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Kurzgesagt (In a Nutshell), Milk. White Poison or Healthy Drink?

Milk. White Poison or Healthy Drink?

Over the last decade, milk has become a bit controversial.

Some people say it's a necessary and nutritious food, vital for healthy bones,

but others say it can cause cancer and lead to an early death.

So, who's right?

And why are we drinking it anyway?

[Intro music]

Milk is the basis of every mammal's diet after birth,

when our digestive systems are immature and small.

Basically, it's power food to kick-start our bodies and help us grow.

Milk is rich in fat, vitamins, minerals, and milk-sugar: lactose.

On top of that, for a while after birth, it also contains antibodies and proteins

that protect us from infections and regulate our immune system.

But it's a lot of effort for mothers to produce.

Eventually, humans stop drinking mother's milk

and transition to the diet of their parents.

This is how it's been for thousands of years.

Until about eleven thousand years ago,

when our ancestors settled down in the first agricultural communities.

Soon, they domesticated the first dairy animals:

goats, sheep, and cattle.

They found that dairy animals are able to eat useless and abundant stuff

and turn it into nutritious and tasty food.

This made a huge difference in terms of survival,

especially in hard times.

So groups that had milk available had an evolutionary advantage.

And through natural selection,

it changed the genes of communities who consumed a lot of it.

This adaptation has to do with a specialized enzyme: lactase.

Babies have a lot of it in their system,

so they can break down the milk-sugar lactose and digest milk easily.

But the older we grow, the fewer lactase enzymes our body produces.

Worldwide, about 65% of the population do not have the enzyme after infancy,

which means they are not able to digest more than about 150 milliliters each day.

This lactose intolerance is not spread evenly around the world, though.

In some East Asian communities, for example, it's up to 90%.

In Northern Europe and North America, the rates are the lowest overall.

There are probably a few reasons for this uneven distribution.

The trait was first introduced by random mutation,

which happened independently of each other in a few populations.

The fact that farming replaced hunting and gathering more and more

created natural-selection pressure.

People who were able to digest lactose had more foods at hand,

which was an advantage.

The migration of dairy farmers to the north then spread it further, which probably pushed back populations there that didn't have the trait.

Okay, but if milk has been a valuable part of our diet for thousands of years, why is it so controversial?

There are a number of claims regarding the negative and positive health effects of milk.

The negative ones cover a wide variety,

from brittle bones to cancer, and cardiovascular diseases to intolerance and allergies.

So, how do they hold up?

Some older studies found a connection between milk and a high risk of breast, colon, and prostate cancer

But meta analyses found no impact on your cancer risk.

On the contrary, the calcium in milk might even have a protective effect against colon cancer.

Although this could be calcium in general, it's not clear milk plays a role in this effect.

Only studies on prostate cancer showed an increased risk for people who consumed more than one and a quarter liters of milk a day.

But again, the association is inconsistent and other studies don't find any effects.

We discuss these studies in more detail in our sources document. All in all, the research seems to show that if you drink between

100 to 250 milliliters of milk per day, cancer is not a concern.

Similarly, meta-analyses could not find any impact from milk or dairy products on

your risk of heart disease, stroke, or your total mortality.

Some studies even suggested that high blood pressure might be rarer in people who eat a lot of dairy,

although the evidence is not strong enough to claim this with confidence.

The case gets more complicated though when we look at bones.

A number of studies found neither positive nor negative effects for adults.

What most people worry most about though are harmful amounts of pesticides, antibiotics, or hormones.

There are hormones in milk, but only in very low concentrations.

For example to get the same amount of hormones as from the pill,

you'd need to drink about 5000 litres of milk,

and even if you did, most hormones would be destroyed by your digestive system

before they could affect you,

which is the reason why so much medication is coated to protect it from our digestion.

For pesticides and antibiotics,

there are regulations in most parts of the world that only allow completely harmless amounts.

Milk that surpasses these thresholds is not allowed to go on the shelf.

So there's nothing in particular to worry about.

Besides allergies and those suffering from lactose intolerances,

the best known negative effects of milk are probably acne and general discomfort after drinking milk or eating dairy products,

and here the effects are very real.

