Black Holes Explained – From Birth to Death Schwarze Löcher erklärt - Von der Geburt bis zum Tod Explicación de los agujeros negros - Del nacimiento a la muerte Les trous noirs expliqués - De la naissance à la mort ブラックホール解説 - 誕生から死まで 블랙홀에 대한 설명 - 탄생에서 죽음까지 Wyjaśnienie czarnych dziur - od narodzin do śmierci Buracos negros explicados - Do nascimento à morte Объяснение черных дыр - от рождения до смерти Kara Delikler Açıklandı - Doğumdan Ölüme Пояснення чорних дір - від народження до смерті 黑洞的解释——从诞生到死亡 黑洞的解釋－從誕生到死亡

Black holes are one of the strangest things in existence. 黑洞是现存最奇怪的事物之一。

They don't seem to make any sense at all. Hiç mantıklı görünmüyorlar. 他们似乎根本没有任何意义。

Where do they come from...

...and what happens if you fall into one? ...如果你陷入其中会发生什么？

Stars are incredibly massive collections of mostly hydrogen atoms As estrelas são coleções incrivelmente massivas de átomos principalmente de hidrogênio Yıldızlar, çoğunlukla hidrojen atomlarından oluşan inanılmaz derecede büyük koleksiyonlardır. 恒星是极其巨大的集合，主要由氢原子组成

that collapsed from enormous gas cloud under their own gravity. que desmoronou de uma enorme nuvem de gás sob sua própria gravidade. Kendi yerçekimleri altında muazzam bir gaz bulutundan çöktüler. 它在自身重力作用下从巨大的气体云中塌陷。

In their core, nuclear fusion crushes hydrogen atoms into helium Em seu núcleo, a fusão nuclear esmaga átomos de hidrogênio em hélio Çekirdeklerinde, nükleer füzyon hidrojen atomlarını parçalayarak helyuma dönüştürür. 在其核心，核聚变将氢原子粉碎成氦

releasing a tremendous amount of energy liberando uma enorme quantidade de energia muazzam miktarda enerji açığa çıkararak 释放出巨大的能量

This energy, in the form of radiation, 这种能量以辐射的形式，

pushes against gravity, pousse contre la gravité, empurra contra a gravidade, yerçekimine karşı iter, 对抗重力，

maintaining a delicate balance between the two forces. mantendo um delicado equilíbrio entre as duas forças.

As long as there is fusion in the core, Enquanto houver fusão no núcleo, Çekirdekte füzyon olduğu sürece, 只要核心有融合，

a star remains stable enough. 一颗恒星保持足够稳定。

But for stars with way more mass then our own sun Pero para estrellas con mucha más masa que nuestro sol... Mais pour les étoiles dont la masse est bien supérieure à celle de notre soleil Mas para estrelas com muito mais massa do que o nosso próprio sol Ama bizim güneşimizden çok daha fazla kütleye sahip yıldızlar için 但对于质量比我们太阳大得多的恒星来说

the heat and pressure at the core allow them to fuse heavier elements el calor y la presión en el núcleo les permiten fusionar elementos más pesados la chaleur et la pression dans le noyau leur permettent de fusionner des éléments plus lourds o calor e a pressão no núcleo permitem que eles fundam elementos mais pesados 核心的热量和压力使它们能够融合较重的元素

until they reach iron. hasta que alcancen el hierro. jusqu'à ce qu'ils atteignent le fer. até chegar ao ferro. 直到他们到达铁。

Unlike all the elements that went before, A diferencia de todos los elementos anteriores, Contrairement à tous les éléments qui l'ont précédé, Ao contrário de todos os elementos anteriores, 与之前的所有元素不同，

the fusion process that creates iron

doesn't generate any energy. no genera energía. 不产生任何能量。

Iron builds up at the center of the star El hierro se acumula en el centro de la estrella Le fer s'accumule au centre de l'étoile O ferro se acumula no centro da estrela 铁在恒星中心积聚

until it reaches a critical amount hasta que alcanza una cantidad crítica até atingir um valor crítico 直到达到临界量

and the balance between radiation and gravity is suddenly broken.

