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TED Talks, Tyler DeWitt: Hey science teachers -- make it fun

Tyler DeWitt: Hey science teachers -- make it fun

Let me tell you a story.

It's my first year as a new high school science teacher, and I'm so eager. I'm so excited, I'm pouring myself into my lesson plans. But I'm slowly coming to this horrifying realization that my students just might not be learning anything. This happens one day: I'd just assigned my class to read this textbook chapter about my favorite subject in all of biology: viruses and how they attack. And so I'm so excited to discuss this with them, and I come in and I say, "Can somebody please explain the main ideas and why this is so cool?" There's silence. Finally, my favorite student, she looks me straight in the eye, and she says, "The reading sucked." And then she clarified. She said, "You know what, I don't mean that it sucks. It means that I didn't understand a word of it. It's boring. Um, who cares, and it sucks." These sympathetic smiles spread all throughout the room now, and I realize that all of my other students are in the same boat, that maybe they took notes or they memorized definitions from the textbook, but not one of them really understood the main ideas. Not one of them can tell me why this stuff is so cool, why it's so important. I'm totally clueless. I have no idea what to do next. So the only thing I can think of is say, "Listen. Let me tell you a story.

The main characters in the story are bacteria and viruses. These guys are blown up a couple million times. The real bacteria and viruses are so small we can't see them without a microscope, and you guys might know bacteria and viruses because they both make us sick. But what a lot of people don't know is that viruses can also make bacteria sick." Now, the story that I start telling my kids, it starts out like a horror story. Once upon a time there's this happy little bacterium. Don't get too attached to him. Maybe he's floating around in your stomach or in some spoiled food somewhere, and all of a sudden he starts to not feel so good. Maybe he ate something bad for lunch, and then things get really horrible, as his skin rips apart, and he sees a virus coming out from his insides. And then it gets horrible when he bursts open and an army of viruses floods out from his insides. If -- Ouch is right! -- If you see this, and you're a bacterium, this is like your worst nightmare. But if you're a virus and you see this, you cross those little legs of yours and you think, "We rock." Because it took a lot of crafty work to infect this bacterium. Here's what had to happen. A virus grabbed onto a bacterium and it slipped its DNA into it. The next thing is, that virus DNA made stuff that chopped up the bacteria DNA. And now that we've gotten rid of the bacteria DNA, the virus DNA takes control of the cell and it tells it to start making more viruses. Because, you see, DNA is like a blueprint that tells living things what to make. So this is kind of like going into a car factory and replacing the blueprints with blueprints for killer robots. The workers still come the next day, they do their job, but they're following different instructions. So replacing the bacteria DNA with virus DNA turns the bacteria into a factory for making viruses -- that is, until it's so filled with viruses that it bursts. But that's not the only way that viruses infect bacteria. Some are much more crafty. When a secret agent virus infects a bacterium, they do a little espionage. Here, this cloaked, secret agent virus is slipping his DNA into the bacterial cell, but here's the kicker: It doesn't do anything harmful -- not at first. Instead, it silently slips into the bacteria's own DNA, and it just stays there like a terrorist sleeper cell, waiting for instructions. And what's interesting about this is now whenever this bacteria has babies, the babies also have the virus DNA in them. So now we have a whole extended bacteria family, filled with virus sleeper cells. They're just happily living together until a signal happens and -- BAM! -- all of the DNA pops out. It takes control of these cells, turns them into virus-making factories, and they all burst, a huge, extended bacteria family, all dying with viruses spilling out of their guts, the viruses taking over the bacterium. So now you understand how viruses can attack cells. There are two ways: On the left is what we call the lytic way, where the viruses go right in and take over the cells. On the [right] is the lysogenic way that uses secret agent viruses.

So this stuff is not that hard, right? And now all of you understand it. But if you've graduated from high school, I can almost guarantee you've seen this information before. But I bet it was presented in a way that it didn't exactly stick in your mind. So when my students were first learning this, why did they hate it so much? Well, there were a couple of reasons.