For example, skimmed milk has been found to statistically increase the rate of acne by 24%.

Allergies against milk products are especially prevalent among children, with one in 18 kids in Germany suffering from them.

In general, these allergies tend to get better or disappear as they grow older though.

Okay. Is milk healthy then?

Milk, no matter if it comes from mothers, cows, sheep, goats, or camels is a nutrient-dense food.

It contains all necessary macronutrients and many micronutrients.

Especially in regions where people struggle to get enough calories,

milk can contribute to a healthy life and lower child mortality.

For those living in the developed world, in general

milk is not harmful if you are not allergic or intolerant to it.

Especially for children, it's a good way to get large amounts of calcium

and for vegetarians, it's a good source of vitamin b12 and B vitamins in general.

This does not mean there are not other alternatives with the same effect. You do not need to drink milk to be healthy

Milk is also definitely not a substitute for water.

Milk is power food, and the additional calories from drinking a lot of it on a regular basis can contribute to being overweight.

Especially flavored milk or chocolate milk is more comparable to beverages like lemonade than a healthy snack, and there's another thing to consider.

Milk production has a significant impact on the global climate.

About 33 percent of cropland is used to feed grazing animals including dairy cattle

Even though the carbon footprint of dairy products has declined since 1990,

Dairy production is still responsible for 3 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions,

even more than all airplanes combined.

Milk is a huge industry and sadly, most of its production in factory farms causes incredible suffering.

Cows are impregnated over and over, separated from their young shortly after birth,

and slaughtered once their tortured bodies are not productive anymore.

We can't ignore that much of the milk we consume stems from an industry

that is basically torture and contributes to climate change.

What about plant-based milk?

In terms of protein levels and nutritional value, only soy milk can compare to cow milk.

The others need to be artificially enriched to reach similar levels of vitamins and calcium.

So they can be an alternative to milk.

And another option might be available soon.

Several startups have created non-animal milk

that is nutritionally identical to dairy milk,

for example, through fermentation by gene modified bacteria.

This lab-grown milk can even be turned into cheese,

something that plant based alternatives struggle with because they lack casein and whey protein,

the key ingredients that give dairy its taste and structure.

The environmental impact is a different story though.

Many milk alternatives use significantly less energy, land and less water to produce

so they have a much lower environmental impact than animal milk.

If you want to have the lowest possible negative impact on the planet, the best choice is whatever milk alternative is regional.

As with almost any topic milk is complicated.

It's not harmful for the majority of the population and it's crucial for many people around the world.

It's good, nutritious food, but also harmful to the planet and causes a lot of suffering.

We need to decide as a society how we want to deal with these facts.

Milk. White Poison or Healthy Drink? Milch. Weißes Gift oder gesundes Getränk? Milk. White Poison or Healthy Drink? La leche. ¿Veneno blanco o bebida saludable? Le lait. Poison blanc ou boisson saine ? 牛乳。白い毒か、健康飲料か。 Melk. Wit vergif of gezonde drank? Mleko. Biała trucizna czy zdrowy napój? Leite. Veneno branco ou bebida saudável? Молоко. Белый яд или полезный напиток? Süt. Beyaz Zehir mi Sağlıklı İçecek mi? Молоко. Біла отрута чи корисний напій? 牛奶。白毒还是健康饮料? 牛奶。白毒還是健康飲料?

Over the last decade, milk has become a bit controversial. ここ10年、牛乳はちょっとした論争になっている。 지난 10 년 동안 우유는 다소 논란의 여지가있었습니다. Na última década, o leite se tornou um pouco controverso. В последнее десятилетие молоко стало вызывать много споров.

Some people say it's a necessary and nutritious food, vital for healthy bones, 健康な骨に欠かせない、必要かつ栄養価の高い食品だと言う人もいる、 Algumas pessoas dizem que é um alimento necessário e nutritivo, vital para ossos saudáveis, Дехто каже, що це необхідна і поживна їжа, життєво важлива для здоров'я кісток,

but others say it can cause cancer and lead to an early death. mas outros dizem que pode causar câncer e levar à morte precoce.

So, who's right?

