲學辯論的話題。

But, for the first time, we can actually address this, with brain simulation, and ask very systematic and rigorous questions, whether this theory could possibly be true. Aber zum ersten Mal können wir dies mit einer Gehirnsimulation tatsächlich angehen und sehr systematisch und rigoros die Frage stellen, ob diese Theorie möglicherweise wahr sein könnte. But, for the first time, we can actually address this, with brain simulation, and ask very systematic and rigorous questions, whether this theory could possibly be true. Mais pour la première fois, nous pouvons nous pencher sur cette question, grâce à la simulation cérébrale, et poser des questions très systématiques et rigoureuses pour savoir si cette théorie pourrait être vraie. Но впервые мы можем решить эту проблему с помощью моделирования мозга и задать очень систематические и строгие вопросы о том, может ли эта теория быть правдой. 但是，這是第一次，我們可以通過大腦模擬真正解決這個問題，並提出非常系統和嚴格的問題，這個理論是否可能是真的。 The reason why the moon is huge on the horizon is simply because our perceptual bubble does not stretch out 380,000 kilometers. Der Grund, warum der Mond am Horizont so groß ist, liegt ganz einfach darin, dass sich unsere Wahrnehmungsblase nicht über 380.000 Kilometer erstreckt. The reason why the moon is huge on the horizon is simply because our perceptual bubble does not stretch out 380,000 kilometers. Si la lune est énorme à l'horizon, c'est tout simplement parce que notre bulle perceptive ne s'étend pas sur 380 000 kilomètres. Priežastis, kodėl mėnulis milžiniškas horizonte, yra vien dėl to, kad mūsų suvokimo burbulas neištiesia 380 000 kilometrų. Причина, почему луна огромна на горизонте, просто потому, что наш перцепционный пузырь не растягивается на 380 000 километров. 地平線上的月亮之所以巨大，僅僅是因為我們的感性泡泡並沒有綿延38萬公里。 It runs out of space. Der Platz wird knapp. It runs out of space. Il manque d'espace. У него заканчивается пространство. 空間用完了。 And so what we do is we compare the buildings within our perceptual bubble, and we make a decision. And so what we do is we compare the buildings within our perceptual bubble, and we make a decision. Nous comparons donc les bâtiments à l'intérieur de notre bulle de perception et nous prenons une décision. Итак, мы сравниваем здания внутри нашего пузыря восприятия и принимаем решение. 所以我們所做的就是比較我們感知泡泡中的建築物，然後我們做出決定。 We make a decision it’s that big, even though it’s not that big. We make a decision it's that big, even though it's not that big. Nous décidons que c'est si important, même si ce n'est pas le cas. Мы принимаем решение, что оно настолько велико, хотя оно не так уж и велико. 我們決定它有那麼大，即使它沒有那麼大。 And what that illustrates is that decisions are the key things that support our perceptual bubble. And what that illustrates is that decisions are the key things that support our perceptual bubble. И это показывает, что решения - это ключевые факторы, поддерживающие наш пузырь восприятия. 這說明決策是支持我們的感知泡沫的關鍵。