First of all, I can guarantee you that their textbooks didn't have secret agent viruses, and they didn't have horror stories. You know, in the communication of science there is this obsession with seriousness. It kills me. I'm not kidding. I used to work for an educational publisher, and as a writer, I was always told never to use stories or fun, engaging language, because then my work might not be viewed as "serious" and "scientific." Right? I mean, because God forbid somebody have fun when they're learning science. So we have this field of science that's all about slime, and color changes. Check this out. And then we have, of course, as any good scientist has to have, explosions! But if a textbook seems too much fun, it's somehow unscientific. Now another problem was that the language in their textbook was truly incomprehensible. If we want to summarize that story that I told you earlier, we could start by saying something like, "These viruses make copies of themselves by slipping their DNA into a bacterium." The way this showed up in the textbook, it looked like this: "Bacteriophage replication is initiated through the introduction of viral nucleic acid into a bacterium." That's great, perfect for 13-year-olds. But here's the thing. There are plenty of people in science education who would look at this and say there's no way that we could ever give that to students, because it contains some language that isn't completely accurate. For example, I told you that viruses have DNA. Well, a very tiny fraction of them don't. They have something called RNA instead. So a professional science writer would circle that and say, "That has to go. We have to change it to something much more technical." And after a team of professional science editors went over this really simple explanation, they'd find fault with almost every word I've used, and they'd have to change anything that wasn't serious enough, and they'd have to change everything that wasn't 100 percent perfect. Then it would be accurate, but it would be completely impossible to understand. This is horrifying.

You know, I keep talking about this idea of telling a story, and it's like science communication has taken on this idea of what I call the tyranny of precision, where you can't just tell a story. It's like science has become that horrible storyteller that we all know, who gives us all the details nobody cares about, where you're like, "Oh, I met my friend for lunch the other day, and she was wearing these ugly jeans. I mean, they weren't really jeans, they were more kind of, like, leggings, but, like, I guess they're actually kind of more like jeggings, like, but I think — " and you're just like, "Oh my God. What is the point?" Or even worse, science education is becoming like that guy who always says, "Actually." Right? You want to be like, "Oh, dude, we had to get up in the middle of the night and drive a hundred miles in total darkness." And that guy's like, "Actually, it was 87.3 miles." And you're like, "Actually, shut up! I'm just trying to tell a story." Because good storytelling is all about emotional connection. We have to convince our audience that what we're talking about matters. But just as important is knowing which details we should leave out so that the main point still comes across. I'm reminded of what the architect Mies van der Rohe said, and I paraphrase, when he said that sometimes you have to lie in order to tell the truth. I think this sentiment is particularly relevant to science education.

Now, finally, I am often so disappointed when people think that I'm advocating a dumbing down of science. That's not true at all. I'm currently a Ph.D. student at MIT, and I absolutely understand the importance of detailed, specific scientific communication between experts, but not when we're trying to teach 13-year-olds. If a young learner thinks that all viruses have DNA, that's not going to ruin their chances of success in science. But if a young learner can't understand anything in science and learns to hate it because it all sounds like this, that will ruin their chances of success. This needs to stop, and I wish that the change could come from the institutions at the top that are perpetuating these problems, and I beg them, I beseech them to just stop it. But I think that's unlikely. So we are so lucky that we have resources like the Internet, where we can circumvent these institutions from the bottom up. There's a growing number of online resources that are dedicated to just explaining science in simple, understandable ways. I dream of a Wikipedia-like website that would explain any scientific concept you can think of in simple language any middle schooler can understand. And I myself spend most of my free time making these science videos that I put on YouTube. I explain chemical equilibrium using analogies to awkward middle school dances, and I talk about fuel cells with stories about boys and girls at a summer camp. The feedback that I get is sometimes misspelled and it's often written in LOLcats, but nonetheless it's so appreciative, so thankful that I know this is the right way we should be communicating science. There's still so much work left to be done, though, and if you're involved with science in any way I urge you to join me. Pick up a camera, start to write a blog, whatever, but leave out the seriousness, leave out the jargon. Make me laugh. Make me care. Leave out those annoying details that nobody cares about and just get to the point. How should you start? Why don't you say, "Listen, let me tell you a story"? Thank you.

(Applause)

Tyler DeWitt: Hey science teachers -- make it fun Tyler DeWitt: Hey profesores de ciencias -- hazlo divertido Tyler DeWitt: Olá professores de ciências - tornem a aula divertida Тайлер ДеВитт: Эй, учителя естественных наук, сделайте это весело. 泰勒-德威特:嘿,科学老师--让科学变得有趣吧

Let me tell you a story. Deixe-me te contar uma historia.