And why are we drinking it anyway? そして、なぜ私たちはそれをとにかく飲んでいるのですか? І чому ми взагалі його п'ємо?

[Intro music]

Milk is the basis of every mammal's diet after birth, ミルクは、出生後のすべての哺乳類の食事の基礎です。 O leite é a base da dieta de todos os mamíferos após o nascimento, Молоко - основа раціону кожного ссавця після народження,

when our digestive systems are immature and small. 消化器系が未熟で小さいときに。

Basically, it's power food to kick-start our bodies and help us grow. En fait, il s'agit d'un aliment puissant qui donne un coup de fouet à notre organisme et nous aide à grandir. 基本的には、私たちの体を活性化させ、成長を助けるパワーフードなのだ。 Basicamente, é um alimento poderoso para dar a partida em nossos corpos e nos ajudar a crescer. По сути, это энергетическая пища, дающая толчок нашему организму и способствующая его росту. По суті, це енергетична їжа, яка запускає наш організм і допомагає нам рости.

Milk is rich in fat, vitamins, minerals, and milk-sugar: lactose. Le lait est riche en matières grasses, en vitamines, en minéraux et en sucre de lait : le lactose. 牛乳には脂肪、ビタミン、ミネラル、乳糖が豊富に含まれている。 O leite é rico em gordura, vitaminas, minerais e açúcar do leite: a lactose.

On top of that, for a while after birth, it also contains antibodies and proteins En outre, pendant un certain temps après la naissance, il contient également des anticorps et des protéines. その上、生後しばらくの間は、抗体やタンパク質も含まれている。 Além disso, por um tempo após o nascimento, também contém anticorpos e proteínas Кроме того, в течение некоторого времени после рождения в ней также содержатся антитела и белки Крім того, протягом деякого часу після народження він також містить антитіла та білки

that protect us from infections and regulate our immune system. 私たちを感染症から守り、免疫システムを調整する。

But it's a lot of effort for mothers to produce. しかし、母親が生産するのは大変な努力です。

Eventually, humans stop drinking mother's milk Irgendwann trinken die Menschen keine Muttermilch mehr Со временем человек перестает пить материнское молоко

and transition to the diet of their parents. et passer au régime alimentaire de leurs parents. そして両親の食事に移行する。

This is how it's been for thousands of years.

Until about eleven thousand years ago,

when our ancestors settled down in the first agricultural communities. lorsque nos ancêtres se sont installés dans les premières communautés agricoles. 私たちの祖先が最初の農村に定住したときのことである。 quando nossos ancestrais se estabeleceram nas primeiras comunidades agrícolas.

Soon, they domesticated the first dairy animals: やがて、彼らは最初の酪農動物を家畜化した: Logo, eles domesticaram os primeiros animais leiteiros:

goats, sheep, and cattle. caprinos, ovinos e bovinos.

They found that dairy animals are able to eat useless and abundant stuff Sie fanden heraus, dass Milchvieh in der Lage ist, unnützes und überflüssiges Zeug zu fressen Ils ont constaté que les animaux laitiers sont capables de manger des choses inutiles et abondantes 彼らは、乳牛が役に立たない豊富なものを食べることができることを発見しました Eles descobriram que os animais leiteiros são capazes de comer coisas inúteis e abundantes

and turn it into nutritious and tasty food. e transformá-los em alimentos nutritivos e saborosos.

This made a huge difference in terms of survival,

especially in hard times.

So groups that had milk available had an evolutionary advantage. Les groupes qui disposaient de lait ont donc bénéficié d'un avantage évolutif. Assim, os grupos que tinham leite disponível tinham uma vantagem evolutiva.

And through natural selection,

it changed the genes of communities who consumed a lot of it. mudou os genes das comunidades que o consumiam muito.

This adaptation has to do with a specialized enzyme: lactase. Cette adaptation est liée à une enzyme spécialisée : la lactase. この適応は、特殊な酵素であるラクターゼと関係があります。 Deze aanpassing heeft te maken met een gespecialiseerd enzym: lactase. Эта адаптация связана со специализированным ферментом - лактазой.