It keeps it alive. Es hält sie am Leben. It keeps it alive. Он держит его в живых. Without decisions you cannot see, you cannot think, you cannot feel. Without decisions you cannot see, you cannot think, you cannot feel. Без решений вы не можете видеть, вы не можете думать, вы не можете чувствовать. And you may think that anesthetics work by sending you into some deep sleep, or by blocking your receptors so that you don’t feel pain, but in fact most anesthetics don’t work that way. Sie denken vielleicht, dass Anästhetika Sie in einen tiefen Schlaf versetzen oder Ihre Rezeptoren blockieren, so dass Sie keinen Schmerz empfinden, aber die meisten Anästhetika wirken nicht auf diese Weise. And you may think that anesthetics work by sending you into some deep sleep, or by blocking your receptors so that you don't feel pain, but in fact most anesthetics don't work that way. Vous pensez peut-être que les anesthésiques agissent en vous plongeant dans un sommeil profond ou en bloquant vos récepteurs pour que vous ne ressentiez pas la douleur, mais en fait, la plupart des anesthésiques ne fonctionnent pas de cette manière. И вы можете подумать, что анестетики работают, погружая вас в глубокий сон или блокируя ваши рецепторы, чтобы вы не чувствовали боли, но на самом деле большинство анестетиков так не работают. What they do is they introduce a noise into the brain so that the neurons cannot understand each other. What they do is they introduce a noise into the brain so that the neurons cannot understand each other. Ils introduisent un bruit dans le cerveau de sorte que les neurones ne peuvent pas se comprendre. Что они делают, они вводят шум в мозг, так что нейроны не могут понять друг друга. 他們所做的是將噪音引入大腦，使神經元無法相互理解。 They are confused, and you cannot make a decision. They are confused, and you cannot make a decision. So, while you’re trying to make up your mind what the doctor, the surgeon, is doing while he’s hacking away at your body, he’s long gone. Während du also versuchst, dir darüber klar zu werden, was der Arzt, der Chirurg, tut, während er an deinem Körper herumhackt, ist er längst weg. So, while you're trying to make up your mind what the doctor, the surgeon, is doing while he's hacking away at your body, he's long gone. Así que, mientras intentas decidir qué está haciendo el médico, el cirujano, mientras te machaca el cuerpo, hace tiempo que se ha ido. Ainsi, pendant que vous essayez de vous faire une idée de ce que le médecin, le chirurgien, est en train de faire en taillant dans votre corps, il est parti depuis longtemps. だから、あなたが医者、外科医があなたの体をハッキングしている間に何をしているのかを決めようとしている間、彼はずっといなくなっています. Taigi, kol jūs bandote apsispręsti, ką daro gydytojas chirurgas, kol jis įsilaužia į jūsų kūną, jo jau nėra. Итак, пока вы пытаетесь решить, что делает врач, хирург, когда он взламывает ваше тело, он уже давно ушел. 所以，當你試圖確定醫生、外科醫生在對你的身體進行砍伐時正在做什麼時，他早已不在了。 He’s at home having tea. Er ist zu Hause und trinkt Tee. He's at home having tea. (Laughter) So, when you walk up to a door and you open it, what you compulsively have to do to perceive is to make decisions, thousands of decisions about the size of the room, the walls, the height, the objects in this room. So, when you walk up to a door and you open it, what you compulsively have to do to perceive is to make decisions, thousands of decisions about the size of the room, the walls, the height, the objects in this room. Ainsi, lorsque vous vous approchez d'une porte et que vous l'ouvrez, ce que vous devez faire compulsivement pour la percevoir, c'est prendre des décisions, des milliers de décisions concernant la taille de la pièce, les murs, la hauteur, les objets présents dans cette pièce. Итак, когда вы подходите к двери и открываете ее, то, что вы вынуждены делать, чтобы воспринимать, - это принимать решения, тысячи решений относительно размера комнаты, стен, высоты, предметов в этой комнате.

99 percent of what you see is not what comes in through the eyes. 99 percent of what you see is not what comes in through the eyes. 99 % de ce que vous voyez n'est pas ce qui entre par les yeux. 99 процентов того, что вы видите, - это не то, что попадает в глаза. 你所看到的 99% 不是通過眼睛進入的。 It is what you infer about that room. Es geht darum, was Sie aus diesem Raum schließen. It is what you infer about that room. C'est ce que vous déduisez de cette pièce. Это то, что вы делаете об этой комнате. So I can say, with some certainty, "I think, therefore I am. So I can say, with some certainty, "I think, therefore I am. Así que puedo decir, con cierta certeza: "Pienso, luego existo". Поэтому я могу сказать с некоторой уверенностью: «Я думаю, следовательно, я есть. " But I cannot say, "You think, therefore you are," because "you" are within my perceptual bubble. " But I cannot say, "You think, therefore you are," because "you" are within my perceptual bubble. " Mais je ne peux pas dire : "Vous pensez, donc vous êtes", parce que "vous" êtes dans ma bulle perceptive. ” 但我不能說，“你思故你在”，因為“你”在我的感知泡泡中。 Now, we can speculate and philosophize this, but we don’t actually have to for the next hundred years. Now, we can speculate and philosophize this, but we don't actually have to for the next hundred years. Nous pouvons spéculer et philosopher sur ce sujet, mais nous n'aurons pas à le faire au cours des cent prochaines années. Теперь мы можем спекулировать и философствовать, но на самом деле мы не должны на следующие сто лет. 現在，我們可以對此進行推測和哲學思考，但實際上我們不必在接下來的一百年裡這樣做。

We can ask a very concrete question. We can ask a very concrete question. "Can the brain build such a perception? "Can the brain build such a perception? «Может ли мозг построить такое восприятие? “大腦能建立這樣的感知嗎？ " Is it capable of doing it? " Is it capable of doing it? "Способен ли он на это? Does it have the substance to do it? Does it have the substance to do it? A-t-elle la substance nécessaire pour le faire ? Имеет ли это вещество для этого? 它有做這件事的實質嗎？ And that’s what I’m going to describe to you today. And that's what I'm going to describe to you today. So, it took the universe 11 billion years to build the brain. So, it took the universe 11 billion years to build the brain. Il a donc fallu 11 milliards d'années à l'univers pour construire le cerveau. Поэтому для создания мозга потребовалось 11 миллиардов лет.