It's my first year as a new high school science teacher, and I'm so eager. É o meu primeiro ano como professora de ciências no ensino médio e estou muito ansiosa. I'm so excited, I'm pouring myself into my lesson plans. Estou tão animado que estou me dedicando aos meus planos de aula. But I'm slowly coming to this horrifying realization that my students just might not be learning anything. Mas estou lentamente chegando a essa conclusão horrível de que meus alunos podem não estar aprendendo nada. This happens one day: I'd just assigned my class to read this textbook chapter about my favorite subject in all of biology: viruses and how they attack. Isso acontece um dia: acabei de designar minha turma para ler este capítulo do livro sobre meu assunto favorito em toda a biologia: vírus e como eles atacam. And so I'm so excited to discuss this with them, and I come in and I say, "Can somebody please explain the main ideas and why this is so cool?" Estou tão empolgado em discutir isso com eles, e entro e digo: "Alguém pode explicar as idéias principais e por que isso é tão legal?" There's silence. Finally, my favorite student, she looks me straight in the eye, and she says, "The reading sucked." Finalmente, minha aluna favorita, ela me olha diretamente nos olhos e diz: "A leitura foi péssima". And then she clarified. E então ela esclareceu. She said, "You know what, I don't mean that it sucks. Ela disse: "Você sabe o que, eu não quero dizer que é uma merda. It means that I didn't understand a word of it. It's boring. Um, who cares, and it sucks." Hum, quem se importa, e é uma merda. " These sympathetic smiles spread all throughout the room now, and I realize that all of my other students are in the same boat, that maybe they took notes or they memorized definitions from the textbook, but not one of them really understood the main ideas. Esses sorrisos simpáticos se espalham por toda a sala agora, e eu percebo que todos os meus outros alunos estão no mesmo barco, que talvez eles tenham anotado ou memorizado definições do livro, mas nenhum deles realmente entendeu as idéias principais. Not one of them can tell me why this stuff is so cool, why it's so important. Nenhum deles pode me dizer por que essas coisas são tão legais, por que são tão importantes. I'm totally clueless. Eu sou totalmente sem noção. I have no idea what to do next. Eu não tenho idéia do que fazer em seguida. So the only thing I can think of is say, "Listen. Então, a única coisa em que consigo pensar é dizer: "Ouça. Let me tell you a story.

