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•TED TALKS•, Amy Cuddy: Your body language shapes who you are

Amy Cuddy: Your body language shapes who you are

So I want to start by offering you a free no-tech life hack, and all it requires of you is this:that you change your posture for two minutes. But before I give it away, I want to ask you to right now do a little audit of your body and what you're doing with your body. So how many of you are sort of making yourselves smaller? Maybe you're hunching, crossing your legs,maybe wrapping your ankles. Sometimes we hold onto our arms like this. Sometimes we spread out. (Laughter) I see you. (Laughter) So I want you to pay attention to what you're doing right now. We're going to come back to that in a few minutes, and I'm hoping that if you learn to tweak this a little bit, it could significantly change the way your life unfolds.

So, we're really fascinated with body language, and we're particularly interested in other people's body language. You know, we're interested in, like, you know — (Laughter) — an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe a very awkward wink,or maybe even something like a handshake.

Narrator: Here they are arriving at Number 10, and look at this lucky policeman gets to shake hands with the President of the United States. Oh, and here comes the Prime Minister of the — ? No. (Laughter) (Applause) (Laughter) (Applause)

Amy Cuddy: So a handshake, or the lack of a handshake, can have us talking for weeks and weeks and weeks. Even the BBC and The New York Times. So obviously when we think about nonverbal behavior, or body language -- but we call it nonverbals as social scientists -- it's language, so we think about communication. When we think about communication, we think about interactions. So what is your body language communicating to me? What's mine communicating to you?

And there's a lot of reason to believe that this is a valid way to look at this. So social scientists have spent a lot of time looking at the effects of our body language, or other people's body language, on judgments. And we make sweeping judgments and inferences from body language. And those judgments can predict really meaningful life outcomes like who we hire or promote, who we ask out on a date. For example, Nalini Ambady, a researcher at Tufts University, shows that when people watch 30-second soundless clips of real physician-patient interactions, their judgments of the physician's niceness predict whether or not that physician will be sued. So it doesn't have to do so much with whether or not that physician was incompetent, but do we like that person and how they interacted?Even more dramatic, Alex Todorov at Princeton has shown us that judgments of political candidates' faces in just one second predict 70 percent of U.S. Senate and gubernatorial race outcomes, and even, let's go digital, emoticons used well in online negotiations can lead to you claim more value from that negotiation. If you use them poorly, bad idea. Right?So when we think of nonverbals, we think of how we judge others, how they judge us and what the outcomes are. We tend to forget, though, the other audience that's influenced by our nonverbals, and that's ourselves.

We are also influenced by our nonverbals, our thoughts and our feelings and our physiology.So what nonverbals am I talking about? I'm a social psychologist. I study prejudice, and I teach at a competitive business school, so it was inevitable that I would become interested in power dynamics. I became especially interested in nonverbal expressions of power and dominance.

And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are.So in the animal kingdom, they are about expanding. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space, you're basically opening up. It's about opening up. And this is true across the animal kingdom. It's not just limited to primates. And humans do the same thing. (Laughter) So they do this both when they have power sort of chronically, and also when they're feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. This expression, which is known as pride, Jessica Tracy has studied. She shows that people who are born with sight and people who are congenitally blind do this when they win at a physical competition. So when they cross the finish line and they've won, it doesn't matter if they've never seen anyone do it. They do this. So the arms up in the V, the chin is slightly lifted.What do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. We close up. We wrap ourselves up. We make ourselves small. We don't want to bump into the person next to us. So again, both animals and humans do the same thing. And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other's nonverbals. So if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to make ourselves smaller. We don't mirror them. We do the opposite of them.

So I'm watching this behavior in the classroom, and what do I notice? I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. So you have people who are like caricatures of alphas, really coming into the room, they get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space. When they sit down, they're sort of spread out. They raise their hands like this. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. As soon they come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny, and they go like this when they raise their hand. I notice a couple of things about this. One, you're not going to be surprised. It seems to be related to gender. So women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. Women feel chronically less powerful than men, so this is not surprising. But the other thing I noticed is that it also seemed to be related to the extent to which the students were participating, and how well they were participating. And this is really important in the MBA classroom, because participation counts for half the grade.

So business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap. You get these equally qualified women and men coming in and then you get these differences in grades,and it seems to be partly attributable to participation. So I started to wonder, you know, okay, so you have these people coming in like this, and they're participating. Is it possible that we could get people to fake it and would it lead them to participate more?

So my main collaborator Dana Carney, who's at Berkeley, and I really wanted to know, can you fake it till you make it? Like, can you do this just for a little while and actually experience a behavioral outcome that makes you seem more powerful? So we know that our nonverbals govern how other people think and feel about us. There's a lot of evidence.But our question really was, do our nonverbals govern how we think and feel about ourselves?

There's some evidence that they do. So, for example, we smile when we feel happy, but also, when we're forced to smile by holding a pen in our teeth like this, it makes us feel happy. So it goes both ways. When it comes to power, it also goes both ways. So when you feel powerful, you're more likely to do this, but it's also possible that when you pretend to be powerful, you are more likely to actually feel powerful.

So the second question really was, you know, so we know that our minds change our bodies, but is it also true that our bodies change our minds? And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what am I talking about? So I'm talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that's hormones. I look at hormones. So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like? So powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, more assertive and more confident, more optimistic. They actually feel that they're going to win even at games of chance. They also tend to be able to think more abstractly. So there are a lot of differences. They take more risks. There are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differences on two key hormones: testosterone, which is the dominance hormone, and cortisol, which is the stress hormone.So what we find is that high-power alpha males in primate hierarchies have high testosterone and low cortisol, and powerful and effective leaders also have high testosterone and low cortisol. So what does that mean? When you think about power, people tended to think only about testosterone, because that was about dominance. But really, power is also about how you react to stress. So do you want the high-power leader that's dominant, high on testosterone, but really stress reactive? Probably not, right? You want the person who's powerful and assertive and dominant, but not very stress reactive, the person who's laid back.

So we know that in primate hierarchies, if an alpha needs to take over, if an individual needs to take over an alpha role sort of suddenly, within a few days, that individual's testosterone has gone up significantly and his cortisol has dropped significantly. So we have this evidence, both that the body can shape the mind, at least at the facial level, and also that role changes can shape the mind. So what happens, okay, you take a role change, what happens if you do that at a really minimal level, like this tiny manipulation, this tiny intervention? "For two minutes," you say, "I want you to stand like this, and it's going to make you feel more powerful." So this is what we did. We decided to bring people into the lab and run a little experiment, and these people adopted, for two minutes, either high-power poses or low-power poses, and I'm just going to show you five of the poses, although they took on only two. So here's one. A couple more. This one has been dubbed the "Wonder Woman" by the media. Here are a couple more. So you can be standing or you can be sitting. And here are the low-power poses. So you're folding up, you're making yourself small. This one is very low-power.When you're touching your neck, you're really protecting yourself. So this is what happens. They come in, they spit into a vial, we for two minutes say, "You need to do this or this. "They don't look at pictures of the poses. We don't want to prime them with a concept of power. We want them to be feeling power, right? So two minutes they do this. We then ask them, "How powerful do you feel?" on a series of items, and then we give them an opportunity to gamble, and then we take another saliva sample. That's it. That's the whole experiment.