It had to improve it a little bit. It had to improve it a little bit. Пришлось его немного улучшить. It had to add to the frontal part, so that you would have instincts, because they had to cope on land. Es musste der vordere Teil hinzugefügt werden, damit Sie Instinkte hatten, weil sie an Land zurechtkommen mussten. It had to add to the frontal part, so that you would have instincts, because they had to cope on land. Había que añadirle la parte frontal, para que tuvieras instintos, porque tenían que desenvolverse en tierra. Il fallait ajouter à la partie frontale, pour que vous ayez des instincts, parce qu'ils devaient se débrouiller sur la terre ferme. 陸上で対処する必要があったため、本能を持つように前頭部に追加する必要があった。 Он должен был добавить к фронтальной части, чтобы у вас были инстинкты, потому что им приходилось справляться на суше. 它必須添加到正面部分，這樣你就會有直覺，因為他們必須在陸地上應對。 But the real big step was the neocortex. But the real big step was the neocortex. Mais la vraie grande étape a été le néocortex. 但真正的一大步是新皮質。 It’s a new brain. It's a new brain. You needed it. You needed it. The mammals needed it because they had to cope with parenthood, social interactions,complex cognitive functions. The mammals needed it because they had to cope with parenthood, social interactions,complex cognitive functions. Les mammifères en avaient besoin parce qu'ils devaient faire face à la parentalité, aux interactions sociales et aux fonctions cognitives complexes. Млекопитающие нуждались в этом, потому что им приходилось справляться с отцовством, социальным взаимодействием, сложными когнитивными функциями. 哺乳動物需要它，因為它們必須應對為人父母、社交互動和復雜的認知功能。 So, you can think of the neocortex actually as the ultimate solution today, of the universe as we know it. So, you can think of the neocortex actually as the ultimate solution today, of the universe as we know it. Таким образом, вы можете думать о неокортексе на самом деле как о конечном решении сегодня, о Вселенной, как мы ее знаем. 所以，你可以將新皮質視為當今我們所知道的宇宙的最終解決方案。

It’s the pinnacle, it’s the final product that the universe has produced. It's the pinnacle, it's the final product that the universe has produced. C'est l'apogée, le produit final que l'univers a produit. Это вершина, это конечный продукт, созданный Вселенной. It was so successful in evolution that from mouse to man it expanded about a thousandfold in terms of the numbers of neurons, to produce this almost frightening organ, structure. It was so successful in evolution that from mouse to man it expanded about a thousandfold in terms of the numbers of neurons, to produce this almost frightening organ, structure. Tuvo tanto éxito en la evolución que del ratón al hombre se multiplicó por mil en cuanto al número de neuronas, para producir este órgano, esta estructura casi aterradora. L'évolution a été si réussie que, de la souris à l'homme, le nombre de neurones a été multiplié par mille pour produire cet organe, cette structure presque effrayante. Он был настолько успешным в эволюции, что от мыши к человеку он расширился примерно в тысячу раз по количеству нейронов, чтобы создать этот почти пугающий орган, структуру. 它的進化如此成功，以至於從老鼠到人，它的神經元數量擴大了大約一千倍，從而產生了這種幾乎令人恐懼的器官和結構。 And it has not stopped its evolutionary path. And it has not stopped its evolutionary path. Et il n'a pas cessé d'évoluer. И он не остановил свой эволюционный путь. 而且它並沒有停止它的進化之路。 In fact, the neocortex in the human brain is evolving at an enormous speed. Tatsächlich entwickelt sich der Neocortex im menschlichen Gehirn mit enormer Geschwindigkeit. In fact, the neocortex in the human brain is evolving at an enormous speed. Фактически, неокортекс человеческого мозга развивается с огромной скоростью. 事實上，人腦中的新皮層正在以極快的速度進化。 If you zoom into the surface of the neocortex, you discover that it’s made up of little modules, G5 processors, like in a computer. If you zoom into the surface of the neocortex, you discover that it's made up of little modules, G5 processors, like in a computer. En zoomant sur la surface du néocortex, on découvre qu'il est constitué de petits modules, des processeurs G5, comme dans un ordinateur. Если вы увеличите масштаб поверхности неокортекса, вы обнаружите, что он состоит из маленьких модулей, процессоров G5, как в компьютере. 如果你放大大腦皮層的表面，你會發現它是由小模塊、G5 處理器組成的，就像在計算機中一樣。