Babies have a lot of it in their system, 赤ちゃんは自分のシステムにそれをたくさん持っています、

so they can break down the milk-sugar lactose and digest milk easily. 乳糖ラクトースを分解し、ミルクを簡単に消化できるようにします。 para que possam quebrar a lactose do açúcar do leite e digerir o leite facilmente.

But the older we grow, the fewer lactase enzymes our body produces. Mas quanto mais envelhecemos, menos enzimas lactase nosso corpo produz.

Worldwide, about 65% of the population do not have the enzyme after infancy, Dans le monde, environ 65% de la population n'a pas d'enzyme après l'enfance, 世界中で、人口の約65%が乳児期後に酵素を持っていません。 Mundialmente, cerca de 65% da população não possui a enzima após a infância, Во всем мире около 65% населения не имеют фермента после младенчества,

which means they are not able to digest more than about 150 milliliters each day. ce qui signifie qu'ils ne sont pas capables de digérer plus de 150 millilitres par jour. つまり、彼らは毎日約150ミリリットル以上を消化することができないということです。 o que significa que eles não são capazes de digerir mais do que cerca de 150 mililitros por dia.

This lactose intolerance is not spread evenly around the world, though. Cette intolérance au lactose n'est cependant pas répartie uniformément dans le monde. L'intolleranza al lattosio, tuttavia, non è diffusa uniformemente in tutto il mondo. しかし、この乳糖不耐症は世界中に均等に広がっていません。 Essa intolerância à lactose não se espalha uniformemente pelo mundo. Однако непереносимость лактозы распространена в мире неравномерно.

In some East Asian communities, for example, it's up to 90%. In alcune comunità dell'Asia orientale, ad esempio, la percentuale arriva al 90%.

In Northern Europe and North America, the rates are the lowest overall. Nel Nord Europa e nel Nord America i tassi sono i più bassi in assoluto. No norte da Europa e na América do Norte, as taxas são as mais baixas em geral.

There are probably a few reasons for this uneven distribution. Für diese ungleiche Verteilung gibt es wahrscheinlich mehrere Gründe. Provavelmente, existem alguns motivos para essa distribuição desigual.

The trait was first introduced by random mutation, El rasgo se introdujo por primera vez por mutación aleatoria, Le caractère a d'abord été introduit par mutation aléatoire, Il tratto è stato introdotto per la prima volta tramite mutazione casuale, 形質は最初にランダム突然変異によって導入されました、 A característica foi introduzida pela primeira vez por mutação aleatória, Впервые этот признак появился в результате случайной мутации,

which happened independently of each other in a few populations. qui se sont produites indépendamment l'une de l'autre dans quelques populations.

The fact that farming replaced hunting and gathering more and more Le fait que l'agriculture ait remplacé de plus en plus la chasse et la cueillette O fato de que a agricultura substituiu a caça e a coleta cada vez mais

created natural-selection pressure. criou uma pressão de seleção natural. создавали давление естественного отбора.

People who were able to digest lactose had more foods at hand, Les personnes capables de digérer le lactose avaient plus d'aliments à leur disposition, Le persone in grado di digerire il lattosio avevano più alimenti a disposizione, 乳糖を消化することができた人々は手元にもっと多くの食物を持っていました、

which was an advantage.

The migration of dairy farmers to the north then spread it further, which probably pushed back populations there that didn't have the trait. Durch die Einwanderung von Milchbauern in den Norden verbreitete sich das Merkmal dann weiter, wodurch wahrscheinlich Populationen zurückgedrängt wurden, die das Merkmal nicht hatten. La migration des éleveurs de vaches laitières vers le nord a ensuite propagé la maladie, ce qui a probablement fait reculer les populations qui n'en étaient pas porteuses. 酪農家の北への移住はそれをさらに広げ、それはおそらくその特徴を持たない人々をそこに押し戻したのでしょう。 A migração dos produtores de leite para o norte espalhou-o ainda mais, o que provavelmente empurrou para trás as populações que não tinham a característica. Миграция молочных фермеров на север распространила этот признак дальше, что, вероятно, привело к оттеснению популяций, не имевших этого признака.