So this is what we find. Risk tolerance, which is the gambling, what we find is that when you're in the high-power pose condition, 86 percent of you will gamble. When you're in the low-power pose condition, only 60 percent, and that's a pretty whopping significant difference. Here's what we find on testosterone. From their baseline when they come in, high-power people experience about a 20-percent increase, and low-power people experience about a 10-percent decrease. So again, two minutes, and you get these changes. Here's what you get on cortisol. High-power people experience about a 25-percent decrease, and the low-power people experience about a 15-percent increase. So two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident and comfortable, or really stress-reactive, and, you know, feeling sort of shut down. And we've all had the feeling, right? So it seems that our nonverbals do govern how we think and feel about ourselves, so it's not just others, but it's also ourselves. Also, our bodies change our minds.

But the next question, of course, is can power posing for a few minutes really change your life in meaningful ways? So this is in the lab. It's this little task, you know, it's just a couple of minutes. Where can you actually apply this? Which we cared about, of course. And so we think it's really, what matters, I mean, where you want to use this is evaluative situations like social threat situations. Where are you being evaluated, either by your friends? Like for teenagers it's at the lunchroom table. It could be, you know, for some people it's speaking at a school board meeting. It might be giving a pitch or giving a talk like this or doing a job interview. We decided that the one that most people could relate to because most people had been through was the job interview.

So we published these findings, and the media are all over it, and they say, Okay, so this is what you do when you go in for the job interview, right? (Laughter) You know, so we were of course horrified, and said, Oh my God, no, no, no, that's not what we meant at all. For numerous reasons, no, no, no, don't do that. Again, this is not about you talking to other people. It's you talking to yourself. What do you do before you go into a job interview? You do this. Right? You're sitting down. You're looking at your iPhone -- or your Android, not trying to leave anyone out. You are, you know, you're looking at your notes, you're hunching up, making yourself small, when really what you should be doing maybe is this, like, in the bathroom, right? Do that. Find two minutes. So that's what we want to test. Okay? So we bring people into a lab, and they do either high- or low-power poses again, they go through a very stressful job interview. It's five minutes long. They are being recorded. They're being judged also, and the judges are trained to give no nonverbal feedback, so they look like this. Like, imagine this is the person interviewing you. So for five minutes, nothing, and this is worse than being heckled. People hate this. It's what Marianne LaFrance calls "standing in social quicksand. " So this really spikes your cortisol. So this is the job interview we put them through, because we really wanted to see what happened. We then have these coders look at these tapes, four of them. They're blind to the hypothesis. They're blind to the conditions. They have no idea who's been posing in what pose, and they end up looking at these sets of tapes, and they say, "Oh, we want to hire these people," -- all the high-power posers -- "we don't want to hire these people. We also evaluate these people much more positively overall. " But what's driving it? It's not about the content of the speech. It's about the presence that they're bringing to the speech. We also, because we rate them on all these variables related to competence, like, how well-structured is the speech? How good is it? What are their qualifications? No effect on those things. This is what's affected. These kinds of things. People are bringing their true selves, basically. They're bringing themselves.They bring their ideas, but as themselves, with no, you know, residue over them. So this is what's driving the effect, or mediating the effect.

So when I tell people about this, that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior, and our behavior can change our outcomes, they say to me, "I don't -- It feels fake." Right? So I said, fake it till you make it. I don't -- It's not me. I don't want to get there and then still feel like a fraud. I don't want to feel like an impostor. I don't want to get there only to feel like I'm not supposed to be here. And that really resonated with me,because I want to tell you a little story about being an impostor and feeling like I'm not supposed to be here.

When I was 19, I was in a really bad car accident. I was thrown out of a car, rolled several times. I was thrown from the car. And I woke up in a head injury rehab ward, and I had been withdrawn from college, and I learned that my I.Q. had dropped by two standard deviations,which was very traumatic. I knew my I.Q. because I had identified with being smart, and I had been called gifted as a child. So I'm taken out of college, I keep trying to go back. They say, "You're not going to finish college. Just, you know, there are other things for you to do,but that's not going to work out for you. " So I really struggled with this, and I have to say,having your identity taken from you, your core identity, and for me it was being smart,having that taken from you, there's nothing that leaves you feeling more powerless than that.So I felt entirely powerless. I worked and worked and worked, and I got lucky, and worked, and got lucky, and worked.

Eventually I graduated from college. It took me four years longer than my peers, and I convinced someone, my angel advisor, Susan Fiske, to take me on, and so I ended up at Princeton, and I was like, I am not supposed to be here. I am an impostor. And the night before my first-year talk, and the first-year talk at Princeton is a 20-minute talk to 20 people. That's it. I was so afraid of being found out the next day that I called her and said, "I'm quitting. " She was like, "You are not quitting, because I took a gamble on you, and you're staying. You're going to stay, and this is what you're going to do. You are going to fake it.You're going to do every talk that you ever get asked to do. You're just going to do it and do it and do it, even if you're terrified and just paralyzed and having an out-of-body experience, until you have this moment where you say, 'Oh my gosh, I'm doing it. Like, I have become this. I am actually doing this. '" So that's what I did. Five years in grad school, a few years, you know, I'm at Northwestern, I moved to Harvard, I'm at Harvard, I'm not really thinking about it anymore, but for a long time I had been thinking, "Not supposed to be here. Not supposed to be here." So at the end of my first year at Harvard, a student who had not talked in class the entire semester, who I had said, "Look, you've gotta participate or else you're going to fail," came into my office. I really didn't know her at all. And she said, she came in totally defeated, and she said, "I'm not supposed to be here. " And that was the moment for me. Because two things happened. One was that I realized, oh my gosh, I don't feel like that anymore. You know. I don't feel that anymore, but she does, and I get that feeling. And the second was, she is supposed to be here! Like, she can fake it, she can become it. So I was like, "Yes, you are! You are supposed to be here! And tomorrow you're going to fake it, you're going to make yourself powerful, and, you know, you're gonna — " (Applause) (Applause) "And you're going to go into the classroom, and you are going to give the best comment ever. "You know? And she gave the best comment ever, and people turned around and they were like, oh my God, I didn't even notice her sitting there, you know? (Laughter)

She comes back to me months later, and I realized that she had not just faked it till she made it, she had actually faked it till she became it. So she had changed. And so I want to say to you, don't fake it till you make it. Fake it till you become it. You know? It's not — Do it enough until you actually become it and internalize.

The last thing I'm going to leave you with is this. Tiny tweaks can lead to big changes. So this is two minutes. Two minutes, two minutes, two minutes. Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, in a bathroom stall, at your desk behind closed doors. That's what you want to do. Configure your brain to cope the best in that situation. Get your testosterone up. Get your cortisol down. Don't leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn't show them who I am. Leave that situation feeling like, oh, I really feel like I got to say who I am and show who I am.

