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Oxford Online English, How to Use Colons and Semicolons in English - English Writing Lesson

How to Use Colons and Semicolons in English - English Writing Lesson

Hello.

I'm Oli.

Welcome to Oxford Online English!

In this lesson, you can learn about using colons and semicolons in writing.

First, let's look at using colons.

Colons have one main job: they introduce specific examples or explanations.

Let's look.

He had one problem: there was no way to get there in time.

So in this sentence, we mention something general in the first part of the sentence,

a problem.

Then we give specific details in the second part, after the colon.

There's just one rule here: do everything I tell you.

Again, we mention something general in the first part, one rule.

Then we say what it is, specifically, in the second part of the sentence.

A good way to remember this is that we put a general idea before the colon and then give

a specific example or a more detailed explanation after the colon.

You can also use colons to introduce a list of items.

For example, "We've invited a small number of people: Bill, Emma, Rachel," and so on.

Or, "Tolstoy wrote several books, other than 'War and Peace': 'Anna Karenina', 'The Cossacks',

'Resurrection'," and so on.

Finally, you can use colons to introduce speech in quotes, like, "He said: 'Don't talk to

me about this again,'" or, "They shouted: 'Be careful.

Don't get too close to the edge.'"

In this case, it's not necessary to use a colon.

You can also use a comma.

There's no difference in which you use.

It's mostly a question of personal style.

After a colon, it's possible to use a small letter or a capital letter.

If you use a colon to introduce what someone said, you should generally use a capital letter.

If you use a colon to introduce an example or an explanation, you can choose to use a

small letter or a capital.

Using a capital letter is more common in American English, while in UK English, we almost always

use a small letter.

Next, let's look at when not to use a colon.

We said that a colon has one main job: introducing specific examples or specific explanations.

We also said that a colon has one possible use, which is introducing what someone said.

It's also important to know when not to use a colon.

Here are some common mistakes which English learners sometimes make with colon use.

First, don't use a colon at the beginning of a letter or an email, for example, after

someone's name.

Use a comma instead.

Also, don't use a colon after a title or a heading, for example, at the top of an essay

or an article or anything like that.

You don't normally need any punctuation at the end of the title.

Next, let's look at using a semicolon.

Like a colon, a semicolon has one main use.

We use it to show a connection between two complete sentences.

A semicolon is actually similar to a full stop.

It's generally the writer's choice whether to use a full stop or a semicolon.

A semicolon is used instead of a full stop because the writer wants to show that two

ideas are more closely connected.

For example, "The population of Shanghai is around 24 million; Beijing has around 22 million

people."

Our second example, "We knew he was guilty; There was no evidence, however."

You can see in both of these examples that the parts before and after the semicolon could

both be full sentences.

So we could use a full stop in the first sentence, after 24 million, and then start a new sentence

with the word "Beijing."

That would be possible.

Also, in the second sentence, we could use a full stop after "guilty," and then start

a new sentence.

The second important point is that both parts of the sentence, before and after the semicolon,

are talking about a related topic.

In the first example, both parts of the sentence are about the population of Chinese cities.

In the second, both parts are obviously about the same criminal case and the same person.

So we use a semicolon to show that two ideas or two sentences are very closely related

or talking about the same topic.

Often, when we want to join two sentences in English, we use a connecting word, like

"and" or "but" or "therefore," for example.

When you join two sentences using a semicolon, you don't need to use a connecting word.

However, if you use a connecting word to join two sentences, you sometimes need to use a

semicolon and sometimes a comma.

It depends what the connecting word is.

To join sentences using "and," "or," "but," "yet," or "while," you should use a comma.

To join two sentences using "however," "therefore," "nevertheless," or "meanwhile," you should

use a semicolon.

These lists are not complete.

There are other connecting words which require a comma or a semicolon.

However, these are the most common, and the most important thing is to remember that for

some connecting words, you need to use a comma, and for others, you have to use a semicolon.

So here's our example from before, about the population of Shanghai or Beijing.

In this case, there's no connecting word.

There's no word like "but" or "and" or "however."

So we use a semicolon.

OK, here's the same sentence, but a little bit different.

In this case, we're using the connecting word "while."

