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The Story of the Middle Ages, 02. Breaking the Frontier

02. Breaking the Frontier

If you look at the map of Europe you will see two great rivers,—the Rhine and the Danube,—flowing in opposite directions across the continent, one emptying into the North Sea and the other into the Black Sea.

Their mouths are thousands of miles apart; yet when you follow up the course of each, you find that they come nearer and nearer, until, at their sources, the distance between them is no greater than a good walker might cover in a day. Thus these two rivers almost form a single line across the whole of Europe. Each in its lower course is broad and deep, and makes a good boundary for the countries on its banks. The Roman armies in the old days often crossed these rivers and indeed gained victories beyond them; but they found it so hard to keep possession of what they conquered there, that in the end they decided not to try. So for many years the Rhine and the Danube rivers formed the northern boundary of the Roman Empire.

In the last chapter you have read something of the Germans who lived north and east of this boundary. Among these peoples there was one which was to take the lead in breaking through the frontier and bringing about the downfall of the great empire of Rome. This was the nation of the Goths.

In the latter part of the fourth century after Christ, the Goths dwelt along the shores of the Black Sea and just north of the lower course of the Danube River. There they had been dwelling for more than a hundred years. According to the stories which the old men had told their sons, and the sons had told their children after them, the Goths at one time had dwelt far to the North, on the shores of the Baltic. Why they left their northern home, we do not know. Perhaps it was because of a famine or a pestilence which had come upon the land; perhaps it was because of a victory or a defeat in war with their neighbors; perhaps it was because of the urging of some great leader, or because of an oracle of their gods.

At any rate, the Goths did leave their homes by the Baltic Sea, to wander southward through the forests of what is now Western Russia. After many years, they had arrived in the sunnier lands about the Danube. There they had come in contact with the Romans for the first time. For a while there had been much fighting between the two peoples; but at last the Goths had been allowed to settle down quietly in these lands, on condition that they should not cross the river Danube and enter the Roman territory. And there they had dwelt ever since, living peaceably, for the most part, alongside their Roman neighbors and learning from them many civilized ways.

The greatest thing that the Goths learned from the Romans was Christianity. Little by little they ceased worshiping Thor and Woden, and became Christians. This was chiefly due to one of their own men, named Ulfilas, who spent a number of years at Constantinople, the Roman capital of the world. There he became a Christian priest; and when he returned to his people he began to work as a missionary among them. Ulfilas had many difficulties to overcome in this work; but the chief one was that there was no Bible, or indeed any books, in the Gothic language. So Ulfilas set to work to translate the Bible from the Greek language into the Gothic. This was a hard task in itself; but it was made all the harder by the fact that before he could begin he had to invent an alphabet in which to write down the Gothic words. After the translation was made, too, he had to teach his people how to read it. In all this Ulfilas was successful; and under his wise and patient teaching the Goths rapidly became Christians. At the same time they were becoming more civilized, and their rulers were beginning to build up a great kingdom about the Danube and the Black Sea. Suddenly, however, an event happened which was to change all their later history, and indeed the history of the world as well. This was the coming of the Huns into Europe.

The Huns were not members of the great Aryan family of nations; and indeed the Germans and the Romans thought that they were scarcely human at all. They were related to the Chinese; and their strange features and customs, and their shrill voices, were new to Europe. An old Gothic writer gives us a picture of them. "Nations whom they could never have defeated in fair fight," he says, "fled in horror from those frightful faces—if, indeed, I may call them faces; for they are nothing but shapeless black pieces of flesh, with little points instead of eyes. They have no hair on their cheeks or chins. Instead, the sides of their faces show deep furrowed scars; for hot irons are applied, with characteristic ferocity, to the face of every boy that is born among them, so that blood is drawn from his cheeks before he is allowed to taste his mother's milk. The men are little in size, but quick and active in their motions; and they are especially skillful in riding. They are broad-shouldered, are good at the use of the bow and arrows, have strong necks, and are always holding their heads high in their pride. To sum up, these beings under the forms of men hide the fierce natures of beasts. " The Goths were brave, but they could not stand against such men as these. The EAST-GOTHS, who dwelt about the Black Sea, were soon conquered, and for nearly a century they continued to be subject to the Huns. The WEST-GOTHS, who dwelt about the Danube, fled in terror before the countless hordes of the new-comers, and sought a refuge within the boundaries of the Roman Empire. As many as two hundred thousand fighting men, besides thousands of old men, women, and children, gathered on the north bank of the Danube, and "stretching out their hands from afar, with loud lamentations," begged the Roman officers to permit them to cross the river and settle in the Roman lands. The Roman Emperor, after much discussion, granted their request; but only on hard conditions, for he feared to have so many of the Goths in the land. The Gothic boys, he said, must be given up to the Romans as hostages, and the men must surrender their arms. The situation of the Goths was so serious that they were forced to agree to these terms; but many of them found means to bribe the Roman officers, to let them keep their arms with them. At last the crossing began; and for many days an army of boats was kept busy ferrying the people across the stream, which at this point was more than a mile wide.

In this way the West-Goths were saved from the Huns; but they soon found that it was only to suffer many injuries at the hands of the Roman officers. The emperor had given orders that the Goths were to be fed and cared for until they could be settled on new lands; but the Roman officers stole the food intended for them, and oppressed them in other ways. Some of the Goths, indeed, fell into such distress that they sold their own children as slaves in order to get food.

This state of affairs could not last long with so war-like a people as the Goths. One day, in the midst of a banquet which the Roman governor was giving to their leader, an outcry was heard in the palace-yard, and the news came that the Goths were being attacked. At once the Gothic leader drew his sword, saying he would stop the tumult, and went out to his men.

From that time war began between the Romans and the West-Goths. About a year after this (in the year 378 A.D.) a great battle was fought near Adrianople, a city which lies about one hundred and forty miles northwest of Constantinople. The Emperor Valens was himself at the head of the Roman army. His flatterers led him to believe that there could be no doubt of his success; so Valens rashly began the battle without waiting for the troops that were coming to assist him. The Romans were at a disadvantage besides. They were hot and tired, and their horses had had no food; the men, moreover, became crowded together into a narrow space where they could neither form their lines, nor use their swords and spears with effect. The victory of the Goths was complete. The Roman cavalry fled at the first attack; then the infantry were surrounded and cut down by thousands. More than two-thirds of the Roman army perished, and with them perished the Emperor Valens—no one knows just how.

The effects of this defeat were very disastrous for the Romans. Before this time the Goths had been doubtful of their power to defeat the Romans in the open field. Now they felt confidence in themselves, and were ready to try for new victories. And this was not the worst. After the battle of Adrianople the river Danube can no longer be considered the boundary of the Empire. The Goths had gained a footing within the frontier and could wander about at will. Other barbarian nations soon followed their example, and then still others came. As time went on, the Empire fell more and more into the hands of the barbarians.