But there are about a million of them. But there are about a million of them. They were so successful in evolution that what we did was to duplicate them over and over and add more and more of them to the brain until we ran out of space in the skull. They were so successful in evolution that what we did was to duplicate them over and over and add more and more of them to the brain until we ran out of space in the skull. Ils ont tellement bien réussi dans l'évolution que nous les avons reproduits à l'infini et que nous en avons ajouté de plus en plus dans le cerveau jusqu'à ce que nous manquions de place dans la boîte crânienne. Они были настолько успешны в эволюции, что мы копировали их снова и снова и добавляли все больше и больше в мозг, пока в черепе не закончилось место. 它們在進化上是如此成功，以至於我們所做的就是一遍又一遍地複制它們，並將越來越多的它們添加到大腦中，直到我們用完頭骨中的空間。 And the brain started to fold in on itself, and that’s why the neocortex is so highly convoluted. Und das Gehirn fing an, sich in sich selbst zu falten, und deshalb ist der Neocortex so stark gewunden. And the brain started to fold in on itself, and that's why the neocortex is so highly convoluted. Le cerveau a commencé à se replier sur lui-même, et c'est pourquoi le néocortex est si alambiqué. И мозг начал сворачиваться, и поэтому неокортекс так сильно запутан. 大腦開始自我折疊，這就是新皮質如此復雜的原因。 We’re just packing in columns, so that we’d have more neocortical columns to perform more complex functions. We're just packing in columns, so that we'd have more neocortical columns to perform more complex functions. Nous ne faisons qu'empiler des colonnes, afin d'avoir plus de colonnes néocorticales pour exécuter des fonctions plus complexes. Мы просто собираем столбцы, чтобы у нас было больше столбцов неокортекса для выполнения более сложных функций. 我們只是在列中打包，這樣我們就有更多的新皮質列來執行更複雜的功能。 So you can think of the neocortex actually as a massive grand piano, a million-key grand piano. So you can think of the neocortex actually as a massive grand piano, a million-key grand piano. On peut donc considérer le néocortex comme un piano à queue massif, un piano à queue à un million de touches. Taigi iš tikrųjų neokorteksą galite laikyti didžiuliu fortepijonu, milijono raktų fortepijonu. Таким образом, вы можете думать о неокортексе как о массивном рояле, рояле с миллионными клавишами. 所以你可以把大腦皮層想像成一架巨大的三角鋼琴，一架百萬鍵的三角鋼琴。

Each of these neocortical columns would produce a note. Each of these neocortical columns would produce a note. Каждый из этих столбцов неокортекса будет давать заметку. 這些新皮質柱中的每一個都會產生一個音符。 You stimulate it; it produces a symphony. You stimulate it; it produces a symphony. Вы стимулируете это; он производит симфонию. But it’s not just a symphony of perception. But it's not just a symphony of perception. 但這不僅僅是感知的交響樂。 It’s a symphony of your universe, your reality. It's a symphony of your universe, your reality. 這是你的宇宙，你的現實的交響樂。 Now, of course it takes years to learn how to master a grand piano with a million keys. Now, of course it takes years to learn how to master a grand piano with a million keys. Теперь, конечно, нужны годы, чтобы научиться играть на рояле с миллионом клавиш. 現在，學習如何掌握擁有一百萬個琴鍵的三角鋼琴當然需要數年時間。 That’s why you have to send your kids to good schools, hopefully eventually to Oxford. That's why you have to send your kids to good schools, hopefully eventually to Oxford. 這就是為什麼你必須把你的孩子送到好學校，希望最終能送到牛津。 But it’s not only education. But it's not only education. It’s also genetics. It's also genetics. You may be born lucky,where you know how to master your neocortical column, and you can play a fantastic symphony. You may be born lucky,where you know how to master your neocortical column, and you can play a fantastic symphony. Vous pouvez avoir la chance de naître, de savoir maîtriser votre colonne néocorticale et de pouvoir jouer une symphonie fantastique. Вы можете родиться удачливым, если знаете, как управлять своей неокортикальной колонкой, и сможете сыграть фантастическую симфонию. In fact, there is a new theory of autism called the "intense world" theory, which suggests that the neocortical columns are super-columns. In fact, there is a new theory of autism called the "intense world" theory, which suggests that the neocortical columns are super-columns. En fait, il existe une nouvelle théorie de l'autisme appelée théorie du "monde intense", qui suggère que les colonnes néocorticales sont des super-colonnes. Фактически, существует новая теория аутизма, называемая теорией «интенсивного мира», которая предполагает, что неокортикальные столбцы являются суперколонками. 事實上，有一種新的自閉症理論叫做“強烈世界”理論，認為新皮質柱是超柱。

They are highly reactive, and they are super-plastic, and so the autists are probably capable of building and learning a symphonywhich is unthinkable for us. They are highly reactive, and they are super-plastic, and so the autists are probably capable of building and learning a symphonywhich is unthinkable for us. Ils sont très réactifs et super-plastiques, et les autistes sont donc probablement capables de construire et d'apprendre une symphonie, ce qui est impensable pour nous. Они очень реактивны и суперпластичны, поэтому аутисты, вероятно, способны выстраивать и изучать симфонию, что для нас немыслимо. 他們是高度反應性的，他們是超級可塑的，所以自閉症患者可能有能力建立和學習一首交響樂，這對我們來說是不可想像的。 But you can also understand that if you have a disease within one of these columns, the note is going to be off. But you can also understand that if you have a disease within one of these columns, the note is going to be off. Mais vous pouvez également comprendre que si vous avez une maladie dans l'une de ces colonnes, la note sera erronée. Но вы также можете понять, что если у вас есть болезнь в одной из этих колонок, примечание будет отключено. The perception, the symphony that you create is going to be corrupted, and you will have symptoms of disease. The perception, the symphony that you create is going to be corrupted, and you will have symptoms of disease. La perception, la symphonie que vous créez va être corrompue et vous aurez des symptômes de maladie. Восприятие, симфония, которую вы создаете, будет испорчена, и у вас появятся симптомы болезни. 感知，你創造的交響曲將會被破壞，你會出現疾病的症狀。 So, the Holy Grail for neuroscience is really to understand the design of the neocoritical column -- and it’s not just for neuroscience; it’s perhaps to understand perception, to understand reality, and perhaps to even also understand physical reality. So, the Holy Grail for neuroscience is really to understand the design of the neocoritical column -- and it's not just for neuroscience; it's perhaps to understand perception, to understand reality, and perhaps to even also understand physical reality. Le Saint Graal des neurosciences est donc de comprendre la conception de la colonne néocorticale - et ce n'est pas seulement pour les neurosciences ; c'est peut-être pour comprendre la perception, pour comprendre la réalité, et peut-être même pour comprendre la réalité physique. Итак, Святой Грааль нейробиологии на самом деле состоит в том, чтобы понять структуру неокоритической колонки - и это касается не только нейробиологии; возможно, чтобы понять восприятие, понять реальность и, возможно, даже понять физическую реальность. 所以，神經科學的聖杯真的是理解新皮質柱的設計——這不僅僅是神經科學；它可能是為了理解感知，理解現實，甚至可能還理解物理現實。