Okay, but if milk has been a valuable part of our diet for thousands of years, why is it so controversial? さて、しかし、ミルクが何千年もの間私たちの食事の貴重な部分であったなら、なぜそれはそれほど物議を醸しているのですか? Хорошо, но если молоко является ценной частью нашего рациона на протяжении тысячелетий, почему оно вызывает столько споров?

There are a number of claims regarding the negative and positive health effects of milk. Il existe un certain nombre d'allégations concernant les effets positifs et négatifs du lait sur la santé. Existem várias alegações sobre os efeitos negativos e positivos do leite na saúde.

The negative ones cover a wide variety, Os negativos cobrem uma grande variedade, Негативные охватывают широкий спектр,

from brittle bones to cancer, and cardiovascular diseases to intolerance and allergies. de ossos quebradiços a câncer e doenças cardiovasculares a intolerância e alergias. от хрупких костей до рака, от сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний до непереносимости и аллергии.

So, how do they hold up? Wie halten sie sich also? Alors, comment se portent-ils ? Allora, come si comportano? それで、彼らはどのように持ちこたえますか? Então, como eles se comportam? Как же они себя чувствуют?

Some older studies found a connection between milk and a high risk of breast, colon, and prostate cancer Alguns estudos mais antigos encontraram uma conexão entre o leite e um alto risco de câncer de mama, cólon e próstata

But meta analyses found no impact on your cancer risk. Mas as metanálises não encontraram nenhum impacto no risco de câncer.

On the contrary, the calcium in milk might even have a protective effect against colon cancer. Im Gegenteil, das in der Milch enthaltene Kalzium könnte sogar eine schützende Wirkung gegen Dickdarmkrebs haben. Ao contrário, o cálcio do leite pode até ter um efeito protetor contra o câncer de cólon.

Although this could be calcium in general, it's not clear milk plays a role in this effect. Obwohl es sich dabei um Kalzium im Allgemeinen handeln könnte, ist nicht klar, ob Milch bei dieser Wirkung eine Rolle spielt. Bien que cela puisse être dû au calcium en général, il n'est pas certain que le lait joue un rôle dans cet effet. Embora isso possa ser cálcio em geral, não está claro que o leite desempenha um papel nesse efeito. Хотя это может быть связано с кальцием в целом, неясно, играет ли молоко роль в этом эффекте.

Only studies on prostate cancer showed an increased risk for people who consumed more than one and a quarter liters of milk a day. Apenas estudos sobre câncer de próstata mostraram um risco aumentado para pessoas que consumiam mais de um litro e meio de leite por dia.

But again, the association is inconsistent and other studies don't find any effects. Aber auch hier ist die Assoziation uneinheitlich, und andere Studien finden keine Auswirkungen. Mais là encore, l'association n'est pas cohérente et d'autres études n'ont pas mis en évidence d'effets. しかし、繰り返しになりますが、関連性には一貫性がなく、他の研究では効果が見られません。 Mas, novamente, a associação é inconsistente e outros estudos não encontraram nenhum efeito.

We discuss these studies in more detail in our sources document. All in all, the research seems to show that if you drink between Discutimos esses estudos com mais detalhes em nosso documento de origem. Ao todo, a pesquisa parece mostrar que se você beber entre Более подробно эти исследования рассматриваются в нашем источниковедческом документе. В целом, исследования показывают, что если вы пьете между

100 to 250 milliliters of milk per day, cancer is not a concern. 100 a 250 mililitros de leite por dia, o câncer não é uma preocupação.

Similarly, meta-analyses could not find any impact from milk or dairy products on 同様に、メタアナリシスでは、ミルクや乳製品からの影響を見つけることができませんでした Da mesma forma, meta-análises não encontraram nenhum impacto do leite ou produtos lácteos sobre

your risk of heart disease, stroke, or your total mortality. seu risco de doença cardíaca, derrame ou mortalidade total.

Some studies even suggested that high blood pressure might be rarer in people who eat a lot of dairy,

although the evidence is not strong enough to claim this with confidence. bien que les preuves ne soient pas suffisantes pour l'affirmer avec certitude. embora a evidência não seja forte o suficiente para afirmar isso com confiança.