These effects were not felt so much at first because the new Emperor, Theodosius, was an able man, and wise enough to see that the best way to treat the Goths was to make friends of them. This he did, giving them lands to till, and taking their young men into the pay of his army; so during his reign the Goths were quiet, and even helped him to fight his battles against his Roman enemies. One old chief, who had remained an enemy of the Romans, was received with kindness by Theodosius. After seeing the strength and beauty of the city of Constantinople, he said one day: "This Emperor is doubtless a god upon earth; and whoever lifts a hand against him is guilty of his own blood. " But the wise and vigorous rule of Theodosius was a short one, and came to an end in the year 395. After that the Roman Empire was divided into an Eastern Empire, with its capital at Constantinople, and a Western Empire, with its capital at Rome. After that, too, the friendly treatment of the Goths came to an end, and a jealous and suspicious policy took its place. Moreover, a new ruler, named Alaric, had just been chosen by the Goths. He was a fiery young prince, and was the ablest ruler that the West-Goths ever had. He had served in the Roman armies, and had there learned the Roman manner of making war. He was ambitious, too; and when he saw that the Empire was weakened by division, and by the folly of its rulers, he decided that the time had come for action. So, as an old Gothic writer tells us, "the new King took counsel with his people and they determined to carve out new kingdoms for themselves, rather than, through idleness, to continue the subjects of others. "

02. Breaking the Frontier 02. كسر الحدود 02. Die Grenze durchbrechen 02. Breaking the Frontier 02. Rompiendo la frontera 02. Briser la frontière 02. Rompere la frontiera 02.ブレイキング・ザ・フロンティア 02. 경계를 허물다 02. Breaking the Frontier 02. Breaking the Frontier 02. Quebrando a Fronteira 02. Нарушение границы 02. Att bryta gränsen 02. Sınırları Aşmak 02. Порушення кордонів 02.打破边界

If you look at the map of Europe you will see two great rivers,—the Rhine and the Danube,—flowing in opposite directions across the continent, one emptying into the North Sea and the other into the Black Sea. إذا نظرت إلى خريطة أوروبا سترى نهرين عظيمين، نهر الراين والدانوب، يتدفقان في اتجاهين متعاكسين عبر القارة، أحدهما يصب في بحر الشمال والآخر في البحر الأسود. 유럽 지도를 보면 라인강과 다뉴브강이라는 두 개의 큰 강이 대륙을 가로질러 서로 반대 방향으로 흐르며 하나는 북해로, 다른 하나는 흑해로 흘러가는 것을 볼 수 있습니다. Jeśli spojrzysz na mapę Europy, zobaczysz dwie wielkie rzeki - Ren i Dunaj - płynące w przeciwnych kierunkach przez kontynent, z których jedna wpada do Morza Północnego, a druga do Morza Czarnego.

Their mouths are thousands of miles apart; yet when you follow up the course of each, you find that they come nearer and nearer, until, at their sources, the distance between them is no greater than a good walker might cover in a day. تفصل أفواههم آلاف الأميال. ولكنك إذا تابعت سير كل منها تجدها تقترب أكثر فأكثر، حتى أن المسافة بينها عند منابعها لا تزيد على المسافة التي يقطعها الماشي الجيد في يوم واحد. Their mouths are thousands of miles apart; yet when you follow up the course of each, you find that they come nearer and nearer, until, at their sources, the distance between them is no greater than a good walker might cover in a day. Leurs bouches sont séparées de milliers de kilomètres; Cependant, lorsque vous suivez le parcours de chacun, vous constatez qu'ils se rapprochent de plus en plus, jusqu'à ce que, à leurs sources, la distance qui les sépare ne soit pas plus grande qu'un bon promeneur pourrait parcourir en un jour. 彼らの口は何千マイルも離れています。しかし、それぞれの進路をたどってみると、それらがどんどん近づいていることがわかります。その結果、それらの源では、それらの間の距離は、上手な歩行者が 1 日で移動できる距離よりも大きくなりません。 그들의 입은 수천 마일 떨어져 있지만, 각각의 과정을 따라가다 보면 점점 더 가까워지고, 결국에는 발원지에서 두 입 사이의 거리가 잘 걷는 사람이 하루에 걸을 수 있는 거리보다 크지 않다는 것을 알게 됩니다. Ich ujścia oddalone są od siebie o tysiące mil, ale gdy prześledzi się bieg każdej z nich, okazuje się, że zbliżają się do siebie coraz bardziej, aż u ich źródeł odległość między nimi jest nie większa niż odległość, którą dobry piechur może pokonać w ciągu jednego dnia. Thus these two rivers almost form a single line across the whole of Europe. وهكذا يشكل هذان النهران خطًا واحدًا تقريبًا عبر أوروبا بأكملها. Ainsi, ces deux rivières forment presque une seule ligne à travers toute l'Europe. このように、これら 2 つの川は、ヨーロッパ全体でほぼ 1 本の線を形成しています。 W ten sposób te dwie rzeki prawie tworzą jedną linię przez całą Europę. Assim, estes dois rios formam quase uma única linha em toda a Europa. Each in its lower course is broad and deep, and makes a good boundary for the countries on its banks. وكل منها في مساره السفلي واسع وعميق، ويشكل حدودًا جيدة للبلدان الواقعة على ضفتيه. それぞれの下部コースは広くて深く、その銀行にある国々に適切な境界を作っています。 Każda z nich w swoim dolnym biegu jest szeroka i głęboka i stanowi dobrą granicę dla krajów położonych na jej brzegach. The Roman armies in the old days often crossed these rivers and indeed gained victories beyond them; but they found it so hard to keep possession of what they conquered there, that in the end they decided not to try. غالبًا ما كانت الجيوش الرومانية في الأيام الخوالي تعبر هذه الأنهار وحققت بالفعل انتصارات وراءها. لكنهم وجدوا صعوبة كبيرة في الاحتفاظ بما انتصروا فيه هناك، لدرجة أنهم قرروا في النهاية عدم المحاولة. Les armées romaines autrefois traversaient souvent ces rivières et remportaient même des victoires. mais ils ont trouvé si difficile de garder la possession de ce qu’ils ont conquis qu’en fin de compte, ils ont décidé de ne pas essayer. 昔のローマ軍はしばしばこれらの川を渡り、実際に勝利を収めました。しかし、彼らはそこで征服したものを所有し続けることが非常に難しいことに気づき、最終的には挑戦しないことに決めました. Armie rzymskie w dawnych czasach często przekraczały te rzeki i rzeczywiście odnosiły zwycięstwa za nimi; ale tak trudno było im utrzymać w posiadaniu to, co tam podbili, że w końcu zdecydowali się nie próbować. So for many years the Rhine and the Danube rivers formed the northern boundary of the Roman Empire. لذلك، لسنوات عديدة، شكل نهرا الراين والدانوب الحدود الشمالية للإمبراطورية الرومانية. そのため、何年もの間、ライン川とドナウ川がローマ帝国の北の境界を形成していました。

In the last chapter you have read something of the Germans who lived north and east of this boundary. لقد قرأت في الفصل الأخير شيئًا عن الألمان الذين عاشوا شمال وشرق هذه الحدود. Among these peoples there was one which was to take the lead in breaking through the frontier and bringing about the downfall of the great empire of Rome. ومن بين هذه الشعوب كان هناك شعب كان عليه أن يأخذ زمام المبادرة في اختراق الحدود وإحداث سقوط إمبراطورية روما العظيمة. Parmi ces peuples, il y en avait un qui devait prendre l'initiative de franchir la frontière et de provoquer la chute du grand empire de Rome. これらの人々の中には、国境を突破し、ローマの大帝国の崩壊をもたらすことにおいて主導権を握った人がいました. Wśród tych ludów był jeden, który miał objąć przywództwo w przełamywaniu granic i doprowadzeniu do upadku wielkiego imperium rzymskiego. This was the nation of the Goths. وكانت هذه أمة القوط. これはゴート族の国でした。 Esta era a nação dos Godos.