So, what we did was, for the past 15 years, was to dissect out the neocortex, systematically. So, what we did was, for the past 15 years, was to dissect out the neocortex, systematically. Итак, в течение последних 15 лет мы систематически иссекали неокортекс. 所以，在過去的 15 年裡，我們所做的是系統地剖析大腦皮層。 It’s a bit like going and cataloging a piece of the rainforest. It's a bit like going and cataloging a piece of the rainforest. Es un poco como ir a catalogar un trozo de selva tropical. C'est un peu comme aller répertorier une partie de la forêt tropicale. Это немного похоже на каталогизацию тропического леса. 這有點像對一片雨林進行分類。 How many trees does it have? How many trees does it have? 它有多少棵樹？ What shapes are the trees? What shapes are the trees? Какой формы деревья? 樹是什麼形狀的？ How many of each type of tree do you have? How many of each type of tree do you have? 你有多少棵樹？ Where are they positioned? Where are they positioned? Где они расположены? 他們在哪裡？ But it’s a bit more than cataloging because you actually have to describe and discover all the rules of communication, the rules of connectivity, because the neurons don’t just like to connect with any neuron. But it's a bit more than cataloging because you actually have to describe and discover all the rules of communication, the rules of connectivity, because the neurons don't just like to connect with any neuron. Mais c'est un peu plus qu'un simple catalogage, car il faut décrire et découvrir toutes les règles de communication, les règles de connectivité, car les neurones n'aiment pas se connecter à n'importe quel neurone. Но это немного больше, чем каталогизация, потому что вам на самом деле нужно описать и открыть все правила коммуникации, правила взаимодействия, потому что нейроны не просто любят соединяться с любым нейроном.

They choose very carefully who they connect with. They choose very carefully who they connect with. Ils choisissent très soigneusement les personnes avec lesquelles ils entrent en contact. Они очень тщательно выбирают, с кем общаться. It’s also more than cataloging because you actually have to build three-dimensional digital models of them. It's also more than cataloging because you actually have to build three-dimensional digital models of them. C'est aussi plus qu'un simple catalogage, car il faut en fait construire des modèles numériques en trois dimensions. Это также больше, чем каталогизация, потому что вам действительно нужно создавать трехмерные цифровые модели из них. And we did that for tens of thousands of neurons, built digital models of all the different types of neurons we came across. And we did that for tens of thousands of neurons, built digital models of all the different types of neurons we came across. Et nous avons fait cela pour des dizaines de milliers de neurones, en construisant des modèles numériques de tous les différents types de neurones que nous avons rencontrés. И мы сделали это для десятков тысяч нейронов, построили цифровые модели всех типов нейронов, с которыми мы столкнулись. And once you have that, you can actually begin to build the neocortical column. And once you have that, you can actually begin to build the neocortical column. И как только у вас это получится, вы действительно сможете приступить к созданию неокортикального столба. And here we’re coiling them up. And here we're coiling them up. Y aquí los estamos enrollando. И вот мы их наматываем.