So I want to ask you first, you know, both to try power posing, and also I want to ask you to share the science, because this is simple. I don't have ego involved in this. (Laughter) Give it away. Share it with people, because the people who can use it the most are the ones with no resources and no technology and no status and no power. Give it to them because they can do it in private. They need their bodies, privacy and two minutes, and it can significantly change the outcomes of their life. Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)

Amy Cuddy: Your body language shapes who you are Amy Cuddy: Deine Körpersprache formt dich, wer du bist Amy Cuddy: Η γλώσσα του σώματός σου διαμορφώνει το ποιος είσαι Amy Cuddy: Tu lenguaje corporal determina quién eres Amy Cuddy : Votre langage corporel façonne votre personnalité エイミー・カディ:ボディランゲージがあなたを形作る 에이미 커디: 보디랭귀지가 나를 형성합니다. Amy Cuddy: Jūsų kūno kalba formuoja tai, kas esate Amy Cuddy: Twój język ciała kształtuje to, kim jesteś Amy Cuddy: A sua linguagem corporal molda quem você é Эми Кадди: Язык вашего тела формирует то, кем вы являетесь Amy Cuddy: Beden diliniz kim olduğunuzu şekillendirir Емі Кадді: Мова вашого тіла формує те, ким ви є 艾米·卡迪:你的肢体语言塑造了你是谁 Amy Cuddy:你的肢體語言決定了你是誰

So I want to start by offering you a free no-tech life hack, and all it requires of you is this:that you change your posture for two minutes. Así que quiero empezar ofreciéndote un truco de vida gratuito y sin tecnología, y todo lo que requiere de ti es esto: que cambies tu postura durante dos minutos. But before I give it away, I want to ask you to right now do a little audit of your body and what you’re doing with your body. Pero antes de darlo, quiero pedirte que ahora mismo hagas una pequeña auditoría de tu cuerpo y de lo que estás haciendo con él. So how many of you are sort of making yourselves smaller? ¿Cuántos de ustedes se están haciendo más pequeños? Итак, сколько из вас немного меньше? Maybe you’re hunching, crossing your legs,maybe wrapping your ankles. Tal vez te encorves, cruces las piernas, tal vez envuelvas los tobillos. Może się garbisz, krzyżujesz nogi, może owijasz kostki. Sometimes we hold onto our arms like this. A veces nos agarramos los brazos así. Czasami trzymamy się za ręce w ten sposób. Иногда мы держимся за наши руки так. Sometimes we spread out. A veces nos dispersamos. Czasem się rozjeżdżamy. Иногда мы расходимся. (Laughter) I see you. (Te veo. (Laughter) So I want you to pay attention to what you’re doing right now. (Risas) Así que quiero que prestes atención a lo que estás haciendo ahora mismo. We’re going to come back to that in a few minutes, and I’m hoping that if you learn to tweak this a little bit, it could significantly change the way your life unfolds. Wir werden in ein paar Minuten darauf zurückkommen, und ich hoffe, dass Sie, wenn Sie lernen, dies ein wenig zu optimieren, die Art und Weise, wie sich Ihr Leben entfaltet, erheblich verändern können. Vamos a volver a eso en unos minutos, y espero que si aprendes a ajustar esto un poco, podría cambiar significativamente la forma en que se desarrolla tu vida. Wrócimy do tego za kilka minut i mam nadzieję, że jeśli nauczysz się to trochę poprawiać, może to znacząco zmienić sposób, w jaki potoczy się twoje życie.

So, we’re really fascinated with body language, and we’re particularly interested in other people’s body language. Nos fascina el lenguaje corporal, sobre todo el de los demás. Jesteśmy więc naprawdę zafascynowani mową ciała, a szczególnie interesuje nas mowa ciała innych ludzi. Итак, мы действительно очарованы языком тела, и нас особенно интересует язык тела других людей. You know, we’re interested in, like, you know — (Laughter) — an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe a very awkward wink,or maybe even something like a handshake.

Narrator: Here they are arriving at Number 10, and look at this lucky policeman gets to shake hands with the President of the United States. Narrador: Aquí están llegando al número 10, y mira a este afortunado policía consigue estrechar la mano del Presidente de los Estados Unidos. Narrator: Oto przybywają pod numer 10 i patrzcie na tego szczęśliwego policjanta, który może uścisnąć dłoń prezydenta Stanów Zjednoczonych. Рассказчик: Здесь они прибывают на номер 10, и посмотрите, как этот счастливый полицейский пожимает руку президенту Соединенных Штатов. Oh, and here comes the Prime Minister of the — ? Oh, y aquí viene el Primer Ministro de la - ? Oh, i oto nadchodzi premier - ? О, и здесь идет премьер-министр ...? No. (Laughter) (Applause) (Laughter) (Applause) (Śmiech) (Oklaski) (Śmiech) (Oklaski)

Amy Cuddy: So a handshake, or the lack of a handshake, can have us talking for weeks and weeks and weeks. Amy Cuddy: Así que un apretón de manos, o la falta de un apretón de manos, puede hacer que hablemos durante semanas y semanas y semanas. Эми Кадди: Так что рукопожатие или отсутствие рукопожатия могут заставить нас говорить неделями, неделями и неделями. Even the BBC and The New York Times. Incluso la BBC y The New York Times. So obviously when we think about nonverbal behavior, or body language -- but we call it nonverbals as social scientists -- it’s language, so we think about communication. Obviamente, cuando pensamos en el comportamiento no verbal, o en el lenguaje corporal -aunque los científicos sociales lo llamamos lenguaje no verbal-, pensamos en la comunicación. When we think about communication, we think about interactions. Kiedy myślimy o komunikacji, myślimy o interakcjach. So what is your body language communicating to me? Więc co komunikuje mi twój język ciała? What’s mine communicating to you? ¿Qué te comunica la mía? Co ja ci przekazuję?