In the latter part of the fourth century after Christ, the Goths dwelt along the shores of the Black Sea and just north of the lower course of the Danube River. في الجزء الأخير من القرن الرابع بعد المسيح، سكن القوط على طول شواطئ البحر الأسود وشمال المجرى السفلي لنهر الدانوب. 紀元後 4 世紀後半、ゴート族は黒海沿岸とドナウ川下流域のすぐ北に住んでいました。 There they had been dwelling for more than a hundred years. لقد عاشوا هناك لأكثر من مائة عام. 彼らはそこに100年以上住んでいました。 According to the stories which the old men had told their sons, and the sons had told their children after them, the Goths at one time had dwelt far to the North, on the shores of the Baltic. وفقًا للقصص التي رواها كبار السن لأبنائهم، والتي رواها الأبناء لأطفالهم من بعدهم، كان القوط يسكنون في وقت ما بعيدًا في الشمال، على شواطئ بحر البلطيق. 老人が息子たちに話し、その後息子たちが子供たちに語った話によると、ゴート族はかつてはるか北のバルト海沿岸に住んでいました。 Zgodnie z opowieściami, które starcy przekazywali swoim synom, a synowie swoim dzieciom, Goci mieszkali kiedyś daleko na północy, nad brzegiem Bałtyku. Why they left their northern home, we do not know. ولا نعرف لماذا تركوا موطنهم الشمالي. Perhaps it was because of a famine or a pestilence which had come upon the land; perhaps it was because of a victory or a defeat in war with their neighbors; perhaps it was because of the urging of some great leader, or because of an oracle of their gods. ربما كان ذلك بسبب مجاعة أو وباء أصاب الأرض؛ وربما كان ذلك بسبب النصر أو الهزيمة في الحرب مع جيرانهم؛ ربما كان ذلك بسبب إلحاح أحد القادة العظماء، أو بسبب وحي من آلهتهم. おそらくそれは、飢饉か疫病がこの地を襲ったためだったのだろう。おそらくそれは、隣人との戦争での勝利または敗北のせいでした。おそらくそれは、偉大な指導者の勧めによるものか、彼らの神々の託宣によるものだったのでしょう。 기근이나 역병이 땅에 닥쳤기 때문일 수도 있고, 이웃 국가와의 전쟁에서 승리하거나 패배했기 때문일 수도 있으며, 위대한 지도자의 권유나 신의 신탁 때문일 수도 있습니다.

At any rate, the Goths did leave their homes by the Baltic Sea, to wander southward through the forests of what is now Western Russia. وعلى أية حال، فقد ترك القوط منازلهم على ضفاف بحر البلطيق، ليتجولوا جنوبًا عبر غابات ما يعرف الآن بغرب روسيا. いずれにせよ、ゴート族はバルト海のそばの家を出て、現在のロシア西部の森の中を南下しました。 어쨌든 고트족은 발트해 연안의 고향을 떠나 현재 서부 러시아의 숲을 지나 남쪽으로 떠돌아다녔습니다. W każdym razie Goci opuścili swoje domy nad Morzem Bałtyckim, by wędrować na południe przez lasy dzisiejszej zachodniej Rosji. De qualquer modo, os Godos deixaram as suas casas junto ao Mar Báltico, para vaguear para sul através das florestas do que é agora a Rússia Ocidental. After many years, they had arrived in the sunnier lands about the Danube. وبعد سنوات عديدة، وصلوا إلى الأراضي المشمسة حول نهر الدانوب. 長い年月を経て、彼らはドナウ川沿いの太陽の降り注ぐ土地にたどり着きました。 There they had come in contact with the Romans for the first time. هناك اتصلوا بالرومان لأول مرة. そこで彼らは初めてローマ人と接触した。 Aí tinham entrado em contacto com os romanos pela primeira vez. For a while there had been much fighting between the two peoples; but at last the Goths had been allowed to settle down quietly in these lands, on condition that they should not cross the river Danube and enter the Roman territory. لفترة من الوقت كان هناك قتال كبير بين الشعبين. ولكن أخيرًا سُمح للقوط بالاستقرار بهدوء في هذه الأراضي، بشرط ألا يعبروا نهر الدانوب ويدخلوا الأراضي الرومانية. しばらくの間、2つの民族の間で多くの戦いがありました。しかしついにゴート族は、ドナウ川を渡ってローマの領土に入ってはならないという条件で、これらの土地に静かに定住することを許されました。 한동안 두 민족 사이에 많은 싸움이 있었지만 마침내 고트족은 다뉴브 강을 건너 로마 영토로 들어가지 않는다는 조건으로 이 땅에 조용히 정착할 수 있게 되었습니다. And there they had dwelt ever since, living peaceably, for the most part, alongside their Roman neighbors and learning from them many civilized ways. وقد سكنوا هناك منذ ذلك الحين، ويعيشون بسلام، في معظم الأحيان، جنبًا إلى جنب مع جيرانهم الرومان ويتعلمون منهم العديد من الطرق الحضارية. Et là-bas, ils habitaient depuis lors, vivant généralement en paix, aux côtés de leurs voisins romains et apprenant de nombreuses manières civilisées. それ以来、彼らはそこに住み、ほとんどの場合、ローマの隣人たちと一緒に平和に暮らし、彼らから多くの文明的な方法を学びました. 그 후로 그들은 그곳에 계속 거주하면서 대부분 로마의 이웃들과 함께 평화롭게 살았고, 그들에게서 많은 문명화된 방법을 배웠습니다. I tam mieszkali od tamtej pory, żyjąc w większości pokojowo ze swoimi rzymskimi sąsiadami i ucząc się od nich wielu cywilizowanych sposobów.