The core collapses. 核心崩溃了。

Within a fraction of a second, En una fracción de segundo, 不到一秒的时间，

the star implodes. la estrella implosiona. a estrela implode.

Moving at about the quarter of the speed of light, Moviéndose a un cuarto de la velocidad de la luz, Se déplaçant à environ un quart de la vitesse de la lumière, Movendo-se a cerca de um quarto da velocidade da luz,

feeding even more mass into the core. en apportant encore plus de masse au noyau. alimentando ainda mais massa no núcleo.

It's at this very moment that all the heavier elements in the universe are created,

as the star dies, in a super nova explosion.

This produces either a neutron star,

or if the star is massive enough,

the entire mass of the core collapses into a black hole.

If you looked at a black hole, Se você olhar para um buraco negro,

what you'd really be seeing is the event horizon. ce que vous verriez en réalité, c'est l'horizon des événements.

Anything that crosses the event horizon

needs to be travelling faster than the speed of light to escape. doit se déplacer à une vitesse supérieure à celle de la lumière pour s'échapper.

In other words, its impossible.

So we just see a black sphere

reflecting nothing.

But if the event horizon is the black part,

what is the "hole" part of the black hole?

The singularity.

We're not sure what it is exactly.

A singularity may be indefinitely dense,

meaning all its mass is concentrated into a single point in space,

with no surface or volume,

or something completely different.

Right now, we just don't know.

its like a "dividing by zero"error. C'est comme une erreur de "division par zéro".

By the way, black holes do not suck things up like a vacuum cleaner, Por cierto, los agujeros negros no succionan cosas como una aspiradora, Par ailleurs, les trous noirs n'aspirent pas les choses comme un aspirateur, A propósito, os buracos negros não sugam as coisas como um aspirador de pó,

If we were to swap the sun for an equally massive black hole, Si cambiáramos el sol por un agujero negro igualmente masivo, Si nous échangions le soleil contre un trou noir tout aussi massif, Se trocássemos o sol por um buraco negro igualmente massivo,

nothing much would change for earth, nada cambiaría mucho para la Tierra,

except that we would freeze to death, of course.

what would happen to you if you fell into a black hole? ¿qué te pasaría si cayeras en un agujero negro?

The experience of time is different around black holes,

from the outside,

you seem to slow down as you approach the event horizon, vous semblez ralentir à mesure que vous vous approchez de l'horizon des événements,

so time passes slower for you.

at some point, you would appear to freeze in time,

slowly turn red, deviennent lentement rouges,

and disapear.

While from your perspective,

you can watch the rest of the universe in fast forward, você pode assistir o resto do universo em avanço rápido,

kind of like seeing into the future.

Right now, we don't know what happens next,

but we think it could be one of two things:

One, you die a quick death.

A black hole curves space so much, Un trou noir courbe tellement l'espace,

that once you cross the event horizon,

there is only one possible direction.

you can take this - literally - inside the event horizon,

you can only go in one direction.

Its like being in a really tight alley that closes behind you after each step. Es como estar en un callejón muy estrecho que se cierra detrás de ti a cada paso. C'est comme si vous étiez dans une allée très étroite qui se referme derrière vous après chaque pas. É como estar em um beco muito apertado que se fecha atrás de você após cada passo. Это похоже на то, чтобы оказаться в очень узком переулке, который закрывается за вами после каждого шага.

The mass of a black hole is so concentrated,

at some point even tiny distances of a few centimeters, en algún momento incluso distancias mínimas de unos pocos centímetros,

would means that gravity acts with millions of times more force on different parts of your body. significaría que la gravedad actúa con una fuerza millones de veces mayor sobre las distintas partes del cuerpo. Cela signifie que la gravité agit avec des millions de fois plus de force sur les différentes parties de votre corps.

Your cells get torn apart, Tus células se desgarran, Suas células se despedaçam,

as your body stretches more and more, a medida que tu cuerpo se estira más y más,

until you are a hot stream of plasma, hasta que seas un chorro caliente de plasma, até que você seja uma corrente quente de plasma,

one atom wide. um átomo de largura.

Two, you die a very quick death.