The main characters in the story are bacteria and viruses. Os personagens principais da história são bactérias e vírus. These guys are blown up a couple million times. Esses caras são explodidos alguns milhões de vezes. The real bacteria and viruses are so small we can't see them without a microscope, and you guys might know bacteria and viruses because they both make us sick. As bactérias e vírus reais são tão pequenos que não podemos vê-los sem um microscópio, e vocês podem conhecer bactérias e vírus porque ambos nos deixam doentes. But what a lot of people don't know is that viruses can also make bacteria sick." Mas o que muita gente não sabe é que os vírus também podem deixar as bactérias doentes ". Now, the story that I start telling my kids, it starts out like a horror story. Agora, a história que começo a contar aos meus filhos, começa como uma história de horror. Once upon a time there's this happy little bacterium. Era uma vez uma pequena bactéria feliz. Don't get too attached to him. Não se apegue demais a ele. Maybe he's floating around in your stomach or in some spoiled food somewhere, and all of a sudden he starts to not feel so good. Talvez ele esteja flutuando no seu estômago ou em alguma comida estragada em algum lugar, e de repente ele começa a não se sentir tão bem. Maybe he ate something bad for lunch, and then things get really horrible, as his skin rips apart, and he sees a virus coming out from his insides. Talvez ele tenha comido algo ruim no almoço, e então as coisas fiquem realmente horríveis, à medida que sua pele se rasga, e ele vê um vírus saindo de seu interior. And then it gets horrible when he bursts open and an army of viruses floods out from his insides. E então fica horrível quando ele se abre e um exército de vírus brota do seu interior. If -- Ouch is right! Se - Ouch está certo! -- If you see this, and you're a bacterium, this is like your worst nightmare. - Se você vê isso e é uma bactéria, esse é o seu pior pesadelo. But if you're a virus and you see this, you cross those little legs of yours and you think, "We rock." Mas se você é um vírus e vê isso, cruza suas perninhas e pensa: "Nós arrasamos". Because it took a lot of crafty work to infect this bacterium. Porque levou muito trabalho astuto para infectar esta bactéria. Here's what had to happen. A virus grabbed onto a bacterium and it slipped its DNA into it. Um vírus agarrou uma bactéria e colocou seu DNA nela. The next thing is, that virus DNA made stuff that chopped up the bacteria DNA. A próxima coisa é que o DNA do vírus produzia coisas que picavam o DNA da bactéria. And now that we've gotten rid of the bacteria DNA, the virus DNA takes control of the cell and it tells it to start making more viruses. E agora que nos livramos do DNA da bactéria, o DNA do vírus assume o controle da célula e diz para começar a produzir mais vírus. Because, you see, DNA is like a blueprint that tells living things what to make. Porque, veja bem, o DNA é como uma planta que diz aos seres vivos o que fazer. So this is kind of like going into a car factory and replacing the blueprints with blueprints for killer robots. Então é como entrar em uma fábrica de automóveis e substituir as plantas pelas plantas dos robôs assassinos. The workers still come the next day, they do their job, but they're following different instructions. Os trabalhadores ainda vêm no dia seguinte, fazem o trabalho, mas seguem instruções diferentes. So replacing the bacteria DNA with virus DNA turns the bacteria into a factory for making viruses -- that is, until it's so filled with viruses that it bursts. Assim, substituindo o DNA da bactéria pelo vírus, o DNA transforma a bactéria em uma fábrica para a produção de vírus - ou seja, até ficar tão cheia de vírus que ela explode. But that's not the only way that viruses infect bacteria. Some are much more crafty. Alguns são muito mais espertos. When a secret agent virus infects a bacterium, they do a little espionage. Quando um vírus de agente secreto infecta uma bactéria, eles fazem um pouco de espionagem. Here, this cloaked, secret agent virus is slipping his DNA into the bacterial cell, but here's the kicker: It doesn't do anything harmful -- not at first. Aqui, esse vírus de agente secreto encoberto está colocando seu DNA na célula bacteriana, mas eis o seguinte: ele não faz nada prejudicial - não a princípio. Instead, it silently slips into the bacteria's own DNA, and it just stays there like a terrorist sleeper cell, waiting for instructions. Em vez disso, ela desliza silenciosamente para o próprio DNA da bactéria e fica lá como uma célula terrorista adormecida, esperando instruções. And what's interesting about this is now whenever this bacteria has babies, the babies also have the virus DNA in them. E o que é interessante sobre isso agora é que sempre que essa bactéria tem bebês, os bebês também têm o DNA do vírus neles. So now we have a whole extended bacteria family, filled with virus sleeper cells. Então agora temos uma família de bactérias extensa, cheia de células adormecidas com vírus. They're just happily living together until a signal happens and -- BAM! -- all of the DNA pops out. - todo o DNA sai. It takes control of these cells, turns them into virus-making factories, and they all burst, a huge, extended bacteria family, all dying with viruses spilling out of their guts, the viruses taking over the bacterium. Ele assume o controle dessas células, as transforma em fábricas que produzem vírus, e todas elas explodem, uma família enorme e extensa de bactérias, todas morrendo com vírus saindo de suas entranhas, os vírus dominando a bactéria. So now you understand how viruses can attack cells. Então agora você entende como os vírus podem atacar as células. There are two ways: On the left is what we call the lytic way, where the viruses go right in and take over the cells. Existem duas maneiras: à esquerda está o que chamamos de caminho lítico, onde os vírus entram e tomam as células. On the [right] is the lysogenic way that uses secret agent viruses.

So this stuff is not that hard, right? Então esse material não é tão difícil, certo? And now all of you understand it. But if you've graduated from high school, I can almost guarantee you've seen this information before. But I bet it was presented in a way that it didn't exactly stick in your mind. Mas aposto que foi apresentado de uma maneira que não ficou exatamente na sua mente. So when my students were first learning this, why did they hate it so much? Então, quando meus alunos aprenderam isso pela primeira vez, por que eles odeiam tanto? Well, there were a couple of reasons. Bem, havia algumas razões.