The greatest thing that the Goths learned from the Romans was Christianity. أعظم ما تعلمه القوط من الرومان هو المسيحية. ゴート族がローマ人から学んだ最大のものはキリスト教でした。 고트족이 로마인들로부터 배운 가장 위대한 것은 기독교였습니다. Little by little they ceased worshiping Thor and Woden, and became Christians. وشيئًا فشيئًا توقفوا عن عبادة ثور وودن، وأصبحوا مسيحيين. 그들은 조금씩 토르와 우덴에 대한 숭배를 중단하고 기독교인이 되었습니다. Stopniowo przestali czcić Thora i Wodena i stali się chrześcijanami. This was chiefly due to one of their own men, named Ulfilas, who spent a number of years at Constantinople, the Roman capital of the world. كان هذا بسبب أحد رجالهم، يُدعى أولفيلاس، الذي قضى عدة سنوات في القسطنطينية، العاصمة الرومانية للعالم. これは主に、世界のローマの首都であるコンスタンティノープルで何年も過ごしたウルフィラスという名前の彼ら自身の男性によるものでした。 이는 로마의 수도 콘스탄티노플에서 오랜 세월을 보낸 울필라스라는 인물 덕분이었습니다. There he became a Christian priest; and when he returned to his people he began to work as a missionary among them. وهناك أصبح كاهناً مسيحياً. ولما عاد إلى قومه بدأ يعمل مبشراً بينهم. そこで彼はキリスト教の司祭になりました。そして彼が自分の民に戻ったとき、彼は彼らの間で宣教師として働き始めました。 그곳에서 그는 기독교 사제가 되었고, 동족에게 돌아와서는 그들 사이에서 선교사로 일하기 시작했습니다. Ulfilas had many difficulties to overcome in this work; but the chief one was that there was no Bible, or indeed any books, in the Gothic language. واجه أولفيلاس العديد من الصعوبات التي يجب التغلب عليها في هذا العمل. ولكن الشيء الرئيسي هو أنه لم يكن هناك كتاب مقدس، أو في الواقع أي كتب، باللغة القوطية. ウルフィラスはこの作品で克服すべき多くの困難を抱えていました。しかし主な問題は、ゴシック語で書かれた聖書や実際の本がなかったということでした。 울필라스는 이 작업에서 극복해야 할 많은 어려움이 있었지만, 가장 큰 어려움은 고딕어로 된 성경이나 책이 없다는 것이었습니다. So Ulfilas set to work to translate the Bible from the Greek language into the Gothic. لذلك شرع أولفيلاس في العمل على ترجمة الكتاب المقدس من اللغة اليونانية إلى اللغة القوطية. This was a hard task in itself; but it was made all the harder by the fact that before he could begin he had to invent an alphabet in which to write down the Gothic words. وكانت هذه مهمة صعبة في حد ذاتها؛ لكن الأمر أصبح أكثر صعوبة لأنه قبل أن يتمكن من البدء كان عليه أن يخترع أبجدية يكتب بها الكلمات القوطية. これはそれ自体が難しい作業でした。しかし、彼が始める前にゴシック語を書き留めるアルファベットを発明しなければならなかったという事実によって、それはさらに難しくなりました。 이 작업은 그 자체로도 어려운 작업이었지만, 시작하기 전에 고딕 문자를 적을 알파벳을 발명해야 했기 때문에 더욱 어려웠습니다. After the translation was made, too, he had to teach his people how to read it. وبعد إجراء الترجمة أيضًا، كان عليه أن يعلم شعبه كيفية قراءتها. In all this Ulfilas was successful; and under his wise and patient teaching the Goths rapidly became Christians. في كل هذا كان Ulfilas ناجحًا. وفي ظل تعاليمه الحكيمة والصبور أصبح القوط مسيحيين بسرعة. このすべてにおいて、ウルフィラスは成功した。そして彼の賢明で忍耐強い教えの下で、ゴート族は急速にキリスト教徒になりました。 이 모든 일에서 울필라스는 성공했고, 그의 현명하고 인내심 있는 가르침 아래 고트족은 빠르게 기독교인이 되었습니다. At the same time they were becoming more civilized, and their rulers were beginning to build up a great kingdom about the Danube and the Black Sea. وفي الوقت نفسه، أصبحوا أكثر تحضرًا، وبدأ حكامهم في بناء مملكة عظيمة حول نهر الدانوب والبحر الأسود. 동시에 그들은 더욱 문명화되고 있었고, 통치자들은 다뉴브강과 흑해 주변에 대왕국을 건설하기 시작했습니다. Suddenly, however, an event happened which was to change all their later history, and indeed the history of the world as well. ولكن فجأة، حدث حدث كان من شأنه أن يغير كل تاريخهم اللاحق، بل وتاريخ العالم أيضًا. しかし突然、彼らのその後の歴史、さらには世界の歴史をも変える出来事が起こりました。 This was the coming of the Huns into Europe. كان هذا هو مجيء الهون إلى أوروبا.