With "while," we need to use a comma.

We can't use a semicolon in this case.

Another example.

This time, we use the connecting word "however."

"However" is used with a semicolon.

A full stop would also be possible.

Semicolons have one other use: they can be used in lists when the items on the lists

contain commas.

Usually when we make a list, we use commas to separate the items on the list.

For example, "We need milk, eggs, sugar, and flour."

We put a comma after each item, after milk, after eggs, and so on.

But if the items on your list are not just words, but phrases which include commas, we

use semicolons to separate the items on the list.

Let's take a look.

"We traveled to four cities: Santa Fe, which is in New Mexico; Denver, Colorado; Las Vegas,

Nevada; and finally, Los Angeles in California."

In this case, we use semicolons to separate the items on the list because the items on

the list already include commas.

If we used commas to separate the items, it would be very confusing and difficult to read.

Let's look at one more example.

"Only three people showed up: Tom, the head of accounting; Maria, who works in the sales

department; and Ellie, who's doing an internship here."

Again, the items on the list are phrases which include commas.

So it's much clearer to use semicolons to separate the parts of the list.

So both the colon and the semicolon are used to show a connection between two ideas, but

they operate in a very different way.

Let's finish by comparing the colon and the semicolon directly.

So in these three examples, the only difference is the punctuation, but it does make a big

difference to the meaning.

In the first case, the full stop shows that there is no necessary connection between these

two ideas.

We have a problem, and he isn't doing enough to help me.

These could be totally separate things.

In the second case, with the semicolon, it shows that the ideas are related somehow.

I'm talking about the same topic.

In the third sentence with the colon, we mean that the problem is his attitude.

The problem is that he isn't doing enough to help.

To make this clearer, let's put these sentences in other words.

In the first case, with the semicolon, we could also say, "We have a problem, and he

isn't doing enough to help me with this problem."

In the sentence with the colon, we could also say, "We have a problem, which is that he

isn't doing enough to help me."

If you can understand the difference here, that's a good sign.

It means you really understand the difference between colons and semicolons.

OK, that's the end of the lesson.

I hope it was useful.

If you're watching on YouTube, I suggest you see the full version of this lesson on our

website.

The full version includes text and exercises, so you can read and review the lesson.

You can also practice to check that you've understood.

That's all, thank you again for watching, and I'll see you next time.

Bye bye!

How to Use Colons and Semicolons in English - English Writing Lesson كيفية استخدام النقطتين والفاصلة المنقوطة في اللغة الإنجليزية - درس الكتابة باللغة الإنجليزية Verwendung von Doppelpunkten und Semikolons auf Englisch - Lektion zum Schreiben auf Englisch Cómo usar los dos puntos y el punto y coma en inglés - Lección de escritura en inglés Comment utiliser les deux points et les points-virgules en anglais - Leçon d'écriture en anglais Come usare i punti e virgola in inglese - Lezione di scrittura in inglese 英語でのコロンとセミコロンの使い方 - 英文ライティングレッスン 영어로 콜론과 세미콜론을 사용하는 방법 - 영어 작문 수업 Kaip vartoti dvitaškius ir kabliataškius anglų kalba - anglų kalbos rašymo pamoka Gebruik van dubbele punten en puntkomma's in het Engels - Schrijfles Engels Jak używać dwukropków i średników w języku angielskim - Lekcja pisania po angielsku Como usar dois pontos e ponto e vírgula em inglês - Aula de redação em inglês Как использовать двоеточия и точки с запятой в английском языке - урок английского языка İngilizcede İki Noktalı Virgül ve Noktalı Virgül Nasıl Kullanılır - İngilizce Yazma Dersi Як використовувати двокрапку та крапку з комою в англійській мові - урок письма англійською мовою 如何在英语中使用冒号和分号 - 英语写作课 如何在英語中使用冒號和分號 - 英語寫作課

Hello.

I'm Oli.

Welcome to Oxford Online English!

In this lesson, you can learn about using colons and semicolons in writing. In dieser Lektion lernen Sie die Verwendung von Doppelpunkten und Semikolons beim Schreiben.

First, let's look at using colons.