And there’s a lot of reason to believe that this is a valid way to look at this. Und es gibt eine Menge Gründe, die dafür sprechen, dass dies eine sinnvolle Betrachtungsweise ist. Y hay muchas razones para creer que es una forma válida de verlo. И есть много причин полагать, что это правильный способ взглянуть на это. So social scientists have spent a lot of time looking at the effects of our body language, or other people’s body language, on judgments. Naukowcy społeczni poświęcili więc wiele czasu na badanie wpływu naszej mowy ciała lub mowy ciała innych osób na osądy. Поэтому социологи потратили много времени, глядя на влияние нашего языка тела или языка тела других людей на суждения. And we make sweeping judgments and inferences from body language. Und wir fällen pauschale Urteile und ziehen Schlüsse aus der Körpersprache. Y hacemos juicios e inferencias a partir del lenguaje corporal. Na podstawie mowy ciała dokonujemy szeroko zakrojonych osądów i wniosków. И мы делаем радикальные суждения и выводы из языка тела. And those judgments can predict really meaningful life outcomes like who we hire or promote, who we ask out on a date. Und diese Urteile können wirklich bedeutsame Lebensergebnisse vorhersagen, z. B. wen wir einstellen oder befördern, wen wir zu einem Date einladen. Y esos juicios pueden predecir resultados realmente significativos en la vida, como a quién contratamos o ascendemos o a quién pedimos una cita. И эти суждения могут предсказать действительно значимые жизненные исходы, например, кого мы нанимаем или рекламируем, кого мы спрашиваем на свидании. For example, Nalini Ambady, a researcher at Tufts University, shows that when people watch 30-second soundless clips of real physician-patient interactions, their judgments of the physician’s niceness predict whether or not that physician will be sued. Nalini Ambady, Forscherin an der Tufts University, hat beispielsweise gezeigt, dass Menschen, die sich 30-sekündige, tonlose Clips von realen Arzt-Patienten-Interaktionen ansehen, anhand ihrer Beurteilung der Freundlichkeit des Arztes vorhersagen können, ob der Arzt verklagt wird oder nicht. Por ejemplo, Nalini Ambady, investigadora de la Universidad de Tufts, demuestra que cuando la gente ve clips de 30 segundos sin sonido de interacciones reales entre médicos y pacientes, sus juicios sobre la amabilidad del médico predicen si ese médico será demandado o no. Na przykład Nalini Ambady, badaczka z Tufts University, wykazała, że gdy ludzie oglądają 30-sekundowe bezdźwięczne klipy prawdziwych interakcji między lekarzem a pacjentem, ich ocena uprzejmości lekarza pozwala przewidzieć, czy lekarz zostanie pozwany. Например, Налини Амбади, исследователь Университета Тафтса, показывает, что, когда люди смотрят 30-секундные беззвучные клипы реальных взаимоотношений между врачом и пациентом, их суждения о тонкости врача предсказывают, будет ли этот врач подан в суд. So it doesn’t have to do so much with whether or not that physician was incompetent, but do we like that person and how they interacted?Even more dramatic, Alex Todorov at Princeton has shown us that judgments of political candidates' faces in just one second predict 70 percent of U.S. Es geht also nicht so sehr darum, ob der Arzt inkompetent war oder nicht, sondern darum, ob wir die Person mögen und wie sie interagiert hat... Noch dramatischer ist, dass Alex Todorov in Princeton gezeigt hat, dass die Beurteilung von Gesichtern politischer Kandidaten in nur einer Sekunde 70 Prozent der US-Bürger vorhersagt. Así que no tiene tanto que ver con si ese médico era incompetente o no, sino con si nos gusta esa persona y cómo interactuaba... Y lo que es aún más dramático, Alex Todorov, de Princeton, ha demostrado que los juicios sobre las caras de los candidatos políticos en sólo un segundo predicen el 70 por ciento de las elecciones estadounidenses. Так что не нужно так много делать с тем, был ли этот врач некомпетентным, но нравится ли нам этот человек и как они взаимодействовали? Еще более драматичный, Алексей Тодоров в Принстоне показал нам, что суждения политических кандидатов в лицах просто одна секунда предсказывает 70 процентов США Senate and gubernatorial race outcomes, and even, let’s go digital, emoticons used well in online negotiations can lead to you claim more value from that negotiation. Los resultados de las elecciones al Senado y a la gobernación, e incluso, vamos a lo digital, los emoticonos bien utilizados en las negociaciones en línea pueden hacer que reclames más valor de esa negociación. Сенат и губернаторские гонки, и даже, давайте пойдем цифровыми, смайликами, хорошо используемыми в онлайн-переговорах, может привести к тому, что вы потребуете больше пользы от этих переговоров. If you use them poorly, bad idea. Right?So when we think of nonverbals, we think of how we judge others, how they judge us and what the outcomes are. We tend to forget, though, the other audience that’s influenced by our nonverbals, and that’s ourselves. Sin embargo, tendemos a olvidarnos del otro público al que influyen nuestros no verbales: nosotros mismos. Zwykle zapominamy jednak o innych odbiorcach, na których wpływają nasze niewerbalne wypowiedzi, a mianowicie o nas samych. Мы склонны забывать, однако, о другой аудитории, на которую влияют наши неверующие, и это мы сами.

We are also influenced by our nonverbals, our thoughts and our feelings and our physiology.So what nonverbals am I talking about? También nos influyen nuestras palabras no verbales, nuestros pensamientos, nuestros sentimientos y nuestra fisiología. Wpływ na nas mają również nasze niewerbalne wypowiedzi, nasze myśli, nasze uczucia i nasza fizjologia. O jakich niewerbalnych wypowiedziach mówię? На нас также влияют наши невербальные, наши мысли и наши чувства и наша физиология. Так о каких невербальных я говорю? I’m a social psychologist. Soy psicólogo social. I study prejudice, and I teach at a competitive business school, so it was inevitable that I would become interested in power dynamics. Ich beschäftige mich mit Vorurteilen und unterrichte an einer wettbewerbsorientierten Wirtschaftshochschule, so dass es unvermeidlich war, dass ich mich für Machtdynamik interessierte. Estudio los prejuicios y enseño en una escuela de negocios competitiva, así que era inevitable que me interesara por la dinámica del poder. I became especially interested in nonverbal expressions of power and dominance.

And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are.So in the animal kingdom, they are about expanding. W królestwie zwierząt chodzi więc o ekspansję. Ну, это то, что они есть. Итак, в животном мире они расширяются. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space, you’re basically opening up. Więc robisz się duży, rozciągasz się, zajmujesz przestrzeń, w zasadzie otwierasz się. It’s about opening up. Es geht darum, sich zu öffnen. Chodzi o otwarcie się. Речь идет об открытии. And this is true across the animal kingdom. Und das gilt für das gesamte Tierreich. Dotyczy to całego królestwa zwierząt. И это верно в животном мире. It’s not just limited to primates. Это не ограничивается только приматами. And humans do the same thing. (Laughter) So they do this both when they have power sort of chronically, and also when they’re feeling powerful in the moment. (Lachen) Sie tun dies also sowohl, wenn sie chronisch Macht haben, als auch, wenn sie sich gerade mächtig fühlen. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. This expression, which is known as pride, Jessica Tracy has studied. Diesen Ausdruck, der als Stolz bezeichnet wird, hat Jessica Tracy untersucht. To wyrażenie, znane jako duma, badała Jessica Tracy. She shows that people who are born with sight and people who are congenitally blind do this when they win at a physical competition. So when they cross the finish line and they’ve won, it doesn’t matter if they’ve never seen anyone do it. Więc kiedy przekraczają linię mety i wygrywają, nie ma znaczenia, że nigdy nie widzieli, jak ktoś to robi. They do this. So the arms up in the V, the chin is slightly lifted.What do we do when we feel powerless? Ramiona uniesione w literę V, podbródek lekko uniesiony. Co robimy, gdy czujemy się bezsilni? We do exactly the opposite. Мы делаем все наоборот. We close up. Zamykamy. Мы закрываем. We wrap ourselves up. Owijamy się. Мы завершаем себя. We make ourselves small. We don’t want to bump into the person next to us. Nie chcemy wpaść na osobę obok nas. Мы не хотим натыкаться на человека рядом с нами. So again, both animals and humans do the same thing. And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. I to właśnie dzieje się, gdy połączysz wysoką i niską moc. И это то, что происходит, когда вы собрали высокую и низкую мощность. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other’s nonverbals. Tak więc, jeśli chodzi o władzę, mamy tendencję do uzupełniania niewerbalnych wypowiedzi drugiej osoby. Поэтому то, что мы склонны делать, когда дело доходит до власти, заключается в том, что мы дополняем невербальные. So if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to make ourselves smaller. Jeśli więc ktoś jest wobec nas naprawdę potężny, mamy tendencję do pomniejszania siebie. We don’t mirror them. Nie odzwierciedlamy ich. Мы не отражаем их. We do the opposite of them. Robimy coś zupełnie przeciwnego.