The Huns were not members of the great Aryan family of nations; and indeed the Germans and the Romans thought that they were scarcely human at all. لم يكن الهون أعضاء في عائلة الأمم الآرية العظيمة؛ وبالفعل اعتقد الألمان والرومان أنهم بالكاد بشر على الإطلاق. フン族は偉大なアーリア民族の一員ではありませんでした。実際、ドイツ人とローマ人は、自分たちがほとんど人間ではないと考えていました。 훈족은 위대한 아리안족의 일원이 아니었고, 실제로 독일인과 로마인들은 훈족을 거의 인간에 가깝지 않다고 생각했습니다. Os hunos não eram membros da grande família ariana de nações; e, de facto, os alemães e os romanos pensavam que eles quase não eram humanos. They were related to the Chinese; and their strange features and customs, and their shrill voices, were new to Europe. كانوا على صلة بالصينيين. وكانت سماتهم وعاداتهم الغريبة وأصواتهم الحادة جديدة على أوروبا. 彼らは中国人と関係がありました。彼らの奇妙な特徴と習慣、甲高い声は、ヨーロッパでは初めてのことでした。 그들은 중국인과 관련이 있었고, 그들의 이상한 이목구비와 관습, 날카로운 목소리는 유럽에 처음 보는 것이었습니다. An old Gothic writer gives us a picture of them. كاتب قوطي قديم يعطينا صورة لهم. 오래된 고딕 양식의 한 작가가 우리에게 그들의 그림을 보여주었습니다. "Nations whom they could never have defeated in fair fight," he says, "fled in horror from those frightful faces—if, indeed, I may call them faces; for they are nothing but shapeless black pieces of flesh, with little points instead of eyes. يقول: "إن الأمم التي لم يكن بوسعهم أبدًا هزيمتها في قتال عادل، هربت في رعب من تلك الوجوه المخيفة - إذا جاز لي أن أسميها وجوهًا؛ لأنها ليست سوى قطع سوداء عديمة الشكل من اللحم، مع نقاط صغيرة بدلاً من ذلك. من العيون. 「公正な戦いで決して打ち負かすことができなかった国は」と彼は言う、「それらの恐ろしい顔から恐怖で逃げた-実際、私がそれらを顔と呼ぶことができるなら;それらは形のない黒い肉片に過ぎず、代わりに小さな点があるからです」目の。 "정정당당하게 싸웠더라면 결코 이길 수 없었을 나라들이 그 무서운 얼굴들-실제로 얼굴이라고 불러도 될지 모르겠지만-을 보고 공포에 질려 도망쳤습니다. 그들은 눈 대신 작은 점만 있는 형체 없는 검은 살덩어리였기 때문입니다. "Narody, których nigdy nie pokonaliby w uczciwej walce", mówi, "uciekły w przerażeniu przed tymi strasznymi twarzami - jeśli rzeczywiście mogę je nazwać twarzami, ponieważ są niczym innym jak bezkształtnymi czarnymi kawałkami ciała, z małymi punktami zamiast oczu. They have no hair on their cheeks or chins. ليس لديهم شعر على خدودهم أو ذقنهم. 頬やあごに毛がありません。 뺨이나 턱에 털이 없습니다. Nie mają włosów na policzkach i podbródkach. Instead, the sides of their faces show deep furrowed scars; for hot irons are applied, with characteristic ferocity, to the face of every boy that is born among them, so that blood is drawn from his cheeks before he is allowed to taste his mother's milk. وبدلا من ذلك، تظهر على جوانب وجوههم ندوب عميقة. إذ يتم وضع مكاوي ساخنة، بضراوة مميزة، على وجه كل طفل يولد بينهم، فيسحب الدم من خديه قبل أن يسمح له بتذوق حليب أمه. 代わりに、顔の側面には深いしわのある傷跡が見られます。というのは、彼らの間に生まれたすべての男の子の顔に、独特の猛烈さで熱いアイロンが当てられ、母乳を味わう前に頬から血が抜かれます. 대신 그들의 얼굴 옆구리에는 깊게 패인 상처가 있는데, 그 이유는 그들 사이에서 태어난 모든 소년의 얼굴에 뜨거운 다리미를 특유의 잔인 함으로 적용하여 어머니의 젖을 맛보기 전에 뺨에서 피를 뽑아 내기 때문입니다. Zamiast tego po bokach ich twarzy widać głębokie bruzdy, ponieważ gorące żelazo jest przykładane z charakterystyczną dzikością do twarzy każdego chłopca, który się wśród nich rodzi, tak że krew jest pobierana z jego policzków, zanim pozwoli mu się skosztować mleka matki. The men are little in size, but quick and active in their motions; and they are especially skillful in riding. الرجال صغار الحجم، لكنهم سريعون ونشطون في حركاتهم؛ وهم ماهرون بشكل خاص في ركوب الخيل. 男性は体格が小さいですが、動きが素早く活発です。彼らは特に乗馬が上手です。 남자들은 체구는 작지만 움직임이 빠르고 활동적이며, 특히 승마에 능숙합니다. They are broad-shouldered, are good at the use of the bow and arrows, have strong necks, and are always holding their heads high in their pride. إنهم عريضون الأكتاف، ويجيدون استخدام القوس والسهام، ولديهم رقاب قوية، ويرفعون رؤوسهم دائمًا عاليًا بكبريائهم. 肩幅が広く、弓矢が得意で、首が強く、常に頭を高く掲げて誇りを持っている。 어깨가 넓고 활과 화살을 잘 다루며 목이 튼튼하고 항상 자부심으로 고개를 높이 들고 있습니다. Mają szerokie ramiona, dobrze posługują się łukiem i strzałami, mają silne szyje i zawsze trzymają głowy wysoko w swojej dumie. To sum up, these beings under the forms of men hide the fierce natures of beasts. " والخلاصة أن هذه الكائنات تخفي تحت أشكال البشر طبائع الوحوش الشرسة. " 要約すると、人間の形をしたこれらの存在は、獣の獰猛な性質を隠しています。 " 요약하자면, 인간의 모습을 하고 있는 이 존재들은 사나운 짐승의 본성을 숨기고 있습니다. " The Goths were brave, but they could not stand against such men as these. كان القوط شجعانًا، لكنهم لم يستطيعوا الوقوف ضد مثل هؤلاء الرجال. ゴート族は勇敢でしたが、このような男たちに立ち向かうことはできませんでした。 고트족은 용감했지만 이들과 같은 자들에 대항할 수는 없었습니다. The EAST-GOTHS, who dwelt about the Black Sea, were soon conquered, and for nearly a century they continued to be subject to the Huns. وسرعان ما تم غزو القوط الشرقيين، الذين سكنوا حول البحر الأسود، وظلوا خاضعين للهون لمدة قرن تقريبًا. 흑해 주변에 살던 동고트족은 곧 정복당했고, 거의 한 세기 동안 훈족의 지배를 계속 받았습니다. EAST-GOTHOWIE, którzy mieszkali wokół Morza Czarnego, zostali wkrótce podbici i przez prawie sto lat nadal podlegali Hunom. The WEST-GOTHS, who dwelt about the Danube, fled in terror before the countless hordes of the new-comers, and sought a refuge within the boundaries of the Roman Empire. هرب القوط الغربيون، الذين سكنوا حول نهر الدانوب، في رعب أمام جحافل لا حصر لها من الوافدين الجدد، وبحثوا عن ملجأ داخل حدود الإمبراطورية الرومانية. 다뉴브강 주변에 거주하던 서고트족은 수많은 이민족의 공격 앞에서 공포에 질려 도망쳐 로마 제국의 경계 안에서 피난처를 찾았습니다. As many as two hundred thousand fighting men, besides thousands of old men, women, and children, gathered on the north bank of the Danube, and "stretching out their hands from afar, with loud lamentations," begged the Roman officers to permit them to cross the river and settle in the Roman lands. وتجمع ما يصل إلى مائتي ألف من الرجال المقاتلين، إلى جانب الآلاف من الرجال المسنين والنساء والأطفال، على الضفة الشمالية لنهر الدانوب، و"مدوا أيديهم من بعيد، بصوت عالٍ وتوسلوا إلى الضباط الرومان للسماح لهم بذلك". لعبور النهر والاستيطان في الأراضي الرومانية. 数千人の老人、女性、子供に加えて、20万人もの戦闘員がドナウ川の北岸に集まり、「遠くから大声で嘆きながら手を伸ばして」、ローマの将校に許可を求めました川を渡ってローマの土地に定住する。 수천 명의 노인과 여성, 어린이를 포함한 20만 명에 달하는 전사들이 다뉴브 강 북안에 모여 "멀리서 손을 뻗어 큰 소리로 애통해하며" 로마 장교들에게 강을 건너 로마 땅에 정착할 수 있도록 허락해 달라고 간청했습니다. До двухсот тысяч воинов, а также тысячи стариков, женщин и детей собрались на северном берегу Дуная и, "простирая издали руки, с громким плачем" умоляли римских офицеров разрешить им переправиться через реку и поселиться в римских землях. The Roman Emperor, after much discussion, granted their request; but only on hard conditions, for he feared to have so many of the Goths in the land. وبعد نقاش طويل، وافق الإمبراطور الروماني على طلبهم؛ ولكن فقط في ظروف صعبة، لأنه كان يخشى أن يكون هناك الكثير من القوط في الأرض. ローマ皇帝は、多くの議論の後、彼らの要求を認めました。しかし、彼はその土地に非常に多くのゴート族がいることを恐れていたので、厳しい条件でのみ. 로마 황제는 많은 논의 끝에 그들의 요청을 받아들였지만, 고트족이 그 땅에 너무 많은 것을 두려워했기 때문에 어려운 조건으로만 허락했습니다. The Gothic boys, he said, must be given up to the Romans as hostages, and the men must surrender their arms. وقال إنه يجب تسليم الأولاد القوطيين إلى الرومان كرهائن، ويجب على الرجال تسليم أسلحتهم. ゴート族の少年たちは人質としてローマ人に引き渡されなければならず、男たちは武器を明け渡さなければならない、と彼は言った。 그는 고트족 소년들을 인질로 로마인들에게 넘겨야 하며, 남자들은 무기를 포기해야 한다고 말했습니다. The situation of the Goths was so serious that they were forced to agree to these terms; but many of them found means to bribe the Roman officers, to let them keep their arms with them. كان وضع القوط خطيرًا جدًا لدرجة أنهم اضطروا للموافقة على هذه الشروط؛ لكن كثيرين منهم وجدوا وسيلة لرشوة الضباط الرومان حتى يسمحوا لهم بالاحتفاظ بأسلحتهم معهم. ゴート族の状況は非常に深刻だったため、これらの条件に同意することを余儀なくされました。しかし、彼らの多くは、ローマの将校に賄賂を贈り、彼らに武器を持たせる手段を見つけました。 고트족의 상황이 너무 심각해서 이 조건에 동의할 수밖에 없었지만, 많은 고트족이 로마 장교들에게 뇌물을 주고 무기를 계속 보유할 수 있는 방법을 찾았습니다. Sytuacja Gotów była tak poważna, że byli zmuszeni zgodzić się na te warunki; ale wielu z nich znalazło sposób na przekupienie rzymskich oficerów, aby pozwolili im zatrzymać broń przy sobie. At last the crossing began; and for many days an army of boats was kept busy ferrying the people across the stream, which at this point was more than a mile wide. أخيرًا بدأ المعبر؛ ولعدة أيام ظل جيش من القوارب مشغولًا بنقل الناس عبر النهر، الذي كان عرضه في هذه المرحلة أكثر من ميل. ついに横断が始まった。そして、何日もの間、ボートの軍隊が、この時点で幅が 1 マイル以上ある小川を渡って人々を運ぶのに忙しくしていました。 마침내 건널목이 시작되었고, 여러 날 동안 많은 배들이 폭이 1마일이 넘는 강을 가로질러 사람들을 실어 나르느라 바빴습니다.