Colons have one main job: they introduce specific examples or explanations. Doppelpunkte haben eine Hauptaufgabe: Sie führen spezifische Beispiele oder Erklärungen ein. I punti hanno un compito principale: introdurre esempi o spiegazioni specifiche. コロンには1つの主な仕事があります。それは、特定の例や説明を紹介することです。 У двоеточий есть одна основная функция: они представляют конкретные примеры или пояснения.

Let's look. Lass uns schauen. Давайте посмотрим.

He had one problem: there was no way to get there in time. Er hatte ein Problem: Es gab keine Möglichkeit, rechtzeitig dorthin zu gelangen. 彼にはひとつ問題があった。 У него была одна проблема: не было никакой возможности добраться туда вовремя. У нього була одна проблема: він не міг дістатися туди вчасно.

So in this sentence, we mention something general in the first part of the sentence, In diesem Satz erwähnen wir also etwas Allgemeines im ersten Teil des Satzes, Итак, в этом предложении мы упоминаем что-то общее в первой части предложения,

a problem.

Then we give specific details in the second part, after the colon.

There's just one rule here: do everything I tell you. Hier gibt es nur eine Regel: Tu alles, was ich dir sage. Здесь есть только одно правило: делай все, что я тебе говорю.

Again, we mention something general in the first part, one rule. Auch hier erwähnen wir etwas Allgemeines im ersten Teil, eine Regel.

Then we say what it is, specifically, in the second part of the sentence.

A good way to remember this is that we put a general idea before the colon and then give

a specific example or a more detailed explanation after the colon.

You can also use colons to introduce a list of items. Sie können auch Doppelpunkte verwenden, um eine Liste von Elementen einzuleiten. Вы также можете использовать двоеточие для представления списка элементов.

For example, "We've invited a small number of people: Bill, Emma, Rachel," and so on. Zum Beispiel: „Wir haben eine kleine Anzahl von Leuten eingeladen: Bill, Emma, Rachel“ und so weiter. Ad esempio, "Abbiamo invitato un piccolo numero di persone: Bill, Emma, Rachel" e così via. Например, «Мы пригласили небольшое количество людей: Билл, Эмма, Рэйчел» и так далее.

Or, "Tolstoy wrote several books, other than 'War and Peace': 'Anna Karenina', 'The Cossacks', Oder: „Tolstoi schrieb neben ‚Krieg und Frieden‘ mehrere Bücher: ‚Anna Karenina‘, ‚Die Kosaken‘, Или: «Толстой написал несколько книг, кроме «Войны и мира»: «Анна Каренина», «Казаки»,

'Resurrection'," and so on. 'Resurrezione'", e così via.

Finally, you can use colons to introduce speech in quotes, like, "He said: 'Don't talk to Schließlich können Sie Doppelpunkte verwenden, um eine Rede in Anführungszeichen einzuleiten, z. B. "Er sagte: 'Reden Sie nicht mit Наконец, вы можете использовать двоеточие, чтобы ввести речь в кавычки, например: «Он сказал: «Не разговаривай с

me about this again,'" or, "They shouted: 'Be careful. mich noch einmal darauf hin,'" oder: "Sie riefen: 'Sei vorsichtig. мне еще раз об этом» или «Они кричали: «Будь осторожен.

Don't get too close to the edge.'" Komm nicht zu nah an den Rand.'" Non avvicinarti troppo al bordo". Не подходи слишком близко к краю».

In this case, it's not necessary to use a colon. In diesem Fall ist es nicht notwendig, einen Doppelpunkt zu verwenden. В этом случае нет необходимости использовать двоеточие.

You can also use a comma.

There's no difference in which you use. Es gibt keinen Unterschied, welchen Sie verwenden. Нет никакой разницы в том, что вы используете.

It's mostly a question of personal style. В основном это вопрос личного стиля.

After a colon, it's possible to use a small letter or a capital letter. Nach einem Doppelpunkt kann ein Kleinbuchstabe oder ein Großbuchstabe verwendet werden. После двоеточия можно использовать строчную или заглавную букву.

If you use a colon to introduce what someone said, you should generally use a capital letter. Wenn Sie einen Doppelpunkt verwenden, um das Gesagte einzuleiten, sollten Sie in der Regel einen Großbuchstaben verwenden. Если вы используете двоеточие, чтобы представить то, что кто-то сказал, вам обычно следует использовать заглавную букву.