But as you do this, what you see is that the branches intersect actually in millions of locations, and at each of these intersections they can form a synapse. But as you do this, what you see is that the branches intersect actually in millions of locations, and at each of these intersections they can form a synapse. Mais ce que l'on constate, c'est que les branches se croisent en fait à des millions d'endroits et qu'à chacune de ces intersections, elles peuvent former une synapse. Но когда вы это сделаете, вы увидите, что ветви пересекаются в миллионах мест, и на каждом из этих пересечений они могут образовывать синапс. 但是當你這樣做時，你看到的是分支實際上在數百萬個位置相交，並且在每個交叉點它們都可以形成一個突觸。 And a synapse is a chemical location where they communicate with each other.And these synapses together form the network or the circuit of the brain. And a synapse is a chemical location where they communicate with each other.And these synapses together form the network or the circuit of the brain. Une synapse est un endroit chimique où elles communiquent entre elles. Ces synapses forment ensemble le réseau ou le circuit du cerveau. А синапс - это химическое место, где они взаимодействуют друг с другом, и вместе эти синапсы образуют сеть или цепь мозга. Now, the circuit, you could also think of as the fabric of the brain. Now, the circuit, you could also think of as the fabric of the brain. Le circuit peut également être considéré comme le tissu du cerveau. 現在，電路，你也可以認為是大腦的結構。 And when you think of the fabric of the brain, the structure, how is it built? And when you think of the fabric of the brain, the structure, how is it built? И когда вы думаете о ткани мозга, о структуре, как она строится? 當你想到大腦的結構、結構時，它是如何構建的？ What is the pattern of the carpet? What is the pattern of the carpet? Quel est le motif du tapis ? 地毯的圖案是什麼？ You realize that this poses a fundamental challenge to any theory of the brain, and especially to a theory that says that there is some reality that emerges out of this carpet, out of this particular carpetwith a particular pattern. You realize that this poses a fundamental challenge to any theory of the brain, and especially to a theory that says that there is some reality that emerges out of this carpet, out of this particular carpetwith a particular pattern. Vous vous rendez compte que cela pose un défi fondamental à toute théorie du cerveau, et en particulier à une théorie qui affirme qu'il existe une réalité qui émerge de ce tapis, de ce tapis particulier avec un modèle particulier. Вы понимаете, что это представляет собой фундаментальный вызов любой теории мозга, и особенно теории, которая утверждает, что существует некая реальность, которая возникает из этого ковра, из этого конкретного ковра с определенным узором. 你意識到這對大腦的任何理論提出了根本性的挑戰，尤其是對一種理論，該理論認為有一些現實從這張地毯中浮現出來，從這張具有特定圖案的特定地毯中浮現出來。 The reason is because the most important design secret of the brain is diversity. The reason is because the most important design secret of the brain is diversity. La raison en est que le secret de conception le plus important du cerveau est la diversité. Причина в том, что самый важный секрет дизайна мозга - это разнообразие.

Every neuron is different. Every neuron is different. It’s the same in the forest. It's the same in the forest. То же самое и в лесу. Every pine tree is different. Every pine tree is different. You may have many different types of trees, but every pine tree is different. You may have many different types of trees, but every pine tree is different. And in the brain it’s the same.So there is no neuron in my brain that is the same as another, and there is no neuron in my brain that is the same as in yours. And in the brain it's the same.So there is no neuron in my brain that is the same as another, and there is no neuron in my brain that is the same as in yours. And your neurons are not going to be oriented and positioned in exactly the same way. And your neurons are not going to be oriented and positioned in exactly the same way. И ваши нейроны не будут ориентироваться и позиционироваться точно так же. 而且你的神經元不會以完全相同的方式定向和定位。 And you may have more or less neurons. And you may have more or less neurons. So it’s very unlikely that you got the same fabric, the same circuitry. So it's very unlikely that you got the same fabric, the same circuitry. Поэтому очень маловероятно, что у вас будет та же ткань, та же схема. 所以你不太可能得到相同的結構，相同的電路。 So, how could we possibly create a reality that we can even understand each other? So, how could we possibly create a reality that we can even understand each other? Итак, как мы могли бы создать реальность, в которой мы могли бы даже понимать друг друга?

Well, we don’t have to speculate. Well, we don't have to speculate. We can look at all 10 million synapses now. We can look at all 10 million synapses now. We can look at the fabric. We can look at the fabric. 我們可以看看面料。 And we can change neurons. And we can change neurons. 我們可以改變神經元。 We can use different neurons with different variations.We can position them in different places, orient them in different places. We can use different neurons with different variations.We can position them in different places, orient them in different places. 私たちは、さまざまなバリエーションで異なるニューロンを使うことができます。 Мы можем использовать разные нейроны с разными вариациями, мы можем располагать их в разных местах, ориентировать в разных местах. 我們可以使用具有不同變化的不同神經元。我們可以將它們定位在不同的地方，將它們定位在不同的地方。 We can use less or more of them. We can use less or more of them. 我們可以少用或多用。 And when we do that what we discovered is that the circuitry does change.But the pattern of how the circuitry is designed does not. And when we do that what we discovered is that the circuitry does change.But the pattern of how the circuitry is designed does not. И когда мы это сделали, мы обнаружили, что схема действительно меняется, но образец того, как она спроектирован, не меняется. 當我們這樣做時，我們發現電路確實發生了變化。但是電路的設計模式卻沒有。 So, the fabric of the brain, even though your brain may be smaller, bigger, it may have different types of neurons, different morphologies of neurons, we actually do share the same fabric. So, the fabric of the brain, even though your brain may be smaller, bigger, it may have different types of neurons, different morphologies of neurons, we actually do share the same fabric. Итак, ткань мозга, даже если ваш мозг может быть меньше или больше, он может иметь разные типы нейронов, разные морфологии нейронов, на самом деле мы используем одну и ту же ткань. 所以，大腦的結構，即使你的大腦可能更小，更大，它可能有不同類型的神經元，不同形態的神經元，我們實際上共享相同的結構。 And we think this is species-specific, which means that that could explain why we can’t communicate across species. And we think this is species-specific, which means that that could explain why we can't communicate across species. Nous pensons que ce phénomène est spécifique à l'espèce, ce qui pourrait expliquer pourquoi nous ne pouvons pas communiquer d'une espèce à l'autre. И мы думаем, что это зависит от вида, а это значит, что это может объяснить, почему мы не можем общаться между видами. So, let’s switch it on. So, let's switch it on. Alors, allumons-le.