In this way the West-Goths were saved from the Huns; but they soon found that it was only to suffer many injuries at the hands of the Roman officers. وبهذه الطريقة تم إنقاذ القوط الغربيين من الهون. لكنهم سرعان ما اكتشفوا أنهم تعرضوا لإصابات كثيرة على أيدي الضباط الرومان. このようにして、西ゴート族はフン族から救われました。しかし、彼らはすぐに、ローマの将校の手で多くの怪我を負っただけであることに気づきました。 이렇게 해서 서고트족은 훈족으로부터 구출되었지만, 곧 로마 장교들의 손에 많은 부상을 당할 수밖에 없었다는 것을 알게 되었습니다. W ten sposób zachodni Goci zostali ocaleni przed Hunami, ale wkrótce przekonali się, że było to tylko cierpienie z powodu wielu ran zadanych przez rzymskich oficerów. The emperor had given orders that the Goths were to be fed and cared for until they could be settled on new lands; but the Roman officers stole the food intended for them, and oppressed them in other ways. أصدر الإمبراطور أوامره بإطعام القوط ورعايتهم حتى يتمكنوا من الاستقرار في أراضٍ جديدة؛ لكن الضباط الرومان سرقوا الطعام المخصص لهم، واضطهدوهم بطرق أخرى. 皇帝は、ゴート人が新しい土地に定住できるようになるまで、ゴート人に餌を与えて世話をするように命じました。しかし、ローマの将校たちは彼らのために意図された食べ物を盗み、他の方法で彼らを抑圧しました. 황제는 고트족이 새로운 땅에 정착할 때까지 먹이고 돌보라는 명령을 내렸지만, 로마 장교들은 고트족이 먹을 식량을 훔치고 다른 방식으로 고트족을 탄압했습니다. Император приказал кормить и заботиться о готах до тех пор, пока их не расселят на новых землях, но римские офицеры похищали предназначенное для них продовольствие и притесняли их другими способами. Some of the Goths, indeed, fell into such distress that they sold their own children as slaves in order to get food. وفي الواقع، وقع بعض القوط في محنة شديدة لدرجة أنهم باعوا أطفالهم كعبيد من أجل الحصول على الطعام. 실제로 고트족 중 일부는 식량을 구하기 위해 자신의 자녀를 노예로 팔아넘길 정도로 궁핍에 빠졌습니다. Некоторые готы, действительно, впали в такое бедственное положение, что продавали собственных детей в рабство, чтобы добыть пропитание.

This state of affairs could not last long with so war-like a people as the Goths. لم يكن من الممكن أن يستمر هذا الوضع طويلاً مع شعب مولع بالحرب مثل القوط. このような状況は、ゴート族のような戦争のような民族では長続きしませんでした。 고트족처럼 전쟁을 좋아하는 민족에게 이런 상황은 오래 지속될 수 없었습니다. Taki stan rzeczy nie mógł trwać długo w przypadku tak wojowniczego ludu jak Goci. Такое положение дел не могло долго сохраняться у столь воинственного народа, как готы. One day, in the midst of a banquet which the Roman governor was giving to their leader, an outcry was heard in the palace-yard, and the news came that the Goths were being attacked. وفي أحد الأيام، وفي وسط مأدبة أقامها الوالي الروماني لزعيمهم، سُمعت صرخة في ساحة القصر، وجاءت الأخبار عن تعرض القوط للهجوم. 어느 날 로마 총독이 고트족 지도자에게 연회를 베풀고 있을 때 궁전 마당에서 고트족이 공격받고 있다는 비명 소리가 들렸습니다. Pewnego dnia, w trakcie bankietu, który rzymski gubernator wydawał dla ich przywódcy, na dziedzińcu pałacowym rozległ się krzyk i nadeszła wiadomość, że Goci zostali zaatakowani. Однажды во время пира, который римский наместник давал их предводителю, во дворе дворца раздался крик, и пришло известие, что на готов напали. At once the Gothic leader drew his sword, saying he would stop the tumult, and went out to his men. وعلى الفور استل القائد القوطي سيفه قائلاً إنه سيوقف الاضطراب، وخرج إلى رجاله. すぐにゴート族の指導者は剣を抜いて騒動を止めると言い、部下のところへ出て行った。 고딕의 지도자는 즉시 칼을 뽑아 들고 소란을 멈추겠다며 부하들에게 나섰습니다. Natychmiast gocki przywódca wyciągnął miecz, mówiąc, że powstrzyma zamieszki, i wyszedł do swoich ludzi. Готский вождь тут же выхватил меч, сказав, что остановит беспорядки, и вышел к своим людям.