The case gets more complicated though when we look at bones. O caso fica mais complicado quando olhamos para os ossos.

A number of studies found neither positive nor negative effects for adults. Un certain nombre d'études n'ont révélé aucun effet positif ou négatif pour les adultes. Ряд исследований не выявил ни положительного, ни отрицательного эффекта для взрослых.

What most people worry most about though are harmful amounts of pesticides, antibiotics, or hormones. Pero lo que más preocupa a la gente son las cantidades nocivas de pesticidas, antibióticos u hormonas. Ce qui inquiète le plus les gens, ce sont les quantités nocives de pesticides, d'antibiotiques ou d'hormones. O que mais preocupa a maioria das pessoas, porém, são quantidades prejudiciais de pesticidas, antibióticos ou hormônios. Однако больше всего люди беспокоятся о вредном содержании пестицидов, антибиотиков и гормонов.

There are hormones in milk, but only in very low concentrations.

For example to get the same amount of hormones as from the pill, Por ejemplo, para obtener la misma cantidad de hormonas que con la píldora, Par exemple pour obtenir la même quantité d'hormones que la pilule, Per esempio, per ottenere la stessa quantità di ormoni della pillola, Por exemplo, para obter a mesma quantidade de hormônios da pílula, Например, чтобы получить такое же количество гормонов, как от таблеток,

you'd need to drink about 5000 litres of milk,

and even if you did, most hormones would be destroyed by your digestive system

before they could affect you,

which is the reason why so much medication is coated to protect it from our digestion. C'est la raison pour laquelle tant de médicaments sont enrobés pour les protéger de notre digestion. que é a razão pela qual tantos medicamentos são revestidos para protegê-los de nossa digestão.

For pesticides and antibiotics,

there are regulations in most parts of the world that only allow completely harmless amounts. 世界のほとんどの地域には、完全に無害な量のみを許可する規制があります。 existem regulamentações na maior parte do mundo que permitem apenas quantidades totalmente inofensivas.

Milk that surpasses these thresholds is not allowed to go on the shelf. Le lait qui dépasse ces seuils n'est pas autorisé à être mis en rayon. これらのしきい値を超えるミルクは、棚に置くことはできません。 Melk die deze drempels overschrijdt, mag niet op de plank. O leite que ultrapassa esses limites não pode ir para a prateleira. Молоко, превышающее эти пороговые значения, не допускается к продаже.

So there's nothing in particular to worry about.

Besides allergies and those suffering from lactose intolerances,

the best known negative effects of milk are probably acne and general discomfort after drinking milk or eating dairy products, ミルクの最もよく知られている悪影響は、おそらくミルクを飲んだり乳製品を食べたりした後のにきびや一般的な不快感です。 Наиболее известными негативными эффектами молока, вероятно, являются угревая сыпь и общий дискомфорт после употребления молока или молочных продуктов,

and here the effects are very real.

For example, skimmed milk has been found to statistically increase the rate of acne by 24%. So wurde beispielsweise festgestellt, dass Magermilch statistisch gesehen die Aknerate um 24 % erhöht. Par exemple, il a été constaté que le lait écrémé augmentait statistiquement le taux d'acné de 24 %. たとえば、スキムミルクは統計的ににきびの発生率を24%増加させることがわかっています。 Por exemplo, descobriu-se que o leite desnatado aumenta estatisticamente a taxa de acne em 24%. Например, было установлено, что обезжиренное молоко статистически достоверно увеличивает частоту возникновения акне на 24%.

Allergies against milk products are especially prevalent among children, with one in 18 kids in Germany suffering from them. Les allergies aux produits laitiers sont particulièrement répandues chez les enfants, puisqu'un enfant sur 18 en souffre en Allemagne. 乳製品に対するアレルギーは特に子供たちに蔓延しており、ドイツの子供たちの18人に1人がそれらに苦しんでいます。

In general, these allergies tend to get better or disappear as they grow older though. Как правило, с возрастом аллергия проходит или исчезает.

Okay. Is milk healthy then?