So I’m watching this behavior in the classroom, and what do I notice? I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. Mir ist aufgefallen, dass MBA-Studenten wirklich die ganze Bandbreite der Power-Nonverbale zeigen. Zauważyłem, że studenci MBA naprawdę wykazują pełen zakres niewerbalnych mocy. Я замечаю, что студенты MBA действительно демонстрируют полный спектр энергетических невербальных. So you have people who are like caricatures of alphas, really coming into the room, they get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space. Więc masz ludzi, którzy są jak karykatury alfa, naprawdę przychodzą do pokoju, wchodzą na sam środek pokoju, zanim jeszcze rozpoczną się zajęcia, jakby naprawdę chcieli zająć miejsce. When they sit down, they’re sort of spread out. Cuando se sientan, están como dispersos. Kiedy siadają, są jakby rozproszeni. Когда они садятся, они разбросаны. They raise their hands like this. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. Inni ludzie po wejściu na salę praktycznie się załamują. У вас есть другие люди, которые фактически рушится, когда они входят. As soon they come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny, and they go like this when they raise their hand. Widać to na ich twarzach i ciałach, siadają na krześle i robią się malutcy, a kiedy podnoszą rękę, wyglądają tak. Вы видите это на их лицах и их телах, и они сидят в кресле, и они делают себя крошечными, и они идут так, когда они поднимают руку. I notice a couple of things about this. One, you’re not going to be surprised. Во-первых, вы не будете удивлены. It seems to be related to gender. Es scheint mit dem Geschlecht zusammenzuhängen. Похоже, что это связано с полом. So women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. Поэтому женщины гораздо чаще делают такие вещи, как мужчины. Women feel chronically less powerful than men, so this is not surprising. But the other thing I noticed is that it also seemed to be related to the extent to which the students were participating, and how well they were participating. Mir ist aber auch aufgefallen, dass es anscheinend auch damit zusammenhängt, in welchem Umfang und wie gut die Schüler mitmachen. Ale inną rzeczą, którą zauważyłem, jest to, że wydawało się to również związane z zakresem, w jakim uczniowie uczestniczyli i jak dobrze uczestniczyli. Но я заметил, что это также связано с тем, насколько участвуют учащиеся, и насколько хорошо они участвуют. And this is really important in the MBA classroom, because participation counts for half the grade. Jest to naprawdę ważne w klasie MBA, ponieważ uczestnictwo liczy się za połowę oceny. И это действительно важно в классе MBA, потому что участие составляет половину класса.

So business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap. Tak więc szkoły biznesu zmagają się z różnicą w ocenach ze względu na płeć. Поэтому бизнес-школы боролись с этим разрывом в гендерном классе. You get these equally qualified women and men coming in and then you get these differences in grades,and it seems to be partly attributable to participation. Es kommen gleich qualifizierte Frauen und Männer, und dann gibt es diese Unterschiede in den Noten, und das scheint teilweise auf die Beteiligung zurückzuführen zu sein. Вы получаете этих одинаково квалифицированных женщин и мужчин, а затем вы получаете эти различия в оценках, и это отчасти объясняется участием. So I started to wonder, you know, okay, so you have these people coming in like this, and they’re participating. И я начал задаваться вопросом: "Ну вот, у вас есть люди, которые приходят вот так, и они участвуют. Is it possible that we could get people to fake it and would it lead them to participate more? Ist es möglich, dass wir die Leute dazu bringen können, es vorzutäuschen, und würde es sie dazu bringen, sich mehr zu beteiligen? Czy jest możliwe, że uda nam się nakłonić ludzi do udawania i czy skłoni ich to do większego uczestnictwa? Возможно ли, что мы сможем заставить людей подделывать это, и это приведет их к участию?

So my main collaborator Dana Carney, who’s at Berkeley, and I really wanted to know, can you fake it till you make it? Tak więc moja główna współpracowniczka Dana Carney, która studiuje w Berkeley, i ja naprawdę chcieliśmy wiedzieć, czy można udawać, dopóki się nie uda? Поэтому мой главный соавтор Дана Карни, который в Беркли, и я действительно хотел узнать, можете ли вы подделать его, пока не сделаете это? Like, can you do this just for a little while and actually experience a behavioral outcome that makes you seem more powerful? Na przykład, czy możesz to zrobić tylko przez chwilę i faktycznie doświadczyć rezultatu behawioralnego, który sprawi, że będziesz wydawać się potężniejszy? Например, можете ли вы сделать это только на некоторое время и на самом деле испытать поведенческий результат, который заставит вас казаться более мощным? So we know that our nonverbals govern how other people think and feel about us. There’s a lot of evidence.But our question really was, do our nonverbals govern how we think and feel about ourselves? Есть много доказательств. Но на самом деле наш вопрос: неужели наши неверующие управляют тем, как мы думаем и чувствуем о себе?

There’s some evidence that they do. So, for example, we smile when we feel happy, but also, when we’re forced to smile by holding a pen in our teeth like this, it makes us feel happy. So it goes both ways. When it comes to power, it also goes both ways. Jeśli chodzi o władzę, to również działa ona w obie strony. So when you feel powerful, you’re more likely to do this, but it’s also possible that when you pretend to be powerful, you are more likely to actually feel powerful.

So the second question really was, you know, so we know that our minds change our bodies, but is it also true that our bodies change our minds? And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what am I talking about? So I’m talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that’s hormones. I look at hormones. So what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like? Jak więc wyglądają umysły potężnych i bezsilnych? Так что же представляют собой умы влиятельных и бессильных? So powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, more assertive and more confident, more optimistic. They actually feel that they’re going to win even at games of chance. Они действительно чувствуют, что собираются выиграть даже в азартных играх. They also tend to be able to think more abstractly. So there are a lot of differences. They take more risks. There are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differences on two key hormones: testosterone, which is the dominance hormone, and cortisol, which is the stress hormone.So what we find is that high-power alpha males in primate hierarchies have high testosterone and low cortisol, and powerful and effective leaders also have high testosterone and low cortisol. So what does that mean? When you think about power, people tended to think only about testosterone, because that was about dominance. Когда вы думаете о власти, люди склонны думать только о тестостероне, потому что это было о доминировании. But really, power is also about how you react to stress. So do you want the high-power leader that’s dominant, high on testosterone, but really stress reactive? Итак, вы хотите, чтобы лидер сильной власти был доминирующим, высоко на тестостероне, но действительно стрессовым реактивным? Probably not, right? You want the person who’s powerful and assertive and dominant, but not very stress reactive, the person who’s laid back. Chcesz osoby, która jest silna, asertywna i dominująca, ale nie reaguje zbytnio na stres, osoby, która jest wyluzowana. Вы хотите, чтобы человек, который был сильным и напористым и доминирующим, но не очень отзывчивым, человеком, который откинулся назад.