If you use a colon to introduce an example or an explanation, you can choose to use a Wenn Sie einen Doppelpunkt verwenden, um ein Beispiel oder eine Erklärung einzuleiten, können Sie ein

small letter or a capital. строчная или заглавная.

Using a capital letter is more common in American English, while in UK English, we almost always

use a small letter.

Next, let's look at when not to use a colon.

We said that a colon has one main job: introducing specific examples or specific explanations. Мы сказали, что у двоеточия есть одна основная функция: введение конкретных примеров или конкретных объяснений.

We also said that a colon has one possible use, which is introducing what someone said. Wir haben auch gesagt, dass ein Doppelpunkt eine mögliche Verwendung hat, nämlich das Vorstellen dessen, was jemand gesagt hat. Мы также сказали, что у двоеточия есть одно возможное применение: он представляет то, что кто-то сказал.

It's also important to know when not to use a colon. Es ist auch wichtig zu wissen, wann man keinen Doppelpunkt verwendet.

Here are some common mistakes which English learners sometimes make with colon use. Hier sind einige häufige Fehler, die Englischlerner manchmal beim Doppelpunkt machen.

First, don't use a colon at the beginning of a letter or an email, for example, after Verwenden Sie erstens keinen Doppelpunkt am Anfang eines Briefes oder einer E-Mail, zum Beispiel nach Во-первых, не используйте двоеточие в начале письма или электронного письма, например, после

someone's name. jemandes Name. чье-то имя.

Use a comma instead. Verwenden Sie stattdessen ein Komma.

Also, don't use a colon after a title or a heading, for example, at the top of an essay Verwenden Sie auch keinen Doppelpunkt nach einem Titel oder einer Überschrift, z. B. am Anfang eines Aufsatzes Inoltre, non utilizzare i due punti dopo un titolo o un'intestazione, ad esempio all'inizio di un saggio. Кроме того, не используйте двоеточие после названия или заголовка, например, в начале эссе.

or an article or anything like that. или статья или что-то в этом роде.

You don't normally need any punctuation at the end of the title. Normalerweise brauchen Sie keine Satzzeichen am Ende des Titels. Обычно знаки препинания в конце названия не нужны.

Next, let's look at using a semicolon. Als nächstes schauen wir uns die Verwendung eines Semikolons an.

Like a colon, a semicolon has one main use. Wie ein Doppelpunkt hat ein Semikolon eine Hauptverwendung. Как и двоеточие, точка с запятой имеет одно основное назначение.

We use it to show a connection between two complete sentences. Wir verwenden es, um eine Verbindung zwischen zwei vollständigen Sätzen darzustellen.

A semicolon is actually similar to a full stop. Ein Semikolon ähnelt eigentlich einem Punkt. На самом деле точка с запятой похожа на точку.

It's generally the writer's choice whether to use a full stop or a semicolon. Es ist im Allgemeinen die Wahl des Autors, ob er einen Punkt oder ein Semikolon verwendet. Как правило, автор сам выбирает, использовать ли точку или точку с запятой.

A semicolon is used instead of a full stop because the writer wants to show that two

ideas are more closely connected. Ideen sind enger miteinander verbunden.

For example, "The population of Shanghai is around 24 million; Beijing has around 22 million Zum Beispiel: „Die Bevölkerung von Shanghai beträgt etwa 24 Millionen, Peking hat etwa 22 Millionen Например, «Население Шанхая составляет около 24 миллионов человек, Пекина — около 22 миллионов человек».

people."

Our second example, "We knew he was guilty; There was no evidence, however." Unser zweites Beispiel: „Wir wussten, dass er schuldig war; es gab jedoch keine Beweise.“ 2つ目の例は、「我々は彼が有罪であることを知っていた。 Наш второй пример: «Мы знали, что он виновен, однако доказательств не было». Наш другий приклад: "Ми знали, що він винен, але не було доказів".

You can see in both of these examples that the parts before and after the semicolon could Sie können in diesen beiden Beispielen sehen, dass die Teile vor und nach dem Semikolon dies könnten

both be full sentences.