First of all, I can guarantee you that their textbooks didn't have secret agent viruses, and they didn't have horror stories. You know, in the communication of science there is this obsession with seriousness. It kills me. I'm not kidding. Eu não estou brincando. I used to work for an educational publisher, and as a writer, I was always told never to use stories or fun, engaging language, because then my work might not be viewed as "serious" and "scientific." Eu trabalhava para uma editora educacional e, como escritor, sempre me disseram para nunca usar histórias ou linguagem divertida e envolvente, porque, então, meu trabalho pode não ser visto como "sério" e "científico". Right? I mean, because God forbid somebody have fun when they're learning science. Quero dizer, porque Deus proíbe que alguém se divirta quando está aprendendo ciências. So we have this field of science that's all about slime, and color changes. Portanto, temos este campo da ciência que trata de lodo e mudanças de cor. Check this out. And then we have, of course, as any good scientist has to have, explosions! E então temos, é claro, como qualquer bom cientista precisa, explosões! But if a textbook seems too much fun, it's somehow unscientific. Mas se um livro parece divertido demais, é de alguma maneira não científico. Now another problem was that the language in their textbook was truly incomprehensible. If we want to summarize that story that I told you earlier, we could start by saying something like, "These viruses make copies of themselves by slipping their DNA into a bacterium." Se quisermos resumir a história que lhe contei anteriormente, poderíamos começar dizendo algo como: "Esses vírus fazem cópias de si mesmos colocando seu DNA em uma bactéria". The way this showed up in the textbook, it looked like this: "Bacteriophage replication is initiated through the introduction of viral nucleic acid into a bacterium." That's great, perfect for 13-year-olds. Isso é ótimo, perfeito para crianças de 13 anos. But here's the thing. There are plenty of people in science education who would look at this and say there's no way that we could ever give that to students, because it contains some language that isn't completely accurate. Há muitas pessoas no ensino de ciências que analisam isso e dizem que não há como dar isso aos estudantes, porque ele contém um idioma que não é completamente preciso. For example, I told you that viruses have DNA. Por exemplo, eu lhe disse que os vírus têm DNA. Well, a very tiny fraction of them don't. Bem, uma fração muito pequena deles não. They have something called RNA instead. Eles têm algo chamado RNA em seu lugar. So a professional science writer would circle that and say, "That has to go. Assim, um escritor profissional de ciências circularia isso e diria: "Isso tem que acabar. We have to change it to something much more technical." And after a team of professional science editors went over this really simple explanation, they'd find fault with almost every word I've used, and they'd have to change anything that wasn't serious enough, and they'd have to change everything that wasn't 100 percent perfect. E depois que uma equipe de editores profissionais de ciências examinava essa explicação realmente simples, eles encontravam falhas em quase todas as palavras que eu usava e precisavam mudar qualquer coisa que não fosse suficientemente séria e precisavam mudar tudo o que não era 100% perfeito. Then it would be accurate, but it would be completely impossible to understand. Então seria preciso, mas seria completamente impossível de entender. This is horrifying. Isso é horrível.

You know, I keep talking about this idea of telling a story, and it's like science communication has taken on this idea of what I call the tyranny of precision, where you can't just tell a story. Você sabe, eu continuo falando sobre essa idéia de contar uma história, e é como se a comunicação científica adotasse essa idéia do que eu chamo de tirania da precisão, onde você não pode simplesmente contar uma história. It's like science has become that horrible storyteller that we all know, who gives us all the details nobody cares about, where you're like, "Oh, I met my friend for lunch the other day, and she was wearing these ugly jeans. É como se a ciência se tornasse o contador de histórias horrível que todos nós conhecemos, que nos dá todos os detalhes com os quais ninguém se importa, onde você fica tipo: "Oh, eu conheci minha amiga para almoçar outro dia, e ela estava usando esses jeans feios. I mean, they weren't really jeans, they were more kind of, like, leggings, but, like, I guess they're actually kind of more like jeggings, like, but I think — " and you're just like, "Oh my God. Quero dizer, eles não eram realmente jeans, eram mais como leggings, mas acho que são mais como jeggings, mas eu acho - "e você é como, "Meu Deus. What is the point?" Qual é o ponto?" Or even worse, science education is becoming like that guy who always says, "Actually." Ou pior, a educação científica está se tornando como aquele cara que sempre diz: "Na verdade". Right? Direito? You want to be like, "Oh, dude, we had to get up in the middle of the night and drive a hundred miles in total darkness." Você quer ser como, "Oh, cara, tivemos que acordar no meio da noite e dirigir 160 quilômetros na escuridão total". And that guy's like, "Actually, it was 87.3 miles." E esse cara é como, "Na verdade, foram 87,3 milhas." And you're like, "Actually, shut up! E você fica tipo "Na verdade, cale a boca! I'm just trying to tell a story." Só estou tentando contar uma história. " Because good storytelling is all about emotional connection. Porque uma boa narrativa é sobre conexão emocional. We have to convince our audience that what we're talking about matters. Temos que convencer nosso público de que o que estamos falando importa. But just as important is knowing which details we should leave out so that the main point still comes across. Mas o mais importante é saber quais detalhes devemos deixar de fora, para que o ponto principal ainda apareça. I'm reminded of what the architect Mies van der Rohe said, and I paraphrase, when he said that sometimes you have to lie in order to tell the truth. Lembro-me do que o arquiteto Mies van der Rohe disse, e parafraseio, quando ele disse que às vezes é preciso mentir para dizer a verdade. I think this sentiment is particularly relevant to science education. Eu acho que esse sentimento é particularmente relevante para a educação científica.