Very soon after you cross the event horizon, Muy poco después de cruzar el horizonte de sucesos, Logo depois de cruzar o horizonte de eventos,

you would hit a firewall and be terminated in an instant. chocarías con un cortafuegos y serías eliminado en un instante. você atingiria um firewall e seria encerrado em um instante.

Neither of these options are particularly pleasant.

How soon you would die depends on the mass of the black hole.

A smaller black hole would kill you before you even enter its event horizon,

while you probably could travel inside a super size massive black hole for quite a while. mientras que probablemente podrías viajar dentro de un agujero negro masivo supergrande durante bastante tiempo. alors que vous pourriez probablement voyager à l'intérieur d'un trou noir massif de très grande taille pendant un certain temps.

As a rule of thumb, Como regla general, En règle générale, Como um princípio básico,

the further away from the singularity you are, cuanto más lejos de la singularidad estés, quanto mais longe da singularidade você está,

the longer you live.

Black holes come in different sizes. Los agujeros negros tienen distintos tamaños. Buracos negros vêm em tamanhos diferentes.

There are stellar mass black holes, Hay agujeros negros de masa estelar, Existem buracos negros de massa estelar,

with a few times the mass of sun,

and the diameter of an asteroid. et le diamètre d'un astéroïde.

And then there are the super massive black holes, Y luego están los agujeros negros supermasivos,

which are found at the heart of every galaxy,

and have been feeding for billions of years. et se nourrissent depuis des milliards d'années.

Currently, the largest super massive black hole known,

is S5 0014+81. est S5 0014+81.

40 billion times the mass of our sun.

It is 236.7 billion kilometers in diameter, Son diamètre est de 236,7 milliards de kilomètres,

which is 47 times the distance from the sun to Pluto. soit 47 fois la distance entre le soleil et Pluton.

As powerful as black holes are,

they will eventually evaporate through a process called Hawking radiation.

To understand how this works,

we have to look at empty space.

Empty space is not really empty,

but filled with virtual particles popping into existence pero lleno de partículas virtuales que aparecen mais remplie de particules virtuelles qui surgissent dans l'existence mas cheio de partículas virtuais surgindo

and annihilating each other again. y volver a aniquilarse mutuamente.

When this happens right on the edge of a black hole, Cuando esto ocurre justo en el borde de un agujero negro, Quando isso acontece bem na beira de um buraco negro,

one of the virtual particles will be drawn into the black hole, una de las partículas virtuales será atraída hacia el agujero negro, uma das partículas virtuais será atraída para o buraco negro,

and the other will escape and become a real particle. y la otra escapará y se convertirá en una partícula real. et l'autre s'échappera et deviendra une véritable particule.

So the black hole is losing energy.

This happens incredibly slowly at first, Au début, cela se fait incroyablement lentement,

and gets faster as the black hole becomes smaller.

When it arrives at the mass of a large asteroid, Cuando llega a la masa de un gran asteroide,

its radiating at room temperature. su irradiación a temperatura ambiente. son rayonnement à température ambiante. sua irradiação à temperatura ambiente.

When it has the mass of a mountain,

it radiates with about the heat of our sun.

and in the last second of its life,

the black hole radiates away with the energy of billions of nuclear bombs in a huge explosion. le trou noir rayonne avec l'énergie de milliards de bombes nucléaires dans une énorme explosion. o buraco negro irradia com a energia de bilhões de bombas nucleares em uma enorme explosão.

But this process is incredibly slow,

The biggest black holes we know,

might take up a googol year to evaporate. podría tardar hasta un googol año en evaporarse. pourrait prendre jusqu'à un an pour s'évaporer. kan een googoljaar duren om te verdampen. pode levar um ano googol para evaporar.

This is so long that when the last black hole radiates away, Esto es tan largo que cuando el último agujero negro irradia lejos, Isso é tão longo que quando o último buraco negro irradia,

nobody will be around to witness it. nadie estará cerca para presenciarlo. personne ne sera là pour en être témoin. ninguém estará por perto para testemunhar isso.

The universe will have become uninhabitable,

long before then. mucho antes. muito antes disso.

This is not the end of our story, Este no es el final de nuestra historia,

there are loads more interesting ideas about black holes, há muitas ideias mais interessantes sobre buracos negros,

we'll explore them in part 2.