So we know that in primate hierarchies, if an alpha needs to take over, if an individual needs to take over an alpha role sort of suddenly, within a few days, that individual’s testosterone has gone up significantly and his cortisol has dropped significantly. Wiemy więc, że w hierarchiach naczelnych, jeśli osobnik alfa musi przejąć rolę alfa, jeśli osobnik musi przejąć rolę alfa, nagle, w ciągu kilku dni, testosteron tej osoby znacznie wzrósł, a jego kortyzol znacznie spadł. Таким образом, мы знаем, что в иерархиях приматов, если альфа должна взять на себя ответственность, если человеку необходимо внезапно взять на себя роль альфа-роли, в течение нескольких дней тестостерон этого человека значительно вырос, а его кортизол значительно снизился. So we have this evidence, both that the body can shape the mind, at least at the facial level, and also that role changes can shape the mind. Таким образом, у нас есть это свидетельство, как то, что тело может сформировать ум, по крайней мере на лицевом уровне, а также что изменения в ролях могут формировать ум. So what happens, okay, you take a role change, what happens if you do that at a really minimal level, like this tiny manipulation, this tiny intervention? Итак, что происходит, хорошо, вы меняете смену роли, что произойдет, если вы сделаете это на действительно минимальном уровне, как это крошечные манипуляции, это крошечное вмешательство? "For two minutes," you say, "I want you to stand like this, and it’s going to make you feel more powerful." «В течение двух минут, - говорите вы, - я хочу, чтобы вы стояли так, и это заставит вас почувствовать себя более мощным». So this is what we did. We decided to bring people into the lab and run a little experiment, and these people adopted, for two minutes, either high-power poses or low-power poses, and I’m just going to show you five of the poses, although they took on only two. Мы решили привести людей в лабораторию и провести небольшой эксперимент, и эти люди приняли в течение двух минут либо мощные позы, либо слабые позы, и я просто покажу вам пять позов, хотя они взял только два. So here’s one. Вот и вот. A couple more. Еще пара. This one has been dubbed the "Wonder Woman" by the media. Этот носитель был назван «Wonder Woman» СМИ. Here are a couple more. Вот еще пара. So you can be standing or you can be sitting. Możesz więc stać lub siedzieć. Таким образом, вы можете стоять или сидеть. And here are the low-power poses. И вот малые мощности. So you’re folding up, you’re making yourself small. Więc zwijasz się, robisz się mały. This one is very low-power.When you’re touching your neck, you’re really protecting yourself. So this is what happens. They come in, they spit into a vial, we for two minutes say, "You need to do this or this. "They don’t look at pictures of the poses. "Sie sehen sich keine Bilder von den Posen an. We don’t want to prime them with a concept of power. Wir wollen sie nicht mit einem Konzept der Macht beglücken. Nie chcemy wpajać im koncepcji władzy. We want them to be feeling power, right? Wir wollen, dass sie Macht spüren, richtig? So two minutes they do this. We then ask them, "How powerful do you feel?" on a series of items, and then we give them an opportunity to gamble, and then we take another saliva sample. That’s it. Вот и все. That’s the whole experiment.

So this is what we find. Так вот что мы находим. Risk tolerance, which is the gambling, what we find is that when you’re in the high-power pose condition, 86 percent of you will gamble. Jeśli chodzi o tolerancję na ryzyko, czyli hazard, to okazało się, że gdy jesteś w stanie pozowania o dużej sile, 86 procent z ciebie będzie uprawiać hazard. When you’re in the low-power pose condition, only 60 percent, and that’s a pretty whopping significant difference. Here’s what we find on testosterone. From their baseline when they come in, high-power people experience about a 20-percent increase, and low-power people experience about a 10-percent decrease. Im Vergleich zum Ausgangswert, den sie bei ihrer Ankunft hatten, verzeichnen Menschen mit hoher Leistung einen Anstieg von etwa 20 % und Menschen mit niedriger Leistung einen Rückgang von etwa 10 %. So again, two minutes, and you get these changes. Here’s what you get on cortisol. Вот что вы получаете на кортизоле. High-power people experience about a 25-percent decrease, and the low-power people experience about a 15-percent increase. So two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident and comfortable, or really stress-reactive, and, you know, feeling sort of shut down. Zwei Minuten führen also zu diesen hormonellen Veränderungen, die das Gehirn so konfigurieren, dass es entweder durchsetzungsfähig, selbstbewusst und bequem ist oder aber wirklich auf Stress reagiert und sich irgendwie abgeschaltet fühlt. Assim, dois minutos conduzem a estas alterações hormonais que configuram o cérebro para ser assertivo, confiante e confortável, ou para reagir ao stress e sentir-se fechado. Таким образом, две минуты приводят к этим гормональным изменениям, которые настраивают ваш мозг в основном как настойчивым, уверенным и комфортным, так и на самом деле стрессовым реактивным, и, как вы знаете, чувствуют себя закрытыми. And we’ve all had the feeling, right? So it seems that our nonverbals do govern how we think and feel about ourselves, so it’s not just others, but it’s also ourselves. Таким образом, кажется, что наши неверующие действительно управляют тем, как мы думаем и чувствуем о себе, так что это не просто другие, но и сами. Also, our bodies change our minds.

But the next question, of course, is can power posing for a few minutes really change your life in meaningful ways? Но следующий вопрос, конечно же, заключается в том, может ли сила позировать в течение нескольких минут действительно изменить вашу жизнь значимыми способами? So this is in the lab. Так что это в лаборатории. It’s this little task, you know, it’s just a couple of minutes. Знаешь, это небольшая задача, это всего лишь пару минут. Where can you actually apply this? Which we cared about, of course. Na czym oczywiście nam zależało. And so we think it’s really, what matters, I mean, where you want to use this is evaluative situations like social threat situations. Dlatego uważamy, że to, co jest naprawdę ważne, to znaczy, gdzie chcesz tego użyć, to sytuacje oceniające, takie jak sytuacje zagrożenia społecznego. Where are you being evaluated, either by your friends? Wo werden Sie bewertet, entweder von Ihren Freunden? Gdzie jesteś oceniany, czy przez znajomych? Где вас оценивают, ваши друзья? Like for teenagers it’s at the lunchroom table. Bei Teenagern ist das zum Beispiel am Mittagstisch der Fall. Как для подростков, это за обеденным столом. It could be, you know, for some people it’s speaking at a school board meeting. Вы знаете, это может быть, для некоторых людей это говорит на собрании школьного совета. It might be giving a pitch or giving a talk like this or doing a job interview. Возможно, это даст вам подачу или даст такую ​​беседу или сделает собеседование. We decided that the one that most people could relate to because most people had been through was the job interview. Wir haben beschlossen, dass das Vorstellungsgespräch dasjenige ist, mit dem sich die meisten Menschen identifizieren können, weil es die meisten schon erlebt haben. Zdecydowaliśmy, że tym, z którym większość ludzi może się utożsamić, ponieważ większość ludzi przez to przeszła, była rozmowa kwalifikacyjna. Мы решили, что тот, к которому большинство людей может относиться, потому что большинство людей прошли, было собеседованием.