But to do it, what you have to do is you have to make this come alive.We make it come alive with equations, a lot of mathematics. But to do it, what you have to do is you have to make this come alive.We make it come alive with equations, a lot of mathematics. Mais pour y parvenir, il faut donner vie à tout cela, à l'aide d'équations, de beaucoup de mathématiques. Но для этого вам нужно сделать это живым. Мы оживим его с помощью уравнений, много математики. 但是要做到這一點，你必須要做的就是讓它活起來。我們用方程式，大量的數學讓它活起來。 And, in fact, the equations that make neurons into electrical generators were discovered by two Cambridge Nobel Laureates. And, in fact, the equations that make neurons into electrical generators were discovered by two Cambridge Nobel Laureates. En fait, les équations qui transforment les neurones en générateurs électriques ont été découvertes par deux lauréats du prix Nobel de Cambridge. 事實上，將神經元轉化為發電機的方程式是由兩位劍橋諾貝爾獎獲得者發現的。 So, we have the mathematics to make neurons come alive. Nous disposons donc des mathématiques nécessaires pour donner vie aux neurones. 所以，我們擁有讓神經元活躍起來的數學。 We also have the mathematics to describe how neurons collect information, and how they create a little lightning bolt to communicate with each other. We also have the mathematics to describe how neurons collect information, and how they create a little lightning bolt to communicate with each other. Nous disposons également des mathématiques nécessaires pour décrire comment les neurones collectent des informations et comment ils créent un petit éclair pour communiquer entre eux. 我們也有數學來描述神經元如何收集信息，以及它們如何創建一個小閃電來相互通信。 And when they get to the synapse, what they do is they effectively, literally, shock the synapse. And when they get to the synapse, what they do is they effectively, literally, shock the synapse. Lorsqu'ils atteignent la synapse, ils la choquent littéralement. 當他們到達突觸時，他們所做的就是有效地，從字面上看，衝擊突觸。 It’s like electrical shock that releases the chemicals from these synapses. It's like electrical shock that releases the chemicals from these synapses. 就像電擊一樣從這些突觸中釋放出化學物質。 And we’ve got the mathematics to describe this process. And we've got the mathematics to describe this process. 我們有數學來描述這個過程。

So we can describe the communication between the neurons. So we can describe the communication between the neurons. 所以我們可以描述神經元之間的通信。 There literally are only a handful of equations that you need to simulate the activity of the neocortex. There literally are only a handful of equations that you need to simulate the activity of the neocortex. 從字面上看，您只需要幾個方程式就可以模擬大腦皮層的活動。 But what you do need is a very big computer.And in fact you need one laptop to do all the calculations just for one neuron. But what you do need is a very big computer.And in fact you need one laptop to do all the calculations just for one neuron. En fait, il faut un ordinateur portable pour effectuer tous les calculs pour un seul neurone. Но что вам действительно нужно, так это очень большой компьютер, а на самом деле вам нужен один ноутбук, чтобы делать все вычисления только для одного нейрона. So you need 10,000 laptops. So you need 10,000 laptops. So where do you go? So where do you go? Alors, où allez-vous ? You go to IBM, and you get a supercomputer, because they know how to take 10,000 laptops and put it into the size of a refrigerator. You go to IBM, and you get a supercomputer, because they know how to take 10,000 laptops and put it into the size of a refrigerator. So now we have this Blue Gene supercomputer. So now we have this Blue Gene supercomputer. We can load up all the neurons, each one on to its processor, and fire it up, and see what happens. We can load up all the neurons, each one on to its processor, and fire it up, and see what happens. Nous pouvons charger tous les neurones, chacun sur son processeur, les mettre en marche et voir ce qui se passe. Мы можем загрузить все нейроны, каждый на свой процессор, и запустить его, и посмотреть, что произойдет. 我們可以加載所有的神經元，每一個都加載到它的處理器上，然後啟動它，看看會發生什麼。 Take the magic carpet for a ride. Machen Sie eine Fahrt auf dem Zauberteppich. Take the magic carpet for a ride. 乘坐魔毯兜風。 Here we activate it. Here we activate it.