From that time war began between the Romans and the West-Goths. ومنذ ذلك الوقت بدأت الحرب بين الرومان والقوط الغربيين. 이때부터 로마인과 서고트족 사이에 전쟁이 시작되었습니다. About a year after this (in the year 378 A.D.) وبعد ذلك بحوالي عام (سنة 378 م) a great battle was fought near Adrianople, a city which lies about one hundred and forty miles northwest of Constantinople. دارت معركة كبيرة بالقرب من أدرنة، وهي مدينة تقع على بعد حوالي مائة وأربعين ميلاً شمال غرب القسطنطينية. 콘스탄티노플에서 북서쪽으로 약 140마일 떨어진 도시 아드리아노플 근처에서 큰 전투가 벌어졌습니다. The Emperor Valens was himself at the head of the Roman army. وكان الإمبراطور فالنس نفسه على رأس الجيش الروماني. The Emperor Valens was himself at the head of the Roman army. 발렌스 황제는 직접 로마 군대의 수장이었습니다. His flatterers led him to believe that there could be no doubt of his success; so Valens rashly began the battle without waiting for the troops that were coming to assist him. وقد دفعه تملقه إلى الاعتقاد بأنه لا يمكن أن يكون هناك شك في نجاحه؛ لذلك بدأ فالنس المعركة بتهور دون انتظار القوات القادمة لمساعدته. 아첨하는 자들의 말을 듣고 성공을 의심할 여지가 없다고 생각한 발렌스는 지원군을 기다리지 않고 성급하게 전투를 시작했습니다. The Romans were at a disadvantage besides. وكان الرومان في وضع غير مؤات إلى جانب ذلك. ローマ人はさらに不利な立場にありました。 Poza tym Rzymianie byli w niekorzystnej sytuacji. They were hot and tired, and their horses had had no food; the men, moreover, became crowded together into a narrow space where they could neither form their lines, nor use their swords and spears with effect. كانوا يشعرون بالحر والتعب، ولم يكن لدى خيولهم أي طعام؛ علاوة على ذلك، أصبح الرجال محتشدين معًا في مساحة ضيقة حيث لم يتمكنوا من تشكيل صفوفهم، ولا استخدام سيوفهم ورماحهم بفعالية. 그들은 덥고 지쳤고 말들은 먹을 것이 없었으며, 게다가 사람들은 좁은 공간에 밀집되어 전열을 정비할 수도 없고 칼과 창을 효과적으로 사용할 수도 없었습니다. Byli rozgrzani i zmęczeni, a ich konie nie miały jedzenia; co więcej, ludzie byli stłoczeni na wąskiej przestrzeni, gdzie nie mogli uformować linii ani skutecznie używać mieczy i włóczni. The victory of the Goths was complete. كان انتصار القوط كاملا. ゴート族の勝利は完全でした。 고트족의 승리가 완성되었습니다. The Roman cavalry fled at the first attack; then the infantry were surrounded and cut down by thousands. هرب سلاح الفرسان الروماني عند الهجوم الأول. ثم تم تطويق المشاة وقتلهم بالآلاف. ローマの騎兵隊は最初の攻撃で逃げました。その後、歩兵は数千人に囲まれ、切り倒されました。 로마 기병대는 첫 번째 공격에서 도망쳤고, 보병은 포위되어 수천 명이 전사했습니다. Rzymska kawaleria uciekła przy pierwszym ataku; następnie piechota została otoczona i wycięta tysiącami. More than two-thirds of the Roman army perished, and with them perished the Emperor Valens—no one knows just how. ولقي أكثر من ثلثي الجيش الروماني حتفهم، ومعهم هلك الإمبراطور فالنس، ولا أحد يعرف كيف حدث ذلك. More than two-thirds of the Roman army perished, and with them perished the Emperor Valens—no one knows just how. ローマ軍の 3 分の 2 以上が死亡し、それと共に皇帝ヴァレンスも死亡しました。その方法は誰にもわかりません。 로마 군대의 3분의 2 이상이 전사했고, 황제 발렌스도 그들과 함께 죽었는데, 그 경위는 아무도 알지 못합니다.

The effects of this defeat were very disastrous for the Romans. وكانت آثار هذه الهزيمة كارثية للغاية على الرومان. Before this time the Goths had been doubtful of their power to defeat the Romans in the open field. قبل هذا الوقت، كان القوط متشككين في قدرتهم على هزيمة الرومان في الحقول المفتوحة. この時まで、ゴート族は野戦でローマ人を打ち負かす力に懐疑的でした。 이 시기까지만 해도 고트족은 야외에서 로마인을 물리칠 수 있을지에 대해 의구심을 품고 있었습니다. Wcześniej Goci wątpili w swoją siłę do pokonania Rzymian na otwartym polu. Now they felt confidence in themselves, and were ready to try for new victories. الآن شعروا بالثقة في أنفسهم، وكانوا على استعداد لمحاولة تحقيق انتصارات جديدة. 今、彼らは自分自身に自信を持っており、新たな勝利を目指す準備ができていました. 이제 그들은 자신에 대한 자신감을 갖고 새로운 승리를 위해 도전할 준비가 되었습니다. And this was not the worst. ولم يكن هذا هو الأسوأ. 그리고 이것은 최악이 아니었습니다. After the battle of Adrianople the river Danube can no longer be considered the boundary of the Empire. بعد معركة أدرنة، لم يعد من الممكن اعتبار نهر الدانوب حدود الإمبراطورية. アドリアノープルの戦いの後、ドナウ川はもはや帝国の境界とはみなされなくなりました。 아드리아노플 전투 이후 다뉴브 강은 더 이상 제국의 경계로 간주될 수 없습니다. The Goths had gained a footing within the frontier and could wander about at will. كان القوط قد اكتسبوا موطئ قدم داخل الحدود وكان بإمكانهم التجول حسب الرغبة. ゴート族は国境内で足場を固め、自由に歩き回ることができました。 고트족은 국경에 기반을 잡고 마음대로 돌아다닐 수 있게 되었습니다. Goci umocnili się na granicy i mogli wędrować do woli. Other barbarian nations soon followed their example, and then still others came. وسرعان ما حذت دول بربرية أخرى حذوهم، ثم جاءت دول أخرى. 他の野蛮な国家がすぐに彼らの例に倣い、さらに他の国々がやって来ました。 곧 다른 야만 국가들도 그 뒤를 따랐고, 또 다른 야만 국가들이 등장했습니다. Inne barbarzyńskie narody wkrótce podążyły za ich przykładem, a potem przybyli kolejni. As time went on, the Empire fell more and more into the hands of the barbarians. مع مرور الوقت، سقطت الإمبراطورية أكثر فأكثر في أيدي البرابرة. W miarę upływu czasu Imperium coraz bardziej wpadało w ręce barbarzyńców.