So we could use a full stop in the first sentence, after 24 million, and then start a new sentence

with the word "Beijing."

That would be possible. Das wäre möglich. Это было бы возможно.

Also, in the second sentence, we could use a full stop after "guilty," and then start

a new sentence.

The second important point is that both parts of the sentence, before and after the semicolon, Второй важный момент заключается в том, что обе части предложения, до и после точки с запятой,

are talking about a related topic. über ein verwandtes Thema sprechen. говорят на смежную тему.

In the first example, both parts of the sentence are about the population of Chinese cities.

In the second, both parts are obviously about the same criminal case and the same person. Im zweiten geht es in beiden Teilen offensichtlich um denselben Kriminalfall und dieselbe Person.

So we use a semicolon to show that two ideas or two sentences are very closely related Wir verwenden also ein Semikolon, um zu zeigen, dass zwei Ideen oder zwei Sätze sehr eng miteinander verbunden sind

or talking about the same topic. или говорить на ту же тему.

Often, when we want to join two sentences in English, we use a connecting word, like Wenn wir zwei Sätze auf Englisch verbinden wollen, verwenden wir oft ein Verbindungswort, wie

"and" or "but" or "therefore," for example. „und“ oder „aber“ oder „daher“ zum Beispiel.

When you join two sentences using a semicolon, you don't need to use a connecting word. Wenn Sie zwei Sätze mit einem Semikolon verbinden, müssen Sie kein Verbindungswort verwenden.

However, if you use a connecting word to join two sentences, you sometimes need to use a

semicolon and sometimes a comma.

It depends what the connecting word is. Es kommt darauf an, was das verbindende Wort ist.

To join sentences using "and," "or," "but," "yet," or "while," you should use a comma. Um Sätze mit „and“, „or“, „but“, „yet“ oder „while“ zu verbinden, sollten Sie ein Komma verwenden.

To join two sentences using "however," "therefore," "nevertheless," or "meanwhile," you should Um zwei Sätze mit „allerdings“, „daher“, „trotzdem“ oder „mittlerweile“ zu verbinden, solltest du es tun

use a semicolon.

These lists are not complete. Эти списки не полные.

There are other connecting words which require a comma or a semicolon. Есть и другие соединительные слова, которые требуют запятой или точки с запятой.

However, these are the most common, and the most important thing is to remember that for Dies sind jedoch die häufigsten, und das Wichtigste ist, sich daran zu erinnern

some connecting words, you need to use a comma, and for others, you have to use a semicolon. Bei einigen Verbindungswörtern müssen Sie ein Komma verwenden, bei anderen ein Semikolon.

So here's our example from before, about the population of Shanghai or Beijing. Hier ist also unser Beispiel von vorhin, über die Bevölkerung von Shanghai oder Peking. Итак, вот наш предыдущий пример о населении Шанхая или Пекина.

In this case, there's no connecting word.

There's no word like "but" or "and" or "however." Es gibt kein Wort wie „aber“ oder „und“ oder „jedoch“.

So we use a semicolon.

OK, here's the same sentence, but a little bit different.

In this case, we're using the connecting word "while."

With "while," we need to use a comma. Bei „while“ müssen wir ein Komma verwenden.

We can't use a semicolon in this case.

Another example.

This time, we use the connecting word "however." Dieses Mal verwenden wir das verbindende Wort „jedoch“.

"However" is used with a semicolon.

A full stop would also be possible.

Semicolons have one other use: they can be used in lists when the items on the lists Semikolons haben eine andere Verwendung: Sie können in Listen verwendet werden, wenn die Elemente auf den Listen У точек с запятой есть еще одно применение: их можно использовать в списках, когда элементы в списках

contain commas.

Usually when we make a list, we use commas to separate the items on the list. Wenn wir eine Liste erstellen, verwenden wir normalerweise Kommas, um die Elemente auf der Liste zu trennen.

For example, "We need milk, eggs, sugar, and flour."

We put a comma after each item, after milk, after eggs, and so on. Wir setzen ein Komma nach jedem Artikel, nach Milch, nach Eiern und so weiter.