And this gives the first glimpse of what is happening in your brain when there is a stimulation. And this gives the first glimpse of what is happening in your brain when there is a stimulation. 這讓我們可以第一眼看到受到刺激時大腦中發生的情況。 It’s the first view. It's the first view. Now, when you look at that the first time, you think,"My god. Now, when you look at that the first time, you think,"My god. How is reality coming out of that? How is reality coming out of that? 現實是如何產生的？ " But, in fact, you can start, even though we haven’t trained this neocortical column to create a specific reality. " But, in fact, you can start, even though we haven't trained this neocortical column to create a specific reality. " Mais, en fait, vous pouvez commencer, même si nous n'avons pas entraîné cette colonne néocorticale à créer une réalité spécifique. “但是，事實上，你可以開始了，儘管我們還沒有訓練這個新皮質柱來創造一個特定的現實。 But we can ask, "Where is the rose? But we can ask, "Where is the rose? Mais nous pouvons demander : "Où est la rose ? 但我們可以問，“玫瑰在哪裡？ " We can ask, "Where is it inside, if we stimulate it with a picture? " We can ask, "Where is it inside, if we stimulate it with a picture? " Nous pouvons demander : "Où se trouve-t-il à l'intérieur, si nous le stimulons par une image ? ” 我們可以問，“如果我們用圖片刺激它，它在裡面在哪裡？ " Where is it inside the neocortex? " Where is it inside the neocortex? “它在新皮質裡面的什麼地方？ Ultimately it’s got to be there if we stimulated it with it. Ultimately it's got to be there if we stimulated it with it. 如果我們用它來刺激它，最終它必須在那裡。 So, the way that we can look at that is to ignore the neurons, ignore the synapses, and look just at the raw electrical activity. So, the way that we can look at that is to ignore the neurons, ignore the synapses, and look just at the raw electrical activity. La façon dont nous pouvons examiner cela est donc d'ignorer les neurones, d'ignorer les synapses, et d'examiner simplement l'activité électrique brute. 所以，我們看待這個問題的方法是忽略神經元，忽略突觸，只看原始的電活動。

Because that is what it’s creating. Because that is what it's creating. 因為這就是它正在創造的。 It’s creating electrical patterns. It's creating electrical patterns. 它正在創造電子模式。 So when we did this, we indeed, for the first time, saw these ghost-like structures:electrical objects appearing within the neocortical column. So when we did this, we indeed, for the first time, saw these ghost-like structures:electrical objects appearing within the neocortical column. C'est ainsi que, pour la première fois, nous avons pu observer ces structures fantômes : des objets électriques apparaissant dans la colonne néocorticale. And it’s these electrical objectsthat are holding all the information about whatever stimulated it. And it's these electrical objectsthat are holding all the information about whatever stimulated it. 正是這些帶電的物體保存著所有刺激它的信息。 And then when we zoomed into this, it’s like a veritable universe. And then when we zoomed into this, it's like a veritable universe. 然後當我們放大它時，它就像一個名副其實的宇宙。 So the next step is just to take these brain coordinates and to project them into perceptual space. So the next step is just to take these brain coordinates and to project them into perceptual space. L'étape suivante consiste donc à prendre ces coordonnées cérébrales et à les projeter dans l'espace perceptif. 所以下一步就是獲取這些大腦坐標並將它們投射到感知空間中。

And if you do that, you will be able to step inside the reality that is created by this machine, by this piece of the brain. And if you do that, you will be able to step inside the reality that is created by this machine, by this piece of the brain. So, in summary, I think that the universe may have --it’s possible -- evolved a brain to see itself, which may be a first step in becoming aware of itself. So, in summary, I think that the universe may have --it's possible -- evolved a brain to see itself, which may be a first step in becoming aware of itself. En résumé, je pense que l'univers a peut-être - c'est possible - développé un cerveau pour se voir lui-même, ce qui pourrait être un premier pas vers la prise de conscience de lui-même. Taigi apibendrindamas manau, kad visata galėjo - tai įmanoma - išvystyti smegenis, kad pamatytų save, o tai gali būti pirmas žingsnis suvokiant save. Итак, подводя итог, я думаю, что Вселенная - это возможно - развила мозг, чтобы видеть себя, что может быть первым шагом к осознанию себя. 所以，總而言之，我認為宇宙可能——有可能——進化出一個大腦來看到自己，這可能是了解自己的第一步。 There is a lot more to do to test these theories, and to test any other theories. There is a lot more to do to test these theories, and to test any other theories. Il reste encore beaucoup à faire pour tester ces théories, et pour tester toute autre théorie. But I hope that you are at least partly convinced that it is not impossible to build a brain. But I hope that you are at least partly convinced that it is not impossible to build a brain. We can do it within 10 years, and if we do succeed, we will send to TED, in 10 years, a hologram to talk to you. We can do it within 10 years, and if we do succeed, we will send to TED, in 10 years, a hologram to talk to you. Nous pouvons y parvenir d'ici dix ans et, si nous réussissons, nous enverrons à TED, dans dix ans, un hologramme qui vous parlera. 我們可以在 10 年內做到，如果我們成功了，我們將在 10 年內向 TED 發送一張全息圖與您交談。 Thank you. (Applause)