These effects were not felt so much at first because the new Emperor, Theodosius, was an able man, and wise enough to see that the best way to treat the Goths was to make friends of them. لم تكن هذه التأثيرات محسوسة كثيرًا في البداية لأن الإمبراطور الجديد، ثيودوسيوس، كان رجلاً مقتدرًا وحكيمًا بما يكفي ليرى أن أفضل طريقة لمعاملة القوط هي تكوين صداقات معهم. 新しい皇帝、テオドシウスは有能な男であり、ゴート族を扱う最善の方法は彼らの友達を作ることであると理解していたので、これらの影響は最初はあまり感じられませんでした. 새 황제 테오도시우스는 유능한 사람이었고, 고트족을 대하는 가장 좋은 방법은 고트족을 친구로 만드는 것임을 알 만큼 현명했기 때문에 처음에는 이러한 영향이 크게 느껴지지 않았습니다. This he did, giving them lands to till, and taking their young men into the pay of his army; so during his reign the Goths were quiet, and even helped him to fight his battles against his Roman enemies. وقد فعل ذلك، فأعطاهم الأراضي لحرثها، وأخذ شبابهم لدفع رواتب جيشه؛ ولذلك كان القوط هادئين في عهده، بل وساعدوه في خوض معاركه ضد أعدائه الرومان. 彼はこれを行い、彼らに土地を与え、彼らの若者を彼の軍隊の給料に入れました。そのため、彼の治世中、ゴート族は静かであり、彼がローマの敵との戦いを戦うのを助けさえしました. 이렇게 해서 고트족에게 경작할 땅을 주고, 젊은이들을 군대의 부역자로 삼았기 때문에 그의 통치 기간 동안 고트족은 조용히 지냈고, 심지어 로마의 적들과 싸우는 데 도움을 주었습니다. One old chief, who had remained an enemy of the Romans, was received with kindness by Theodosius. أحد الزعماء القدامى، الذي ظل عدوًا للرومان، استقبله ثيودوسيوس بلطف. ローマ人の敵であり続けたある年老いた首長は、テオドシウスに親切に迎えられました。 로마인들의 적으로 남아 있던 한 늙은 추장은 테오도시우스가 친절하게 맞아주었습니다. Pewien stary wódz, który pozostał wrogiem Rzymian, został życzliwie przyjęty przez Teodozjusza. Один старый вождь, оставшийся врагом римлян, был принят Феодосием благосклонно. After seeing the strength and beauty of the city of Constantinople, he said one day: "This Emperor is doubtless a god upon earth; and whoever lifts a hand against him is guilty of his own blood. " وبعد أن رأى قوة مدينة القسطنطينية وجمالها، قال ذات يوم: "لا شك أن هذا الإمبراطور إله على الأرض، ومن رفع عليه يدًا فقد ارتكب دمه". コンスタンティノープルの街の強さと美しさを見た後、彼はある日こう言いました。 콘스탄티노플 도시의 힘과 아름다움을 본 그는 어느 날 이렇게 말했습니다: "이 황제는 의심할 여지없이 지상의 신이며, 누구든지 그에게 손을 대는 사람은 자신의 피에 대한 죄를 짓는 것이다. " Ujrzawszy potęgę i piękno Konstantynopola, powiedział pewnego dnia: "Ten cesarz jest bez wątpienia bogiem na ziemi; a ktokolwiek podniesie rękę przeciwko niemu, jest winny własnej krwi". " Увидев мощь и красоту города Константинополя, он однажды сказал: "Этот император, несомненно, бог на земле; и кто поднимет на него руку, тот повинен в собственной крови". " But the wise and vigorous rule of Theodosius was a short one, and came to an end in the year 395. لكن حكم ثيودوسيوس الحكيم والقوي كان قصيرًا، وانتهى في عام 395. After that the Roman Empire was divided into an Eastern Empire, with its capital at Constantinople, and a Western Empire, with its capital at Rome. وبعد ذلك انقسمت الإمبراطورية الرومانية إلى إمبراطورية شرقية وعاصمتها القسطنطينية، وإمبراطورية غربية وعاصمتها روما. 그 후 로마 제국은 콘스탄티노플을 수도로 하는 동방 제국과 로마를 수도로 하는 서로마 제국으로 나뉘었습니다. After that, too, the friendly treatment of the Goths came to an end, and a jealous and suspicious policy took its place. بعد ذلك أيضًا، انتهت المعاملة الودية للقوط، وحلت محلها سياسة الغيرة والشك. その後も、ゴート族の友好的な扱いは終わりを迎え、嫉妬深い疑わしい政策が取って代わりました。 그 후에도 고트족에 대한 우호적 인 대우는 끝났고 질투심과 의심스러운 정책이 그 자리를 차지했습니다. Po tym wydarzeniu skończyło się również przyjazne traktowanie Gotów, a jego miejsce zajęła zazdrosna i podejrzliwa polityka. Moreover, a new ruler, named Alaric, had just been chosen by the Goths. علاوة على ذلك، تم اختيار حاكم جديد، يُدعى ألاريك، من قبل القوط. さらに、アラリックという名前の新しい支配者がゴート族によって選ばれたばかりでした。 게다가 알라릭이라는 새로운 통치자가 고트족에 의해 막 선출되었습니다. He was a fiery young prince, and was the ablest ruler that the West-Goths ever had. لقد كان أميرًا شابًا ناريًا، وكان الحاكم الأكثر قدرة على حكم القوط الغربيين على الإطلاق. 彼は燃えるような若い王子であり、西ゴート族がこれまで持っていた中で最も有能な支配者でした。 그는 불같은 젊은 왕자였으며 서고트족 역사상 가장 뛰어난 통치자였습니다. He had served in the Roman armies, and had there learned the Roman manner of making war. لقد خدم في الجيوش الرومانية، وتعلم هناك الطريقة الرومانية لشن الحرب. 그는 로마 군대에서 복무했고, 그곳에서 로마의 전쟁 수행 방식을 배웠습니다. He was ambitious, too; and when he saw that the Empire was weakened by division, and by the folly of its rulers, he decided that the time had come for action. وكان طموحاً أيضاً؛ وعندما رأى أن الإمبراطورية قد أضعفت بسبب الانقسام وحماقة حكامها، قرر أن الوقت قد حان للعمل. 그 역시 야망이 컸고, 제국이 분열과 통치자들의 어리석음으로 약화되는 것을 보고 행동에 나서야 할 때가 왔다고 판단했습니다. So, as an old Gothic writer tells us, "the new King took counsel with his people and they determined to carve out new kingdoms for themselves, rather than, through idleness, to continue the subjects of others. " لذلك، كما يخبرنا كاتب قوطي قديم، "تشاور الملك الجديد مع شعبه وصمموا على إقامة ممالك جديدة لأنفسهم، بدلاً من مواصلة رعايا الآخرين من خلال الكسل". それで、古いゴシック作家が私たちに語っているように、「新しい王は彼の民と相談し、彼らは怠惰によって他人の主題を続けるのではなく、自分たちのために新しい王国を切り開くことを決心した.」 고딕 시대의 한 작가가 말했듯이, "새 왕은 백성들과 의논하여 게으름을 피우며 남의 왕국을 이어가기보다는 스스로 새로운 왕국을 개척하기로 결심했습니다. " Assim, como nos diz um antigo escritor gótico, "o novo Rei tomou conselho com o seu povo e eles determinaram-se a esculpir novos reinos para si próprios, em vez de, através do ócio, continuarem os súbditos dos outros. " Так, по словам одного из древних готских писателей, "новый король посоветовался со своим народом, и они решили создать себе новые королевства, а не бездельничать, продолжая быть подданными других". "