But if the items on your list are not just words, but phrases which include commas, we Aber wenn es sich bei den Elementen auf Ihrer Liste nicht nur um Wörter handelt, sondern um Sätze, die Kommas enthalten, werden wir

use semicolons to separate the items on the list. Verwenden Sie Semikolons, um die Elemente in der Liste zu trennen.

Let's take a look. Lass uns mal sehen. Давайте взглянем.

"We traveled to four cities: Santa Fe, which is in New Mexico; Denver, Colorado; Las Vegas,

Nevada; and finally, Los Angeles in California."

In this case, we use semicolons to separate the items on the list because the items on In diesem Fall verwenden wir Semikolons, um die Elemente in der Liste zu trennen, da die Elemente an

the list already include commas. Die Liste enthält bereits Kommas.

If we used commas to separate the items, it would be very confusing and difficult to read. Wenn wir Kommas verwenden würden, um die Elemente zu trennen, wäre dies sehr verwirrend und schwer zu lesen.

Let's look at one more example.

"Only three people showed up: Tom, the head of accounting; Maria, who works in the sales «Пришли только три человека: Том, начальник бухгалтерии, Мария, которая работает в отделе продаж. 「只有三個人出現:湯姆,會計主管;瑪麗亞,銷售人員

department; and Ellie, who's doing an internship here." Abteilung; und Ellie, die hier ein Praktikum macht." 部門;還有艾莉,她在這裡實習。”

Again, the items on the list are phrases which include commas. Auch hier handelt es sich bei den Elementen auf der Liste um Sätze, die Kommas enthalten.

So it's much clearer to use semicolons to separate the parts of the list.

So both the colon and the semicolon are used to show a connection between two ideas, but Таким образом, и двоеточие, и точка с запятой используются, чтобы показать связь между двумя идеями, но

they operate in a very different way. sie funktionieren auf ganz unterschiedliche Weise.

Let's finish by comparing the colon and the semicolon directly. Закончим прямым сравнением двоеточия и точки с запятой.

So in these three examples, the only difference is the punctuation, but it does make a big Таким образом, в этих трех примерах единственная разница заключается в пунктуации, но она имеет большое значение.

difference to the meaning. разница в значении.

In the first case, the full stop shows that there is no necessary connection between these

two ideas.

We have a problem, and he isn't doing enough to help me. Wir haben ein Problem und er tut nicht genug, um mir zu helfen. У нас проблема, и он не делает достаточно, чтобы помочь мне.

These could be totally separate things.

In the second case, with the semicolon, it shows that the ideas are related somehow. Im zweiten Fall, mit dem Semikolon, zeigt es, dass die Ideen irgendwie verwandt sind.

I'm talking about the same topic.

In the third sentence with the colon, we mean that the problem is his attitude. Im dritten Satz mit dem Doppelpunkt meinen wir, dass das Problem seine Einstellung ist. В третьем предложении с двоеточием мы подразумеваем, что проблема в его отношении.

The problem is that he isn't doing enough to help. Das Problem ist, dass er nicht genug tut, um zu helfen. Проблема в том, что он не делает достаточно, чтобы помочь.

To make this clearer, let's put these sentences in other words. Um dies klarer zu machen, lassen Sie uns diese Sätze mit anderen Worten ausdrücken.

In the first case, with the semicolon, we could also say, "We have a problem, and he

isn't doing enough to help me with this problem."

In the sentence with the colon, we could also say, "We have a problem, which is that he Im Satz mit dem Doppelpunkt könnten wir auch sagen: „Wir haben ein Problem, nämlich dass er В предложении с двоеточием мы могли бы также сказать: «У нас есть проблема, которая заключается в том, что он

isn't doing enough to help me." не делает достаточно, чтобы помочь мне».

If you can understand the difference here, that's a good sign. Wenn Sie hier den Unterschied nachvollziehen können, ist das ein gutes Zeichen.

It means you really understand the difference between colons and semicolons.

OK, that's the end of the lesson.

I hope it was useful.

If you're watching on YouTube, I suggest you see the full version of this lesson on our

website.

The full version includes text and exercises, so you can read and review the lesson.

You can also practice to check that you've understood.

That's all, thank you again for watching, and I'll see you next time.

Bye bye!