So we published these findings, and the media are all over it, and they say, Okay, so this is what you do when you go in for the job interview, right? (Laughter) You know, so we were of course horrified, and said, Oh my God, no, no, no, that’s not what we meant at all. (Смех) Знаешь, поэтому мы, конечно, испугались и сказали: «Боже мой, нет, нет, нет, это совсем не то, что мы имели в виду. For numerous reasons, no, no, no, don’t do that. По многочисленным причинам, нет, нет, нет, не делайте этого. Again, this is not about you talking to other people. Опять же, речь идет не о том, чтобы вы разговаривали с другими людьми. It’s you talking to yourself. Это ты говоришь с самим собой. What do you do before you go into a job interview? Что вы делаете, прежде чем идти на собеседование? You do this. Right? You’re sitting down. Ты сидишь. You’re looking at your iPhone -- or your Android, not trying to leave anyone out. Sie schauen auf Ihr iPhone - oder Ihr Android-Gerät, um niemanden auszuschließen. Patrzysz na swojego iPhone'a - lub Androida, nie próbując nikogo pominąć. Вы смотрите на свой iPhone - или на свой Android, не пытаясь оставить кого-либо. You are, you know, you’re looking at your notes, you’re hunching up, making yourself small, when really what you should be doing maybe is this, like, in the bathroom, right? Do that. Find two minutes. So that’s what we want to test. Так вот что мы хотим проверить. Okay? So we bring people into a lab, and they do either high- or low-power poses again, they go through a very stressful job interview. It’s five minutes long. They are being recorded. They’re being judged also, and the judges are trained to give no nonverbal feedback, so they look like this. Их судят также, и судьи обучены не давать невербальной обратной связи, поэтому они выглядят так. Like, imagine this is the person interviewing you. So for five minutes, nothing, and this is worse than being heckled. People hate this. It’s what Marianne LaFrance calls "standing in social quicksand. É aquilo a que Marianne LaFrance chama "estar numa areia movediça social". " So this really spikes your cortisol. " Dadurch wird Ihr Cortisolspiegel in die Höhe getrieben. «Таким образом, это действительно шпильки вашего кортизола. So this is the job interview we put them through, because we really wanted to see what happened. Так что это собеседование, которое мы проводили, потому что мы действительно хотели посмотреть, что произошло. We then have these coders look at these tapes, four of them. Następnie koderzy przeglądają cztery taśmy. Затем мы видим, что эти кодеры смотрят на эти ленты, четыре из них. They’re blind to the hypothesis. Sie sind blind für diese Hypothese. Są ślepi na hipotezę. Они слепы к гипотезе. They’re blind to the conditions. Они слепы к условиям. They have no idea who’s been posing in what pose, and they end up looking at these sets of tapes, and they say, "Oh, we want to hire these people," -- all the high-power posers -- "we don’t want to hire these people. Они понятия не имеют, кто позирует в какой-то позе, и они в конечном итоге смотрят на эти ленты, и они говорят: «О, мы хотим нанять этих людей», - все сильные позы, - мы не Не хотите нанимать этих людей. We also evaluate these people much more positively overall. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, oceniamy te osoby znacznie bardziej pozytywnie. Мы также оцениваем этих людей гораздо более позитивно в целом. " But what’s driving it? «Но что это такое? It’s not about the content of the speech. Речь идет не о содержании речи. It’s about the presence that they’re bringing to the speech. Речь идет о присутствии, которое они привносят в речь. We also, because we rate them on all these variables related to competence, like, how well-structured is the speech? Мы также, потому что оцениваем их по всем этим переменным, связанным с компетентностью, например, насколько хорошо структурирована речь? How good is it? Как хорошо? What are their qualifications? Какова их квалификация? No effect on those things. Никакого влияния на эти вещи. This is what’s affected. To jest to, czego to dotyczy. Это то, что затронуто. These kinds of things. Такие вещи. People are bringing their true selves, basically. Люди приносят свое истинное «я», в основном. They’re bringing themselves.They bring their ideas, but as themselves, with no, you know, residue over them. Trazem as suas ideias, mas como elas próprias, sem qualquer controlo sobre elas. Они приносят себя. Они приносят свои идеи, но, как и они сами, без вас, вы знаете, остаток над ними. So this is what’s driving the effect, or mediating the effect. Więc to jest to, co napędza efekt lub pośredniczy w efekcie. Таким образом, это то, что стимулирует эффект, или опосредуя эффект.

So when I tell people about this, that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior, and our behavior can change our outcomes, they say to me, "I don’t -- It feels fake." Поэтому, когда я говорю людям об этом, наши тела меняют наш разум, и наш разум может изменить наше поведение, и наше поведение может изменить наши результаты, они говорят мне: «Я не ... Это кажется фальшивым». Right? So I said, fake it till you make it. Поэтому я сказал, подделываю это, пока вы не сделаете это. I don’t -- It’s not me. Я не ... Это не я. I don’t want to get there and then still feel like a fraud. Ich möchte nicht ankommen und mich dann immer noch wie ein Betrüger fühlen. Nie chcę tam dotrzeć, a potem nadal czuć się jak oszust. Я не хочу туда, а потом все еще чувствую себя мошенничеством. I don’t want to feel like an impostor. I don’t want to get there only to feel like I’m not supposed to be here. Ich möchte nicht dort ankommen, nur um das Gefühl zu haben, dass ich nicht hier sein sollte. Nie chcę dotrzeć na miejsce tylko po to, by poczuć, że nie powinno mnie tu być. Я не хочу туда попасть, чтобы чувствовать, что я не должен быть здесь. And that really resonated with me,because I want to tell you a little story about being an impostor and feeling like I’m not supposed to be here. И это действительно резонировало со мной, потому что я хочу рассказать вам небольшую историю о том, чтобы быть самозванцем и чувствовать, что я не должен быть здесь.

When I was 19, I was in a really bad car accident. Когда мне было 19 лет, у меня была очень плохая автомобильная катастрофа. I was thrown out of a car, rolled several times. Меня выбросили из машины, покатились несколько раз. I was thrown from the car. And I woke up in a head injury rehab ward, and I had been withdrawn from college, and I learned that my I.Q. Ich wachte in einer Reha-Station für Kopfverletzungen auf und wurde vom College genommen, und ich erfuhr, dass mein IQ Obudziłem się na oddziale rehabilitacji po urazie głowy, wycofano mnie ze studiów i dowiedziałem się, że moje IQ. E acordei numa enfermaria de reabilitação de ferimentos na cabeça, e tinha sido retirado da faculdade, e soube que o meu Q.I. had dropped by two standard deviations,which was very traumatic. um zwei Standardabweichungen gesunken, was sehr traumatisch war. снизился на два стандартных отклонения, что было очень травматичным. I knew my I.Q. because I had identified with being smart, and I had been called gifted as a child. weil ich mich damit identifiziert hatte, klug zu sein, und weil ich als Kind als begabt bezeichnet worden war. ponieważ utożsamiałem się z byciem inteligentnym i jako dziecko byłem nazywany utalentowanym. потому что я отождествлял себя с умными, и меня вызвали в детстве. So I’m taken out of college, I keep trying to go back. Zostałem wyrzucony ze studiów, ale wciąż próbuję wrócić. Поэтому меня вывели из колледжа, я продолжаю пытаться вернуться. They say, "You’re not going to finish college. Just, you know, there are other things for you to do,but that’s not going to work out for you. Просто, вы знаете, есть другие вещи для вас, но это не сработает для вас. " So I really struggled with this, and I have to say,having your identity taken from you, your core identity, and for me it was being smart,having that taken from you, there’s nothing that leaves you feeling more powerless than that.So I felt entirely powerless. «Поэтому я действительно боролся с этим, и я должен сказать, что ваша личность взята у вас, ваша основная идентичность, и для меня это было умнее, если бы это было взято у вас, нет ничего лишнего, чтобы вы чувствовали себя более бессильными. Поэтому я чувствовал себя совершенно бессильным. I worked and worked and worked, and I got lucky, and worked, and got lucky, and worked.