Milk, no matter if it comes from mothers, cows, sheep, goats, or camels is a nutrient-dense food. 牛乳は、母親、牛、羊、山羊、ラクダのいずれからのものであっても、栄養価の高い食品です。 O leite, não importa se vem de mães, vacas, ovelhas, cabras ou camelos, é um alimento rico em nutrientes. Молоко, независимо от того, от кого оно получено - матери, коровы, овцы, козы или верблюда, - является продуктом с высоким содержанием питательных веществ.

It contains all necessary macronutrients and many micronutrients. Contém todos os macronutrientes necessários e muitos micronutrientes.

Especially in regions where people struggle to get enough calories, Especialmente em regiões onde as pessoas lutam para obter calorias suficientes,

milk can contribute to a healthy life and lower child mortality.

For those living in the developed world, in general

milk is not harmful if you are not allergic or intolerant to it. o leite não é prejudicial se você não for alérgico ou intolerante a ele.

Especially for children, it's a good way to get large amounts of calcium

and for vegetarians, it's a good source of vitamin b12 and B vitamins in general.

This does not mean there are not other alternatives with the same effect. You do not need to drink milk to be healthy これは、同じ効果を持つ他の選択肢がないことを意味するものではありません。健康のためにミルクを飲む必要はありません

Milk is also definitely not a substitute for water. Auch Milch ist definitiv kein Ersatz für Wasser. ミルクも間違いなく水の代わりにはなりません。

Milk is power food, and the additional calories from drinking a lot of it on a regular basis can contribute to being overweight. Le lait est un aliment énergétique, et les calories supplémentaires apportées par une consommation régulière et abondante peuvent contribuer à la surcharge pondérale. O leite é um alimento energético, e as calorias adicionais de beber muito regularmente podem contribuir para o excesso de peso.

Especially flavored milk or chocolate milk is more comparable to beverages like lemonade than a healthy snack, and there's another thing to consider. Le lait aromatisé ou le lait chocolaté, en particulier, s'apparente davantage à des boissons comme la limonade qu'à un en-cas sain, et il y a un autre élément à prendre en compte. 特にフレーバーミルクやチョコレートミルクは、健康的なスナックよりもレモネードのような飲み物に匹敵します。考慮すべきことがもう1つあります。 Especialmente o leite aromatizado ou com chocolate é mais comparável a bebidas como limonada do que a um lanche saudável, e há outra coisa a considerar. Особенно ароматизированное молоко или шоколадное молоко скорее можно сравнить с напитками типа лимонада, чем с полезным перекусом, и здесь есть еще один момент, который следует учитывать.

Milk production has a significant impact on the global climate.

About 33 percent of cropland is used to feed grazing animals including dairy cattle Cerca de 33 por cento das terras cultiváveis são usadas para alimentar animais de pasto, incluindo gado leiteiro Около 33% пахотных земель используется для кормления пастбищных животных, в том числе молочного скота

Even though the carbon footprint of dairy products has declined since 1990, Auch wenn der Kohlenstoff-Fußabdruck von Milchprodukten seit 1990 zurückgegangen ist, Embora a pegada de carbono dos produtos lácteos tenha diminuído desde 1990, Несмотря на то, что с 1990 года "углеродный след" молочных продуктов снизился,

Dairy production is still responsible for 3 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions, A produção de laticínios ainda é responsável por 3% de todas as emissões de gases de efeito estufa, На молочное производство по-прежнему приходится 3% всех выбросов парниковых газов,

even more than all airplanes combined.

Milk is a huge industry and sadly, most of its production in factory farms causes incredible suffering. O leite é uma grande indústria e, infelizmente, a maior parte de sua produção em fazendas industriais causa um sofrimento incrível. Производство молока - это огромная индустрия, и, к сожалению, в большинстве случаев оно производится на фабричных фермах, что приводит к невероятным страданиям.

Cows are impregnated over and over, separated from their young shortly after birth, Les vaches sont fécondées à plusieurs reprises et séparées de leurs petits peu après la naissance, 牛は何度も何度も含浸され、出生直後に若い牛から分離されます。 As vacas são fecundadas repetidamente, separadas de seus filhotes logo após o nascimento, Коров оплодотворяют снова и снова, разлучая их с молодняком вскоре после рождения,

and slaughtered once their tortured bodies are not productive anymore. et abattus une fois que leurs corps torturés ne sont plus productifs. そして、彼らの拷問された体がもはや生産的でなくなったら、屠殺されました。 e abatidos quando seus corpos torturados não são mais produtivos. и забивают, как только их измученные тела перестают быть продуктивными.