Now, finally, I am often so disappointed when people think that I'm advocating a dumbing down of science. Agora, finalmente, fico muitas vezes tão decepcionado quando as pessoas pensam que estou defendendo uma emburrecimento da ciência. That's not true at all. Isso definitivamente não é verdade. I'm currently a Ph.D. Atualmente sou Ph.D. student at MIT, and I absolutely understand the importance of detailed, specific scientific communication between experts, but not when we're trying to teach 13-year-olds. estudante do MIT, e compreendo perfeitamente a importância de uma comunicação científica específica e detalhada entre especialistas, mas não quando estamos tentando ensinar jovens de 13 anos. If a young learner thinks that all viruses have DNA, that's not going to ruin their chances of success in science. Se um jovem aprendiz pensa que todos os vírus têm DNA, isso não vai arruinar suas chances de sucesso na ciência. But if a young learner can't understand anything in science and learns to hate it because it all sounds like this, that will ruin their chances of success. Mas se um jovem aprendiz não consegue entender nada na ciência e aprende a odiá-lo porque tudo soa assim, isso arruinará suas chances de sucesso. This needs to stop, and I wish that the change could come from the institutions at the top that are perpetuating these problems, and I beg them, I beseech them to just stop it. Isso precisa parar, e eu gostaria que a mudança pudesse vir das instituições no topo que estão perpetuando esses problemas, e eu imploro, imploro que parem com isso. But I think that's unlikely. So we are so lucky that we have resources like the Internet, where we can circumvent these institutions from the bottom up. Portanto, temos tanta sorte que temos recursos como a Internet, onde podemos contornar essas instituições de baixo para cima. There's a growing number of online resources that are dedicated to just explaining science in simple, understandable ways. Há um número crescente de recursos on-line dedicados a apenas explicar a ciência de maneiras simples e compreensíveis. I dream of a Wikipedia-like website that would explain any scientific concept you can think of in simple language any middle schooler can understand. Sonho com um site semelhante à Wikipedia que explique qualquer conceito científico que você possa pensar em linguagem simples que qualquer aluno do ensino médio possa entender. And I myself spend most of my free time making these science videos that I put on YouTube. E eu mesmo passo a maior parte do tempo livre fazendo esses vídeos científicos que eu coloco no YouTube. I explain chemical equilibrium using analogies to awkward middle school dances, and I talk about fuel cells with stories about boys and girls at a summer camp. Explico o equilíbrio químico usando analogias para danças desajeitadas do ensino médio e falo sobre células de combustível com histórias sobre meninos e meninas em um acampamento de verão. The feedback that I get is sometimes misspelled and it's often written in LOLcats, but nonetheless it's so appreciative, so thankful that I know this is the right way we should be communicating science. O feedback que recebo às vezes é escrito incorretamente e geralmente é escrito em LOLcats, mas, no entanto, é tão apreciativo, tão agradecido por saber que esse é o caminho certo que devemos comunicar à ciência. There's still so much work left to be done, though, and if you're involved with science in any way I urge you to join me. Ainda resta muito trabalho a ser feito, e se você estiver envolvido com a ciência de alguma forma, peço que você se junte a mim. Pick up a camera, start to write a blog, whatever, but leave out the seriousness, leave out the jargon. Pegue uma câmera, comece a escrever um blog, o que for, mas deixe de fora a seriedade, deixe de fora o jargão. Make me laugh. Faça-me rir. Make me care. Leave out those annoying details that nobody cares about and just get to the point. Deixe de fora aqueles detalhes irritantes com os quais ninguém se importa e apenas vá direto ao ponto. How should you start? Como você deve começar? Why don't you say, "Listen, let me tell you a story"? Por que você não diz: "Escute, deixe-me contar uma história"? Thank you.

(Applause)