Eventually I graduated from college. В конце концов я окончил колледж. It took me four years longer than my peers, and I convinced someone, my angel advisor, Susan Fiske, to take me on, and so I ended up at Princeton, and I was like, I am not supposed to be here. Мне потребовалось четыре года дольше, чем у моих сверстников, и я убедил кого-то, моего советника по ангелу Сьюзен Фиск, взять меня на себя, и поэтому я оказался в Принстоне, и я подумал, что я не должен быть здесь. I am an impostor. And the night before my first-year talk, and the first-year talk at Princeton is a 20-minute talk to 20 people. И в ночь перед моим годовым разговором, и в первом году разговоры в Принстоне - это 20-минутная беседа с 20 людьми. That’s it. Вот и все. I was so afraid of being found out the next day that I called her and said, "I’m quitting. Я так боялся, что узнаю на следующий день, что позвонил ей, и сказал: «Я ухожу. " She was like, "You are not quitting, because I took a gamble on you, and you’re staying. " Sie sagte: "Du gibst nicht auf, denn ich habe auf dich gesetzt, und du bleibst. " Powiedziała: "Nie odchodzisz, bo postawiłam na ciebie i zostajesz. «Она подумала:« Вы не уходите, потому что я взял на себя азартные игры, и вы остаетесь. You’re going to stay, and this is what you’re going to do. You are going to fake it.You’re going to do every talk that you ever get asked to do. Вы собираетесь подделывать его. Вы будете делать все разговоры, которые вам когда-либо просят сделать. You’re just going to do it and do it and do it, even if you’re terrified and just paralyzed and having an out-of-body experience, until you have this moment where you say, 'Oh my gosh, I’m doing it. Вы просто сделаете это и сделаете это, и сделайте это, даже если вы в ужасе и просто парализованы и испытываете вне тела, пока не получите этот момент, когда вы скажете: «О, черт возьми, я», я делаю это. Like, I have become this. Например, я стал этим. I am actually doing this. '" So that’s what I did. Five years in grad school, a few years, you know, I’m at Northwestern, I moved to Harvard, I’m at Harvard, I’m not really thinking about it anymore, but for a long time I had been thinking, "Not supposed to be here. Пять лет в школе градиента, через несколько лет, вы знаете, я нахожусь на северо-западе, я переехал в Гарвард, я в Гарвард, я больше не думаю об этом, но долго думал, «Не должно быть здесь. Not supposed to be here." Nie powinno go tu być". Не должно быть здесь. So at the end of my first year at Harvard, a student who had not talked in class the entire semester, who I had said, "Look, you’ve gotta participate or else you’re going to fail," came into my office. Итак, в конце моего первого курса в Гарварде, ученике, который не говорил в классе весь семестр, который я сказал: «Послушай, ты должен участвовать, иначе ты проиграешь», вошел в мой кабинет , I really didn’t know her at all. And she said, she came in totally defeated, and she said, "I’m not supposed to be here. И она сказала, что она полностью потерпела поражение, и она сказала: «Я не должна быть здесь. " And that was the moment for me. «И это был момент для меня. Because two things happened. Потому что произошло две вещи. One was that I realized, oh my gosh, I don’t feel like that anymore. Во-первых, я понял, о, черт возьми, я больше этого не чувствую. You know. I don’t feel that anymore, but she does, and I get that feeling. Я не чувствую этого больше, но она это делает, и у меня такое чувство. And the second was, she is supposed to be here! Like, she can fake it, she can become it. Może to udawać, może się tym stać. Мол, она может подделать это, она может стать им. So I was like, "Yes, you are! Поэтому я подумал: «Да, ты! You are supposed to be here! And tomorrow you’re going to fake it, you’re going to make yourself powerful, and, you know, you’re gonna — " (Applause) (Applause) "And you’re going to go into the classroom, and you are going to give the best comment ever. И завтра ты собираешься подделать это, ты сделаешь себя могущественным, и, ты знаешь, ты собираешься ... »(Аплодисменты) (Аплодисменты)« И ты пойдешь в класс, а ты собираются дать лучший комментарий когда-либо. "You know? And she gave the best comment ever, and people turned around and they were like, oh my God, I didn’t even notice her sitting there, you know? (Laughter)

She comes back to me months later, and I realized that she had not just faked it till she made it, she had actually faked it till she became it. Wróciła do mnie kilka miesięcy później i zdałem sobie sprawę, że nie tylko udawała, dopóki jej się nie udało, ale tak naprawdę udawała, dopóki się nią nie stała. So she had changed. And so I want to say to you, don’t fake it till you make it. Fake it till you become it. Подделайте это, пока не станете им. You know? It’s not — Do it enough until you actually become it and internalize.

The last thing I’m going to leave you with is this. Последнее, что я собираюсь оставить с вами, это. Tiny tweaks can lead to big changes. Drobne poprawki mogą prowadzić do dużych zmian. So this is two minutes. Так что это две минуты. Two minutes, two minutes, two minutes. Before you go into the next stressful evaluative situation, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, in a bathroom stall, at your desk behind closed doors. That’s what you want to do. Configure your brain to cope the best in that situation. Get your testosterone up. Podnieś poziom testosteronu. Get your cortisol down. Don’t leave that situation feeling like, oh, I didn’t show them who I am. Nie opuszczaj tej sytuacji z poczuciem, że nie pokazałem im, kim jestem. Leave that situation feeling like, oh, I really feel like I got to say who I am and show who I am. Opuszczam tę sytuację z poczuciem, że naprawdę mogę powiedzieć kim jestem i pokazać kim jestem.

So I want to ask you first, you know, both to try power posing, and also I want to ask you to share the science, because this is simple. Więc chcę cię najpierw poprosić, abyś spróbował pozowania siłowego, a także chcę cię poprosić o podzielenie się nauką, ponieważ jest to proste. I don’t have ego involved in this. Nie mam w tym udziału ego. Я не участвовал в этом. (Laughter) Give it away. (Śmiech) Oddaj to. (Смех) Отдай. Share it with people, because the people who can use it the most are the ones with no resources and no technology and no status and no power. Dziel się nim z ludźmi, ponieważ ludzie, którzy mogą go najbardziej wykorzystać, to ci, którzy nie mają zasobów, technologii, statusu ani władzy. Поделитесь им с людьми, потому что люди, которые могут использовать его больше всего, это те, у кого нет ресурсов и нет технологии, нет статуса и нет власти. Give it to them because they can do it in private. Daj im to, ponieważ mogą to zrobić prywatnie. Дайте им их, потому что они могут делать это наедине. They need their bodies, privacy and two minutes, and it can significantly change the outcomes of their life. Potrzebują swoich ciał, prywatności i dwóch minut, a to może znacząco zmienić wyniki ich życia. Thank you. Dziękuję. (Applause) (Applause) (Oklaski) (Oklaski)