We can't ignore that much of the milk we consume stems from an industry Nous ne pouvons ignorer qu'une grande partie du lait que nous consommons provient d'une industrie... Não podemos ignorar que muito do leite que consumimos vem de uma indústria Мы не можем игнорировать тот факт, что большая часть потребляемого нами молока производится промышленностью

that is basically torture and contributes to climate change. isso é basicamente tortura e contribui para a mudança climática.

What about plant-based milk? E o leite vegetal? А как насчет растительного молока?

In terms of protein levels and nutritional value, only soy milk can compare to cow milk. En termes de teneur en protéines et de valeur nutritionnelle, seul le lait de soja est comparable au lait de vache. Em termos de níveis de proteína e valor nutricional, apenas o leite de soja pode ser comparado ao leite de vaca.

The others need to be artificially enriched to reach similar levels of vitamins and calcium.

So they can be an alternative to milk.

And another option might be available soon.

Several startups have created non-animal milk Várias startups criaram leite não animal

that is nutritionally identical to dairy milk, que é nutricionalmente idêntico ao leite de vaca,

for example, through fermentation by gene modified bacteria. z. B. durch Fermentation mit gentechnisch veränderten Bakterien. たとえば、遺伝子組み換え細菌による発酵を介して。 por exemplo, através da fermentação por bactérias geneticamente modificadas.

This lab-grown milk can even be turned into cheese, Diese im Labor erzeugte Milch kann sogar zu Käse verarbeitet werden, Este leite cultivado em laboratório pode até ser transformado em queijo, Из этого выращенного в лаборатории молока можно даже делать сыр,

something that plant based alternatives struggle with because they lack casein and whey protein, etwas, das bei pflanzlichen Alternativen schwierig ist, weil ihnen Kasein und Molkenprotein fehlen, ce que les alternatives à base de plantes ne parviennent pas à faire parce qu'elles manquent de caséine et de protéines de lactosérum, cosa che le alternative a base vegetale non riescono a fare perché mancano di caseina e proteine del siero del latte, カゼインとホエイプロテインが不足しているため、植物ベースの代替品が苦労しているもの、 algo contra o qual as alternativas baseadas em plantas lutam porque falta caseína e proteína de soro de leite, то, с чем не справляются растительные альтернативы, поскольку в них отсутствует казеин и сывороточный белок,

the key ingredients that give dairy its taste and structure. os principais ingredientes que dão sabor e estrutura aos laticínios.

The environmental impact is a different story though. Die Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt sind jedoch eine andere Geschichte. O impacto ambiental é uma história diferente.

Many milk alternatives use significantly less energy, land and less water to produce

so they have a much lower environmental impact than animal milk. por isso têm um impacto ambiental muito menor do que o leite animal.

If you want to have the lowest possible negative impact on the planet, the best choice is whatever milk alternative is regional. Wenn Sie den Planeten so wenig wie möglich belasten wollen, ist die beste Wahl eine regionale Milchalternative. 地球への悪影響を最小限に抑えたい場合は、地域の代替ミルクを選択するのが最善です。 Se você quer ter o menor impacto negativo possível no planeta, a melhor escolha é qualquer alternativa de leite que seja regional. Если вы хотите оказать минимальное негативное воздействие на планету, то лучшим выбором будет любая региональная альтернатива молоку.

As with almost any topic milk is complicated. Comme pour presque tous les sujets, le lait est un sujet complexe. Как и практически любая тема, молочная сложна.

It's not harmful for the majority of the population and it's crucial for many people around the world. Não é prejudicial para a maioria da população e é crucial para muitas pessoas ao redor do mundo.

It's good, nutritious food, but also harmful to the planet and causes a lot of suffering.

We need to decide as a society how we want to deal with these facts. Precisamos decidir como sociedade como queremos lidar com esses fatos.